7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 525

7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector

édition princeps foundation edition DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000 THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012 published online & updated from November 2012

This phylosector comprises 22 sets of languages spoken by communities in eastern Asia, from the to Manchuria (Heilongjiang), constituting the Sino-Tibetan (or Sino-Indian) continental affinity. See note on nomenclature below. 70= TIBETIC phylozone 71= HIMALAYIC phylozone 72= GARIC phylozone 73= KUKIC phylozone 74= MIRIC phylozone 75= KACHINIC phylozone 76= RUNGIC phylozone 77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone 78= KARENIC phylozone 79= SINITIC phylozone This continental affinity is composed of two major parts: the disparate Tibeto-Burman affinity (zones 70= to 77=), spoken by relatively small communities (with the exception of 77=) in the Himalayas and adjacent regions; and the closely related Chinese languages of the Sinitic set and net (zone 79=), spoken in eastern Asia. The Karen languages of zone 78=, formerly considered part of the Tibeto-Burman grouping, are probably best regarded as a third component of Sino-Tibetan affinity. Zone 79=Sinitic includes the outer-language with the largest number of primary voices in the world, representing the most populous network of contiguous speech-communities at the end of the 20th century ("Mainstream Chinese" or so- called 'Mandarin', standardised under the name of Putonghua). This phylosector is named 7=Sino-Indian (rather than Sino-Tibetan) to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of all ten sectors of the linguasphere, composed of the names of continental or sub-continental entities. The future nomenclature of the Sino-Tibetan affinity itself remains a matter for public debate and consensus, although it should be observed that languages from 8 of 10 zones in this phylosector are currently spoken in geographic . More important, however, is the need for further geographic surveying and comparative analysis in this phylosector, which in includes a number of geographically fragmented and interspersed speech communities.

 Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One

Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues Additional or improved data on languages and et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies communities covered by this sector will ici : ré[email protected] be welcomed here : [email protected]

COLUMN 1 & 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMNS 4 & 5 layers of reference other nomenclature and notes nation-states scale of codes and reference-names (+ provinces) and speakers

70= TIBETIC covers the "Tibetan" or Phöke+ Kinnauri set, part of the ; China; ; adjacent 6 "Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino- India; : phylozone Indian") continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 25 outer languages) spoken by communities in Central Asia, on both sides of the Himalayas: 70-A PHÖKE+ KINNAURI

70-A PHÖKE+ KINNAURI BODISH, "tibetan"+ kanauri set 70-AA PHÖKE+ GURUNG* from c.650: inter-relationships and ethnolinguistic chain nomenclature to be reviewed 70-AAA PHÖKE+ LADAKHI BHOTIA, bhote, tibate, huniya, kazi, lama, shalgno, dalai, xifan, hsifan, net pohbetian, tebilian, "wider tibetan" Tibetan-"Proper", "inner" bhotia, "inner bodish"Tibetan script 70-AAA-a Phöke China (; Sichuan; Qinghai); 6 Nepal; Bhutan; India (; West Bengal; ; Uttar Pradesh; ; Jammu & ; migration> Karnataka); Pakistan 70-AAA-aa phöke-L. classical-tibetan, "classical" phöke, "classical" bhotia, including China (Tibet…) "archaic literary tibetan"… "later classical tibetan" Tibetan script

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70-AAA-ab choni+ golog phöke-N., "non-tonal tibetan" Qinghai-S.+ Tibet-E.+ Yunnan-N. China-W. (Tibet; also Qinghai; 5 mountains Yunnan) 70-AAA-aba choni cone, chone, chona (Tibet) 70-AAA-abb golog ngolok, mgolog Golug (Tibet) 70-AAA-abc zhong-dian chong-tien (Tibet) 70-AAA-abd ambo ngambo, amdo (Tibet); also India 70-AAA-abe dpari dpalri, dparus (Tibet) 70-AAA-abf rebkong (Tibet) 70-AAA-abg banag banang, sbanag, panakha-panags Banag… (Tibet); India frontier 70-AAA-abh wayen (Tibet…) 70-AAA-abi horke (Tibet…) 70-AAA-abj blabrang (Tibet…) 70-AAA-ac utsang zang, phöke-C., part of "tonal tibetan" A China (Tibet); Nepal; Bhutan 70-AAA-aca utsang-F. "modern literary tibetan", "cultivated spoken tibetan" (Tibet…) 70-AAA-acb utsang-U. lhasa "city tibetan", dbus Lhasa… (Tibet: Lhasa ) 70-AAA-acc utsang-V. "vehicular tibetan" (Tibet…) 70-AAA-acd panang panags, panakha Phu-Chu+ Sankosh confluence: Punakha (Tibet) 70-AAA-ace sotati-po (Tibet) 70-AAA-acf lhomi lhoket, shing-saapa Lhoma* (Tibet); Nepal 70-AAA-acg tseku (Tibet); Bhutan; Nepal 70-AAA-ach kyerung (Tibet) 70-AAA-aci kagate shuba, shyuba, kagate-bhotia, shigatse (Tibet) 70-AAA-acj olangchung-gola (Tibet) 70-AAA-ack naapa nawa-sherpa, naba, naapaa (Tibet) 70-AAA-acl helambu-sherpa helambu-sharpa (Tibet) 70-AAA-acm nyam-kat mnyam-skad (Tibet) 70-AAA-acn aba apa, ba, batang (Tibet); India frontier… 70-AAA-aco dartsemdo tatsienlu India frontier… 70-AAA-acp dru India frontier… 70-AAA-acq garhwal garhwal-bhotia, "tibetan" garhwali Garwhal district India (Uttar Pradesh) 70-AAA-acr jad dzad, tehri-garhwal-bhotia India frontier… 70-AAA-acs gtsang India frontier… 70-AAA-act hanniu India frontier… 70-AAA-acu bud-kat bod-skad (Tibet) 70-AAA-acv sangyas sangs-rgyas, "upper" kanawar bhotia (Tibet) 70-AAA-acw paraung paurong India frontier… 70-AAA-acx kumaun Kumaun, Kumaon hills India (Uttar Pradesh) 70-AAA-acy takpa dwags (Tibet); India frontier… 70-AAA-ad kham-atuence phöke-E., part of "tonal tibetan" China (Tibet) 5 70-AAA-ada kham khams, khams-yal, khams-bhotia, kam, chamdo Chamco* (Tibet) 70-AAA-adb nyarong niarong (Tibet) 70-AAA-adc atuence atuentse, ngan-shuen-kuan, an-shuen-kuan-nyarong, "tibetan"-SE. (Tibet); India frontier 70-AAA-add sdedge (Tibet) 70-AAA-ade mbathang (Tibet) 70-AAA-ae sherpa "mountain" phöke, sharpa, xiaerba, serwa; sharpa-bhotia, part of "tonal Nepal; India (Sikkim; West Bengal) 4 tibetan" #sherpa =«eastener» 70-AAA-aea sherpa-'nepal' Solu Khumbu district Nepal 70-AAA-aeb sherpa-'sikkim' (Sikkim) 70-AAA-aec sherpa-'bengal' (West Bengal) 4 70-AAA-af dolpo+ tichurong phöke-S., part of "tonal tibetan" Nepal 3 70-AAA-afa dolpo phöke-dolpa, dolpa 2 Nepal 70-AAA-afb tichurong ticherong Nepal 70-AAA-afc mugali mngari Nepal 70-AAA-afd mugali-kham Nepal 70-AAA-afe humla humla-bhotia, dangali-phöke Nepal 70-AAA-b + Groma "Wider"-Tibetan-S., lho-ke, lho-ka, hloka, lho-skad, de-njong-ke, da- China-W. (Tibet); Nepal; Bhutan; 4 ndzong-ka #lho-ke, lho-ka = «southern language» India (Sikkim; also Arunchal Pradesh*) 70-AAA-ba jirel ziral, jiri Jiri valley transition < [70=] Phöke Nepal-E. 3 70-AAA-bb sikkim-bhotia sikkimese, sikami, sikkim de-njong-ke, sikkim lho-ke Sikkim-N. India (Sikkim) 3 mountains 70-AAA-bc groma tromowa Chambi valley… Bhutan; China (Tibet); India (Sikkim) 70-AAA-bca 'upper'-groma (Tibet); Bhutan; (Sikkim) 70-AAA-bcb 'lower'-groma (Sikkim)…

