DOCSLIB.ORG

Languages of India Being a Reprint of Chapter on Languages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE LANGUAGES OF INDIA BEING A :aEPRINT OF THE CHAPTER ON LANGUAGES CONTRIBUTED BY GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT., IllS MAJESTY'S INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, TO THE REPORT ON THE OENSUS OF INDIA, 1901, TOGETHER WITH THE CENSUS- STATISTIOS OF LANGUAGE. CALCUTTA: OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA. 1903. CALcuttA: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE, ~JNGS STRERT. CONTENTS. ... -INTRODUCTION . • Present Knowledge • 1 ~ The Linguistio Survey 1 Number of Languages spoken ~. 1 Ethnology and Philology 2 Tribal dialects • • • 3 Identification and Nomenolature of Indian Languages • 3 General ammgemont of Chapter • 4 THE MALAYa-POLYNESIAN FAMILY. THE MALAY GROUP. Selung 4 NicobaresB 5 THE INDO-CHINESE FAMILY. Early investigations 5 Latest investigations 5 Principles of classification 5 Original home . 6 Mon-Khmers 6 Tibeto-Burmans 7 Two main branches 7 'fibeto-Himalayan Branch 7 Assam-Burmese Branch. Its probable lines of migration 7 Siamese-Chinese 7 Karen 7 Chinese 7 Tai • 7 Summary 8 General characteristics of the Indo-Chinese languages 8 Isolating languages 8 Agglutinating languages 9 Inflecting languages ~ Expression of abstract and concrete ideas 9 Tones 10 Order of words • 11 THE MON-KHME& SUB-FAMILY. In Further India 11 In A.ssam 11 In Burma 11 Connection with Munds, Nicobar, and !lalacca languages 12 Connection with Australia • 12 Palaung a Mon- Khmer dialect 12 Mon. 12 Palaung-Wa group 12 Khaasi 12 B2 ii CONTENTS THE TIllETO-BuRMAN SUll-FAMILY_ < PAG. Tibeto-Himalayan and Assam-Burmese branches 13 North Assam branch 13 ~. Mutual relationship of the three branches 13 Tibeto-H imalayan BTanch.. Grouping of the languages 14 Bhatia. 14 Bhatia of Tibet or Tibeta.n 14 Ladakhi 15 Champa 15 Balti ,15 Sharpa Bhatia 15 Kagateh Dhotiii. .. 15 Denjong-ke 15 Lha-ke 15 Toto 15 Taanglo Bhatia 15 Lahuli 15 Gar! • 15 Tiniin 15 Patni 15 Kanaahi 15 Kaniiwari 15 Minchang . 15 Tibarskad • 15 Kami 15 Bhramii 15 'padhi 15 Hiiyii 15 Kiranti 15 " . Jimdar 15 Khambii 15 Yakha • 15 Gurung 15 Mangar • 15 Sunuwar • 15 Thami 16 Newari 16 Murmi 16 Manjhi 16 Limbii 16 Rong 16 Dhimiil 16 North .Assam Branch. Aka. 16 Dafla 17 Abor.Miri 17 Mishmi ' . 17 Chulika tii. 17 Digaru ., 17 Miju 17 .Assam Burmese Br-anch • Bodo group • • 17 Koch language 18 Kachari 18 Lii.lung ~~ 19 Dima-sa ]9 Hojai • 19 CONTENTS Ill''" l'J.G" :Jliutia. 19 GarQ • 19 Riibha .0 20 Tipura. .. 20 Moran 20 ., " JS"aga group 20 Orography. 20 Niga.-Bodo sub-group 21 Mikir 21 Empeo 21 Kabui 0 21 Khoiriio 21 Western Niigii. sub-group 21 Angami 21 Kezhama, Sema, a.nd Rengma. 21 Central Nagii. sub-group 22 Ao 22 Lhota 0 2.2 Assiringiii. 22 Tengsa, Thakumi and Yachumi 22 Eastern Nags sub-group 22 Characteristics of the Ea:!tern Naga languages • 22 Tableng and Tamlu 22 Mojung 23 Banpara and M utonia 23 Mohongia 28 Namsangia 0 23 Moshiing and Shangge 0 • 23 Niigii.-Kuki sub-group. 23 Sopvoma 23 Maram 23 l'.1iyangkhil.ng 23 Kwoireng 23 Luhupalanguages. 