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1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate
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Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps
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Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE
I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION,
HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m
HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din.
dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec.
\ViTkI AN INrPR
- kJCTOl2Y NO'FE
PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C. INTRODUCTION.
HAVE been aslred to write a short introduction to this boolr, and have much pleasure in doing so. Afghanistan is a country which should be of interest to e thinking Englishmen, for its history during the last hun- dred years has been closely bound LIP with the history of our Indian Empire ; and wllatever inay be the course of future events in Asia, the Afghan tribes, with their warlike character and rugged territory, will always have an important part to play. Having seen something of them, in peace and in war, and learned to admire their many fine qualities, I hope that they may long retain ihe indcpendence to which they are so passionately attached, ancl that our future relatioils wit11 thein may become more and more friendly. However this may be, it is very clesir- able that ilnglisl~rnenshould lino\v as much as possible &out them ancl their past. Mr. Tate has many special qualifications for tk~vorlr 11e has undertalcen. I-Iis long service on the North-West Frontier, and his evident sympathy with the people among whom he has spent so much of his life, must make what he writes valuable to all students of Afghan affairs, The boolr colltai~lshere and there passages in which I do not entirely agree ; but this is inevitable in all such cases. Mr. Tate l~ascertainly brought to his worlr not only lr~lowledgeancl synl- pathy but much care and research. A boolr of the kiild is really wanted, and I hope it niay meet with the attention it deserves. H. M. DURAND. PREFACE.
URING a period of many years of service on the outskirts 'A,- e of Afghanistan, I was brought into contact with all classe4 of the inhabitants xvllo are tlow British subjecls, alld after tllo Ghilzai and Hazarn rebellio~lsagai~lst the late Amir, tvitil ref~igeeswho had retired for a season into the districts adjoining Afghanistan. On other occasiolls also I calne into touch [vith clliefs and common follt who were the subjects of H. H.tl~e Amir. 111 thisxvay an appetite was created fob a fuller ltnowlzdge of that country and the people, which was sharpened by the fact that it was i~llpossibleto enter the country. I very soon found that, besides Elphillstone's Czubool, n.11ic11, although n classic, does not satisfy modern requirements, it was uot possib!e to obtain in any one book, a general and conllected accouilt of the Afghans. In the course of time, as I had concentrated my efforts in this directio~l, I discoverect that a very great deal of valuable information call be foulld in boolts, publisb.ed but out of print, or cIi6cult to get at; and also in the \voiAlts of many oriental authol-s, the texvs of which, either manuscript or printed, call be obtained. I have venturrcl to collect between two covers and to present in a co~lilecteclform, the record of tb.e illost important incidents - in the history OF the Afghans and their relations with neigl~bou~.ing States, avoicli~lg cletails ~vhich would obscure the narrative ivithout adding to the value of the result, An exhaustive account of Afghanistan and ihe races, which are grouped under the name Afghan, could not be achieved at at1 satisfactorily, except in Inany volumes, ancl it would be a task beyond the powers of an individual author. ' The narrative will disclose the llelp,I have received fro111 117y friend, W.' Irvine, Esq., I.C.S. (retired) ; but I am constrained to matte a special ackno~vledg~~i~ntfor the enco~iragementI have reEbived from m him, and also for a very great deal of active ancl effectiva assistance in prosecuting my researches in this direction ; and lastly for the labour he has voluntarily u~ldergonein aiding rile with .valuable information gleaned from sources, tvhich, but for him, would have been inaccessible to me-at any rate for some time to cuine. Any merit, which this narrative may possess, xvill be dus largely to his valuable :ind cordial assis tance. With regard to the map of Afghanistan, :~ttachedto this book, it is as well to state explicitly, that it is ii~te~~cleclto be no more than n lrey to the positions of the more important localities and places me~~tioned in the text ancl to the geographical situation of that country ~vilh raierence to the do~ni~lionsof neighbo~lring powers. Many very excellent maps of Afg.hanistan are to be f'ound in the various atlases publ~shedrecently. It woulcl not be possible to inlprove 011 those maps without malcing inroads on information ~vhichat present is ~vithheM d from ptrhlics~tion. G. P. TATE. h this ol.cIial c, it is it lrey ionecl - \vith very tl:1scs in;xps ERRATA. 1111efc1 -J- Note : for Aar read Rhine. Note : for Forwards ,read Towards. Note : 4th line from tlle bottom, for Hazar Suft read Hazar Juft. 8th line from the top, delele jnal s ir~disse~~sions. Note : 3rd line from the end,for Akat rend Alral. Note : for Mists rend Misls. 20th line from the top,for 9th August read 19th August, Note : 5th line from the end, ddlefo V afLer Shuja. Note : zncl line fr0.m the end, insert he befbre ordered, 07thline from the bottom, instead of following read flowing. 7th line from the bottom, dcllete comma afler hlidd+le. 8th line from the top, readchiefs. 19th line from the bobtom, full stop bejore Shah Shuja. 7th line from the top, for foot rend feet. 5th line from the top, delele secorrd 1 i?z collossal, 14th line from the top,for expedition read expeclitionary. Appendix IV: agrd line fro111 Lhe bottom, for Surbat read Turbal. Index : jbr Vilkerrich read Vitlrevich. 1)' merit, \vhicll this ilu:~hle :md cordial
LI this hook, it is no nlore 111311 key CONTENTS, I [>~;ICL~!:t~ielltio~led tIl:tt cOii11try \vith CUAPTER I ...... Page I Situation ot Afghanistan-Espoqecl to foreign influences from the West- Population and area, distributiotl of population-The ancient and rnocleln names of the country-The mountain system : the Hindu-I
CHAPTER VI ...... ,...... Page 45 RIal~rnudenters Seistan arld invades 1Cit.111an-Kecalled by a rising in Kan- daliar-A second attack on ICirmatl ; a prel~tdeto the attack on Ispalian- Battle of Gnlunabad and defeat of the Pcrsians-Bloclcade of Ispahan- Tlie Capital surrenders -1xlalimud resigns Icandabar to his brother, Shah Husen -Mallmud dcposed in favor of Ashraf, and is put to deatll-Ku'nclir Iculi the Afshar-Relations between Ashraf and the Turlts-Shah Tah- rnasp ; lie joins N~dirIculi-h'%dir tal;es Meshed-Attac1;s the Abdals- Ashraf tries concl~lsion.s \vitl~ Nzdir Icr~ti-BattIes of Meh~iiandost; of Viramin ; of 8Iurcha Icht~rt, and of Zarghun-Negotiations with Nndir Kuli - AshraE talces to flight and is ltilled in the desert of Baltlchistan - Duration of .-Ifghan rule in Persia.
