UNIT 2 INDIAN LANGUAGES Notes STRUCTURE 2.0 Introduction
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Linguistic Survey of India Bihar
LINGUISTIC SURVEY OF INDIA BIHAR 2020 LANGUAGE DIVISION OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA i CONTENTS Pages Foreword iii-iv Preface v-vii Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix-xi List of Phonetic Symbols xii-xiii List of Maps xiv Introduction R. Nakkeerar 1-61 Languages Hindi S.P. Ahirwal 62-143 Maithili S. Boopathy & 144-222 Sibasis Mukherjee Urdu S.S. Bhattacharya 223-292 Mother Tongues Bhojpuri J. Rajathi & 293-407 P. Perumalsamy Kurmali Thar Tapati Ghosh 408-476 Magadhi/ Magahi Balaram Prasad & 477-575 Sibasis Mukherjee Surjapuri S.P. Srivastava & 576-649 P. Perumalsamy Comparative Lexicon of 3 Languages & 650-674 4 Mother Tongues ii FOREWORD Since Linguistic Survey of India was published in 1930, a lot of changes have taken place with respect to the language situation in India. Though individual language wise surveys have been done in large number, however state wise survey of languages of India has not taken place. The main reason is that such a survey project requires large manpower and financial support. Linguistic Survey of India opens up new avenues for language studies and adds successfully to the linguistic profile of the state. In view of its relevance in academic life, the Office of the Registrar General, India, Language Division, has taken up the Linguistic Survey of India as an ongoing project of Government of India. It gives me immense pleasure in presenting LSI- Bihar volume. The present volume devoted to the state of Bihar has the description of three languages namely Hindi, Maithili, Urdu along with four Mother Tongues namely Bhojpuri, Kurmali Thar, Magadhi/ Magahi, Surjapuri. -
Tamil Teaching and Learning Process
Vol.1 No.3 July, 2013 ISSN : 2320 –2653 Tamil Teaching and Learning Process R.Nithya Research Scholar, Govt. Arts & Science College, Ooty, India Dr. Senavarayar Professor, Govt. Arts & Science College, Ooty, India Abstract ‘Tamil’ is one of the classical languages of India and the other one is Sanskrit Language. Tamil is one of the major languages of the Dravidian family of languages. Most of the persons who speak Tamil Language reside in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Tamil is also spoken in many parts of the world. Large concentration of Tamil speaking people is located in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Singapore, as also in other South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala and major cities of India. In fact, Tamil speaking people are found in all the time zones of the world. There are more than 74 million people who speak Tamil as their native language. Tamil is one of the few living classical languages and has an unbroken literary tradition of over two millennia. The written language has changed little during this period, with the result that classical literature is as much a part of everyday Tamil as modern literature. Tamil school-children, for example, are still taught the alphabet using the átticúdi, an alphabet rhyme written around the first century A.D. Teaching and learning are related terms. In teaching - learning process, the teacher, the learner, the curriculum and other variables are organized in a systematic way to attain some pre-determined goal. A language to be studied must be the mother tongue or the regional language. -
Kothari Commission, 1964-66 on Language Education: in Retrospect
Landmarks Kothari Commission, 1964-66 on Language Education: In Retrospect Shreesh Chaudhary Background remuneration, school and college buildings and Kothari Commission, 1964-66, was created to other related issues. Summary of its find a model of education for an integrated recommendations is a 140-page document4. socialist and secular India. Mid-1960s saw some Annexes and enclosures account for another of the worst language riots in India. The elder thousand pages. statesman C Rajagopalachari cautioned that Highlights of some of the important without English India’s federal structure may recommendations of Kothari Commission, 1 be under threat . Since independence, there had relating to language education, are given below.5 been two commissions and numerous 1. Evolution of a Language Policy (Section committees, with little progress in finding a nationally acceptable model of education. The 1.49): To help social and national integration, government resolution appointing the Education a language policy must be evolved. ‘ Commission, 1964-66, noted: 2. Development of Modern Indian Languages … a wide and distressing gulf persists (1.50): It is essential for development of between thought and action and community feeling. Energetic action is programmes concerning the quality of needed to produce books and literature. education, even where these were UGC should provide guidance and funds. well-conceived and generally agreed 3. Medium of Education at School and College to, could not be implemented (1.51): The development of the modern satisfactorily..2 Indian Languages is linked with the place given to them in the educational system. The Commission About thirty years ago, Rabindra Nath Tagore had said: Including its chairman, Daulat Singh Kothari, the 17 members of the Commission In no country of the world, except were eminent educationists3. -
