DOCSLIB.ORG

Linguistic Survey of India Bihar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linguistic Survey of India Bihar LINGUISTIC SURVEY OF INDIA BIHAR 2020 LANGUAGE DIVISION OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA i CONTENTS Pages Foreword iii-iv Preface v-vii Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix-xi List of Phonetic Symbols xii-xiii List of Maps xiv Introduction R. Nakkeerar 1-61 Languages Hindi S.P. Ahirwal 62-143 Maithili S. Boopathy & 144-222 Sibasis Mukherjee Urdu S.S. Bhattacharya 223-292 Mother Tongues Bhojpuri J. Rajathi & 293-407 P. Perumalsamy Kurmali Thar Tapati Ghosh 408-476 Magadhi/ Magahi Balaram Prasad & 477-575 Sibasis Mukherjee Surjapuri S.P. Srivastava & 576-649 P. Perumalsamy Comparative Lexicon of 3 Languages & 650-674 4 Mother Tongues ii FOREWORD Since Linguistic Survey of India was published in 1930, a lot of changes have taken place with respect to the language situation in India. Though individual language wise surveys have been done in large number, however state wise survey of languages of India has not taken place. The main reason is that such a survey project requires large manpower and financial support. Linguistic Survey of India opens up new avenues for language studies and adds successfully to the linguistic profile of the state. In view of its relevance in academic life, the Office of the Registrar General, India, Language Division, has taken up the Linguistic Survey of India as an ongoing project of Government of India. It gives me immense pleasure in presenting LSI- Bihar volume. The present volume devoted to the state of Bihar has the description of three languages namely Hindi, Maithili, Urdu along with four Mother Tongues namely Bhojpuri, Kurmali Thar, Magadhi/ Magahi, Surjapuri. The volume is organised into three parts: Part I: Languages of Bihar, Part II: Mother Tongues of Bihar, and Part III: Comparative Lexicon. Bihar is an important state in respect of population, history, religion, geographical position, economy, and politics. The state is bordered by Nepal in the north, by West Bengal in the east, by Uttar Pradesh in the west and by Jharkhand in the south. The state of Bihar finds mention in the Vedas, many Puranas, and ancient Buddhist and Jaina literature. Places in Bihar such as Gaya are associated with Gautama Buddha and the birth and spread of Buddhism throughout the world. It is a sacred place to the Jaina Tirthankaras. In Indian history throughout the ages, Bihar played a very crucial role. Both Bihar and Jharkhand formed part of the Bengal Presidency till 1911, when on 12 December 1911, a separate province of Bihar and Orissa was created. In 1936, Bihar was made a separate province. Bihar has a rich linguistic heritage where different languages like Hindi, Urdu, Angika, Bajjika, Magahi, Maithili and Bhojpuri are predominantly spoken. On the basis of language- cum-cultural landscape, the present-day Bihar can be divided into three distinct categories of sub-regional identities – Maithili, Bhojpuri, and Magadhi. Grierson has described the languages of Bihar as Bihari, which in his scheme of classification belongs to the Eastern group of Hindi, covering an area of 90,000 square miles and is spoken by the 36,000,000 people from the Himalayas on the north to Singhbhum on the South, and from Manbhum on the South-east to Basti on the north-west. Bihari is bounded on the North by the Tibeto- Burman languages of the Himalayas, on the East by Bengali, on the south by Odia, and on the West by the Chhattisgarhi, Bagheli and Awadhi dialects of Eastern Hindi. It is most western of the languages which form the Eastern Group of the Indo-Aryan Vernacular. Grierson further observes that "it is a direct descendant, perhaps the most direct of the descendants, of the old form of speech known as Magadhi Prakrit". In terms of phonology, grammatical structure and the selection of vocabulary, the Bihari occupies the middle place between Bengali and Eastern Hindi. Further, it has closer ethnic affinities with Uttar Pradesh than with Bengal. The term Bihari refers to a group of related dialects- Maithili or Tirhutia, Magahi, and Bhojpuri. Grierson iii divides them into two groups viz., Maithili and Magahi on the one hand, and Bhojpuri on the other. He records local variations in each dialect and on the basis of pronunciation and grammatical forms has indicated three sub-dialects of each. The three dialects are spoken in three geographical regions of Bihar, and they differ from each other on the phonetic, phonemic