CHAPTER VII ...... us ...... Page 55 Characler of the Abdals in Herat ; frequent revol~~tions,and changes of rulers-Expeditions of NZdir 1<11liagainst Herat-Abdals provolte ~Bdi? - Shah (who 11acl now become ruler of Persia)-Seige of Herat, and fall of the city-S11;~11 Husen puts Icandahar into a conditior~of defence-He crushes the Tolrhis-hTAdir Shah leaves Ispahan to operate against I~anclal~ar-In- vests Randahar-Blocltade converted into all active siege-Assaults on tlie \vorl;s of the town-Shah Husen compelled to surrender-Ilandshar destroyed and Naclir%bZd created thc capital. Division oi the count1.y among the Abdals-NRdir Shah niarches on Ghazni, \vhich surrenders- Opcrations against Hazaras and Afghans-I
C CHAPTER XI ...... a. ... Page 94 Shah Zatnan, a younger son of Ti~nurShah, declarcd heir, and placed on the throne in I
finds a refuge in Sind-The Amir of 5ol;liara invades Afghan territory- Shah Za~liAntakes the field cind defeats hlahmud-Troops sent to lalic over Prince Humayun, and I-estore order in Baluchist:~n-Humayun seduce3 his captors and lakes I~andal~a~---Shal~Zanlnn nlarchcs fi-on1 Pesha~r'arto I
-C 11 e .CHAPTER XI1 ...... Page 106 les Retluces Pincl D~rtlarlKhan and the Hazara country on his \vii)' to Pesha- In- war--Mahmutl 1,ef'uses to surrender Ata bluhamnlrtd, Lhe Ghilzai-Shirh the Zarnan rnarchcs on Herai-Rebellion among Rlahmud's adherents-Mah- lar mud flies Lo Pcrsia, and Sh;~ll,Za11i;in occupies Heral-Shall Zaman returns 117' to ICabul-Marches to Lahore-Recalled hy news of Mallmud's appearance j - beforc Herat-Mnhmud unsuccessful, sends his sons to Persia, and pro- ds ceeds to Bol;ham-a to the Ruler of Sokhara-Shah ZalnRn returns to Kabul by the Hazara country-Marches to Lahore ; recalled by news of Shah Fnth Ali's advance to IChursssan: makes over government of Lah~relo Ilanjit Sing, and returns to IZabul-Fritis11 authorities despatch Mahdi -4li lo Court of the Shah of Persia-Earl of Rlornington despatches of Captain &Ilalcolm to Persia to incite Lhe Shah to invatle Afghanistan- of Disaffection in Afghat~isLan-Corlspirac). of the D~iraniChiefs and their Lle exccu~ionin ICarldahar-Shall Za~nZrl again relurns towards the Punjab- .eA Malitllurl instigatld by IJath ICh~n,Ba~.alizaitakes Kandal~ar- Shah ZamZn .he forced lo retire to Ja1;ilnb~d-Jlall~i~udtaltcr I CHAPTER X1II ...... ,. ... .*. a* L Page I 17 Mahmud proclaimed Icing in Kabul-Shah Shuja marcl~esagainsthim from Peshawar, and is tlcfeatcd at Ashpan, and takes lo flighL.-Prince Firiz- ud-din appointetl Governor of Herat-General rising of the Ghilzai tribes. Shah Shuja inalres an unsuccessful rattempt on KancIahala-I A~llirDost i\Iuhamniad's defeat by the Silths-Sl~ah ;\Iahmlrd dies in Heral ; is 5ucceedcd by ICimfXn-Treaty of Turktnanchai reverses the political situalion in Persia ancl rlfghanis~an-Dost A1 uhatnrnad scnds a represents. tive LO the Court of the Sh:~h-Invasion of Herat and the intervention of' the British Government-The Shah is forced to give up the siege-Sir ;\lexander B~rrnes'second Alission to I CHAPTER XV1 ...... Page 150 Return of Amir Dost IIuhamn~adto Kabul. I-Iis circumstances. Parent- age and cl~aracter-Youtl~a11cI early career. Cl~araclerof his administra- tion-His Revenues-Decrease of the Revcnue of Kabul and Kandahar. b Cruelty of revenue farmers, and of the Sardars of Kandahar. Tajik ' population the greatest surferers-Revenue at the clisposal of Ahmad Shah Sadozai-l'lle character of Yar Muhammad, Vazier of Herat-His foreign policy-Adheres Lo the Persians throughout his career. Relations with the Court of the Shah. Extends his terrilory to the north. Encour- ages trade ; attempts to develope the mineral resources of his country ; and ~[esiregtoset up machinery for industrial purposes. His detractors accuse him of dealing in slaves-Invacle Seistan, and dies on his return tllarch towards Herat-I-Iis son Seid ;\Iuhammad succeeds him ; is deposed and n~urdered-Persians lay siege to Herat-Fall of Herat-British Government' declare war with Pcrsia-Treaty of Persia-Persians evacuate Herat. Mission to Icandat-~ar; breaking out of the Indian Mutiny. Dost Muhammad rises scperior to the promptings of his subjects ; remains staunch to his alliance with the British Government-Indian troubles allow the Shah to break some of the provisions of the Treaty of Paris. Sultan Ahmad Jan placed as ruler of Herat, a vassal of Persia-Invades Farah-.- Amir Dost Muham~naclswoops 011 Herat, and dies there. CHAPTER XVII ...... Page162 Sons of the late A~nir,and their characters-Amir Sher Ali succeeds his father-Civil war among the sons of the late Amir-Composition with * Afzal Khan-Abdur Rahman retires to Bokhara; and his father Afzal Khan is imprisoned by Amir Sher Ali-Contends with Amin Khan-Battle of 4 Kajbaz, and death of the Amir's eldest son ; effect on the Istter-Abdur Rahman defeats Sher Ali ; and releases Afzal I : 162 s his with Khan le of kbdur omes -Sher fls of @ yo at ween laced tan- ?nt of THE KINGDOM AFGHANISTAN, CHAPTER I. ETWEEN the Russian Dominions in Asia and Lhe Indian Empire of Great Britain, Afghanistan is placed, like a nut, B between the levers of a cracker. The notoriously unwhole- some quality of the Irernel, I~owever,will perhaps cotltinue to preserve it from being shared by its powerful neighb$b~~-s. The clis- organised condition of Persia relieves the Ruler of Afghanistan of all fears of military aggression, but it is not unlikely to be the cause of considerable anxiety to His Majesty the Amir. The progress of modern ideas, and the aspiratio~lsof the Persians in the direction of some form of constitutional government, which apparently has terminated the old established despotism of the Shahs, must, in course of time, filter across the border into Afghanistan ; and the democratic nature of the people I would seem to render them peculiarly susceptible to the movement, which has reformed the governments of the ICingdom of Turkey (the head of Islam) and Persia. The restrictions placed upon trade by the late Amir, and, therefore, to the influx of foreigners into his country, may possibly have been designed as a precaution also against the NaRao3.bLw introd~ctio~~of moder~l ideas among his subjects, xrrhich woulcl greatly 0 increase the difficulties with which the rulers have always had to contend in the admi~listrationof that State. The rivalry (that has happily, of late years, subsided) between the great powers xvl~ichare the neighbours of the Afgl~ans has lecl to the careful deinarcation of the boundaries of that State, with the exception I 2 THE KINGDOhI OF AFGHANISTAN. of a short and unimportant lcngth on the west and east. The generally accepted area of 243,000 square miles, therefore, may be regarded as correct. While, however, a fairly accurate general knowledge exists with regard to the geography of Afghanistan, very little is known as to the number of the inhabitant^ the country supports. From observations made in Seistan, in 1904, there is reason to believc that an average density of 50 souls to a square mile, is not an excessive estimate, or (say) rz,ooo,ooo souls for tlic population of the country. The richer lands in the wider valleys