Language and Literature
1 Indian Languages and Literature Introduction Thousands of years ago, the people of the Harappan civilisation knew how to write. Unfortunately, their script has not yet been deciphered. Despite this setback, it is safe to state that the literary traditions of India go back to over 3,000 years ago. India is a huge land with a continuous history spanning several millennia. There is a staggering degree of variety and diversity in the languages and dialects spoken by Indians. This diversity is a result of the influx of languages and ideas from all over the continent, mostly through migration from Central, Eastern and Western Asia. There are differences and variations in the languages and dialects as a result of several factors – ethnicity, history, geography and others. There is a broad social integration among all the speakers of a certain language. In the beginning languages and dialects developed in the different regions of the country in relative isolation. In India, languages are often a mark of identity of a person and define regional boundaries. Cultural mixing among various races and communities led to the mixing of languages and dialects to a great extent, although they still maintain regional identity. In free India, the broad geographical distribution pattern of major language groups was used as one of the decisive factors for the formation of states. This gave a new political meaning to the geographical pattern of the linguistic distribution in the country. According to the 1961 census figures, the most comprehensive data on languages collected in India, there were 187 languages spoken by different sections of our society. -
Minority Languages in India
Thomas Benedikter Minority Languages in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India ---------------------------- EURASIA-Net Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues 2 Linguistic minorities in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India Bozen/Bolzano, March 2013 This study was originally written for the European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Institute for Minority Rights, in the frame of the project Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues (EURASIA-Net). The publication is based on extensive research in eight Indian States, with the support of the European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano and the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata. EURASIA-Net Partners Accademia Europea Bolzano/Europäische Akademie Bozen (EURAC) – Bolzano/Bozen (Italy) Brunel University – West London (UK) Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität – Frankfurt am Main (Germany) Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (India) South Asian Forum for Human Rights (Nepal) Democratic Commission of Human Development (Pakistan), and University of Dhaka (Bangladesh) Edited by © Thomas Benedikter 2013 Rights and permissions Copying and/or transmitting parts of this work without prior permission, may be a violation of applicable law. The publishers encourage dissemination of this publication and would be happy to grant permission. -
Mapping India's Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and Its
Mapping India’s Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and its Exclusion in the Indian Census Dr. Shivakumar Jolad1 and Aayush Agarwal2 1FLAME University, Lavale, Pune, India 2Centre for Social and Behavioural Change, Ashoka University, New Delhi, India Abstract In this article, we critique the process of linguistic data enumeration and classification by the Census of India. We map out inclusion and exclusion under Scheduled and non-Scheduled languages and their mother tongues and their representation in state bureaucracies, the judiciary, and education. We highlight that Census classification leads to delegitimization of ‘mother tongues’ that deserve the status of language and official recognition by the state. We argue that the blanket exclusion of languages and mother tongues based on numerical thresholds disregards the languages of about 18.7 million speakers in India. We compute and map the Linguistic Diversity Index of India at the national and state levels and show that the exclusion of mother tongues undermines the linguistic diversity of states. We show that the Hindi belt shows the maximum divergence in Language and Mother Tongue Diversity. We stress the need for India to officially acknowledge the linguistic diversity of states and make the Census classification and enumeration to reflect the true Linguistic diversity. Introduction India and the Indian subcontinent have long been known for their rich diversity in languages and cultures which had baffled travelers, invaders, and colonizers. Amir Khusru, Sufi poet and scholar of the 13th century, wrote about the diversity of languages in Northern India from Sindhi, Punjabi, and Gujarati to Telugu and Bengali (Grierson, 1903-27, vol. -
Languages, Mother Tongues and Bilingualism in India : an Overview Workshop on FIELD LINGUISTICS Department of EFL, Tezpur University, Assam