and grammatical level. In terms of ethnic similarities and dissimilarities, the three linguistic regions refer to three distinct cultural zones of Bihar. While in Mithila, the Brahmanical cultural tradition, based on religious conservatism, dominated the cultural spectrum of social life, the Magadh is connected with the growth, emergence and spread of Buddhism, which rejected the Brahmanical tradition. The medieval period witnessed the infusion of Muslim culture in the Magahi culture and tradition. On the other hand, Bhojpuri region has been referred by Grierson as 'fighting nation of Hindustan’. Suniti Kumar Chatterji holds the opinion that modern languages like Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, Magahi, Maithili and Bhojpuri are the representative languages of Magadhi Apabhransa. He classifies the Magadhan speeches into the following three groups: 1. Eastern Magadhan: Bengali, Assamese, Oriya. 2. Central Magadhan: Maithili, Magahi. 3. Western Magadhan: Bhojpuri with Nagpuriya or Sadanji. Grierson calls languages of group 2 and 3 as the Bihari language". Even at the existential level of language perception of the people of Bihar, there does not exist any language like Bihari. People either identify with standardized and sanskritized Hindi or with their mother tongue or local dialects. Moreover, socio-linguistically, it is not important that a language or dialect belongs to a particular language family, but what is important is that such dialect should help people to imagine and cultivate a linguistic kinship in forming a separate and distinct linguistic community. Linguistic variations also connote the variation and change in tradition and culture. Each dialect of the region, besides having some linguistic affinities with each other, forms a separate language group at the social, cultural and political level. It is believed the LSI – Bihar volume which presents a comprehensive picture of the language situation of Bihar will fulfil a longstanding gap in the sphere of language science and will occupy an important position in the dialectal and linguistic studies namely language pedagogy, sociolinguistics, language ethnicity, language and politics. December, 2020 Ali.R.Fatihi Professor Department of Linguistics Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. iv PREFACE With the objective to present updated linguistic scenario, taking account of the changes in our society and territorial boundary as well as in our language resources, the “Linguistic Survey of India” project of the Office of the Registrar General, India, Language Division is under operation state by state since the end of the last century. “Linguistic Survey of India – Bihar” is a work in descriptive linguistics comprising of descriptions of three Languages and four Mother Tongues surveyed in short spells during a long-time span of 1980 – 2000, before the division of erstwhile Bihar into Bihar and Jharkhand states on November 15, 2000. Considering the present scenario of 2 separate states of Bihar and Jharkhand, 3 Languages and 4 Mother Tongues are being presented in this Bihar Volume based on their regional importance, their speakers’ strength, as well as the location where the Survey was conducted in undivided Bihar. The present project is, in all respect, a supplementation and complementation of the ‘Linguistic Survey of India’ by Sir George Abraham Grierson in the pre-Independence India as well as in the first few years of the twentieth century when in the Indian Sub-continent, the present states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and present-day Bangladesh was part of the same Province called The Bengal Presidency. In the past, this Division had produced successfully the Volumes on Survey Reports of the states of Odisha (former Orissa), Dadra Nagar Haveli, Sikkim (Part 1 & 2), Rajasthan (Part 1) and West Bengal. The result of the present survey under “Linguistic Survey of India – Bihar” has been presented under following Chapters. 