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70-AAA-bd spiti Lahul-Spiti district China (Tibet); India (Sikkim) 70-AAA-be tomo chumba, chumbi, chambi Chumba China (Tibet)… 70-AAA-bf dzongkha bhutanese, bhutan-bhotia, zongkhar, zonkar, jonkha, drukke, drukha, A Bhutan 5 bhutan de-njong-ke, bhutan lho-ke 70-AAA-bg tshalingpa tshali Bhutan 3 70-AAA-bh dagpakha part of dakpa, dukpa-bhotia Bhutan; China (Tibet) 3 70-AAA-bha dagpakha-S. Bhutan 70-AAA-bhb dagpakha-N. (Tibet) 70-AAA-bi padam #identity of ta-padam-teng in Bhutan and (adi-)padam in Arunachal Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4* Pradesh to be confirmed 70-AAA-bia ta-padam-teng Bhutan 3 70-AAA-bib adi-padam padam (Arunachal Pradesh) 3 70-AAA-bj laya-lingzhi "shepherds' bhutanese"-NW. Bhutan 2 70-AAA-bja laya Bhutan 70-AAA-bjb lingzhi Bhutan 70-AAA-bk adap dap, "bhutanese"-CS. Bhutan 3 70-AAA-bl sagtengpa* mira-sagtengpa, brokpa, part of dakpa, hutan Sakteng valley Bhutan 3 classification within this net to be confirmed 70-AAA-c Ladakhi+ Purik "Wider"-Tibetan-W. Pakistan (NWF); India (Jammu & 5 Kashmir); China (Tibet) 70-AAA-ca ladakhi ladak, ladhakhi, ladwags  mountains… Indus upper valley India (Jammu & Kashmir) 4 Tibetan script 70-AAA-caa budhi Budhi (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cab bod-butun (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cac maryul (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cad hanu (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cae Leh (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-caf sham (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cb changthang Indus upper valley India (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cba byan-skat (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cbb rong Henis park environs: Rong (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cbc rapshu (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cbd stotpa (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-AAA-cc balti sbalti, sbalt, baltistani, bhotia Baltistan mountains Pakistan (NWF); India (Jammu & 5 Kashmir) 70-AAA-cd purik burig, purig, purig-skad, purik-bhotia, purig-pa, purki Himalaya-W. (Kashmir) 5 mountains 70-AAA-ce zangskari zanskari, zaskari Zaskar mountains (Kashmir); China (Tibet) 4 70-AAA-d Larkye Gorka-N. district: Buri-gandalei valley Nepal 3 70-AAA-da larkye kutang-bhotia Nepal 3 70-AAA-e Loyu loya, mustang, dolpa 3 Dolpa district Nepal 4 70-AAA-ea lo mustang "proper", lo-montang; lo-pa, lo-ba community Manthang, Nepal-CN. Mustang 70-AAA-eb seke Nepal-CN. 70-AAA-f Thudam-Bhotia* thudam Taplejung district Nepal (Mechi) 3* 70-AAA-fa thudam-bhotia thudam-bhote classification to be confirmed Nepal (Mechi) 3 70-AAA-g Sherdukpen India (Arunachal Pradesh; ) 3 70-AAA-ga sherdukpen India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam) 3 70-AAA-gaa sherdukpen-N. (Arunachal Pradesh) 70-AAA-gab sherdukpen-S. (Assam) 70-AAB GURUNG+ TAMANG "WIDER"-GURUNG net 70-AAB-a Tamang+ Murmi Nepal; India (Sikkim; West Bengal; 5 also migration> Uttar Pradesh) 70-AAB-aa murmi tamang-NW. Nuwakot-N. mountains Terai plains Nepal 5 70-AAB-aaa murmi-N. Nuwakot-N. mountains Nepal 70-AAB-aab murmi-S. Terai plains Nepal 70-AAB-ab tamang-SW. Nuwakot-S. mountains Terai plains Nepal-C. 5 70-AAB-ac tamang-E. Nepal-E.; India (Sikkim) 5 70-AAB-aca tamang-kathmandu Kathmandu>E. Nepal-E. 70-AAB-acb tamang-sikkim (Sikkim) 70-AAB-acc tamang-darjiling Darjiling & environs (West Bengal) 70-AAB-b Gurung-N.+ Nepal 3 Manangba 70-AAB-ba manangba manangi Manang district Nepal (Gandaki) 3 70-AAB-bb gurung-N. Nepal-C.

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70-AAB-c Gurung-SW. Nepal 5 70-AAB-ca kaski-gurung gurung-W. Kaski district Nepal 4 70-AAB-cb syangja-gurung gurung-S. Syangja district Nepal 4 70-AAB-d Gurung-E. Nepal 4 70-AAB-da lanjung lamjung Nepal 4 70-AAB-daa daduwa Lanjung district: Daduwa & environs Nepal 70-AAB-dab gorkha Gorkha district Nepal 70-AAB-e Thakali+ Baragaunle MustangMustang valley Nepal 4 70-AAB-ea thakali Nepal-N. 3 70-AAB-eb baragaunle-1 Nepal-N. 3 70-AAB-ec baragaunle-2 Nepal-N. 3 70-AAB-f Ghale galle-gurung Nepal 4 70-AAB-fa ghale West Gorkha district Nepal 4 70-AAC BUMTHANGKHA+ KEBUMTAMP MANGDIKHA net 70-AAC-a Bumthangkha+ Bhutan; also China (Tibet) 5 Mangdikha 70-AAC-aa mangdi-kha mandop Mangdi district: Tongsa environs Bhutan-C. 70-AAC-ab gungde-kha Bhutan-C. 70-AAC-ac khen-kha khen, keng Bhutan-C. 70-AAC-ad bumthang-kha bumthang, bhumtang, bhumtam, bumtang-kha Bumtang-Tang Bhutan-C. 5 70-AAC-ae tsamang-kha Kurto-NE. district Bhutan-C. 70-AAC-af kurtopa-kha Kurto district… Bhutan-C. 70-AAC-ag salabe-kha+ Yangtse… dsitricts… Tibet adjacent Bhutan-C.; also (Tibet) yangtsepa-kha 70-AAC-aga salabe-kha Bhutan-C.… 70-AAC-agb yangtsepa-kha Yangtse district… Bhutan-C.… 70-AAD TSANGLA+ SHARCHAGPA net 70-AAD-a Sharchagpa Uchan script Bhutan 5 70-AAD-aa sharchagpa-kha sarchap-kha, sharchop-kha; shachop, sharchup person Tashigang… Bhutan-E. 5 Dungsam districts 70-AAD-ab monpa-kha Bhutan-E. 70-AAD-b Tsangla Bhutan; China (Tibet) 4 70-AAD-ba tsangla sangla Himalaya-E. mountains Bhutan; China (Tibet) 4 70-AAD-baa tsangla-bhutan Bhutan-E. 70-AAD-bab tsangla-tibet China (Tibet-S.) 70-AAE TARALIKHAM net KAIKE 70-AAE-a Tarali-kham Nepal (Kamali; Dhaulagiri) 3 70-AAE-aa tarali-kham kaike Nepal (Kamali; Dhaulagiri) 3 70-AAE-aaa dolpa Dolpa district (Karnali) 70-AAE-aab dhaulagiri below Dhaulagiri massif (Dhaulagiri) 70-AB KINNAURI+ THAMI kanauri+ thami, himalayish chain 70-ABA KINNAURI+ LAHULI kanauri+ lahuli  script; Tibetan script net 70-ABA-a Bunan+Thebor India (Himachal Pradesh; Jammu 3 & Kashmir); China (Tibet) 70-ABA-aa bunan Bhaga lower valley… India-NW.; China (Tibet-W.) 3 70-ABA-aaa bunan-lahuli Bunan district (Himachal Pradesh) … 70-ABA-aab gahri (Himachal Pradesh) and/or (Tibet) 70-ABA-ab lippa India-NW.… 70-ABA-ac zangram India-NW.… 70-ABA-ad thebor India-NW.… 70-ABA-ae sumchu sumtsu Sumchum Gömpa India (Jammu & Kashmir) 70-ABA-af sungam India-NW.… 70-ABA-ag kanam India-NW.… 70-ABA-b Kinnauri+ Kanashi kanauri+ kanashi India; also China (Tibet) 4 70-ABA-ba kanashi India (Himachal Pradesh) 3 70-ABA-bb chitkhuli chitkuli, tsíhuli, tsitkhuli Sangla valley (Baspa river): Chitkul… India (Himachal Pradesh) Rakchham 70-ABA-bc tukpa India (Himachal Pradesh)

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70-ABA-bd kinnauri kanauri, kanawari, tibas-skad Kinnaur… Lahul-Spiti… Mahasu-N. India (Himachal Pradesh); adjacent 4 districts China (Tibet) 70-ABA-bda kinnauri-V. "lower" kanauri, kinnaurayanuskad, "vehicular" kinnauri, "standard" (Himachal Pradesh) kinnauri 70-ABA-bdb kinnauri-kalpa "upper" kanauri, harijan-kinnauri Kalpa environs (Himachal Pradesh) 70-ABA-bdc malhesti (Himachal Pradesh) 70-ABA-bdd minchhang* milchanang, minchhanang #or an alternative name for preceding (Himachal Pradesh) dialect (Malhesti) 70-ABA-c Chamba-Lahuli part of lahauli, lahuli India (Himachal Pradesh); Nepal 3 70-ABA-ca chamba Chamba district India (Himachal Pradesh) 3 70-ABA-cb manchati manchad India (Himachal Pradesh) 70-ABA-cc patni Patan Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh) 70-ABA-d Tinan-Lahuli part of lahauli, lahuli India (Himachal Pradesh) 4 70-ABA-da tinan Tinan valley India (Himachal Pradesh) 4 70-ABA-db rangloi Rangloi valley India (Himachal Pradesh) 70-ABA-dc gondla Chenab valley: Gondla India (Himachal Pradesh) 70-ABB ALMORA net 70-ABB-a Almora Almora… India (Uttar Pradesh); Nepal 3 (Makhakali) 70-ABB-aa rangkas India (Uttar Pradesh); Nepal 2 (Makhakali) 70-ABB-ab darmiya darimiya India (Uttar Pradesh); perhaps also 3 Nepal (Makhakali) 70-ABB-ac chaudangsi tsaudangsi India (Uttar Pradesh); perhaps also 3 Nepal (Makhakali) 70-ABB-ad byangsi Nepal (Makhakali) 3 70-ABC THAMI+ BARAAMU net 70-ABC-a Thami+ Baraamu Nepal (Awalia); China (Tibet) 4 70-ABC-aa thami Dolakha & environs Nepal (Janakpur); China (Tibet-S.) 4 70-ABC-ab baraamu barhamu, brahmu, bhramu Gorkha-N. district: Kumhali environs Nepal (Gandaki) 2 (Takhu…) 70-AC KUSANDA chain "tanahun hills" X 70-ACA KUSANDA net X 70-ACA-a Kusanda kusunda Tanahun hills: Kumhali environs Nepal 0 70-ACA-aa kusanda ¶extinct 1980's Nepal-W. 0 70-AD CHANTEL chain 70-ADA CHANTEL net 70-ADA-a Chentel-Magar Kali-Gandaki valley Nepal 3 70-ADA-aa chentel-magar chantel Nepal-C. 3