Languages, Mother Tongues and Bilingualism in India : An Overview Workshop on FIELD LINGUISTICS Department of EFL, Tezpur University, Assam 02nd – 05th March, 2018 S. S. Bhattacharya, Former Senior Research Officer(L) & Head, Language Division, O/O The Registrar General, India MHA, Govt. of India, Kolkata [email protected] 1 India has a geographical area of 3,287,240 sq.km. and has more than one billion population (as per 2011 Census: 1, 21, 05, 69,573) distributed in 28 states (now 29) and 7 union territories (with 640 districts, 7933 towns and 640930 villages). 2 LANGUAGES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF STRENGTH – INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES – 2001 Number of Persons who returned the Language as their mother tongue Language Total Percent to State Total Popula-tion INDIA 1Hindi 422,048,642 41.03 2 Bengali 83,369,769 8.11 3 Telugu 74,002,856 7.19 4 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99 5 Tamil 60,793,814 591 6 Urdu 51,536,111 5.01 7 Gujarati 46,091,617 4,48 8 Kannada 37,924,011 369 9 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21 10 Oriya 33,017,446 3.21 11 Punjabi 29,102,477 2.83 12 Assamese 13,168,484 128 3 LANGUAGES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF STRENGTH – INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES – 2001 Number of Persons who returned the Language as their mother tongue Language Total Percent to State Total Popula-tion 13 Maithili 12,179,122 1.18 14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9,582,957 093 15 Sanlali 6,469,600 0.63 16 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.54 17 Nepali 2,871,749 0.28 18 Gondi 2,713,790 026 19 Sindhi 2,535,485 0.25 20 Konkani 2,489,015 0.24 21 Dogri 2,282,589 022 22 Khandeshi 2,075,258 -
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY Nature: India Is a Nation of Vast Linguistic Diversity
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY Nature: India is a nation of vast linguistic diversity. The Constitution of India now recognizes 23 languages, spoken in different parts thecountry. These consist of English plus 22 Indian languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo,Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei,Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.Language While Hindi is the official language of the central government in India, withEnglish as a provisional official language, individual state legislatures can adopt any regional language as the official language of that state. The Constitution of India recognizes 23 official languages, spoken in different parts of the country, of which two official and classical languages : Sanskrit and Tamil. MEANING Linguism is a division among members of a society on the basis of When India got her independence, it was decided that English should continue as official language along with Hindi for a period of 15 years. But English has continued to remain till today an associated official language mainly because of the revolt by the South Indian states against the compulsory learning of Hindi as official and national language. The issue of linguism raises a very crucial question in the area of education is what should be the language burden on school going child? CAUSES OF LINGUISM There are many causes at the root of linguism in our country; the major ones are the following. 1. Psychological causes People of a particular region are attached to the regional language which is their mother tongue. Hence they do not easily accept to learn another Indian language 2. -
Language and Thought (An Insight Through Hindi)
Language and Thought (An Insight through Hindi) Sumit Verma (Y9605) | Mentor: Dr. Amitabha Mukerjee, Dr. Achla M Raina IIT Kanpur November 15, 2011 Abstract Does the Language that we speak, affect the way we perceive the world? This question has been under debate for a long time now and has seen the work of several cognitive linguists ranging from Benjamin Whorf to Lera Boroditsky. The present work looks at two aspects of Language i.e. word order and grammatical gender and as to how they play/do not play a role in influencing the way we think about the world. The first part of the work focuses on word order (i.e. SVO/SOV distinction) in Language. A non verbal motion experiment was performed on native Hindi speakers (Mess workers form Hall V IITK) which is primarily a SOV language and on native English speakers (using Amazon Mechanical Turk) which is primarily a SVO language. Results showed that irrespective of whether your native language is SVO or SOV in nature, SOV is the preferred order while performing pictorial motion tasks. In the second part of the work, grammatical gender differences between Bihari Hindi and Standard Hindi were looked at. Hindi in general does not have any separate classification for the neutral gender. In Bihari Hindi, most of the neutral words are considered to be masculine whereas in Standard Hindi, there is a specific set of rules to define the gender of a neutral object. A visual experiment was done on native Bihari Hindi Speakers and native Standard Hindi speakers, using words which were masculine in Bihari Hindi but feminine in Standard Hindi. -
Spotlight on Tamil