1. Introduction being the first Chapter has discussed a. Bihar as a State, its History, Demography and Administrative Units (Maps related to Administrative Divisions as per latest 2011 Census have been included). b. Festivals, Population Density (District- wise Tables included), Male-Female Ratio (District-wise table included) and Rural Urban Division (Maps related to Rural-Urban Distribution of Languages and Mother Tongues have been provided). c. Educational History of Bihar and the present educational scenario (List of Colleges related to Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacy, Law and others have been included). d. Linguistic Profile of Bihar (Distribution of Scheduled Languages and Non-Scheduled Languages as per 2001 and 2011 Censuses and also District-wise division of both Scheduled Languages and Non-Scheduled Languages as per both the Censuses) e. Status of Bilingualism and Trilingualism of Surveyed Languages f. A Brief Introduction of all the 3 Languages namely Hindi, Maithili, Urdu and 4 Mother Tongues namely Bhojpuri, Kurmali Thar, Magadhi/Magahi and Surjapuri surveyed under the Volume. 2. Following the Introduction, seven consecutive Chapters are presented. Chapters two to eight of the Volume present the grammatical description of three Languages (chapters two to four) and four Mother Tongues (chapters five to eight). The presentation of the Language/Mother Tongue chapters have followed the alphabetic order (Languages- Hindi, Maithili, Urdu and Mother Tongues- Bhojpuri, Kurmali Thar, Magadhi/Magahi, Surjapuri). The information on bibliographical references has been presented separately at the end of each chapter so there has been no general Bibliography for the Volume. v 3. At the end of the grammatical descriptions, a Comparative Lexicon containing 500 selected lexical items of all the Languages / Mother tongues described have been appended.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (And Potential) Language and Linguistic Resources on South Asian Languages
    CoRSAL Symposium, University of North Texas, November 17, 2017 Existing (and Potential) Language and Linguistic Resources on South Asian Languages Elena Bashir, The University of Chicago Resources or published lists outside of South Asia Digital Dictionaries of South Asia in Digital South Asia Library (dsal), at the University of Chicago. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/ . Some, mostly older, not under copyright dictionaries. No corpora. Digital Media Archive at University of Chicago https://dma.uchicago.edu/about/about-digital-media-archive Hock & Bashir (eds.) 2016 appendix. Lists 9 electronic corpora, 6 of which are on Sanskrit. The 3 non-Sanskrit entries are: (1) the EMILLE corpus, (2) the Nepali national corpus, and (3) the LDC-IL — Linguistic Data Consortium for Indian Languages Focus on Pakistan Urdu Most work has been done on Urdu, prioritized at government institutions like the Center for Language Engineering at the University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore (CLE). Text corpora: http://cle.org.pk/clestore/index.htm (largest is a 1 million word Urdu corpus from the Urdu Digest. Work on Essential Urdu Linguistic Resources: http://www.cle.org.pk/eulr/ Tagset for Urdu corpus: http://cle.org.pk/Publication/papers/2014/The%20CLE%20Urdu%20POS%20Tagset.pdf Urdu OCR: http://cle.org.pk/clestore/urduocr.htm Sindhi Sindhi is the medium of education in some schools in Sindh Has more institutional backing and consequent research than other languages, especially Panjabi. Sindhi-English dictionary developed jointly by Jennifer Cole at the University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign and Sarmad Hussain at CLE (http://182.180.102.251:8081/sed1/homepage.aspx).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Language Use in Nepal
    CHAPTER 2 LANGUAGE USE IN NEPAL Yogendra P. Yadava* Abstract This chapter aims to analyse the use of languages as mother tongues and second lan- guages in Nepal on the basis of data from the 2011 census, using tables, maps, and figures and providing explanations for certain facts following sociolinguistic insights. The findings of this chapter are presented in five sections. Section 1 shows the impor- tance of language enumeration in censuses and also Nepal’s linguistic diversity due to historical and typological reasons. Section 2 shows that the number of mother tongues have increased considerably from 92 (Census 2001) to 123 in the census of 2011 due to democratic movements and ensuing linguistic awareness among Nepalese people since 1990. These mother tongues (except Kusunda) belong to four language families: Indo- European, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian, while Kusunda is a language isolate. They have been categorised into two main groups: major and minor. The major group consists of 19 mother tongues spoken by almost 96 % of the total population, while the minor group is made up of the remaining 104 plus languages spoken by about 4% of Nepal’s total population. Nepali, highly concentrated in the Hills, but unevenly distributed in other parts of the country, accounts for the largest number of speakers (44.64%). Several cross-border, foreign and recently migrated languages have also been reported in Nepal. Section 3 briefly deals with the factors (such as sex, rural/ urban areas, ethnicity, age, literacy etc.) that interact with language. Section 4 shows that according to the census of 2011, the majority of Nepal’s population (59%) speak only one language while the remaining 41% speak at least a second language.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • To Download JPSC Syllabus