23 Tangkhul, Phadang, and Khangoi 24 Maring 2~ Kuki-Chin group 24 24 Meithei ' .. Chin sub-group 0 25 Old Kuki languages 25 Rangkhol, Bete, H-allam, and Langrong 25 Aimol, Anal, Andro, Chiru, Hiroi-Lamgang, Kolren, Knm, and Pururo 25 Mhar 25 Chaw 25 Northern Chin 25 Thado 25 Soldii 26 Siyin 26 Ralte 26 PaiM 26 Central CAin 26 Tashon 26 Zahao • • 26 Lai 26 Lakher 26 Lushei. 26 Ngente " 26 Fannai " 26 Banjogi and Pankhu 26 Southern Chin 27 Chinme 27 Welaung 27 Chin.bok 27 Yindu. 27 iT CONTENTS F... G. ChinbOn ..• ':.7 Khyeng 27 Khami 27 [l Characleristic!! of the K uki-Chin languages 27 '1' Kachin Group • • . • • • 27 Northern Kachin or Singpho 28 Southern Kachin 28 ·Kaori 28 Kachin-Burma. Hybrids 28 Szi Lepai 28 Lashi 28 Yarn 28 Hpon 28 Maingtha 28 Other Hybrids 28 Lihsaw 28 La'hu 28 Akha 29 AM 29 Li-su and Mu-au. 29 Dann 29 Kadn 29 Intha 29 Burma group 29 Mrii 29 Burmese 29 Arakanese 29 Chaungtha • • • 30 Yabaing 30 Yaw 30 Tavoyer 30 Taungyo 30 THE SIAMESE-CHINESE SUB-FAMILY. Chinese 30 Karen 30 Bgai. , 30 Karen-ni • 30 Fwo 30 Mopgha • 30 Shangkhipo 30 Tarn. 30 Kai or Gaikho 30 Taungthu 30 Sgan 30 Maunhepaku 30 Wewa. 30 Danaw 30 Tai group 30 Siamese 31 Lao 31 Lii and Khiin • 31 Shan 31 Ahom 31 Khii.mti 31 Phii.kial 32 Nora. 32 Tai-rong 32 Aiton 32 THE DRAVIDO-MUNDA. FAMILY. Dravidian and Mundii. Sub-Families 32 The name " Kolaria.n " 32 Mutual relationship of thG two sub-families • .. 32 CONTENTS v P"-IlD eo~ecti.on with non-Indian languages 33 . Dravido-¥undii. ~race. • . 33 THE MUNDA SUB-FAMILY. Munclii. compared with other agglutinating la.nguages 33 Agglutination in Mundii. languages 340 Other characteristics of M unda languages 34 Name~ of Mundii. languages 35 Habitat of the family 35 Santali 35 Mahli 36 Karmali 36 (" K~l") 36 Kol 36 MundItri 36 Ho 36 Bhnmij 36 Tamuriii. 36 Birhor 36 Tuna 36 Korwii. 36 Singli 37 Khariii. 37 Juang 37 ABur 37 Birjiii. 37 Kora 37 Kisan 37 Gadaba and Bavaro 37 Korkii 37 Muasi 3'7 Nihii.li 37 THE DRA.VIDIAN SUB-FAMILY. Habitat 38 Characteristics 38 Relationship with non-Indian languages 39 Tamil 39 Irula, KaBuva, Yerukala 39 MalayMam 40 Yerava 40 Telugu 40 K5mtiiii, Yimadi, and Chentzu 40 Gipsy corruptions • 40 Kanarese. 41 Badaga • 41 Kurumba • 41 Kodagn • 41 Tulu 401 Kornga and Bellam. 4.1 Toda. 401 Kota 41 GOnd • .4::' Miiri and Piirji 42 Gattu 42 Koi 42 Naiki 42 K61a~.1 and Ladhiidi 42 Kandh or Kui • 42 Kurnkh or Oraoll ~2 M~lhar 42 Ma.lto 42 Brahiii 43 Vi CONTENTS INDO-EUROPEAN F A.MILY. THE A.RYAN SUB-FAIULY. P~GII .'Original home 43 Oentum-and satem-speakers 43 Meaning of word" Aryan" 44 Aryan wanderings 44 Indo-Aryans and Eranians . 44 Race-mixture with aborigines 44 The Eraniun Branr;h. Limits of Eranian speech 45 Persic and Medic 45 Persia 45 Old Persian 45 Middle Persian 45 Persian 45 Medic 45 East Eranian languages 46 Balaoh . 46 Makrani 46 Pashto . 46 Ormuri 48 Ghalohah languages 48 The Indo-Aryan Branoh. Indo-Aryan route into India 48 Seoondary route from the Pamirs 48 Non-Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languageB 49 The Non-Sanskritic Indo-Aryan Languages. Charaoteristic points 49 Shins-Khawar group 49 Shins 49 Dard 50 Khawar 50 Kafir group 50 Basbgali. 