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71= HIMALAYIC covers the "East Himalayan+ Dhimal" grouping, part of the Nepal; India; Bhutan; Tibet 6 "Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino- phylozone Indian") continental affinity; comprising 3 sets of languages (= 48 outer languages) spoken by communities in Central Asia, in the eastern Himalayan mountain-valleys and highlands: 71-A NEWARI+ DOLKHALI 71-B MAGAR+ LORONGKHA 71-C DHIMAL+TOTO

71-A NEWARI+ "newaric"; part of "himalayan"-E. DOLKHALI set 71-AA NEWARI+ DOLKHALI chain 71-AAA NEWARI+ DOLKHALI net 71-AAA-a Newari+ Dolkhali Old-Nepalese Nepal; also India (Bihar) 5 71-AAA-aa newari newar, including shiv-margi, hindu-margi… buddha-margi Nepal-C.; Nepal-E. 5 Devanagari script 71-AAA-aaa newari-L. "archaic literary" newari Nepal… 71-AAA-aab newari-F. "modern literary" newari Nepal… 5 71-AAA-aac kathmandu newari-C. Kathmandu valley… Nepal (Bagmati)… 71-AAA-aad kirtipur Kirtipur Nepal (Bagmati) 71-AAA-aae totali Nepal (Bagmati) 71-AAA-aaf bhaktapur baktapur Bhaktapur Nepal (Bagmati) 71-AAA-ab dolkhali dolakha Dolakha Nepal (Janakpur) 71-AAA-ac pahri newar-pahari, sindhupalchok-pahari Sindhupalchok Nepal 71-B MAGAR+ KIRANTI, including rai; part of "himalayan"-E. a complex continuum LORONGKHA set of mountain-valley idioms, presented from west to east; treatment of idioms as inner-languages or dlalects is based on relative complexity of relationships within an outer-language; overall classification to be reviewed #kiranti and rai are overlapping cover-terms, used locally with a variety of interpretations 71-BA MAGAR+ THULUNG KIRANTI-WEST chain 71-BAA TAKALE+ GAMALE KHAM or to be treated as 2 or more nets net 71-BAA-a Raute Achham+ Surkhet districts Nepal (Seti; Bheri) 2 71-BAA-aa raute ¶nomadic classification to be confirmed Nepal (Seti; Bheri) 2 71-BAA-b Sheshi Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3 71-BAA-ba sheshi sheshi-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3 71-BAA-c Gamale Rukum+ Rolpa districts: Gam Khola Nepal (Rapti) 4 71-BAA-ca gamale gamale-kham Nepal (Rapti) 4 71-BAA-d Nisi Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3 71-BAA-da nisi nisi-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3 71-BAA-e Takale Rukum+ Rolpa districts: Taka-Shera… with transhumance between Nepal (Rapti) 4 Dhaulagiri-W. massif (summer) and Rolpa-S. hills (winter) 71-BAA-ea takale-A. "kham" proper, takale-kham, kham-magar, parbate Nepal (Rapti) 4 71-BAA-eb wali Nepal (Rapti) 71-BAA-f Maikoti Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3 71-BAA-fa maikoti maikoti-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3 71-BAB MAGAR+ RAJI net 71-BAB-a Raji Nepal (Bheri; Seti); also India 3 71-BAB-aa bardia Surkhet… Bardia districts Nepal (Bheri); India frontier 71-BAB-ab banke-kailali Banke-Kailali district Nepal (Seti) 71-BAB-b Magar-W. Nepal (Bheri; Rapti; Dhaulagiri; 5 Lumbini; Gandaki) 71-BAB-ba magar-W. Pokhara>W. Nepal (Bheri; Rapti; Dhaulagiri; 5 Lumbini; Gandaki) 71-BAB-c Magar-E. Baghmati upper valley>E. Nepal (Gandaki; Bagmati) 5 71-BAB-ca magar-E. magari, manggar Baghmati upper valley>E.… Nawalparasi hills Nepal (Gandaki; Bagmati) 5

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71-BAC CHEPANG+ VAYU net 71-BAC-a Chepang+ Gharti Nepal (Narayani) 4 71-BAC-aa chepang tsepang Makwanpur-garhi & environs, Inner Terai foothills Nepal (Narayani) 4 71-BAC-aaa chepang-W. (Narayani) 71-BAC-aab chepang-E. (Narayani) 71-BAC-ab bujhel bujal, gharti Yangchok environs, Chimkesori mountain>S. Nepal (Narayani) 71-BAC-ac gharti-2 'slave' gharti Nepal (Narayani) 71-BAC-b Vayu bilingual < [59=] Nepali Nepal (Janakpur) 3 71-BAC-ba vayu wayu, hayu, wayo Ramechhap+ Sindhuli-garhi & environs, Sun-Kosi Nepal (Janakpur) 3 middle valley ; phonology, grammar and lexicon strongly influence < [59=] Nepali 71-BAC-baa murajor (Janakpur) 71-BAC-bab manedihi (Janakpur) 71-BAD BAHING+ SUNWAR net 71-BAD-a Bahing+ Sunwar Nepal (Sagarmatha; Janakpur) 4 71-BAD-aa bahing+ rokhung between Solu… Melung… Thatan rivers Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 71-BAD-aaa bahing baing, bainge-rai, banenge, including rumdali (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-aab namber-sacha (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-aac rokhung (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-aad khaling-2 distinct from adjacent [71=] Khaling (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-aae dobo-lo (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-aaf proca-lo (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-ab sunwar sunuwar, sunbar, sunwari Everest massif>SW.: Ramechhap… Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 Okhaldhunga-NW. districts dialects to be confirmed 71-BAD-aba mukhiya (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-abb kwoico-lo (Sagarmatha) 71-BAD-abc surel (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE THULUNG+ DUMI net 71-BAE-a Dumi+ Khaling Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 71-BAE-aa khaling khalinge-rai, kalenge-rai, khaling-brat, khäl-bra Solu Khumbu district Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 71-BAE-aaa khaling-A. (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-aab balurus (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-aac romlo (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-aad phuleli (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-ab dumi dumi-bo'o, dum-bro, ro'do-bro, lsi-rai, sotmali Khotang-N. district: Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 Rawakhola-M. valley 71-BAE-aba dumi-A. (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-abb brasmi (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-abc kharbari (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-abd lamdija (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-abe makpa (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-ac koi koyu, kohi, koyi, koi-bo'o, koyu-bo' ¶excluding scattered speakers in Nepal (Sagarmatha) 2 other areas of Nepal, known as koi but speaking only [59=] Nepali Khotang district 71-BAE-aca koi-A. (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-acb sungdel (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-acc behere (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-b Lingkhim* originally Dudkhosi valley; migrated to Ilam district: Sumbek Nepal (Sagarmatha) 1* panchayat (Yokpi) 71-BAE-ba lingkhim limkhim, linkhim, lingkhim-rai ¶only 1 speaker reported in 1991 (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-c Thulung+ Nepal; India (Bihar) 4 Lannachyo 71-BAE-ca thulung thulunge-rai Everest massif Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4 71-BAE-caa solu-khumbu Solu Khumbu district (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-cab okhaldhunga Okhaldhunga district (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-cac thulung-bihar Ganges plain (Bihar) 71-BAE-cb lannachyo lancho* (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-d Tilung+ Choskule* ¶classification to be reviewed #possible relationship of name between Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3* Tilung and neighbouring Thulung to be examined 71-BAE-da tilung tiling, tilling, tilung-blama Khotang-W. district: between Dudhkosi… Nepal (Sagarmatha) Sunkhosi 71-BAE-db choskule Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BAE-dc dorunkecha Nepal (Sagarmatha)

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71-BAF CHOURASE+ JERUNG net 71-BAF-a Chourase tsaurasya, chaurasia, chaurasya Dhankuta district Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 71-BAF-aa umbule* chourase "proper" Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BAF-ab bonu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BAF-ac ubu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BAF-b Jerung jero, jerum, jerunge, jero-mala, zero, zerum, zero-mala Melungkhola 3 lower valley 71-BAF-ba jerung-A. jerung "proper" Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BAF-bb madhavpur Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BAF-bc balkhu-sisneri Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BAF-bd ratnawati sindhuli Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BB KULURING+ KIRANTI-CENTRAL BANTAWA chain 71-BBA KULURING+ SANGPANG net 71-BBA-a Nachereng-ra nachhereng, natshereng, nacering-ra, nachering, nachering-tüm, Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 mathsereng, nachhering, nasring Khotang district: Lidim Khola headwaters… Aiselukharke 71-BBA-aa bangdel-tüm bangdale, bangdile, including hachero, achero… hangkula Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 71-BBA-ab dimali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-ac parali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-ad hedangba "pseudo" sangpang ¶nearly extinct Nepal (Sagarmatha) 1* 71-BBA-ae kharlali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-af rakheli Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-b Kuluring+ Sotaring KulungSolukhumbu district Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi) 4 71-BBA-ba kulu-ring khulunge-rai, kulung, khulung, kholung with vehicular extension Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi) 4 eastwards 71-BBA-bb pelmung* Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-bc maha-kulung Mahakulung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-bd tamachchang Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-be pidisoi Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-bf chhapkoa Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-bg sota-ring sotang, sottaring Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-bh namlung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-c Sangpang sampang, sampange-rai Bhojpur… Khotang districts: Dingla… Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 Kharpa 71-BBA-ca tana Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-cb halumbung wakchali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-cc samarung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-cd bhalu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-ce tongeccha Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-cf phali Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-cg khartamche Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBA-ch khotang Khotang Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBB MEOHANG+ SAAM net 71-BBB-a Meohang-W. newang-W., newange-rai-W., newahang-W., newahang-jimi-W., Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 mewahang-W. Arun upper right-bank 71-BBB-aa bala balali Bala Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBB-ab bumdemba Sishuwakhola panchayat Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBB-b Meohang-E. newang-E., newange-rai-E., newahang-E., newahang-jimi-E., Nepal (Koshi) 1* mewahang-E. Arun upper left-bank: Sankhuwasawa… Sunsari districts 71-BBB-ba sunsari Sunsari district: Bhaludhunga… Bishnupaduka panchayats Nepal (Koshi) 71-BBB-bb dibum dibung Mangtewa panchayat Nepal (Koshi) 71-BBB-bc mulgaon+ wangtang Yaphu panchayat Nepal (Koshi) 71-BBB-c Saam saam-rai, samakha, saama-kha Ilam district submerged < [59=] Nepal (Mechi) 3 Nepali and [71=] Bantawa ¶only elderly speakers reported in 1990's 71-BBB-ca bungla Nepal (Mechi) 71-BBB-cb sambya Nepal (Mechi) 71-BBC PONGYONG net 71-BBC-a Pongyong Ilam district: Kannyam panchayat (Ambikau) Nepal (Mechi) 1* 71-BBC-aa pongyong ponyon-kulung, sama-kulung, kulung-pun ¶nearly extinct Nepal (Mechi) 1*