    ​ ​ ​ Youth Power IAS Academy The JPSC Exam Pattern for the Combined Civil Service Exam comprises 3 stages: 1. Prelims – 2 Objective type papers for 200 Marks each. 2. Mains – 6 Descriptive type Papers, all the papers are compulsory 3. Personality Test – 100 Marks JPSC Syllabus for Prelims ● History of India ● Geography of India ● Indian Polity and Governance ● Economic and Sustainable development ● Science and Technology ● Jharkhand specific questions (General Awareness of its history, society, culture, and heritage) ● National and international current events. ● General questions of miscellaneous nature Compiled by Rishi Poddar JPSC Syllabus for Prelims- ​ General Studies – Paper 1 ​ Compiled by Rishi Poddar Compiled by Rishi Poddar General Studies – Paper 2 ​ Compiled by Rishi Poddar Compiled by Rishi Poddar Important suggestions regarding JPSC Syllabus for prelims: 1. Under history, candidates need to focus on economic, social and political aspects of Jharkhand 2. Under Geography, candidates have to focus on Geography of Jharkhand 3. To handle questions on Science and Technology, candidates need not require any specialisation. JPSC Exam Pattern for Mains Candidates who have successfully cleared Prelims stage will be eligible for JPSC Mains. Under OFFICIAL NOTIFICATIONS the number of candidates selected for Mains will be equal to 15 times the total number of vacancies. JPSC Syllabus for Mains There are no optional papers in the JPSC Mains Syllabus. The details of JPSC Syllabus for Mains is given below: ● Paper I: General Hindi and General English (100 Marks) ● Paper-II: Language and Literature (150 Marks) ● Paper III: Social Sciences, History and Geography (200 Marks) ● Paper IV: Indian Constitution, Polity, Public Administration and Good governance (200 Marks) ● Paper V: Indian Economy, Globalization, and Sustainable development (200 Marks) ● Paper VI: General Sciences, Environment & Technology Development (200 Marks) Compiled by Rishi Poddar Paper 1 ​ (General Hindi and General English) Out of 100 marks, every candidate will have to secure only 30 marks.
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A
    Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562
    [Show full text]
  • Class-8 New 2020.CDR
    Class - VIII AGRICULTURE OF ASSAM Agriculture forms the backbone of the economy of Assam. About 65 % of the total working force is engaged in agriculture and allied activities. It is observed that about half of the total income of the state of Assam comes from the agricultural sector. Fig 2.1: Pictures showing agricultural practices in Assam MAIN FEATURES OF AGRICULTURE Assam has a mere 2.4 % of the land area of India, yet supports more than 2.6 % of the population of India. The physical features including soil, rainfall and temperature in Assam in general are suitable for cultivation of paddy crops which occupies 65 % of the total cropped area. The other crops are wheat, pulses and oil seeds. Major cash crops are tea, jute, sugarcane, mesta and horticulture crops. Some of the crops like rice, wheat, oil seeds, tea , fruits etc provide raw material for some local industries such as rice milling, flour milling, oil pressing, tea manufacturing, jute industry and fruit preservation and canning industries.. Thus agriculture provides livelihood to a large population of Assam. AGRICULTURE AND LAND USE For the purpose of land utilization, the areas of Assam are divided under ten headings namely forest, land put to non-agricultural uses, barren and uncultivable land, permanent pastures and other grazing land, cultivable waste land, current fallow, other than current fallow net sown area and area sown more than once. 72 Fig 2.2: Major crops and their distribution The state is delineated into six broad agro-climatic regions namely upper north bank Brahmaputra valley, upper south bank Brahmaputra valley, Central Assam valley, Lower Assam valley, Barak plain and the hilly region.