50 Wai. 50 Wasifi. Veri 50 Ashkund • 50 Kalasha-Pashai group 50 Kalasha 50 Gawar-bati 50 Pashai 50 Laghmiini 50 Dehgiini 50 The Sanskritic Indo-Aryan La»guages. The gradual immigration 51 Earliest documents 51 Evidence of dialects 51 Theory of earlier aud later migration1'l 51 Route of later immigration. 52 The "Middle-land" • 53 Inner and Outer language families 53 Comparison of the two 5:3 Phonetics • 53 Declension 53 Conjugation 53 Limits of Inner family 54 Resultant grouping of the modern Sanskritic Indo-.A.ryau vernaculars 55 CONTENTS vii P!QK DJvel0;Jment of the modern vernaculars' • u5 PriU).ary Prakrit • • 56 Secondary Prakrit 56 Tertiary Pr:akrib • 56 Border-line between each stage 56 Characteristics of Prima.ry Prakrit '56 Characteristics of Secondary Prakrit 56 Characteristics of Tertiary Prakrit 56 Dialects of Secondary Prakrit 5t> Pali stage. 56 Stage of Prakrit par fJ:tcell6no6 56 Prakrit in literature 56 Western Prakrit 57 Eastern Prakrit 57 Apabhramsa 57 Apabhrarhsa dialects 58 Classical Sanskrit 59 Tatsamas and Tadbhavas 59 Dosyas 59 Tatsamas ,and Tadbbavas in the modern vernaculars 60 Influence of Sanskrit on the modern vernaculars • 60 Influence of Dravido-Munda languages 62 Influence of Indo-Chinese languages 62 Influence of Non-Indian languages 63 The North-Western group 64 Kashmiri • 64 . Kishtwari, PagnI, Rambani 64 Literature and alphabet. 64 Kohistani 64. Maiyan 64 Garwi and TorwaIi 65 LMn~ • • 65 HindkD • 66 Northern dialects • 66 Pothwari 66 Chibhlt!i 66 Punchi 66 Dhundi 66 Tinaoli 66 Ghebi. • 66 Awankii.ri 66 Southern dialects • 66 Miiltiim 66 Ubhechi 67 Kbetram 67 Lahnda compared with Panjabi 67 Written character 67 Sindhi 67 Siraiki 67 Lari 67 Thareli 67 (Kachchhi) • 68 (Gujaratl) • 68 The Southern Group • 68 Marat'hi 68 Vocabnlary 69 Literature 69 Dialects 69 Desi f9 SaDgam~svari • 69 Biinkoti 69 Kudali • 69 Malwani • 69 Kunbiiii 69 Koli 69 viii CONTENTS Konkani 6D Warhadi ,:0 Nagpuri • • , 70 Marheti 70 Halabi 70 (Bhatri) 70 The Eastern group 70 Oriya 70 N arne of language 71 Dialects, Bhatri n Written character • 71 COlinection with 'Bengali 71 lnHuence of other language.'! 72 Litera.ture 72 Bihari 72 Where spoken 72 N umber of speakers 73 Dialects 73 Maithili 73 Magahi • 73 Bhojpuri 73 Relationship of the three dialects to each other 74 Ethnic differences 74 Written character 75 Bengali 75 Dialects 76 Bengali pronuncia tion 77 Literature 77 Written character 78 Assamese 78 Mayang 78 Assamese compared with Bengali 78 Literaturo 78 Written character • 79 Mediate group • 79 Eastern Hindi • 79 Dialects 71) Awadhi and Bagheli 79 Chhattisgarhi 79 A vernacular elsewhere than in the Eastern Hindi tract proper 80 Speakers abroad EO Linguistio bonndaries 80 Position of Eastern Hindi with regard to languages of the Outer and of the Inner groups 80 Literature 80 Awadhi 80 Bagheli • 81 The Western group 81 West,ern Hindi 81 Braj Bhiisha • 82 Kanauji 82 Bundeli 83 Bii.ngarii 83 Hind6stani 83 As a vernacnlar .. 83 As a literary language and lingua franca 83 Urdu 84 ;Rekhta 84 Dakhini 84 Hindi 84 Hindl)stani, Urdu, and Hindi 85 Literature 85 Rajasthuni 86 Dialects 86 MewiLti • 87 CONTENTS IX PAGB Malvi 87 Rangri 87 Nimiid 87 , Jaipuri 87 Marwa:ri 87 Bagri 87 Literature 88 Characteristics of the language.
Recommended publications
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A

    Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A

    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
  • Numbers in Bengali Language

    Numbers in Bengali Language

    NUMBERS IN BENGALI LANGUAGE A dissertation submitted to Assam University, Silchar in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts in Department of Linguistics. Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No 03-120032252 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE ASSAM UNIVERSITY SILCHAR 788011, INDIA YEAR OF SUBMISSION : 2020 CONTENTS Title Page no. Certificate 1 Declaration by the candidate 2 Acknowledgement 3 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1.0 A rapid sketch on Assam 4 1.2.0 Etymology of “Assam” 4 Geographical Location 4-5 State symbols 5 Bengali language and scripts 5-6 Religion 6-9 Culture 9 Festival 9 Food havits 10 Dresses and Ornaments 10-12 Music and Instruments 12-14 Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15-16 Chapter 3: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY Objectives 16 Methodology and Sources of Data 16 Chapter 4: NUMBERS 18-20 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22 CERTIFICATE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES ASSAM UNIVERSITY SILCHAR DATE: 15-05-2020 Certified that the dissertation/project entitled “Numbers in Bengali Language” submitted by Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No 03-120032252 of 2018-2019 for Master degree in Linguistics in Assam University, Silchar. It is further certified that the candidate has complied with all the formalities as per the requirements of Assam University . I recommend that the dissertation may be placed before examiners for consideration of award of the degree of this university. 5.10.2020 (Asst. Professor Paramita Purkait) Name & Signature of the Supervisor Department of Linguistics Assam University, Silchar 1 DECLARATION I hereby Roll - 011818 No - 2083100012 Registration No – 03-120032252 hereby declare that the subject matter of the dissertation entitled ‘Numbers in Bengali language’ is the record of the work done by me.
  • Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal

    Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal

    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 36 Number 2 Article 6 December 2016 New Languages of Schooling: Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal Uma Pradhan University of Oxford, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Pradhan, Uma. 2016. New Languages of Schooling: Ethnicity, Education and Equality in Nepal. HIMALAYA 36(2). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/6 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. New Languages of Schooling: Ethnicity, Education, and Equality in Nepal Uma Pradhan Mother tongue education has remained this attempt to seek membership into a controversial issue in Nepal. Scholars, multiple groups and display of apparently activists, and policy-makers have favored contradictory dynamics. On the one hand, the mother tongue education from the standpoint practices in these schools display inward- of social justice. Against these views, others looking characteristics through the everyday have identified this effort as predominantly use of mother tongue, the construction of groupist in its orientation and not helpful unified ethnic identity, and cultural practices. in imagining a unified national community. On the other hand, outward-looking dynamics Taking this contention as a point of inquiry, of making claims in the universal spaces of this paper explores the contested space of national education and public places could mother tongue education to understand the also be seen.
  • 7=SINO-INDIAN Phylosector