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71-BBD CHUKWA net 71-BBD-a Chukwa Bhojpur district: Kulung panchayat Nepal (Sagarmatha) 2* 71-BBD-aa chukwa-ring Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBD-ab pohing-kha* #or an alternative name for Chukwa Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBE BANTAWA+ CHAMLING net 71-BBE-a Waling* Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 71-BBE-aa waling walung, walüng Bhojpur district: Khairang panchayat… Waleng* Nepal (Sagarmatha) 0* ¶probably extinct 71-BBE-b Chamling+ Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3 Lambichong* 71-BBE-ba chamling chamlinge-rai, camling, rodong Khotang district: Rawa valley Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBE-bb lambichong lambichhong, chhingtang, tshingtang Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBE-c Puma Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 71-BBE-ca puma puma-pima, puma-la, puma-kala Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 71-BBE-d Deosali Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 71-BBE-da deosali Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3 71-BBE-e Bantawa+ Amchoke bantawa-rai, bantaba, bontawa, bantawa yüng, bantawa-yong, batawa- Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi; Mechi) 4 dum Khotang… Bhojpur… Dhankuta-W. districts 20 or more idioms to be added to the following 71-BBE-ea amchoke amchauke Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBE-eaa sorung Sorung Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBE-eab saharaja Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBE-eb bantawa-W. Khotang… Bhojpur… districts Nepal (Sagarmatha) 71-BBE-ec dilpali bantawa-N. Nepal (Koshi*) 71-BBE-ed hangkhim bantawa-S. Nepal (Koshi*) 71-BBE-ee dhankuta bantawa-SE. Dhankuta-W. district Nepal (Koshi) 71-BBE-ef chhintang Nepal 71-BBE-eg rungchenbung Nepal 71-BBE-eh yangma Nepal 71-BBE-f Dungmali+ Khesang arthare+ khesang Nepal (Koshi) 3 71-BBE-fa dungmali dungmali-pük, dungmali-bantawa, dunmali, arthare, part of kiranti Nepal (Koshi) 3 "proper" dialects to be confirmed Dhankuta district: Tamur valley 71-BBE-faa chhinamkhang (Koshi) 71-BBE-fab hangbang (Koshi) 71-BBE-fac khandung (Koshi) 71-BBE-fad pungwai (Koshi) 71-BBE-fae roktulung (Koshi) 71-BBE-faf tuncha (Koshi) 71-BBE-fag waitpang (Koshi) 71-BBE-fb khesang khesange, part of arthare+ khesang Nepal (Koshi) 71-BBE-g Khambu* KIRANT Nepal (Mechi; perhaps also Koshi); 4 also India (West Bengal) 71-BBE-ga pallo-kirant khambu "further-kirant" (Mechi) 71-BBE-gb majh khambu "middle-kirant" (Mechi) 71-BBE-gc wallo-kirant khambu "hither-kirant" (Mechi) 71-BBE-gd nolokh-kirant khambu-darjiling Darjiling India (West Bengal) 71-BC LORONGKHA+ KIRANTI-EAST MOINBA chain 71-BCA LORONGKHA+ MOINBA net 71-BCA-a Lorongkha-N. lorong-N., lohorong-N., lohrung-N., sankhuwasawaEverest Nepal (Koshi) 4 massif>SE.… Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district 71-BCA-aa lorong-kha-nawa Nepal (Koshi) 4 71-BCA-ab biksit pidisoi, bikshi Nepal (Koshi) 71-BCA-ac balali Nepal (Koshi) 71-BCA-b Lorongkha-S. lorong-S., lohorong-S., lohrung-S., part of "pseudo" yakkha, part of Nepal (Koshi) 3 "pseudo" yamphu Dhankuta district: Bodhe… Maunabuduke… Rajarani panchayats 71-BCA-ba lorong-kha-te Nepal (Koshi) 3 71-BCA-bb gess Nepal (Koshi) 71-BCA-c Yamphekha yamphe, part of "pseudo" yamphu Arun upper middle valley: Nepal (Koshi) 3 Sankhuwasawa-N. district (Makalu panchayat) 71-BCA-ca newahang-yamphe- Nepal (Koshi) kha 71-BCA-cb sibao-yamphe-kha Nepal (Koshi) 71-BCA-cc pa-o Nepal (Koshi)

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71-BCA-d Yamphukha Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district Nepal (Koshi) 3* 71-BCA-da yamphu-kha yamphu, yamphu-rai, yanphu Nepal (Koshi) 71-BCA-e Yakkhaba Nepal; India (Sikkim) 4 71-BCA-ea yakkha-ba yakha, yakkhaba-cea, yakkhaba-sala, dewan-sala India (Sikkim) 4 71-BCA-eaa yakkaba-arun Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district (Koshi) 71-BCA-eab yakkhaba-tamur Tamur valley: Dhankuta district (Terhathum) (Koshi) 71-BCA-eac yakkhaba-sikkim Ranjitt valley (Sikkim-W.) 71-BCA-eb lumba-yakkha yakkhaba-cea, lumba-yakha Dhankuta district: Lakhshmikhola Nepal (Koshi) 3* environs 71-BCA-f Lambicholong Arun upper middle left-bank: Mugakhola… Sinuwakhola Nepal (Koshi) 2 71-BCA-fa lambicholong lambichong, lambitshong, part of "pseudo" yakkha, "pseudo" mugali Nepal (Koshi) 2 71-BCA-g Chhülüngrüng+ Arun lower middle valley: Dhanguta district Nepal (Koshi) 3* Chhintangrüng 71-BCA-ga chhülüng-rüng chulung, chülüng, chhulung, chholong, chhilling Ankhisalla… Nepal (Koshi) Chhintang panchayats 71-BCA-gb chhintang-rüng chintang, chintang-rüng, chhintange, teli Chhintang… Sambhung… Nepal (Koshi) 2* Pokhare… Ankhisalla panchayats 71-BCA-h Phangduwali Dhankuta district: Phangduwa (near Mugakhola headwaters) Nepal (Koshi) 2* 71-BCA-ha phangduwali phangduwali-poti Nepal (Koshi) 71-BCA-i Belhariya Dhankuta district: Belhara Nepal (Koshi) 2 71-BCA-ia belhariya "pseudo" athpariya Nepal (Koshi) 2 71-BCA-j Athpariya Tamur right-bank: between Dhankutakhola… Tangkhuwa tributaries Nepal (Koshi) 3 (Dhankuta district) 71-BCA-ja athpariya athapre, athpare Nepal (Koshi) 3 71-BCA-k Yakthungpan Limbu, yakthungba-pan, limbu "proper", limbo, lumbu Limbu script Nepal (Koshi; Mechi); Tibet; India 5 (from early 18th cent.); Devanagari script; Arun valley (Sikkim; West Bengal); also Bhutan eastwards 71-BCA-ka tajeng-pan "common" limbu Nepal (Koshi; Mechi)… 71-BCA-kb mundum-ban "priestly" limbu, 'high' limbu Nepal (Koshi; Mechi)… 71-BCA-kc taplejunge+ limbu-tamur Tamur valley: Taplejung… Nepal (Koshi; Mechi) phedappe 71-BCA-kca taplejunge taplejung, part of taplejunge+ tamorkholea Nepal 71-BCA-kcb tamorkholea part of taplejunge+ tamorkholea Nepal 71-BCA-kcc phedappe Nepal 71-BCA-kd panthare+ chaubise Nepal (Koshi and/or Mechi) 71-BCA-kda panthare pantharey, panchthare, panchthar, part of panthare+ yanggrokke Nepal 71-BCA-kdb yanggrokke part of panthare+ yanggrokke Nepal 71-BCA-l Chhathare Dhanguta district Nepal (Koshi) 3* 71-BCA-la chhathare chhathar, chhathar-limbu, chatthare, chhathare yathungba-pan Nepal (Koshi) 71-BCA-m Moinba monba, mompa, monpa 2, momba, menpa, memba, cuona-menba, (China) Tibet; India (Arunachal 4 Pradesh) 71-BCA-ma moinba-N. Yarlung+ Zanbo valley: Medog… Nyinchi. Cona counties (China) Tibet-SE. 4 71-BCA-mb moinba-S. India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 71-C DHIMAL+ TOTO set "dhimalic" 71-CA DHIMAL+ TOTO chain 71-CAA DHIMAL+ TOTO net 71-CAA-a Dhimal+ Toto Jhapa district: Terai-E. plains Nepal (Mechi); also India (West 3 Bengal) 71-CAA-aa dhimal Nepal (Mechi); India frontier 3 71-CAA-aaa biratnagar Biratnagar environs (Mechi) 71-CAA-aab jhapa Jhapa & environs (Mechi) 71-CAA-ab toto Nepal (Mechi); also India (West 3 Bengal)