Heritage Voices: Languages Urdu ABOUT THE URDU LANGUAGE Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language that serves as the primary, secondary, or tertiary language of communication for millions of individuals in Pakistan, India, and sizable migrant communities in the Persian Gulf, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Syntactically Urdu and Hindi are identical, with Urdu incorporating a heavier loan vocabulary from Persian, Arabic, and Turkic and retaining the original spelling of words and sounds from these languages. Speakers of both languages are able to communicate with each other at an informal level without much difficulty. In more formal situations and in higher registers, the two languages diverge significantly. Urdu is written in the Perso-Arabic script called Nasta'liq, which was modified and expanded to incorporate a distinctively South Asian phonology. While Urdu is one of the world's leading languages of Muslim erudition, some of its leading protagonists have been Hindu and Sikh authors taking full advantage of Urdu's rich expressive medium. Urdu has developed a preeminent position in South Asia as a language of literary genius as well as a major medium of communication in the daily lives of people. It is an official language of Pakistan, where it is a link language and probably the most widely understood language across all regions, which also have their own languages (Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi, and Punjabi). It is also one of the national languages of India. Urdu is widely understood by Afghans in Pakistan and Afghanistan, who acquire the language through media, business, and family connections in Pakistan. Urdu serves as a lingua franca for many in South Asia, especially for Muslims. -
Situation and Challenges of Technologies for Indigenous Languages of India
Proceedings of the Language Technologies for All (LT4All) , pages 324–327 Paris, UNESCO Headquarters, 5-6 December, 2019. c 2019 European Language Resources Association (ELRA), licenced under CC-BY-NC Situation and Challenges of Technologies for Indigenous Languages of India S Sinha, S S Agrawal Amity University Haryana, India1, KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon, India2 [email protected], [email protected] Abstract India is a country with huge linguistic diversity. Out of 900 languages spoken in the country, only a few have witnessed the digital world. This paper presents the language situation in India. It also highlights the opportunities, barriers and complexities faced by the language technology community in the development of indigenous Indian languages. The aim is to study their influence on the adoption and adaptation of digital technology. Technological achievements/fallouts of Indian languages relating to the world languages will be analysed with the purpose to identify the gap. The paper also outlines the need for future language resources and uptake of projects for technological advancements of indigenous languages of India. Keywords: Language Technology, Indian languages, Under-resourced Language Résumé भारत एक विशाल भाषाई विविधता िाला देश है। देश मᴂ बोली जाने िाली 900 भाषाओं मᴂ से कुछ ही विवजटल दुवनया मᴂ देखी गई हℂ। यह पेपर संसाधनों, और प्रौद्योवगवकयों के संदभभ मᴂ भारतीय भाषाओं की स्थिवत को विस्तार से प्रस्तुत करता है। यह भारतीय भाषाओं की प्रौद्योवगवकयों की विवशष्ट आिश्यकताओं, अिसरों, बाधाओं और जवटलताओं को उजागर करता है। इसका उद्देश्य विवजटल प्रौद्योवगकी को अपनाना और उनके अनुकूलन पर उनके प्रभाि का अध्ययन करना है। विश्व भाषाओं से संबंवधत भारतीय भाषाओं की तकनीकी उपलस्ियांऔर अंतर की पहचान कर भविष्य की पररयोजनाओं को पूरा करने की आिश्यकता है। future language resources and uptake of projects for 1. -
Unit 4- Language Schedule in the Constitution Official Language - Constitutional/Statutory Provisions
UNIT 4- LANGUAGE SCHEDULE IN THE CONSTITUTION OFFICIAL LANGUAGE - CONSTITUTIONAL/STATUTORY PROVISIONS Article 343(1) of the Constitution provides that Hindi in Devanagari script shall be the Official Language of the Union. Article 343(2) also provided for continuing the use of English in official work of the Union for a period of 15 years (i.e., up to 25 January 1965) from the date of commencement of the Constitution. Article 343(3) empowered the parliament to provide by law for continued use of English for official purposes even after 25 January 1965. Accordingly, section 3(2) of the Official Languages Act, 1963 (amended in 1967) provides for continuing the use of English in official work even after 25 January 1965. The Act also lays down that both Hindi and English shall compulsorily be used for certain specified purposes such as Resolutions, General Orders, Rules, Notifications, Administrative and other Reports, Press Communiqués; Administrative and other Reports and Official Papers to be laid before a House or the Houses of Parliament; Contracts, Agreements, Licenses, Permits, Tender Notices and Forms of Tender, etc. SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES In India, language status planning occurred through “officialization” (recognition as a scheduled language) in a special section of the Constitution, the 8th Schedule of the Constitution. This Schedule’s original purpose was stated in Article 351 of the Constitution in relation to the corpus planning of Hindi: “It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language,