    7=SINO-INDIAN Phylosector

    7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 525 7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012 This phylosector comprises 22 sets of languages spoken by communities in eastern Asia, from the Himalayas to Manchuria (Heilongjiang), constituting the Sino-Tibetan (or Sino-Indian) continental affinity. See note on nomenclature below. 70= TIBETIC phylozone 71= HIMALAYIC phylozone 72= GARIC phylozone 73= KUKIC phylozone 74= MIRIC phylozone 75= KACHINIC phylozone 76= RUNGIC phylozone 77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone 78= KARENIC phylozone 79= SINITIC phylozone This continental affinity is composed of two major parts: the disparate Tibeto-Burman affinity (zones 70= to 77=), spoken by relatively small communities (with the exception of 77=) in the Himalayas and adjacent regions; and the closely related Chinese languages of the Sinitic set and net (zone 79=), spoken in eastern Asia. The Karen languages of zone 78=, formerly considered part of the Tibeto-Burman grouping, are probably best regarded as a third component of Sino-Tibetan affinity. Zone 79=Sinitic includes the outer-language with the largest number of primary voices in the world, representing the most populous network of contiguous speech-communities at the end of the 20th century ("Mainstream Chinese" or so- called 'Mandarin', standardised under the name of Putonghua). This phylosector is named 7=Sino-Indian (rather than Sino-Tibetan) to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of all ten sectors of the linguasphere, composed of the names of continental or sub-continental entities.
  • Ldc Final Merit

    Ldc Final Merit

    Page No. 1 LIST OF CANDIDATES FOR WHOM CALL LETTERS ISSUED ADVT-01/2009 DATE OF EXAM - 03 DEC 2009 TRADE : LOWER DIVISION CLERK EXAM CENTRE - GREF CENTRE, PUNE-15 CATEGORY - OBC (DIGHI CAMP, PUNE -411015, ST- MAHARASHTRA) Srl Control Name Father's Name Address No. No. DOB 1 LDC/OBC ROHIT YADAV SATI RAM ROHIT YADAV S/O SATI RAM /627088 SS-II WSD, GREF STATION TEH - PATHANKOT DIST - GURDASPUR STATE - PUNJAB, PIN - 145001 17-Mar-90 LDC/OBC/627088 2 LDC/OBC RAJU ABHAY SINGH RAJU S/O ABHAY SINGH /628066 VILL + PO - KANHARWAS TEH - KOSLI , DIST - REWARI STATE - HARYANA, PIN - 123302 25-Oct-90 LDC/OBC/628066 3 LDC/OBC THIRUNAVL MUTHIAH THIRUNAVVKKARASU /627884 KKARASU S/O MUTHIAH NO. 38/34 A1, NEW STREET VANNARAPETTAI, USILAMPATTI DIST - MADURAI 20-May-88 STATE - TAMILNADU , PIN - 625532 LDC/OBC/627884 4 LDC/OBC MERUGU M KUMARA MERUGU RANJITH KUMAR /627514 RANJITH SWAMY S/O M KUMARASWAMY KUMAR H. NO. 10-7936, GIRMAJIPET DIST - WARANGAL STATE - ANDHRA PRADESH 10-Oct-81 PIN - 506002 LDC/OBC/627514 5 LDC/OBC NARENDRA PITHA RAM NARENDRA KUMAR SARAN /629362 KUMAR SARAN SARAN S/O PITHA RAM SARAN C/O BANWARI LAL SARMA PLOT NO. A75, SARDHA COLONY MAHESH NAGAR, DIST - JAIPUR 15-Feb-86 STATE - RAJASTHAN, PIN - 302019 LDC/OBC/629362 6 LDC/OBC FASIL M.A ABDUL FASIL M A S/O ABDUL RAHIMAN K /629237 RAHIMAN FARIS MANZIL MOOLODE MATHUR DIST - PALAKKAD 2-Sep-89 STATE - KERALA, PIN - 678571 LDC/OBC/629237 7 LDC/OBC MALI MALI MALI ANIRUDDH KAUTEY /629870 ANIRRUDDH KAUNTEY S/O MALI KAUNTEY RAMPADARATH KAUNTEY RAMPADARAT NEAR MEERA SOCIETY H RABARIVAS BUNGLOW AREA, KUBERNAGAR, DIST - AHMEDABAD 23-Jan-88 STATE - GUJARAT, PIN - 382340 LDC/OBC/629870 8 LDC/OBC ZISHAN ALI MOHD ALI ZISHAN ALI BHATI /627693 BHATI BHATI S/O MOHD ALI BHATI BEHIND DAUJI TEMPLE SONGRI ROAD, JISU STD DIST - BIKANER 7-Mar-89 STATE - RAJASTHAN, PIN - 334005 LDC/OBC/627693 Note:- Candidate who donot receive Call Letter by post , can also report for Trade Test / Interview with a copy of Attestation Form duly completed by downloading form from this web site.
  • Indian Hieroglyphs