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72= GARIC covers the Bodo+ Konyak grouping, part of the "Tibeto- India; ; Burma 6 Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") phylozone continental affinity; comprising 2 sets of languages (= 23 outer languages) spoken by communities in and around the Brahmaputra middle basin: 72-A BODO+ GARO 72-B KONYAK+ AO

72-A BODO+ GARO set 72-AA BODO+ chain 72-AAA BODO+ DIMASA net 72-AAA-a Bodo India (Assam; West Bengal; 6 ; ); also Nepal 72-AAA-aa bodo-A. boro, bodi, bara, boroni; including bodo-kachari apparently distinct India (Assam) 6 from kachari below 72-AAA-ab chote India (Assam and/or West Bengal) 72-AAA-ac mech mechi, meche, meci India (West Bengal) 72-AAA-b Dimasa+ Kachari including hajai India (Assam; also Nagaland); also 4 Burma 72-AAA-ba dimasa-A. dimasa "proper" India (Assam) 4 72-AAA-bb hariamba India (Assam) 72-AAA-bc kachari dimasa-kachari … North Cachar hills India (Assam) 4 72-AAA-bca 'assam'-kachari India (Assam) 72-AAA-bcb 'burma'-kachari Burma-NW.; also India (Assam) 72-AAB TRIPURI net 72-AAB-a Tripuri tripura, tripra community India (Tripura; also ; 5 Assam); Bangladesh 72-AAB-aa kok-borok tripuri, tripri, kak-barak India (Tripura…); Bangladesh-E. 5 72-AAB-aaa "royal" tripuri, "vehicular" tripuri (Tripura…) 72-AAB-aab (Tripura…) 72-AAB-aac (Tripura…) 72-AAB-aad halam (Tripura; Assam) 72-AAB-aae usipi (Tripura…) 72-AAB-aaf mrung (Tripura…) 72-AAB-ab riang , kau-bru India (Tripura; Mizoram; Assam); 5 Bangladesh-E. 72-AAC LALUNG net "lalungic" 72-AAC-a Lalung India (Assam; also Meghalaya) 4 72-AAC-aa lalung India (Assam; also Meghalaya) 4 72-AB DEORI chain 72-ABA DEORI net 72-ABA-a Deori Chutia, Chutiya… bilingual < [59=] Axamiya India (Assam; also Arunachal 4 Pradesh) 72-ABA-aa deori deuri, drori, chutiya India (Assam; also Arunachal 4 Pradesh) 72-AC GARO+ RABHA "garic" chain 72-ACA GARO+ RABHA net garrow 72-ACA-a Garo Bengali script India (Meghalaya; Assam; also 5 Tripura); Bangladesh 72-ACA-aa garo-F. "literary garo" Achick model India (Meghalaya; Assam) 72-ACA-ab achik achick Garo hills India (Meghalaya…) 5 72-ACA-ac abeng Mymensingh plains Bangladesh 4 72-ACA-aca abengya Bangladesh 72-ACA-acb ambeng Bangladesh 72-ACA-ad awe India (Meghalaya and/or Assam) 72-ACA-b Rabha+ Megam bilingual < [59=] Axamiya India (Assam; Meghalaya; also 5 West Bengal); Bangladesh 72-ACA-ba rabha rava Garo Hills India (Meghalaya; Assam) 5 72-ACA-baa maitaria (Meghalaya…) 72-ACA-bab rangdania (Meghalaya…) 72-ACA-bb kamrup  India (Assam) 72-ACA-bc chisak India (Assam...); Bangladesh 72-ACA-bd ganching India (Assam...); Bangladesh

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72-ACA-be mande India (Assam...); Bangladesh 72-ACA-bf matchi India (Assam...); Bangladesh 72-ACA-bg atong India (Assam...); Bangladesh 72-ACA-bh ruga India (Assam...); Bangladesh 72-ACA-bi dacca Dacca Bangladesh 72-ACA-bj megam migam Bangladesh 72-ACA-c Koch "garic" koch to be distinguished from the Koch dialects of [59=] Bangladesh; India (Meghalaya; 4 Bangla in West Bengal Assam) 72-ACA-ca koch-A. koch-E., koc, kocch, koce, koch-boli, konch Bangladesh; India (Meghalaya; 4 Assam) 72-ACA-cb banai Banai Bangladesh 72-ACA-cc harigaya Bangladesh; India-NE. 72-ACA-cd satpariya satbaria Satbaria Bangladesh 72-ACA-ce tintekiya Bangladesh; India-NE. 72-ACA-cf wanang Bangladesh; India-NE. 72-B KONYAK+ AO set "konyakic", 'konyakic naga', part of 'naga' Latin script 72-BA KONYAK+ AO chain 72-BAA KONYAK+ WANCHO net 72-BAA-a Konyak kanyak, konyak-'naga' India (Nagaland); Burma frontier 5 72-BAA-aa tableng konyak "standard", konyak "vehicular" Wanching… Wakching… India (Nagaland) vehicular extension 72-BAA-ab konyak-A. konyak "traditional" Mon district India (Nagaland-NE.); Burma 5 frontier 72-BAA-aba angphang (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abb chang-nyu (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abc chen Chen (Nagaland-NE.); Burma frontier 72-BAA-abd chingkao+ chinglang (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abe choha (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abf gelekidoria (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abg hopao (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abh jakphang (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abi kongon (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abj longching+ longwa including longching longkhai longmein longwa (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abk mohung (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abl mon Mon (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abm mulung (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abn ngangching (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abo sang (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abp shanlang+ shengha including shanlang shengha sham-nyuyanga (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abq shu-nyuo (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abr sima (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abs sowa (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abt tabu (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abu tamkhung-nyuo Tamkhung (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abv tang (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abw tobu-nyuo (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-abx tolamlei-nyua (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-aby totok (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-b Wancho wancho-'naga' India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 72-BAA-ba wancho (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 72-BAA-baa wancho-A. wancho "proper" (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAA-bab banpara banpara-'naga' (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAA-bac joboka (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAA-bad changnoi (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAA-bae bor-muthun bor-mutonia (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAA-baf horu-muthun (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAA-bag kulung-muthun mithan (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAA-c Phom+ Tamlu phom-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 72-BAA-ca phom+ tamlu (Nagaland-NE.) 4 72-BAA-caa phom phon (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-cab tamlu tamlu-'naga' Tamlu (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-cac chingmengu (Nagaland-NE.) 72-BAA-cad yongyasha (Nagaland-NE.)

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 537

72-BAB CHANG net 72-BAB-a Chang India (Nagaland-CE.) 4 72-BAB-aa chang cham-'naga', mojung, machongrr, mochumi, mochungrr, changyanguh India (Nagaland-CE.) 4 72-BAC TASE net 72-BAC-a Tase tangsa, tangsa-'naga', tase-'naga' India (Arunachal Pradesh; also 4 Assam); Burma-N. 72-BAC-aa tase-W. India-NE. (Arunachal Pradesh); 3 Burma-N. 72-BAC-aaa tase-A. tangsa "proper", tasey (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aab rangpan (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aac chem-chang (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aad longphi lungphi (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aae yogli jugli (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aaf have havi (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aag khemsing kimsing (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aah lungchang (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aai lungri longri Lungri… (Arunachal Pradesh); Burma-N. 72-BAC-aaj moklum muklum (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aak mosang (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aal ponthai (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aam rongrang ronrang (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aan sangwal (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aao taipi Taipi Duidam (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aap tikhak (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-aaq sanke shangge, sangche, sankey (Arunachal Pradesh); also Burma- N. 72-BAC-aar yongkuk (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-ab tase-E. tangsa-E. Burma-N.; also India (Arunachal 3 Pradesh) 72-BAC-aba gashan Burma-N. 72-BAC-abb hkaluk Hkalak Ga Burma-N. 72-BAC-abc saukrang Burm a-N. 72-BAC-abd langshin langchin Langchin Burma-N. 72-BAC-abe mawrang morang Burma-N.; (Arunachal Pradesh) 72-BAC-abf myimu Burma-N. 72-BAC-abg sangtai Burma-N. 72-BAC-abh tulim tonglim identity of tulim at Tulim in Burma and tonglim in Arunachal Burma-N.; (Arunachal Pradesh) Pradesh to be confirmed Tulim… 72-BAC-abi longri Burma-N. 72-BAD MONSHANG+ MOYON net 72-BAD-a Monshang+ Moyon monsang+ moyon India (); also Burma 3 (Sagaing) 72-BAD-aa monshang moshang, monsang, mushang, mawshang India (Manipur); Burma border 3 72-BAD-ab moyon mayon India (Manipur); Burma border 3 72-BAE NOCTE net 72-BAE-a Nocte nocte-'naga' India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 3 72-BAE-aa nocte Lakhimpur… Tirap districts India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 3 72-BAE-aaa borduria India-NE. 72-BAE-aab jaipuria India-NE. 72-BAE-aac paniduria India-NE. 72-BAE-aad mohongia India-NE. 72-BAE-aae namsangia India-NE. 72-BAF AO+ YIMCHUNGRU net 72-BAF-a Yimchungru yimchungru-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 72-BAF-aa yimchungru-N. Tuensang district India-NE. (Nagaland-N.) 4 72-BAF-aaa tikhir (Nagaland-N.) 72-BAF-aab wai (Nagaland-N.) 72-BAF-aac chirr (Nagaland-N.) 72-BAF-aad tozhuma (Nagaland-N.) 72-BAF-ab yimchungru-S. Tuensang district India-NE. (Nagaland-N.) 4 72-BAF-aba yimchungru-A. yimchunger, yimchungre, yachum (Nagaland-N.) 72-BAF-abb minir (Nagaland-N.) 72-BAF-abc pherrongre (Nagaland-N.)

