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Languages of India Being a Reprint of Chapter on Languages

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Languages of India Being a Reprint of Chapter on Languages THE LANGUAGES OF INDIA BEING A :aEPRINT OF THE CHAPTER ON LANGUAGES CONTRIBUTED BY GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT., IllS MAJESTY'S INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, TO THE REPORT ON THE OENSUS OF INDIA, 1901, TOGETHER WITH THE CENSUS- STATISTIOS OF LANGUAGE. CALCUTTA: OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA. 1903. CALcuttA: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE, ~JNGS STRERT. CONTENTS. ... -INTRODUCTION . • Present Knowledge • 1 ~ The Linguistio Survey 1 Number of Languages spoken ~. 1 Ethnology and Philology 2 Tribal dialects • • • 3 Identification and Nomenolature of Indian Languages • 3 General ammgemont of Chapter • 4 THE MALAYa-POLYNESIAN FAMILY. THE MALAY GROUP. Selung 4 NicobaresB 5 THE INDO-CHINESE FAMILY. Early investigations 5 Latest investigations 5 Principles of classification 5 Original home . 6 Mon-Khmers 6 Tibeto-Burmans 7 Two main branches 7 'fibeto-Himalayan Branch 7 Assam-Burmese Branch. Its probable lines of migration 7 Siamese-Chinese 7 Karen 7 Chinese 7 Tai • 7 Summary 8 General characteristics of the Indo-Chinese languages 8 Isolating languages 8 Agglutinating languages 9 Inflecting languages ~ Expression of abstract and concrete ideas 9 Tones 10 Order of words • 11 THE MON-KHME& SUB-FAMILY. In Further India 11 In A.ssam 11 In Burma 11 Connection with Munds, Nicobar, and !lalacca languages 12 Connection with Australia • 12 Palaung a Mon- Khmer dialect 12 Mon. 12 Palaung-Wa group 12 Khaasi 12 B2 ii CONTENTS THE TIllETO-BuRMAN SUll-FAMILY_ < PAG. Tibeto-Himalayan and Assam-Burmese branches 13 North Assam branch 13 ~. Mutual relationship of the three branches 13 Tibeto-H imalayan BTanch.. Grouping of the languages 14 Bhatia. 14 Bhatia of Tibet or Tibeta.n 14 Ladakhi 15 Champa 15 Balti ,15 Sharpa Bhatia 15 Kagateh Dhotiii. .. 15 Denjong-ke 15 Lha-ke 15 Toto 15 Taanglo Bhatia 15 Lahuli 15 Gar! • 15 Tiniin 15 Patni 15 Kanaahi 15 Kaniiwari 15 Minchang . 15 Tibarskad • 15 Kami 15 Bhramii 15 'padhi 15 Hiiyii 15 Kiranti 15 " . Jimdar 15 Khambii 15 Yakha • 15 Gurung 15 Mangar • 15 Sunuwar • 15 Thami 16 Newari 16 Murmi 16 Manjhi 16 Limbii 16 Rong 16 Dhimiil 16 North .Assam Branch. Aka. 16 Dafla 17 Abor.Miri 17 Mishmi ' . 17 Chulika tii. 17 Digaru ., 17 Miju 17 .Assam Burmese Br-anch • Bodo group • • 17 Koch language 18 Kachari 18 Lii.lung ~~ 19 Dima-sa ]9 Hojai • 19 CONTENTS Ill''" l'J.G" :Jliutia. 19 GarQ • 19 Riibha .0 20 Tipura. .. 20 Moran 20 ., " JS"aga group 20 Orography. 20 Niga.-Bodo sub-group 21 Mikir 21 Empeo 21 Kabui 0 21 Khoiriio 21 Western Niigii. sub-group 21 Angami 21 Kezhama, Sema, a.nd Rengma. 21 Central Nagii. sub-group 22 Ao 22 Lhota 0 2.2 Assiringiii. 22 Tengsa, Thakumi and Yachumi 22 Eastern Nags sub-group 22 Characteristics of the Ea:!tern Naga languages • 22 Tableng and Tamlu 22 Mojung 23 Banpara and M utonia 23 Mohongia 28 Namsangia 0 23 Moshiing and Shangge 0 • 23 Niigii.-Kuki sub-group. 23 Sopvoma 23 Maram 23 l'.1iyangkhil.ng 23 Kwoireng 23 Luhupalanguages. 