    Indian Hieroglyphs

    Indian hieroglyphs Indus script corpora, archaeo-metallurgy and Meluhha (Mleccha) Jules Bloch’s work on formation of the Marathi language (Bloch, Jules. 2008, Formation of the Marathi Language. (Reprint, Translation from French), New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN: 978-8120823228) has to be expanded further to provide for a study of evolution and formation of Indian languages in the Indian language union (sprachbund). The paper analyses the stages in the evolution of early writing systems which began with the evolution of counting in the ancient Near East. Providing an example from the Indian Hieroglyphs used in Indus Script as a writing system, a stage anterior to the stage of syllabic representation of sounds of a language, is identified. Unique geometric shapes required for tokens to categorize objects became too large to handle to abstract hundreds of categories of goods and metallurgical processes during the production of bronze-age goods. In such a situation, it became necessary to use glyphs which could distinctly identify, orthographically, specific descriptions of or cataloging of ores, alloys, and metallurgical processes. About 3500 BCE, Indus script as a writing system was developed to use hieroglyphs to represent the ‘spoken words’ identifying each of the goods and processes. A rebus method of representing similar sounding words of the lingua franca of the artisans was used in Indus script. This method is recognized and consistently applied for the lingua franca of the Indian sprachbund. That the ancient languages of India, constituted a sprachbund (or language union) is now recognized by many linguists. The sprachbund area is proximate to the area where most of the Indus script inscriptions were discovered, as documented in the corpora.
  • 2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A

    2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A

    Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562
  • Elephantine Confl

    Elephantine Confl

    EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE THE HINDU DELHI SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 2020 NATION 9 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE IN BRIEF Weather Watch Elephantine conflict swells in the east Rainfall, temperature & air quality in select metros yesterday Bengal, Odisha and Assam account for about half the fatalities in man­elephant conflict, data show Shiv Sahay Singh building up the knowledge Ambala bus stand Kolkata base on elephant ecology”. renamed after Sushma Three States in the eastern Among the reasons for un­ AMBALA The Ambala city bus stand and northeastern parts of natural deaths of elephants, was renamed after late the country — West Bengal, electrocution is at the top of External Affairs Minister and Odisha and Assam — account the list, accounting for 68% BJP veteran Sushma Swaraj for about half of both human of elephant deaths in the on Saturday. She was born in
  • Class-8 New 2020.CDR