drained by the principal rivers of the country carry the densest population. In the more elevated and poore: districts, there are fewer inhabitants, and they are to a certain extent migratory. Those xvllo are able to avoid the rigolous winter desccnd to the lower levels on the approach of that season. Above these districts, again, are others to which shepherds resort in the spring, and in which, during tl~esummer, a corlsiderable population is to be found. These tracts are vacated as winter draws on. The flocks are driven down to warmer districts, where fodder is procurable and in which during the early spring (the lambing season), the climate is not too severe for the young stock. The naine Afghanistan was invented in the 16th and 17th centuries, as a convenient tern1 by the Moghal government in India, and since then it has become current in the mouths of foreigners. The Afghans speak of their country as Wilayat and less commonly as I The great range of the Hindu-Kush divides Afghanistan into two rn unequal parts, about a third part lying to the north of the water-shed. The country generally coi~sistsof narrow valleys sheltered by giant spurs, and ridges of inferior elevation, \vhich descend from the parent range, The latter is a double range pierced by streams which THE RIVERS OF AFGHANISTAN. 3 flow alternately north a11d south, and drain the trough between the led as ridges. The Heri-Rud, the River of Herat, drains the western end of exists this trough.1 Within the present limits of Afghanistan, permanent 11 as to snow covers only the loftier summits of the range or collects at the lations heads of the most elevated valleys, which descend on either side ; but verage the heavy snowfall of winter, on the whole range, and rain which falls ate, or at certain seasons replenish the rivers which rise high up on the richer slopes of the mountains. The southern ridge of the Hindu-ICush is ountry pierced by the beds of the principal rivers of Afghanistan, and the poorei ~~orthernridge is broken by torrential streams which descetld towards extent * the Oxus ; but only the more important of these actually join that river. escend The beds of these streanls and rivers are followed by the routes which e these cross tile lofty saddles of the range, and the lowest of these passes ~g,and is the IChawak, considerably over I 1,000 feet above sea-level. found. The two ridges culminate in the vicinity of the mass of Tirich driven Mir, close to the eastern boundary of Afghanistan, the highest peak which of which attains to an altitude of 25,426 feet above the sea. lot too Westwards from the junction of the ridges, the Ilindu-Ihsh throws off ~ninor ranges or great spurs, and continuously decreases in ti~ries, height ; and to the north of Herat, the mountains disappear under the I since sloping glacis which descends towards the Turkoman Desert, A fghans broken chain of low hills, linlis the southern water-shed of the Heri- rassan, - Rud, and the Hit~du-I Geography and Geology of the Himalaya&,Pt. 111, p. 120. " The column detailed to Girishli under Brigadier Genl. Sale, in 1839, crossed the I-Ielmand in the month of May. The troops crossed with some dificulty on rafts made of rum Iregs. "lt was, at one time, contemplated to swim over the , Cavalry horses ; but it is said there would b~ivebeen great rislr, as the water was deep, and the stream rushed with such violence, that some few who tried it riding barebacked were carried more than a m~ledown the river." Major HOU~II'S narrative:-Major Abbot, on his journey fro ~IIHerat to Simla in 1837-38, crossed the Helmand at this place on an elephant. Captain Edward Conolly at arl earlier date fo~lndthat boats, which ferried passengers and goods lo the opposite banlc, were provided at this crossil~g. DIFFERENCES IN ELEVI\TION. 5 rrninate aacl its name is derived frotn the swiftness of the current nrhen in flood. districts It is said to become impassable when the depth of water in its channel rivers of exceeds three feet. In 1839 a cavalry reconnaisance from ICalat-i- Ghilzai visited the Maidan district on the batllrs of the Argliat~drlb,atlcl area of the tired horses were ridden girth-deep into the stream and slalcecl their su111 171 e r thirst in its clear swift waters. The coulltry on either banks mas found y years. to be cultivated and studded with towns and villages. The district of , having Miilistan, in which this river has its source, is fanled for its temperate it11 .rvitb climate in the summer, rich pastures, ancl an abundance of springs. The waters of the Tarnak and Arghasan barely sutlice for the deniancls nlng an, of the agriculti~ristsin the country round ICandahar, and in the valley ibic feet of the last-named stream. ver Hel- The district of Ghor, in which the rivers of IChash and of Farah rise, has always been fa~nousfor its strength Herat." and the and i~~accessibility. spatlned The Kabul river and its tributaries, the Panjshir alid I 3, crossed highest itlllabited valleys, the moderate temperature of a short-lived difficulty summer provides a single crop of cereals for the inhabitants. It1 the 1 over the , vater was low-lying valleys, a warmer climate, a rich soil, and an abundance of 1 it riding Hough's Geography and Geology of the Himalayas, Pt. I, pa31. 9, crossed " 117 SwitzerIand the lowest leveIs are on the Lago Maggiore 614 feet and at an earlier Base1 on the Aar 914 feet above sea level, The Monte Rosa attains to an elevation site banlr, of more than r5,ooo feet above the sea. 6 THE KINGDOM OF AFGHANISTAN. water are congenial to rice, the lemon flourishes, and the plantain was introdl~cedby the famous Baber, who founded the Mog11~1ldynasty in India. With the exception of Ihfiristan and the northern slopes of the Hindu-Kusl~,where the forests which once nlust have clothed the mountains have escaped complete destruction, the country may, with justice, described as treeless, except ~vliere,in the valleys, frnit trees take the place of natural vegetation. There is no part of Afghanistan where sno~vnever falls. The rainfall is very small, and except on irrigated lands, there is an absence of moisture, and the climate of the col~ntryis vev favourable to human existence. The inhabitants of those lands suffer from ailments, due to malaria and damp. The district of Hazdanahar (so called from the 18 water-courses which exhaust the water of the River of Ballth) in which Ballrh stands, the country roilnd the Cities of Kabul and of I In the vicinity OF Kabul, the sub-soil water is about 6 feet below the surface of the land. At Kandahar it is about 4 feet, and in the vicinity of Hetat from 10 to lz feet below the surface. " In the 15th century an outbreak of pestilen~e~probablyof plague, almost depopulated the City of Herat, at that time the capital.of the wide Empire, rtlled by Shah Rukh, the son of Tamerlane. The disease attracted notice on the 6th February 1435, by which time it had become established. It jaged for four months. A local chronicler has recorded the mortality in that period at ~,ooo,ooo souls in the city itself and the surroundingcountry. An outbreak of pestilence in 1685 was general, and as it was consideredworthy