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72-BAF-b Sangtam+ Pochuri chakhesang-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 72-BAF-ba pochuri pochuri-'naga', pochury India (Nagaland-SE.) 4 72-BAF-bb sangtam sangtam-'naga', isachanure India (Nagaland-SE.) 4 72-BAF-bba lopho-mi (Nagaland-SE.) 72-BAF-bbb pirr sangtam-N. (Nagaland-SE.) 72-BAF-bbc phelongre (Nagaland-SE.) 72-BAF-bbd thuku-mi sangtam-C. (Nagaland-SE.) 72-BAF-bbe photsi-mi (Nagaland-SE.) 72-BAF-bbf purr sangtam-S. (Nagaland-SE.) 72-BAF-bc kizare kizare-'naga', sangtam 2 Meluri>N. India (Nagaland-SE.) 72-BAF-c Ao India-NE. (Nagaland) 5 72-BAF-ca ao aorr, uri (Nagaland) 5 72-BAF-caa pai-mi (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cab hatigoria (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cac nowgong (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cad mongsen-khari mongsen (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cae changki (Nagaland) 72-BAF-caf chongli chungli (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cag choli-mi (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cah dordar (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cai yacham (Nagaland) 72-BAF-caj longla (Nagaland) 72-BAF-cak tengsa distinction from [72=] Tase / Tengsa to be confirmed (Nagaland) 72-BAG MARING+ TANGKHUL net 72-BAG-a Maring maring-'naga' India (Manipur) 4 72-BAG-aa maring khoibu+ maring (Manipur-SE.) 4 72-BAG-aaa maring-A. (Manipur-SE.) 72-BAG-aab khoibu (Manipur-SE.) 72-BAG-b Tangkhul tangkhul-'naga' India (Manipur) 5 72-BAG-ba tangkhul tagkhul, thangkhulm (Manipur) 5 72-BAG-baa ukhrul central tangkhul (Manipur) 72-BAG-bab champhung (Manipur) 72-BAG-bac luhuppa luppa (Manipur) 72-BAG-bad somra (Manipur) 72-BAG-bae khunggoi khangoi (Manipur) 72-BAG-baf kupome (Manipur) 72-BAG-bag phadang (Manipur) 72-BAH CHOTHE net 72-BAH-a Chothe chothe-'naga' India (Manipur); also Burma 3 (Sagaing) 72-BAH-aa chothe chote, chowte India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 3 frontier 72-BAI TARAO net 72-BAI-a Tarao tarao-'naga' India (Manipur) 2 72-BAI-aa tarao-A. tarao "proper" (Manipur-SE.) 72-BAI-ab tataotrong* (Manipur-SE.) 2 72-BAJ MELURI net 72-BAJ-a Meluri rengma-E., meluri-'naga' distinct from [73=] Rengma India (Nagaland) 3 72-BAJ-aa meluri (Nagaland) 3 72-BAJ-aaa meluri-A. meluory (Nagaland) 72-BAJ-aab anyo (Nagaland)

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 539

73= KUKIC covers the "Kuki+ Naga" grouping, part of the "Tibeto- India; Burma; Bangladesh; also 6 Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") Nepal; China phylozone continental affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 49 outer languages) spoken by communities in the highlands around the middle Brahmaputra valley: 73-A LOTHA+ LIANGMAI 73-B MRUNG 73-C MIKIRI+MEITHEI 73-D THADO+FALAM

73-A LOTHA+ LIANGMAI 'nagic', part of 'naga' Latin script set 73-AA LOTHA+ NDRENG chain 73-AAA LOTHA+ NDRENG net 73-AAA-a Lotha+ Ndreng lotha-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 73-AAA-aa lotha hlota, lutha (Nagaland) 4 73-AAA-ab chizi-ma (Nagaland) 73-AAA-ac choi-mi (Nagaland) 73-AAA-ad live (Nagaland) 73-AAA-ae miklir (Nagaland) 73-AAA-af tsindir (Nagaland) 73-AAA-ag tsontsu tsontsii (Nagaland) 73-AAA-ah ndreng (Nagaland) 73-AAA-ai kyong kyo, kyon, kyou (Nagaland) 73-AB RENGMA+ SEMASIMI chain 73-ABA RENGMA+ AZONYU net 73-ABA-a Rengma+ Azonyu part of 'naga' India (Nagaland; Assam) 4 73-ABA-aa reng-ma-A. Rengma Pathar (Nagaland; Assam) 73-ABA-ab mozhu-mi moiyui (Nagaland) 73-ABA-ac rengma-mon (Nagaland) 73-ABA-ad injang (Nagaland) 73-ABA-ae keteneneyu (Nagaland) 73-ABA-af azonyu nzonyu, unza, nzong, rengma-S. (Nagaland) 73-ABB SEMASIMI+ MAO net 73-ABB-a Semasimi+ Zumomi sema-'naga' India (Nagaland; also Assam) 5 73-ABB-aa se-masi-mi (Nagaland…) 73-ABB-ab dayang sema-W. Dayang valley (Nagaland…) 73-ABB-ac lazem (Nagaland…) 73-ABB-ad zhimo-mi (Nagaland…) 73-ABB-ae zumo-mi (Nagaland…) 73-ABB-b Mao+ Maikel mao-'naga' India (Manipur; also Nagaland) 4 73-ABB-ba mao (Manipur…) 73-ABB-bb pao-mata (Manipur…) 73-ABB-bc spowa-ma sopvo-ma, sopfo-mo (Manipur…) 73-ABB-bd maikel (Manipur…) 73-ABB-be me-mi (Manipur…) 73-ABB-c Angami+ Khezhama angami-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4 73-ABB-ca anga-mi India (Nagaland) 4 73-ABB-caa anga-mi-A. gna-mei, nga-mi (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cab tsogha-mi tsugu-mi (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cac monr (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cad tsanglo (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cae kohi-ma angami "standard" Kohima (Nagaland) 73-ABB-caf dzuna (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cag kehena (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cah khono-ma (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cai chakro-ma angami-W., chakru, chokri (Nagaland) 73-ABB-caj mi-ma (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cak nali (Nagaland)

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73-ABB-cal mozo-me (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cam tengi-ma (Nagaland) 73-ABB-cb chokri-ma chokri-'naga', chakri-ma, chakru, angami-E., part of chakhesang-'naga' (Nagaland) 3 73-ABB-cc khezha-ma kheza-'naga', keza-mi, part of chakhesang-'naga' Kohima district (Nagaland-E.) 4 73-AC LIANGMAI+ RONGMAI chain 73-ACA LIANGMAI+ RONGMAI net 73-ACA-a Maram maram-'naga' India (Manipur) 3 73-ACA-aa maram Barak Valley India (Manipur) 3 73-ACA-b Liangmai India (Manipur; also Nagaland) 4 73-ACA-ba liang-mai liangmai-'naga', part of zelian Barak upper valley India (Manipur) 4 73-ACA-baa liang-mai-A. liang, liyang, lyeng-mai, liang-mei, lyang-may (Manipur) 73-ACA-bab kwoireng quoireng, koirng, koireng 2 (Manipur) 3 73-ACA-c Zemi+ Paren zemi-'naga', zeme-'naga', part of zelian Barak upper valley India (Assam; Manipur; Nagaland) 4 73-ACA-ca ze-mi jeme, zeme India (Assam) 73-ACA-caa kachcha kacha, kutcha community (Manipur) 73-ACA-cab meza-ma India-NE. 73-ACA-cac sangri-ma sengi-ma India-NE. 73-ACA-cad arung India-NE. 73-ACA-cae empui India-NE. 73-ACA-cb paren India-NE. 73-ACA-cc njauna India-NE. 73-ACA-d Mzieme mzie-me-'naga' India (Nagaland-SW.) 4 73-ACA-da mzie-me (Nagaland-SW.) 4 73-ACA-e Rongmai rongmai-'naga', rong-mei, maruong-mai, nruangh-mei, rong-mai India (Manipur; Nagaland; Assam) 4 73-ACA-ea songbu (Manipur; Nagaland) 4 73-ACA-eb puiron (Manipur; Nagaland) 4 73-ACA-eba puiron-A. impurion (Manipur; Nagaland) 73-ACA-ebb kabui kapwi, koboi, kubai (Manipur; Nagaland; Assam) 73-ACA-f Khoirao+ Thanggai khoirao-'naga' India (Manipur) 4 73-ACA-fa khoirao (Manipur) 73-ACA-fb kolya (Manipur) 73-ACA-fc mayang-khang miyang-khang (Manipur) 73-ACA-fd ngari (Manipur) 73-ACA-fe thanggal thangal (Manipur) 73-ACA-ff tukai-mi (Manipur) 73-AD KHIAMNGAN chain 73-ADA KHIAMNGAN net 73-ADA-a Khiamngan khiamngan-'naga' India (Nagaland); Burma (Sagaing) 4 73-ADA-aa khiamngan-W. Tuensang district (Nagaland) 4 73-ADA-aaa khiamngan-A. khiamngan "proper", khemungan, khienmungan, kemmungam, (Nagaland) khiemnungan 73-ADA-aab kalokengnyu (Nagaland) 73-ADA-aac aoshedd (Nagaland) 73-ADA-ab khiamngan-E. Burma (Sagaing) 4 73-ADA-aba makware (Sagaing) 73-ADA-abb nokaw (Sagaing) 73-ADA-abc para (Sagaing) 73-ADA-abd ponyo (Sagaing) 73-ADA-abe welam (Sagaing) 73-B MRUNG set "mruic" 73-BA MRUNG chain 73-BAA MRUNG net 73-BAA-a Mrung Arakan+ Chin hills>W. Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India 4 (Mizoram) 73-BAA-aa mrung muru, mru, mro Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India 4 (Mizoram) 73-BAA-aaa mrung-A. Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India (Mizoram) 73-BAA-aab niopreng Burma (Chin)*…