    Class-8 New 2020.CDR

    Class - VIII AGRICULTURE OF ASSAM Agriculture forms the backbone of the economy of Assam. About 65 % of the total working force is engaged in agriculture and allied activities. It is observed that about half of the total income of the state of Assam comes from the agricultural sector. Fig 2.1: Pictures showing agricultural practices in Assam MAIN FEATURES OF AGRICULTURE Assam has a mere 2.4 % of the land area of India, yet supports more than 2.6 % of the population of India. The physical features including soil, rainfall and temperature in Assam in general are suitable for cultivation of paddy crops which occupies 65 % of the total cropped area. The other crops are wheat, pulses and oil seeds. Major cash crops are tea, jute, sugarcane, mesta and horticulture crops. Some of the crops like rice, wheat, oil seeds, tea , fruits etc provide raw material for some local industries such as rice milling, flour milling, oil pressing, tea manufacturing, jute industry and fruit preservation and canning industries.. Thus agriculture provides livelihood to a large population of Assam. AGRICULTURE AND LAND USE For the purpose of land utilization, the areas of Assam are divided under ten headings namely forest, land put to non-agricultural uses, barren and uncultivable land, permanent pastures and other grazing land, cultivable waste land, current fallow, other than current fallow net sown area and area sown more than once. 72 Fig 2.2: Major crops and their distribution The state is delineated into six broad agro-climatic regions namely upper north bank Brahmaputra valley, upper south bank Brahmaputra valley, Central Assam valley, Lower Assam valley, Barak plain and the hilly region.
  • The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate

    The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate

    University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din. dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec. \ViTkI AN INrPR<dl>kJCTOl2Y NO'FE PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C.
  • The British Advent in Balochistan

    The British Advent in Balochistan

    The British Advent in Balochistan Javed Haider Syed ∗∗∗ An Abstract On the eve of the British advent, the social and economic infrastructure of Balochistan represented almost all characteristics of a desert society, such as isolation, group feeling, chivalry, hospitality, tribal enmity and animal husbandry. There was hardly any area in Balochistan that could be considered an urban settlement. Even the capital of the state of Kalat looked like a conglomeration of mud dwellings with the only royal residence emerging as a symbol of status and power. In terms of social relations, economic institutions, and politics, society demonstrated almost every aspect of tribalism in every walk of life. This paper, therefore, presents a historical survey of the involvement of Balochistan in the power politics of various empire- builders. In particular, those circumstances and factors have been examined that brought the British to Balochistan. The First Afghan War was fought apparently to send a message to Moscow that the British would not tolerate any Russian advances towards their Indian empire. To what extent the Russian threat, or for that matter, the earlier French threat under Napoleon, were real or imagined, is also covered in this paper. A holistic account of British advent in Balochistan must begin with “The Great Game” in which Russia, France, and England, were involved. Since the time of Peter the Great (1672-1725), the Russians were desperately looking for access to warm waters. The Dardanelles were guarded by Turkey. After many abortive attempts, Russians concentrated on the Central Asian steppes in order to find a route to the Persian Gulf as well as the Indian Ocean.
  • Some Select Folktales of Aimol

    Some Select Folktales of Aimol

    ================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 17:10 October 2017 UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ================================================================ Some Select Folktales of Aimol Chongom Damrengthang Aimol, Ph.D. ======================================================== Aimol Aimol is one of the recognized tribes of Manipur. It was recognized on 29th October, 1956 vide notification no. 2477, under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Aimol as a tribe is endogamous and possesses a common dialect, a common tradition of origin and common beliefs and ideas. The total population of Aimol according to Census- 2011 is 4,640 (According to Chairman, Aimol Literature Society, Manipur). The Aimol tribe is found in Chandel, Churachandpur, and Senapati districts of Manipur. In the entire state, there are 15 Aimol villages, of which eleven are in Chandel district (Khullen, Chandonpokpi, Ngairong, Khodamphai, Tampak, Chingnunghut, Khunjai, Kumbirei, Satu, Khudengthabi and Unapal), two in Churachandpur district (Kha-Aimol and Louchunbung) and another two in Senapati district (Tuikhang, Kharam-Thadoi). Aimol has no written literature except some books, gospel songs, Bible, which is translated from English and A Descriptive Grammar of Aimol written by M. Shamungou Singh, an unpublished Ph.D. thesis of Manipur University, Imphal. There is no native script. Adapted Roman script is used for writing books and other journals, etc. The teaching of Aimol has not been introduced in any private or government schools. For communication with other communities Aimol people use Manipuri or Meiteilon which is the lingua franca of Manipur State. Aimol has no work which documents of folk songs and folktales. So this paper tries to present out some of the folktales of Aimol which are oral tales, and are not available in written record.