of being recorded, the mortality must have been very great. The year 1828 was marked by another visitation, and Herat was again afflicted. PRODUCE .4ND SOIL. 7 cl the plantain worlrs. Wherever it is possibla to do so, the inhabitants surrout~d loghul dynasty their villages and towns with orchards ancl vit~epards,~atlcl the batllrs orthern slopes of the irrigation channels are adorned with fruit trees, poplars and t have clothed willows. The Tajilrs are fanlous horticulturists. Expert judges : country may, profess to recognise lnore than thirty varieties of grapes alone. ,411 .a the valleys, stone fruits attain to perfection. The melons (of many varieties), grown in the country round Herat and ICandabar have always been celebrated for their flavour. Dried fruit of all Irinds used to be vei- falls. The importecl in very great quantities to India ; ant1 the value of this ~ds,there is branch of trade is said to have exceeded that of all other cxports not untry is veiy , excepting even the export of horses, at a time when the imports ot f those lands horses into India fro117 Australia rvas in its infancy, and when The district of Afghanistan supplied India with animals suited for all lril~clsof worlr. ch exhaust the Wheat and barley are the staple crops ; but rice and other cereals are country round cultivatecl successfully in suitable localities. The chaff, after the -ict of Girishlr wheat and barley have bzen trodcle~i out and winnonled, forills the healthy in the principal supply of food for horses, camels, and live-stock generally n, and o\ving during the winter, ancl for the greater part of the year. The 1e dry at~nos- silkwor~nis raised in the valley of Herat, and silk is n~anufactureci of the year, there, not, however, to the saulie extent that it was when Herat was lportion of the the capital of I arc in force regarding the distribution OF tribal lands whether among the various families of the tribe or amonq individuals in the latter. The underlyin# principle is probably to attempt to maintain a roirgh equilibrium of prosperity betwee11 the occupiers of lancl uilequal in quality, so as to prevent some members of the com~nunity becoming rich 011 good holdings, while others starve on poor soil. The periods for which the shares are held extends to several years, but the deiails of the system vary among the tribes observing it and I in different districts. Some extend ~tsapplication-each male, female or child receiving a share, including the houses in their villages in the redistribution, and on the other hand ainong the certain tribes of r the Ghilzais, unmarried nlen are said not to receive any share at all, the right being apparently restricted to the heads ot families. In some districts the distribution is effected by lot, if a majority of those interested in the operation wish it. About 43,000 square miles of uilproductive desert exists in the extreme southern portion of Afghanistan. The river of ICh~sh and the I-Ielmand flow through this inhospitable region, but the restricted areas on their banks, which might be cultivated by means of irrigation, are illsignificant in comparison with the expanse of desert on every side. Although no one Irnows how much of the reinaining area of zoo,ooo square miles is capable of cultivation, yet it is possible to make a rough estirilate which may be not very far from the truth, by taking as a guide the profiortioil of cultivable land, which is known to exist in those districts (once a part of Afghanistan), n~hichhave been trans- ferred to the Inclian Empire, from the ICuram Valley on the north to Sibi on the south. Ten per cent. of the whole area of Afghanistan may perhaps represent the area which might be cultivated. Of this, how- ever, only ten per cent. again ]nay be actually under crops in any year, owing to a variety of causes, of which the varying quality of the soil, the precarious supply of moisture supplied by nature, and the nomadic proclivities of a large proportion of the population are the more important. The lnineral resources of the country are as yet utlexplored ; and as it is a task which can be successfully carried out only by foreign experts, progress in this direction must be slow. Some minerals such as silver, lead, antimony and iron have always been worked in a very unslrilful and desultory fashion ; and traces of gold have been dis- covered in the neighbourhood of ICandahar. The dislike of fore,igners and of their interference, whether it is due to hostile relations with foreigners in the past, a dread of sinister designs on their country and PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION. 9 unong cherished liberty, or to an unconfessecl knowledge of their 01~11barba- latter. rity, on the part of the Afghans themselves, offer at1 unsurmountable rough barrier to the exploratio~lof the ~nineralresources of the country, and ilecl~~al rto develop~ilentin other directions. Thelast thirty years of peace be- nunity tween India and Afghanistan cannot but 11ave l~adan effect on this ex- soil. clusive attitude. India offers now, as it always has done, a field for years, the'enterprise of the Afghans, whose hands can wielcl indifferently a it and cloth measure, a spacle, n sword or a rifle. Numbers of the poorer female :classes of the populatioll enter Inclia every winter, \\,hen all avocations ges in are suspended in their ovvn country, either for tracle or seeking ibes of" &I* e~nploylnent. The needy tribesmen wander as far afield as Assa~n at all, and Burma in search of work, which the natives are too well off or too s. In indolent to undertake tl~ernselves, and for wages which apparently ' those offer 110 temptation to thc natives for exertion. Tl-ie Afghans have' .crossecl the sea to Australia with camcls, ancl sotne have amassed in the rnoney there in other occupations. A very Eel17 indivicluals have even 11 and yeturned to their homesacco~npaniedby white wonlen, ~vhornthey have tricted i~lduced to take a step, the ultimate result of which can never be ration, ICIIOI~~II. Such intercourse with countries beyond their borders cannot y side. but have an effect favourable to the increase of Itnowledge, and that DO, 000 desire for the amenities of civilized existence, which is such an incentive lake a to progress. :ing as The future of Afghaoista~~lies in Afghanistan; and though the xist in ignorance of the mass of the populatio~lwill retard thq*development of trans- the i~aturalresourccs of their country ; of late years, it is evident that ~rthto the government, ancl probably thc inore tl~oug11tful among the popu- n may lation, have realized the fact. Recent small in~portationsof machinery , hom- for industrial purposes is a very hopeful sign of this moven~ent. The in any absence of fuel is a serious hindrance; but it has led to a search for of the coal, hitherto apparently without much success, which will probably ld the lead to other discoveries, and fin all:^ may attain the desired end. re the Lastly, owing to the poverty of the country and scanty supplies, the cIilKc~11ties of transport ancl communicatiol\s, and the intractable ; and character of the inhabitants, in whom an aptitude for gueirilla warfare reign has become an inherited talent, the words of Icing Henri IV or France, such by which he described Spain of his day, are almost equally appropriate very n . as a description of Afghanistan of the present time :-It is a ' I dis- country which it is impossible to conquer, a little army is beaten pers there, and a large one starved.