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 541

73-C MIKIRI+ MEITHEI set 73-CA MIKIRI+ MEITHEI chain 73-CAA MEITHEI+ BISHNUPURIYA net 73-CAA-a Meithei+ comprises the Manipuri/Meithei "scheduled language" in India (as India (A Manipur; Assam; Tripura; 6 Bishnupuriya included in the 8th schedule to the Constitution of India since 1992) Mehgalaya; Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland); Bangladesh; Burma 73-CAA-aa meithei meithe, meitei, mitei, manipuri; india-NE. "vehicular"  (formerly) India; Bangladesh; Burma (Chin) Devanagari script; Bengali script 73-CAA-aaa meithei-F. "literary" meithei, "literary" manipuri, manipur "standard" (Manipur; Assam; Tripura); Bangladesh; (Chin) 73-CAA-aab manipuri India (Manipur) 73-CAA-aac kathe kathi (Manipur…) 73-CAA-aad ponna (Manipur…) 73-CAA-ab bishnupuriya bishnupriya Bishnupur India (West Bengal) 73-CAB MIKIRI+ AMRI net 73-CAB-a Mikiri+ Amri Mikir… Rengma hills India (Nagaland; Arunachal 5 Pradesh; Meghalaya; Manipur; Assam) 73-CAB-aa mikiri mikir India (Manipur; Assam…) 73-CAB-aaa mikiri-A. (Manipur; Assam…) 73-CAB-aab manchati (Manipur; Assam…) 73-CAB-aac karbi (Manipur; Assam; Meghalaya; Nagaland; Arunachal Pradesh) 73-CAB-ab amri India (Manipur; Assam…) 73-CAB-ac arleng India (Manipur; Assam…) 73-CAB-ad bhui India (Manipur; Assam…) 73-CAB-ae rhengkitang India (Manipur; Assam…) 73-D THADO+ FALAM set 'kuki+ chin' 73-DA THADO+ PAITE 'kuki+ chin'-N. chain 73-DAA THADO+ PAITE net wider zo-mi, wider zou 73-DAA-a Ral-te Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4 73-DAA-aa ral-te assumed distinct from [73=] Ral-te-2 (in Lushai+ Mizo net); to be Burma (Sagaing); India (Assam; 4 confirmed Mizoram; Manipur) 73-DAA-b Zo-mi Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4 73-DAA-ba zo-mi zou, zo, zorni, zo-me Chin+ Manipur Hills Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4 73-DAA-c Yo-te Burma (Chin and/or Sagaing) 3 73-DAA-ca yo-te yo, yos Burma (Chin and/or Sagaing) 3 73-DAA-d Tiddim tiddim-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin); India (Mizoram; 5 Manipur) 73-DAA-da tiddim tedim Chin hills northward Burma (Chin); India (Mizoram; 5 Manipur) 73-DAA-daa tiddim-A. tiddim "proper", chin-hills "vehicular" Burma (Chin); India 73-DAA-dab sok-te Burma (Chin)*… 73-DAA-dac kamhau kamhow, kamhao Burma (Chin)*… 73-DAA-e Thado+ Gangte thado-'chin' India (Manipur; Assam; Mizoram); 5 Burma (Sagaing) 73-DAA-ea thado thadou, thado-ubiphei, thado-pao, kuki, kuki-thado (Manipur, Assam, Mizoram) 5 73-DAA-eb bai-te (Manipur)… 73-DAA-ec changsen jangshen (Manipur)… 73-DAA-ed kaokeep (Manipur)… 73-DAA-ee khongzai (Manipur)… 73-DAA-ef kipgen (Manipur)… 73-DAA-eg langiung (Manipur)… 73-DAA-eh sairang (Manipur)… 73-DAA-ei thangngen (Manipur)… 73-DAA-ej hawkip (Manipur)… 73-DAA-ek shithlou (Manipur)… 73-DAA-el singson shingsol (Manipur)… 73-DAA-em gang-te gan-te India (Assam; Manipur); Burma 4 73-DAA-ema gang-te-'assam' (Assam) 73-DAA-emb gang-te-'manipur' (Manipur) 73-DAA-emc gang-te-'burma' Burma (Sagaing) 73-DAA-en sim-te (Manipur-SW.) 3

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73-DAA-f Paite+ Vuite paite-'chin' India (Manipur; Mizoram; Assam); 4 Burma (Sagaing; Chin) 73-DAA-fa pai-te pai-te "proper", pai-the, par-te, hai-the India (Manipur; Mizoram; Assam) 4 Burma-NW. 73-DAA-fb hai-te hai-the India-NE.; Burma-NW. 73-DAA-fc vui-te India-NE.; Burma-NW. 73-DAA-fd siyin siyang, sizang Burma-NW. 4 73-DB CHIRU chain 'kuki+ chin'-W. 73-DBA CHIRU net 73-DBA-a Chiru India-NE. (Assam; Manipur; 3 Nagaland) 73-DBA-aa chiru-A. chhori India-NE. 3 73-DBA-ab koi-reng* India-NE. 73-DC LUSHAI+ LANGET 'kuki+ chin'-C. chain 73-DCA LUSHAI+ PANKHU net 73-DCA-a Lushai+ Mizo* lusai, lushei, lukhai, lushai+ mizo, "wider" mizo; including hmar… India-NE. (A Mizoram; also 4 tlau… tlanglang Mizo hills>N. Latin script Tripura; Assam; Manipur); Burma; also migration to China* 73-DCA-aa lushai-F. "standard" lushai India (Mizoram; Tripura; Assam; Manipur) 73-DCA-ab mizo India (Tripura…); Burma (Chin) 73-DCA-ac fannai pannai India-NE.… 73-DCA-ad ngen-te India-NE.; Burma (Chin) 73-DCA-ae pang paang perhaps corresponding to, or transition < , [73=] Pankhu in India-NE.… Burma 73-DCA-af dulien dhulian-twang India (Mizoram); Burma (Chin) 73-DCA-ag lusago India-NE.… 73-DCA-ah sailau India-NE.… 73-DCA-ai hualngo whelngo India-NE.… 73-DCA-aj le India-NE.… 73-DCA-ak ral-te-2 assumed distinct from [73=] Ral-te (in Thado+ Paite net); to be India (Mizoram; Tripura) confirmed 73-DCA-b Hmar India (Assam; Manipur) 4 73-DCA-ba hmar hamar, mhar India (Assam; Manipur) 4 73-DCA-c Pankhu* perhaps corresponding to, or transition < , [73=] Lushai (Pang) in Burma (Chin) 3 India 73-DCA-ca pankhu pankho, panko Chin hills: Falam environs Burma (Chin) 3 73-DCB HAKA+ SHONSHE 'chin'-C.+ "old chin-W. transitional" net 73-DCB-a Haka+ Shonshe haka-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin); also Bangladesh; 4 India (Mizoram) 73-DCB-aa haka baungshe Haka district: Chin hills Burma (Chin).… 73-DCB-ab lai lai-hawlh, pawai India (Mizoram) 73-DCB-ac klangklang thlantlang Burma (Chin).… 73-DCB-ad banjogi bandzhogi, bandzogi, zotung Zotung Burma (Chin).… 73-DCB-ae zokhua Zokhua Burma (Chin).… 73-DCB-af shonshe Burma (Chin).… 73-DCC BAWM net 73-DCC-a Bawm bawm-'chin' Bangladesh; India (Mizoram; 3 Assam); Burma-NW. 73-DCC-aa bawm bawng, bawn, bom Falam district: Chin hills Bangladesh; India (Mizoram; 3 Assam); Burma-NW. 73-DCD SENTHANG net 73-DCD-a Senthang senthang-'chin' Burma (Chin) 4 73-DCD-aa senthang hsemthang Chin hills Burma (Chin) 4 73-DCE TAWR net 73-DCE-a Tawr* tawr-'chin' Burma (Chin) 2 73-DCE-aa tawr torr Chin hills Burma (Chin) 2 73-DCF DARLONG net 73-DCF-a Darlong darlong-'chin' Bangladesh; India (Tripura) 3 73-DCF-aa darlong Bangladesh; India (Tripura) 3 73-DCG LANGET net 73-DCG-a Langet langet-'chin' India-NE. 3 73-DCG-aa langet India-NE. 3

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 543

73-DD FALAM+ KOM chain "old" 'kuki' 73-DDA LAMKANG+ MONSHANG net 73-DDA-a Lamkang lamkang-'naga' India (Manipur) 3 73-DDA-aa lamkang lamgang, hiroi-lamgang India (Manipur) 3 73-DDA-b Monshang+ Anal anal-'naga' India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 4 73-DDA-ba anal India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 73-DDA-bb namfau India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 73-DDA-bc mulsom India (Manipur); Burma 73-DDA-bd moyon India (Manipur)… 2 73-DDA-be monshang India (Manipur)… 3 73-DDB KOM+ KOLHRENG net 73-DDB-a Kom+ Kolhreng India (Manipur) 3 73-DDB-aa kom kom-rem India (Manipur) 3 73-DDB-ab kolh-reng India (Manipur) 3 73-DDC PURUM+ AIMOL net "old" 'kuki'-C. 73-DDC-a Purum Burma (Sagaing or Chin) 2 73-DDC-aa purum puram Burma (Sagaing or Chin) 2 73-DDC-b Aimol+ Langrong India (Assam; Manipur) 2 73-DDC-ba aimol (Assam; Manipur) 2 73-DDC-bb langrong (Assam; Manipur) 73-DDD FALAM+ "old" 'kuki'-W. HRANGKHOL net 73-DDD-a Hrangkhol+ Biete "old" 'kuki'-NW. India (Meghalaya; Mizoram); 4 Burma-NW. 73-DDD-aa hrangkhol rangkhol, hrangkhawl, hrangkhwal India-NE.; Burma-NW. 3 73-DDD-ab hadem India-NE.… 73-DDD-ac biete bete, biate, baite India (Meghalaya; Mizoram) 4 73-DDD-b Falam+ Laizo "old" 'kuki'-SW. Chin hills (Falam district)… Chittagong lowlands Burma (Chin); India (Tripura; also 5 Assam); Bangladesh (Chittagong) 73-DDD-ba falam halam, fallam, hallam, halam-'chin', falam-'chin', hallam-'chin', tripura Burma (Chin); India (Tripura…) Chin hills: Falam district… Latin script 73-DDD-bb zahao+ lyen-lyem Burma (Chin) 4 73-DDD-bba zahao zahau, yahow, zahau-shimhrin Burma (Chin) 73-DDD-bbb lyen-lyem Burma (Chin) 73-DDD-bc Burma (Chin) 4 73-DDD-bd tashon+ shunkla Burma (Chin) 3 73-DDD-bda tashon tashom Burma (Chin) 73-DDD-bdb shunkla sunkhla Burma (Chin) 73-DDD-be laizo laiso, laizao, laizo-shimhrin Burma (Chin) 4 73-DDD-bf khualshim kwelshin Burma (Chin) 3 73-DDD-bg lente lyente Burma (Chin) 3 73-DDD-bh chorei Burma (Chin); India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bi chari-chong India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bj kaipang kaipeng India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bk kalai India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bl khelma India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bm mursum molsom India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bn rupini India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bo shekasip India (Tripura) 73-DDD-bp luhuppa-S. luhupa, luhuppa 2 India (Tripura) 73-DDE VAIPHEI net 73-DDE-a Vaiphei vaiphei-'kuki' India (Assam; Manipur) 4 73-DDE-aa vaiphei vaipei, veiphei, bhaipei India (Assam; Manipur) 4 73-DDF KYAO net 73-DDF-a Kyao kyao-'kuki' India-NE. 3 73-DDF-aa kyao India-NE.