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Literature
    1 Indian Languages and Literature Introduction Thousands of years ago, the people of the Harappan civilisation knew how to write. Unfortunately, their script has not yet been deciphered. Despite this setback, it is safe to state that the literary traditions of India go back to over 3,000 years ago. India is a huge land with a continuous history spanning several millennia. There is a staggering degree of variety and diversity in the languages and dialects spoken by Indians. This diversity is a result of the influx of languages and ideas from all over the continent, mostly through migration from Central, Eastern and Western Asia. There are differences and variations in the languages and dialects as a result of several factors – ethnicity, history, geography and others. There is a broad social integration among all the speakers of a certain language. In the beginning languages and dialects developed in the different regions of the country in relative isolation. In India, languages are often a mark of identity of a person and define regional boundaries. Cultural mixing among various races and communities led to the mixing of languages and dialects to a great extent, although they still maintain regional identity. In free India, the broad geographical distribution pattern of major language groups was used as one of the decisive factors for the formation of states. This gave a new political meaning to the geographical pattern of the linguistic distribution in the country. According to the 1961 census figures, the most comprehensive data on languages collected in India, there were 187 languages spoken by different sections of our society.
    [Show full text]
  • A Language Without a State: Early Histories of Maithili Literature
    A LANGUAGE WITHOUT A STATE: EARLY HISTORIES OF MAITHILI LITERATURE Lalit Kumar When we consider the more familiar case of India’s new national language, Hindi, in relation to its so-called dialects such as Awadhi, Brajbhasha, and Maithili, we are confronted with the curious image of a thirty-year-old mother combing the hair of her sixty-year-old daughters. —Sitanshu Yashaschandra The first comprehensive history of Maithili literature was written by Jayakanta Mishra (1922-2009), a professor of English at Allahabad University, in two volumes in 1949 and 1950, respectively. Much before the publication of this history, George Abraham Grierson (1851- 1941), an ICS officer posted in Bihar, had first attempted to compile all the available specimens of Maithili literature in a book titled Maithili Chrestomathy (1882).1 This essay analyses Jayakanta Mishra’s History in dialogue with Grierson’s Chrestomathy, as I argue that the first history of Maithili literature was the culmination of the process of exploration of literary specimens initiated by Grierson, with the stated objective of establishing the identity of Maithili as an independent modern Indian language.This journey from Chrestomathy to History, or from Grierson to Mishra,helps us understand not only the changes Maithili underwent in more than sixty years but also comprehend the centrality of the language-dialect debate in the history of Maithili literature. A rich literary corpus of Maithili created a strong ground for its partial success, not in the form of Mithila getting the status of a separate state, but in the official recognition by the Sahitya Akademi in 1965 and by the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Sant Nirankari Public School, Faridabad Class – Iv (2017 – 18) Subject – Maths Assignment-1
    SANT NIRANKARI PUBLIC SCHOOL, FARIDABAD CLASS – IV (2017 – 18) SUBJECT – MATHS ASSIGNMENT-1 SECTION A Q 1. Write the number name (in Indian System) 1,87,819 37,17,215 Q 2. Write the number name (in International System) 3,993,457 412,351 Q 3. Write the expanded form of 25,308 1,37,478 Q 4. Write in short form of a) 70,000 + 5000 + 60 b) 4,00,000 +400+40+ 4 Q 5. Write the successor of 39900 1,23,478 Q 6. Write the predecessor of 57000 8,48,300 Q 7. Round off to the nearest hundreds 6253 17528 Q 8. Write the Roman number for 25 52 91 79 84 Q 9. Write the Hindu-Arabic numeral for XL1 LXXIV XCV LXXX Q 10. Circle the incorrect Roman numeral XV IIIX XL XXL LIV CVIV LII XXC XC XLVIII Q 11. Fill in the Blanks 4634+ ______ = 4634 21346 + ______ = 21347 14357+19235 = 19235 + ________ 185 X 1 = ________ _____ X 1 = 270 _____ x 628 =0 427 X (25+ _____) = 427 X 25 + 427 X 68 Q 12. Fill in the Blanks 47 X 1000 = ______ 499 X10 = _________ 68 X 100 = ______ 91 X 1000 = ________ Q 13. Write the amount in words Rs.23.75 Rs.68.50 Rs.100.25 Q 14. Write in short form a) Twenty Five Paise b) Two Thousand rupees fifty paise c) Forty seven rupees five paise SECTION B 1. Find the difference between the place value and face value of 6 in 3526521.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter-1 Introduction 1. Introduction
    CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION Education, in the broad sense, means preparation for life, it aims at all round development of individuals. Thus education is concerned with developing optimum organic health and emotional vitality such as social consciousness, acquisition of knowledge, wholesome attitude, moral and spiritual qualities.1 Education is also considered a process by which, individual is shaped to fit into the society to maintain and advance the social order. It is a system designed to make an individual rational, mature and a knowledgeable human being. Education is the modification of behaviour of an individual for the better adjustment in the society and for making a useful and worthwhile citizen. 2 The pragmatic view of education highlights learning by doing. Learning by doing takes place in the class room, in the library, on the play ground, in the gymnasium, or on the trips at home. 3 Civilized societies have always felt the need for physical education for its members except during the middle ages, when physical education as is typically known today found almost no place within the major educational pattern that prevailed. During the period, in Europe, asceticism in the early Christian church on the other hand set a premium on physical weakness in the vain hope that this was the path to spiritual excellence.4 During the middle age sports was associated with military motives, since many of the physical activities were designed to harden and strengthen man for combat5. The rapid development of physical education within the present century and the weighted influence accruing to some of its more spectacular activities suggest the imperative need, a clean understanding of unequal role, a well balanced programme in the field may give rise to the optimum growth and development of the youth.
    [Show full text]
  • English Language in Pakistan: Expansion and Resulting Implications
    Journal of Education & Social Sciences Vol. 5(1): 52-67, 2017 DOI: 10.20547/jess0421705104 English Language in Pakistan: Expansion and Resulting Implications Syeda Bushra Zaidi ∗ Sajida Zaki y Abstract: From sociolinguistic or anthropological perspective, Pakistan is classified as a multilingual context with most people speaking one native or regional language alongside Urdu which is the national language. With respect to English, Pakistan is a second language context which implies that the language is institutionalized and enjoying the privileged status of being the official language. This thematic paper is an attempt to review the arrival and augmentation of English language in Pakistan both before and after its creation. The chronological description is carried out in order to identify the consequences of this spread and to link them with possible future developments and implications. Some key themes covered in the paper include a brief historical overview of English language from how it was introduced to the manner in which it has developed over the years especially in relation to various language and educational policies. Based on the critical review of the literature presented in the paper there seems to be no threat to English in Pakistan a prediction true for the language globally as well. The status of English, as it globally elevates, will continue spreading and prospering in Pakistan as well enriching the Pakistani English variety that has already born and is being studied and codified. However, this process may take long due to the instability of governing policies and law-makers. A serious concern for researchers and people in general, however, will continue being the endangered and indigenous varieties that may continue being under considerable pressure from the prestigious varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping India's Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and Its
    Mapping India’s Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and its Exclusion in the Indian Census Dr. Shivakumar Jolad1 and Aayush Agarwal2 1FLAME University, Lavale, Pune, India 2Centre for Social and Behavioural Change, Ashoka University, New Delhi, India Abstract In this article, we critique the process of linguistic data enumeration and classification by the Census of India. We map out inclusion and exclusion under Scheduled and non-Scheduled languages and their mother tongues and their representation in state bureaucracies, the judiciary, and education. We highlight that Census classification leads to delegitimization of ‘mother tongues’ that deserve the status of language and official recognition by the state. We argue that the blanket exclusion of languages and mother tongues based on numerical thresholds disregards the languages of about 18.7 million speakers in India. We compute and map the Linguistic Diversity Index of India at the national and state levels and show that the exclusion of mother tongues undermines the linguistic diversity of states. We show that the Hindi belt shows the maximum divergence in Language and Mother Tongue Diversity. We stress the need for India to officially acknowledge the linguistic diversity of states and make the Census classification and enumeration to reflect the true Linguistic diversity. Introduction India and the Indian subcontinent have long been known for their rich diversity in languages and cultures which had baffled travelers, invaders, and colonizers. Amir Khusru, Sufi poet and scholar of the 13th century, wrote about the diversity of languages in Northern India from Sindhi, Punjabi, and Gujarati to Telugu and Bengali (Grierson, 1903-27, vol.
    [Show full text]