= with - and ' Life of Lociis, Prince of Conde-Earl Stanhope. CHAPTER 11. \ HI3 origin. of the tribes who call ll~emselves Afghans has attracted a great deal of attention, owing to the fact that T they claim to be the descendants of Jews, ~7110had settled in Ghor ; and the various clans refer their origin to some one of the three sons of Icais, the chieftain of that community, rho is said to have been the 37th in descent from Saul, Icing of Israel. i Owing to intercourse u~ith the Jews settled in Arabia, so the story goes, Kais was induced to visit the Prophet Muhammad, who won the Jewish Chief to Isla~n,and bestowed on him the name of Abdur I Rashid, and the title of Pahtan. This last is a mysterious word ~vhich cannot be traceJ to an origin in any Icnow~l language, but it is believ- ed to mean either or both, the rudder, or tlle mast of a ship. So say those xvho have committed the genealogy of the Afghans to paper. The conversio~lof Iiais is not ~llentio~leclin the history or Islam. I The so-called genealogy of the Afghans was compiled at a time when all the races oi' Manlrind were believed to have been the offspring of the first man and woman created by the Almighty and the eponymous ancestor of every tribe appears at some stage in the I genealogy, which there seems every reason to believe was co~lcocted in the ~jthcentury A. @., probably when the Afghans began to * I. attain to power in India. The ruaia feature in it is the alleged Jewish t ancestry of all the tribes, and this belief 111ust have been very strong for the retention of the legend, when the tables of descent were compiled. All that can be said at present is that the legend has pre- served the memory of a fact which has dropped out of history. It is not improbable that there may have been a Hebrew Conl~nunityin Ghor. The Jews of Bolchara delivered to Dr. Wolff a tradition to the effect that ' when their forefathers belonging to the Reubenites, CLAlbI TO ISRAELITISH DESCENT. I I Gadites and the half tribe of Rilanasseh were relnovecl by Tiglatll Pileser ' (B.C. 738) ' they were bro~lghtto Hala (Dalkh), and Habor (Samarkand) and Hara (Bolrhara) and to the river of Gozan (that is to say, the Amu, (callcd by Europeans the Oxus), From Palestine'. If this is a genuine tradition, it nroutd render possible the presence of an indepe~lclent conlm~lnity of professing Jews in the [idjoining fastnesses of Ghor and the Firuzlroh. This tradition described the dispersal of the Hebrews by Chingiz Khan1 and they fled into Sabzalvar and Nisl~apur in Khurassan anci dwelt there for sollle ~enturiestill they at last returned to their former seats along the Oxus, and clailil to have been lrindly treated by the famons Tanlerlane. In February 1896, on the southern boundary of afghani st;^^^, men es Afghans has pointed out an alrnost obliterated moulld and h hollolv, xvliicll they to the fact that said were the remains ofa fort and tanlc constructed by the Rani Israel, \vho had settled who had come from the west and passed on towarcls the north. ir origin to solne Both the mound and llollow needed to be carefully pointed out, sotime- IL n~nunity,who is worn were they. is, as far as can be ascertained, the only instance Ring of Israel. in which the tradition of the exiled Israelites-the Bani-Israel oi the site a, so the story Afghan legend, has been foouncl to be associated, n.it11 a dcfiliite nrnad, wl~owolr or remains. There is, or course, that fanlous shrine in the Lamghao district on the 1C:tbul River, dedicated to the Saint Rtlihtar L:+I~,who is name of Abdur ious word which said to have been buried there and who is supposed by some to have , but it is believ- been none other than the Patriarch Lalnech. . a ship. So say The persecution of the Hebrews in Persia, set 011 foot by the khans to papel-. Sassanian Monarch Firuz, in 490 A.D., scattered them over Asia. of Islam. European travellers and authors in the 12th century mention the iled at a time ' existence of independent communities of Israelites in Eastern Persia hare been the and in Afghanistan and in India.? mighty and the The silence of local historians as to the existence of ally Hebrew 2 stage in the communities cannot be regarded as proof to the contrary ; for those was concocted writers were more eager to embellish their pages with the record or hans began to high political affairs and the marchings of vast armies, led by potent alleged Jewish 1 sovereigns, than lo treat of humbler events ; but the existence of an 'n very strong independent comlnunity and a ruling chief could hardly have escaped descent were notice, except by reason of the fact that they had forsalreu their egend has pre- religion and llad adopted Islam or an earlier Pagan religion instead. ;tory. It is not Life and atlventures of the Revd. Josepli Wolff,D D,,LII,.D., \'ol.II,pp. 12-13 unity in Ghor. The mystery that shrouded the fate of those Israelites, who never returned adition to the to thcir native land, inspired the journey of discovery, undertaken by the Rabbi Benjamin of Toledo and by Petachya of Prague. The former discovered a com- e Reubenites, munity of professing Jews, 4,000 stror,g, belonging to the tribes of Dan, Asilcr, Zebulon, and Nnphtl]ali who mainlained their independence in the mounlains of 12 TIIE IilNGDOAT OF rlFGlIANISTAX. The district of Ghor is nu unexplored part of Afghanistan, ancl no European has set eye:; on the ruins of the comparatively modern capi- them: tal of the Ghori Sultans. It nras also the last strong-hold of an ancient time, religion professed by the i~~habitantswhen all lllcir neigl~bourshad them; become Muhammadan. In the I rth century A. D. Mah~l~uclof Ghazni day t clefei~tecl the Prince of Ghor, Ibn-i-S~lri,and made him prisoner in a of \I, severely co~~testedengagement in the valley of Ahingarfin. Ibn-i- by ct S~lriis callcd a Hindu by the author, who has recorded his overthrow ; namc it does not follow that he was one either by religion or by race, but so 01 merely that he was not a Muhammadan. '- grid a Although the Afghans firmly believe the legend of their Jewish Cen. origin, yet indications exist n7hich s~~pporta contrary opinion. Afghan- grez istau has becn the ante-chamber of India for ceu turies of time beginning mhc with ages of mhicl~110 knowledge exists. Tl1ro~1g.hthis country have passed those successive immigrations of nations which have spread ing .over the plains of the P~111jaband Upper India, from ml~ichthe present- fou day population of those tracts has descended. Some part of these anc inlmigrants may have drifted over the barrier of the Hindu-ICush, as anL bancls of fugitives, but the great ~novements must have followed tlle loc easier route round the western end of those lofty mountains, the irnrni- 0 f grants travelling dcliberately, encumbered wit11 thcir families, and T 