page 544 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

73-DE MARA+ NGAWN 'kuki+ chin'-S. chain 73-DEA KHUMIAWA+ KHAMI Latin script net 73-DEA-a Khumiawa khumi-awa-'chin' Burma (Arakan) 4 73-DEA-aa khumi-awa-E. Arakan hills Burma (Arakan) 73-DEA-ab khumi-awa-W. Arakan coast Burma (Arakan) 73-DEA-b Khami+ Khumi khumi-'chin' Burma (Arakan; Chin); also 5 Bangladesh (Chittagong) 73-DEA-ba khumi khuni Burma (Arakan…) 4 73-DEA-bb khimi khweymi Burma (Arakan… 4 73-DEA-bc yindi yindu Burma (Arakan…) 4 73-DEA-bd khami kami Burma (Arakan…) 4 73-DEA-be ngala Burma (Arakan…) 4 73-DEA-bf matu matu-chin Burma (Arakan…) 4 73-DEB MARA+ TLONGSAI net 73-DEB-a Mara+ Tlongsai lakher, mara-'chin' India (Manipur; Mizoram); Burma 4 (Sagaing; Chin) 73-DEB-aa mara maram, mira Lushai hills India (Manipur) 73-DEB-ab zao zou* India (Manipur) 73-DEB-ac tlongsai Burma-NW.; India (Manipur) 73-DEB-ad hlawthai hawthai Burma-NW.; India (Manipur) 73-DEB-ae sabeu Burma-NW. 73-DEC MÜN net 73-DEC-a Mün mun-'chin' Burma-NW. 4 73-DEC-aa mün 'chin-bok', 'tsin-bok', 'chin-me', 'chin-be' Burma-NW. 73-DED DAAI net 73-DED-a Daai daai-'chin', dau, m'kaang, "pseudo"-mün Burma (Chin) 4 73-DED-aa kanpetlat Kanpetlet & environs (Chin) 73-DED-ab paletwa Paletwa & environs (Chin-S.) 73-DED-ac matupi Matupi & environs (Chin-S.) 73-DEE ASHO net 73-DEE-a Asho* asho-'chin', sho, qin Chittagong.… Lushai+ Chin hills… Irrawaddy Burma; Bangladesh; India 4 upper basin… Yunnan-W. highlands Burmese script (Mizoram); China (Yunnan) 73-DEE-aa chittagong-asho Chittagong district Bangladesh-W. 3 73-DEE-ab shendu khyeng 2, khyen, khieng, shandu, sandu Lushai hills… Chittagong India-NE. (Mizoram); Bangladesh 3 foothills (Chittagong) 73-DEE-ac asho-A. ashu, shoa, ashö Burma-C. 4 73-DEE-ad sandoway Arakan coast Burma-C. (Arakan) 73-DEE-ae thayetmyo thayetmo Irrawaddy central valley: Thayetmyo Burma-C. (Magwe) 73-DEE-af minbu Irrawaddy central valley: Minthu Burma-C. (Magwe) 73-DEE-ag lemyo Burma-C. 73-DEE-ah khyang khyeng, kyang Burma-N. 73-DEE-ai saingbaun saingbaung-chin Irrawaddy upper basin Burma-N. (Sagaing…) 73-DEE-aj asho-yunnan perhaps including the following ethnic communities: behma… China (Yunnan-W.) bupeng… busa… chama… chidi… duchi… eechi… longren… sharen… woma… Yunnan highlands 73-DEF CHITBON+ NG'MEN net 73-DEF-a Chitbon+ Ng'men chitbon-'chin', chinbon, sho 2 Burma (Chin) 4 73-DEF-aa chitbon Paletwa+ Seidoutia+ Yaw+ Kanpetlet & environs, Chin-S. hills Burma (Chin) 4 73-DEF-aaa chitbon-A. Burma (Chin) 73-DEF-aab chindwin chindwin-chin Burma (Chin) 73-DEF-aac ütbü chinbon, sho 2 Burma (Chin) 73-DEF-ab ng'men transition < [73=] Mün Burma (Chin) 73-DEG NGAWN net 73-DEG-a Ngawn ngawn-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin) 4 73-DEG-aa ngawn ngorn Chin hills: Falam district Burma (Chin) 4

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 545

73-DF LEPCHA chain 73-DFA LEPCHA net 73-DFA-a Lepcha Lepcha script India (Sikkim; West Bengal); 5 Bhutan; Nepal; also Bangladesh. 73-DFA-aa lepcha-llammu lapcha, rong, rong-ke, rong-pa, nun-pa India (Sikkim; West Bengal); 5 Bhutan 73-DFA-aaa lepcha-L. "archaic literary" lepcha India (Sikkim; West Bengal); Bhutan 73-DFA-aab lepcha-F. "modern literary" lepcha India (Sikkim; West Bengal); Bhutan 73-DFA-aac lepcha-'sikkim' India (Sikkim) 73-DFA-aad lepcha-kalimpong Kalimpong environs India (West Bengal) 73-DFA-aae lepcha-'bhutan' West Bhutan lower valleys Bhutan 73-DFA-ab ilam-mu Ilam environs Nepal-E. 73-DFA-ac tamsang-mu India (Sikkim); Bhutan 73-DFA-ad rengjong-mu India (Sikkim); Bhutan

page 546 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

74= MIRIC phylozone covers the "Mirish" or Nisi+ Miri set, part of the "Tibeto- India; China (Tibet) 6 Burman" affinity, within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising a grouping of 1 set of languages (= 6 outer languages) spoken by communities in the mountain-valleys and highlands north of the middle Brahmaputra: 74-A NISI+ MIRI

74-A NISI+ MIRI set "mirish" 74-AA NISI+ MIRI chain 74-AAA NISI+ APATANI net 74-AAA-a Nisi+ Apatani India (Arunachal Pradesh; also 5 Assam) 74-AAA-aa nisi nissi, nishi, nishang, nyising, nissi+ dafla (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 74-AAA-aaa nisi-A. (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAA-aab dafla daphla (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAA-aac bangni (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAA-ab aka-lel aka, lel (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAA-ac apatani apa (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 74-AAA-ad tagen tagin (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAA-ae tanang adi-tangam* (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAA-af sulung* (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAB MIRI+ ADI net 74-AAB-a Miri arbor, ashing bilingual < [59=] Axamiya Latin script Brahmaputra India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh); 5 upper plains & northern highlands China (Tibet) 74-AAB-aa mishing (Arunachal Pradesh)… 74-AAB-ab miri-N. "hill" miri (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAB-ac miri-S. "plains" miri (Assam) 74-AAB-b Adi 'abor', adi-milang #'abor' (discontinued official name) =«unruly» India (Arunachal Pradesh); China 5 including up to 6 further idioms (Tibet) 74-AAB-ba adi-pasi India (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAB-bb adi-milang India (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAB-bc adi-minyong India (Arunachal Pradesh) 3 74-AAB-bd adi-galong adi-galo, galo, gallo, gallong India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 4 74-AAC YANO* net "yanoic" 74-AAC-a Yano India (Arunachal Pradesh*) 3 74-AAC-aa yano India (Arunachal Pradesh*) 3 74-AAD LHO-BA* net 74-AAD-a Lho-ba India (Arunachal Pradesh); China 5 (Tibet) 74-AAD-aa luo-ba lho-pa, hlopa, luoba, yidu India (Arunachal Pradesh); China 5 (Tibet-SE.) 74-AAD-aaa luo-ba-W. (Arunachal Pradesh-NW.) 74-AAD-aab mailing Mailing county China (Tibet) 74-AAD-aac luozha Luozha county China (Tibet) 74-AAE DIGARU+ IDU net MISHMI 74-AAE-a Digaru+ Idu Mishmi hills India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 74-AAE-aa digaru digaru-mishmi (Arunachal Pradesh) 4 74-AAE-aaa digaru-A. digaro (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-aab taraong taraon, taaon (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-aac taying (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-ab miju miju-mishmi (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-aba miju-A. miji, midu, midhi (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-abb kaman (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-abc sajalong (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-ac idu ida, idu-mishmi Sikang valley (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-aca chulikata (Arunachal Pradesh) 74-AAE-acb mithun (Arunachal Pradesh)