23 Tangkhul, Phadang, and Khangoi 24 Maring 2~ Kuki-Chin group 24 24 Meithei ' .. Chin sub-group 0 25 Old Kuki languages 25 Rangkhol, Bete, H-allam, and Langrong 25 Aimol, Anal, Andro, Chiru, Hiroi-Lamgang, Kolren, Knm, and Pururo 25 Mhar 25 Chaw 25 Northern Chin 25 Thado 25 Soldii 26 Siyin 26 Ralte 26 PaiM 26 Central CAin 26 Tashon 26 Zahao • • 26 Lai 26 Lakher 26 Lushei. 26 Ngente " 26 Fannai " 26 Banjogi and Pankhu 26 Southern Chin 27 Chinme 27 Welaung 27 Chin.bok 27 Yindu. 27 iT CONTENTS F... G. ChinbOn ..• ':.7 Khyeng 27 Khami 27 [l Characleristic!! of the K uki-Chin languages 27 '1' Kachin Group • • . • • • 27 Northern Kachin or Singpho 28 Southern Kachin 28 ·Kaori 28 Kachin-Burma. Hybrids 28 Szi Lepai 28 Lashi 28 Yarn 28 Hpon 28 Maingtha 28 Other Hybrids 28 Lihsaw 28 La'hu 28 Akha 29 AM 29 Li-su and Mu-au. 29 Dann 29 Kadn 29 Intha 29 Burma group 29 Mrii 29 Burmese 29 Arakanese 29 Chaungtha • • • 30 Yabaing 30 Yaw 30 Tavoyer 30 Taungyo 30 THE SIAMESE-CHINESE SUB-FAMILY. Chinese 30 Karen 30 Bgai. , 30 Karen-ni • 30 Fwo 30 Mopgha • 30 Shangkhipo 30 Tarn. 30 Kai or Gaikho 30 Taungthu 30 Sgan 30 Maunhepaku 30 Wewa. 30 Danaw 30 Tai group 30 Siamese 31 Lao 31 Lii and Khiin • 31 Shan 31 Ahom 31 Khii.mti 31 Phii.kial 32 Nora. 32 Tai-rong 32 Aiton 32 THE DRAVIDO-MUNDA. FAMILY. Dravidian and Mundii. Sub-Families 32 The name " Kolaria.n " 32 Mutual relationship of thG two sub-families • .. 32 CONTENTS v P"-IlD eo~ecti.on with non-Indian languages 33 . Dravido-¥undii. ~race. • . 33 THE MUNDA SUB-FAMILY. Munclii. compared with other agglutinating la.nguages 33 Agglutination in Mundii. languages 340 Other characteristics of M unda languages 34 Name~ of Mundii. languages 35 Habitat of the family 35 Santali 35 Mahli 36 Karmali 36 (" K~l") 36 Kol 36 MundItri 36 Ho 36 Bhnmij 36 Tamuriii. 36 Birhor 36 Tuna 36 Korwii. 36 Singli 37 Khariii. 37 Juang 37 ABur 37 Birjiii. 37 Kora 37 Kisan 37 Gadaba and Bavaro 37 Korkii 37 Muasi 3'7 Nihii.li 37 THE DRA.VIDIAN SUB-FAMILY. Habitat 38 Characteristics 38 Relationship with non-Indian languages 39 Tamil 39 Irula, KaBuva, Yerukala 39 MalayMam 40 Yerava 40 Telugu 40 K5mtiiii, Yimadi, and Chentzu 40 Gipsy corruptions • 40 Kanarese. 41 Badaga • 41 Kurumba • 41 Kodagn • 41 Tulu 401 Kornga and Bellam. 4.1 Toda. 401 Kota 41 GOnd • .4::' Miiri and Piirji 42 Gattu 42 Koi 42 Naiki 42 K61a~.1 and Ladhiidi 42 Kandh or Kui • 42 Kurnkh or Oraoll ~2 M~lhar 42 Ma.lto 42 Brahiii 43 Vi CONTENTS INDO-EUROPEAN F A.MILY. THE A.RYAN SUB-FAIULY. P~GII .'Original home 43 Oentum-and satem-speakers 43 Meaning of word" Aryan" 44 Aryan wanderings 44 Indo-Aryans and Eranians . 44 Race-mixture with aborigines 44 The Eraniun Branr;h. Limits of Eranian speech 45 Persic and Medic 45 Persia 45 Old Persian 45 Middle Persian 45 Persian 45 Medic 45 East Eranian languages 46 Balaoh . 46 Makrani 46 Pashto . 46 Ormuri 48 Ghalohah languages 48 The Indo-Aryan Branoh. Indo-Aryan route into India 48 Seoondary route from the Pamirs 48 Non-Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languageB 49 The Non-Sanskritic Indo-Aryan Languages. Charaoteristic points 49 Shins-Khawar group 49 Shins 49 Dard 50 Khawar 50 Kafir group 50 Basbgali. 