11 driving before tlletn their herds of cattle and live stock. The valley of wk the I-lclinancl zind of its tributaries provided easy routes for this advance, thl ancl f~~rtherto rcl~e east, the well troclden paths, mhicl~ follo~v the de courses of the I Illclus and furthsr to the east. It is reasonable to suppose that some 11 ( part of the immigrating nations must have remained in Afghanistail, al R Nishapur. Their Prince, a Hebrew, in 1153 acknowledged the Sultan of the 0 Saljuks as his Sozerain. Petachya found a race of dark skinned Israelites in India, yhp had preserved merely the observance of the Sabbath, and the rite of circum- t ' clsfon. History of the Jews. H. Graetz, Vol. It. 11 Edrisi in the 12th century compiled a treatise on geography, and he P gives a curiously circr~mstantial and accurate Liescriplion of the old town of Kandahar, where lie says a whole quarter in Lhe town was occupied by t infidel, i.e., professing Hebrews, for Edrisi was a Milhammadan. The existence of such a con~munityis not confir~~ledby well known .authors, such as A1 f Baihal~i(12th century), and the author of the Tabakat-i-Nasiri (13th century), both of whom were natives of I The political ambitions of the Caliph-an-Nasir, caused hiin to fall out with his (at one time) ally, Muhammad, Khwarazm Shah. The Cal~phwas powerless for open enmity with a potentate whose Empire reached from the Jaxartev to the Persian Gulf, so he invited Chingiz Khan to attack the Ichwarazm sovereign, and sent an embassy to the pagall chieftain to urge him to take this course, which a few years later extinguished the Caliphate itself. The Caliphate, Muir. pp. 582-3. Some time in the 13th or rqth century the Mongols expeIled the Momands and Khallils from their possessions in the valley, from Kalat-i-Ghilzai, towards ICabul, including Ghazni, Shashgau, Haftasia and Haidar Khel. The tribes then wandered down the valley of the Kabul, and seized the lands they now occupy turning out the Dilazalcs, who were driven across the Indus into Chach. The Wardak clan deprived the Hazaras subsequently of the lands they had taken from the Momands and Khallils to the north of Ghazni. A similar probable cause also decided the Yusufzais to abandon their homes in the country between Nushlti and Quetta. They wandered northrvards through the Zhob Valley, and after a long period passed in moving about Afghanistan and northwards towards the Hindu-Kush, in the first quarter of the 15th century ; they finally settled down in their present abodes. The Parni tribe, who came into collision with Timur at the close of the 14th century, iri the upper part of the Lohgar Valley, wereinlpelled southwards. These are a few instances that will illustrate the vicissitudes the tribes stiffered before the rise of the Safavi, and Moghul Empire of Delhi gave them an opportunity of a. less strenuous existence. TAJII xles of Chingiz of servants and labourers throughout the country are recruited from ition offered by them. In consequence of this they are to be found all over Afghanistan, and civilization and have even provided the Indian Army wit11 useful solcliers. he fair Province The Tajiks display to-day all those qualities, which distinguished three hundred the agricultural population in the valley of the Oxus, who were 1~11owuto .ks and later of the Chillese as the Ta-hia. They live in houses and form orderly village 1s Afghans, who con~munities. They are appreciative of the benefits of education lia. It was not and of the alllenities of civilized existence ; and in their households g century that they ~r~aintaina higher standard of comfort to that which prevails he vacant lands gnlong the Afghans or Hazaras. They are everywhere regarded as Ins to oc~upy.~ the people of the soil; descendants of the ancient race which' owned the land. In spite of centuries of misgovernment and op- s have left their pression at the hands of predatory barbarians, they have clung hree races, each tenaciously to agriculture, and engage in comnlerce as well. Wherever ortant respects : there is arable soil ancl water to irrigate it, there al~vaysis to be , These are the found a remnant of this ancient race. Called by different names in s are Mongols- different localities, whether they be lcnown as Deh~viir or Dehlrfin wards by later (inhabitants of villages), Tajik, or Farsiwan (Persian-speaking-Persia11 .y beyond. The is their mother-tongue) ; they are one people and in all probability they distinguishable. represent the original Iranian or Aryan race among ~vl~omZoroaster e Ali Illahi sect. published his doctrine ; alnong whom the Greek colonists of Alexander :ither Tajilc or settled, and to whom a thousand years later the soldiers of Islanr )m Icandahar to offered the alternatives of the I in those countries are reported to have created among the Afgllans, who appear to be peculiarly susceptible to a inove~nent ivl~ich has revolutionized the Muhammadan Empires of Western Asia, by reason of their democratic 11ature and the practice of managing their domestic ffairs by means ol' tribal and family councils. The historjr of the Afghans is practically the story of the two great confederacies led by the Duranis and Ghilzais. At present the former are suprenle in Afghanistan, but the latter possess the more brilliant record. They have given kiugs to India and Persia, and have ruled as lrings in their own country. The memory of these achieve- ments has led to sanguinary struggles against the supremacy of the * Duranis. The bravery and the numerical superiority of the Ghilzais has, however, been rendered of no avail, owing to a fatal absence of co-operation. Owiug to the extent of' country over which they are spread, local interests have caused the interests of the clan at large to be lost sight of, some tribes holding back, ivl~ilethe others were asserting their pretelisio~~sin arms. Owing to their position at the head of the Passes, which lead to India, they have been intimately connected with that country. The Ghilzais are both agricultural and pastoral iu their mode of life, according to the position of Lhe lands they occupy. The Guranis have been associated with Persia, owing to their situatiol~in Afgl~anistai~.Theirs is apparently a better military orgallisation than that of their rivals. They are lnore equestrian or ilo~nadicin their . habits than th~:latter. The histories of the less fa~lloustribes colitain a great deal of interesting information, but do not illuminate the obscurer portions of the history of their country. With sorne importi~ntexceptions, such as the Rfomands, t11e Yusufzais, the Afridis and IChataks, the tribes have adhered to one or other of the con- federacies led bjr the Gllilzais and the Duranis.1 The Duranis are divided into two groups lcnown as the Panjpai, or Panjpao and Ziralr. The former consist of the tribes of Nurzai, Alizai, Ishalrzai, I njpao Chwa- i and Iham- th of The iasan ated, 1 the lojak , r t ers an to tinct ients I-IE lringdoms of the Sultans of Ghazni and of Ghor gave place to another whose capital mas situated on the lower Oxus. 7' Their territories to the west of the Inclus became a part or the unwieldy kingdom of I Sultan Mahtnud) till he embraced the heretical tenets of the Karma- thians, numerous in Multan. Another member of this falniiy, Malik Mahmud, accompanied the ill-fated Ghori Sultan Muiz-ud-din on his expeditions to India. When the grandfather of Bahlol Lodi of the Shahu Khel sept quarrelled with his elder brother, it was to India that be directed his footsteps, and he appears to have prospered. The uncle of Bahlol Lodi attained to power and wealth, and is said to have given employ- ment to 12,000 Afghan soldiers of fortune. The father of Bahlol was killed in a quarrel wit11 the Niazis, another Ghilzai tribe, and * his son was brought up by the uncle Islam Khan, and eventually succeeded to the estates and wealth of the latter. About 1486-7 Bahlol 'ce Lodi seized the throne of Delhi, and when he died hc left a fair Is. heritage to his son (rqgz). The successors of Bahlol departed from 'of the democralic Inode of life and conduct of their ancestors, and a rigorous ettiquette offended their Afghan nobles. Notwithstailding of his unpopularity, when he was threatened with invzlsion by the famous IS)re Tilnuride Prince, Baber, the Afghans rallied to the standards of Sultan Ibrahim, grandson of Bahlol, ~vhotook the field at the head of a vast but unwieldy force, and in the decisive action at Panipat, the Lodi Sultal~fell with some 5,000 of his countrymen (26th April 1526). Among others whom the late Sultan had estranged was his Itinsman, Daulat Khan Lodi, who possessed great influence in the Punjab, and who incitecl and aided Baber in his attempt on India. " The Afghans were, however, a power in the country, and Humayun, the unwarlike son of Baber, was driven out of India by Farid Khan Sur, who had earned the title of Sher Khan by his bravery, and who )lI? assumed the title of Sher Shah after he seized the throne in Delhi. (he The grandfather of Sher Shah with his son, Hasan, had come to India to seek his fortune, and Sher Shah was the son of Hasau Sur, by 1: 1: an Afghan lady. The Sur tribe, of which he was a member, belonged [as probably to that tribe of Sur, which, at an earlier period, had been of independent in Ghur, but which had either become a part of the en Ghilzais subsequently, or were confederated with them. )m Sher Shah was lcilled at the siege of ICalitljar on the 24th May '8, 1548, and the dynasty he founded endured but a few years. In the an " record of the troubled reigns of his successors, there appear the names 11 e of many tribes, which have practically disappeared from Afghanistan; ~t, but which at that time were powerful in India, and they prove how rs. great must have been the influx of Afghan tribes into India, while the US Lodis and Surs occupied the throne in Delhi. The last member of this f;tmily, Mubaria IChan, was tlie son of Niza~nI 11 of For a time, i\fghnl> aclventurers attempted to establish themselves in rolie Bengal and Orissa, but they were overthrown and compelled to tlson acknowleclge the supremacy of the h.IogIiu1s. In a very short time the Adil. po\verfitl tribes, which had emigratecl from Afghanistan, lost Lllair glian distinctive orgal~isationand were absorber1 inlo the a~assof the popu- :BSIe Iatioo. A part of thein appear to have rctorned to their original seats, liese preferring the unrestricted freedom among their native hills tci loss of w110 prestige in India. Those, wllo were unable or unwilling to follow this ' was course, directed their stepssoutlrwnrds towarcls llle Penit,sula of India; \\.as npd a very large influx of Afghans took place, enconraged by the by .a ' existence of iudependeut bluliammadan Principalities, which afforded by at1 outlet to their restless natures. A part of tile Cnrnatic was so 18118. largely occupied by these emigr:mts, tlint ir, tlie 17tll cct~ruryit was op a still known as the Carnatic of the Afglians. In Rajpulann, Central ctive India, and in the fertile larids ol; the lelt baolr of theGaoges, there was 3,000 a very strong Afghan elemenL in Llie popolatio~l. In the last-named 1555. tract the earlier colol~istsnlere rei1,forcerl iron, time to time by imr~ii- Delhi grants from the hills to the west and nortli of Peshamar, and tlie rhere country in whicli they setlled brtca~ne1cnow1~ as Rohill~nod,the coontry es of of rlie Rohillas. There the Afghans and their descendants became the e lhim clolninalnt race, the original Hil~du populatiot~ being reduced to tlie \vas co~lclilionof tlieir serfs.' The first Emperors of Delbi maintained a firm grip on their posses- sions beyond tlie indos ; but wliile l Probably the Malandari Pasr, at the head of the Barkcla Stream, about 30 ">ilea N. E. of Hati RIax.dan. a This stt.anghald was oudaubtedly in the vniie; in which the villages of Zalvo, Yaeta, ICatkika, are situated to the south altlle Zawagarll Peak, in the Zaimuhht country, about 8 miles north of Chinan.ak and about 18 miles north of Tltal in the ICuram. The Zawagnrh Peak rises to over 9,400 feet above sea level, on the water shed between the Khanti valley and that of the 1Curnm. In December 187g(doring the second Afghan war), an expedition repealed the performancee of tlie hloghul troops. Marching from Tbul, Zawo was burnt after two days' desultory fighting. ,' REBELLION OF THE LODl CIIIEPTAIW. *5 ==*-s- clistricts in the Punjab was hespolcen for the expenses of the IZabul Zairl Province. The tribes probably were left alone to llianage their doaes- ,€ his tic affairs by lneans of their tribal jirgahs ; the \'iceray ofICabul extrcis- ; bad< ing a paternal and general supervision so long us the rights of the l-iver, Emperor of Delhi vere not infringed, aud the peace of this Province 1, LLLIC~ depended very greatly on the character of the Viceroy. Service 111ider sect), the Royal Standard io India, or onder the banner of tribal chieftains, Q who had settled on valuable estates in Iodia, as nobles of the Court of +, the Delhi, providccl ample and congenial etnplaymeot lor the \vilder spirits i13vad- of tlie tribes, and afforded avenues whereby they might attain to ,,re of " wealth and rank. Atnot~gtllose rrvho had erclia~lgedtheir mountainous aud i~~lproductivepatrimoog for estates I11 India, the morcdistingaished ,allled were thc chiefs of the Lodis, the Parni and Bangash clans, but pre- I At tllut time the head of a rllstrict, now il mere village In the Banda district of the United Pravincer 0fAgra nnd Osrlh. Schondn is sit~tutedamong the ravines an the bank of Lhe Ice" River, wllich joins the Jumne forty miles further to the narth. Sehonde lier about zjmiles from ! ' He built the Liazar in Kabul, deslroyed by General Pnlloclr in 18q3 ; and the prioeipnl Bnrar in Peslnaivar. 