50 Wai. 50 Wasifi. Veri 50 Ashkund • 50 Kalasha-Pashai group 50 Kalasha 50 Gawar-bati 50 Pashai 50 Laghmiini 50 Dehgiini 50 The Sanskritic Indo-Aryan La»guages. The gradual immigration 51 Earliest documents 51 Evidence of dialects 51 Theory of earlier aud later migration1'l 51 Route of later immigration. 52 The "Middle-land" • 53 Inner and Outer language families 53 Comparison of the two 5:3 Phonetics • 53 Declension 53 Conjugation 53 Limits of Inner family 54 Resultant grouping of the modern Sanskritic Indo-.A.ryau vernaculars 55 CONTENTS vii P!QK DJvel0;Jment of the modern vernaculars' • u5 PriU).ary Prakrit • • 56 Secondary Prakrit 56 Tertiary Pr:akrib • 56 Border-line between each stage 56 Characteristics of Prima.ry Prakrit '56 Characteristics of Secondary Prakrit 56 Characteristics of Tertiary Prakrit 56 Dialects of Secondary Prakrit 5t> Pali stage. 56 Stage of Prakrit par fJ:tcell6no6 56 Prakrit in literature 56 Western Prakrit 57 Eastern Prakrit 57 Apabhramsa 57 Apabhrarhsa dialects 58 Classical Sanskrit 59 Tatsamas and Tadbhavas 59 Dosyas 59 Tatsamas ,and Tadbbavas in the modern vernaculars 60 Influence of Sanskrit on the modern vernaculars • 60 Influence of Dravido-Munda languages 62 Influence of Indo-Chinese languages 62 Influence of Non-Indian languages 63 The North-Western group 64 Kashmiri • 64 . Kishtwari, PagnI, Rambani 64 Literature and alphabet. 64 Kohistani 64. Maiyan 64 Garwi and TorwaIi 65 LMn~ • • 65 HindkD • 66 Northern dialects • 66 Pothwari 66 Chibhlt!i 66 Punchi 66 Dhundi 66 Tinaoli 66 Ghebi. • 66 Awankii.ri 66 Southern dialects • 66 Miiltiim 66 Ubhechi 67 Kbetram 67 Lahnda compared with Panjabi 67 Written character 67 Sindhi 67 Siraiki 67 Lari 67 Thareli 67 (Kachchhi) • 68 (Gujaratl) • 68 The Southern Group • 68 Marat'hi 68 Vocabnlary 69 Literature 69 Dialects 69 Desi f9 SaDgam~svari • 69 Biinkoti 69 Kudali • 69 Malwani • 69 Kunbiiii 69 Koli 69 viii CONTENTS Konkani 6D Warhadi ,:0 Nagpuri • • , 70 Marheti 70 Halabi 70 (Bhatri) 70 The Eastern group 70 Oriya 70 N arne of language 71 Dialects, Bhatri n Written character • 71 COlinection with 'Bengali 71 lnHuence of other language.'! 72 Litera.ture 72 Bihari 72 Where spoken 72 N umber of speakers 73 Dialects 73 Maithili 73 Magahi • 73 Bhojpuri 73 Relationship of the three dialects to each other 74 Ethnic differences 74 Written character 75 Bengali 75 Dialects 76 Bengali pronuncia tion 77 Literature 77 Written character 78 Assamese 78 Mayang 78 Assamese compared with Bengali 78 Literaturo 78 Written character • 79 Mediate group • 79 Eastern Hindi • 79 Dialects 71) Awadhi and Bagheli 79 Chhattisgarhi 79 A vernacular elsewhere than in the Eastern Hindi tract proper 80 Speakers abroad EO Linguistio bonndaries 80 Position of Eastern Hindi with regard to languages of the Outer and of the Inner groups 80 Literature 80 Awadhi 80 Bagheli • 81 The Western group 81 West,ern Hindi 81 Braj Bhiisha • 82 Kanauji 82 Bundeli 83 Bii.ngarii 83 Hind6stani 83 As a vernacnlar .. 83 As a literary language and lingua franca 83 Urdu 84 ;Rekhta 84 Dakhini 84 Hindi 84 Hindl)stani, Urdu, and Hindi 85 Literature 85 Rajasthuni 86 Dialects 86 MewiLti • 87 CONTENTS IX PAGB Malvi 87 Rangri 87 Nimiid 87 , Jaipuri 87 Marwa:ri 87 Bagri 87 Literature 88 Characteristics of the language.
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