28 THE KINGDDSI OF APGBANISTAN. f visits to ICabul. Gradually, horvever, unbridlet-l sensual e~ljoyments 1 sapped his vigour, a~rdmoonrcli and nobles alike lost their martial I ardour. ICaodahar mas snapped up by the youthful Shah Abbas 11, [ mho surprised it in the depth of minter, suffering terrible losses him- self, owing to tlie severity of that season (zjth of February 1648). Three efforts \\,ere made to recaptiire the place, each of these hiled ignoiliiniousl?, and no further attempts were made to restore i Indian influetlce in Soutl~ern Afghanistan : the country as far north ? as Char Bagh remailled io tlie llands of the Fersians. In tile reign of Aurangzebe, a feeling of antipathy towards tligt Emperor begail to spread, and at last ci~l~ni~lateclill a general rising of the Afgl1a11tribes, from Icandal~arto Peshaxvar, mhich lasted four years. Inial I slain, and his co~ii~~iaodis said to have bee11 aonihilated. Prillce Shall Alan? had to bribe tile Afghaos heavily before lie could leave Icnbul for Pesha~var,or the road rvas sale for n1er~lrants.~ In India, the Par~lispossessed a record o~dyless brilliant than that of the Lodis. A portion of this tribe, the Borizi Parliis, are still to be found near Sibi, in the Balochistao Agency. They attainetl to ~~otorietyin the 17th century, in the person of their headman, who betrayed Prince Dara Shekoh illto the hands of his brother Aura~igzebe, hlnlilr Jiand, s.on of Mali$ Ayuh, the heedmall of this tribe, had bgeil a very ilotorioos robber. He was caught at last and sent to Delhi to receivesentence from the Emperor, before wllonl he was produced in hill clurbar. Not one person in that splendid assembly liad ally pity for tlie wretched tifghno, \vlio mas sentenced to be trodcleo to death by an elepiiaot-save the Heir-Apparcot, Prince Dara Sl~el~oh.He begged the life of Jiaod, and when the boo11 mas grant- ad, the prisooer was set free and allowed to go home to DRdur. Years passed and fortune's ~rzl~eelhad made n revolution, nnd he, ~110once llad been like Darios of old in his splendour, mas now a fugitive ~vitha prince on his head. The u~lfortu~latePrince, defeated atid deserted, was making his way to I Storia do Vlogor, W.Irvine, Voi. 111, y, 492 and note. a This seizure took place near Bibi Nani in the Qolan Pass. execrated by the populace, for the Prince Dnra rtzas beloved by all men, and a few days later an excited mob fell on Malilc Jiand's followers and evilly treated tl~eln. Rut the traitor received from the E~nperor Lhe ranlc of n co~n~n;~~lderof 1,000 horse, and the title of Bakhtiar I Nicalas hlnnucci gives P. dilTerer,t account of the md of Mulik Jiand. Storia t NOTE. i Nors.-Forwards the end of the 17th ceotury Lhe1.e see8ua La have been some Englishmen in Kabul, who \\.ere either io tLe sei.vice of lhe Empe~.orof Deltli, or I who had visited Kabul for pu~.posesor trade. One of lhenn !var buried thcre ; and tet in 1839,Major Hough saw lhis tomb which bore tho following inscription p. 287 :- 1 J ;e d "Here lyeth the body ol]ohn Hicks, son o!: Thom;rs anrl Editll Hicks, !!'llo I of departed this life, the eleventB olOctobev ,666. The tomb mas in the Rluhan!#nndan burying ground neur and lo the S. E. 0I' :lie the city. Tl~israircs a suapioion that tlnc deceased hnd e~rbt.ncedIslam. Tllc ! - 8 .be inscription most llave bccn the I~i~ndi~vo~hof ariothe~. Englishman (and not nn illiterate person), who mcmt llnve been also a resident in I 0 NTIL the successful re\~oltof the Ghilzais against the Persians * had brought tlle Afghaos pro~ni~lentlybefore the world, U they were regarded as bnrbariaos,whose affairs were beneath the notice of writers of chronicles both in Persia and in lotlia. Such worlcs cast no lighL on the llistory a11d affairs of even very ioiportant tribes such as the Abdalis and Gliilzais, and these tribes themselves were too barbarons ;und illilerate as a body to pl.oduce any authors, \vho could have preserver1 their early history and wbose record \voold have carried weight. The mullas, the only literate persons mere give~l'overto v~indisputes and to mystical expositions of doctrine, and were ambitious only to leave behind them collections of silch worlcs, to be able to devole attenti011 to tribal histories. Among tlie tribzsmen, traditions are hanrled down orally; and these are groupecl round the names of chieftains whose deeds are still the theme of story round the canlip fires of the nomitdic tribes. As these traditions ap- proach the 18th century, they, however, assume a connected form and are probably correct, in a very general way, as a narrative of events. At all events they provide all the information that exists. After the rise of the Sadozais to power as the sovereigns of ~f~baoistan,arid in the reigns of the first and second kings of this dynasty, efforts mere made to collect these traditions ; and to make out of these materials a connected story of the doings of the earlier cllieftains of this family, and their transactions with the Persian Governors of Icandahar. The accounts compiled by native Afghan authors of this period (18th-19th century), are therefore, of too recent a date to be regarded as being in any wayautlloritative. Witti regard to the early history of the Afghans, these authors repeat the standard genealogy of all the Afghan tribes from Icais, or Abdur Rashid, and assigll arbitrary dates to various persons in tbe tables of descent, in order to fit these into the histories of the Arab Conquest of I icais, or Abdur Ilashirl, had a ran Ibl.nhim. The latlcr lhadn son named Sl~nrlchbun. The last, a son nanled Tarin, wl~ohad rotor sans. Spin (white), Tor (black), Zhnr, and Dar Tarin. The name Abdal, ho,rzevcr; gradually superseded that of Bor Tarin, and eventually became predominant when Ahmad Shnh beearne King. The Tarins :IIX to be fountl, principally in the Pishi,; district, near Quette.. The Spin (or white Tarins). Ihc superior hrancll numhered only about 2oasauls. The Tor, or black Tarins nbouf 6,17r; \shila ramo 20,3!5 soltls rettirned tl~emsolvesas Abdals in tho cerlsus of IQOl. Balurlnistnn Diblrlet Gazetteer Series. Vol. V, Quelta- Pishin. 1007, p. 67 el xeq. ' The First Afghsn War, 1839-43, is believed 10 ilnse been the nllfilmenl of this vision, 3+ THE KINGDO51 OP APGHI\NISTI\N. liead of the ln~noustribei. 13: and I The Gl~ilzaitraditions represelilerl tlie actio~lof this famous chieftain to liave been so effective, that ill four clays tlie Hazam m;~l;~uders were driven out of this valley. Tlie author of the Tarilcb-i- Sultnni stales that Malakl~ev7as alive ill 1624 (tllis worlc was writte~l 1 in the Iz~stquarter ol the last ceotory, in Afghnnistao). Both of these cliiels ~~~ouldappear to liave bee11contempor;lries of tlie Indian Eniperoi. Jal~ni~gir.Tlie method they adopted in settli~lgtheir disputes regard- ing the tv'o districts of Uniakai ;uid G\vnliami xvns far in advauce of 9 tllose usually pursued at the time. Sulti~nMalathe obtai~ierl.!lie fornier and I I norti] and east. . , . ... -. - ' Ilg some oais!nbc l~o\revet. Leeell Itas slated ili..,t the Emperor Alafaqir L \o~.n;>p?ebe)i3s1>1'tl lllis firntan. Jelw#ngi~.\YRS trnling ill 1613. II~S;~nd The Persian Gover~~mentdeternii~ied Lo And a rival wliom tliey .~dRaed might play off against th? chief. A coosi~i of Slier I -- ' ble lvns a(,,~oinlerlla i ; ill I to iple bntl 3 to : of ed ; the see > 0 11 Pit- ned o f verl a 11 tart rith CI-IAPTER V. 1-111 prl-iod l~;\~iarrived (the con~~nencemcnl-of tlie 18tli ceo- tc~r!,) \\'IICIIvery ill~l,ort:int events in the llistories of Persia T ;)11c1 of India werc aboul to lakc place, mhicll caosed the clo\\~nlallof Ll~ciho~ous liue of Soeercigas of the Safavis in one countr).. ;lnd tllc ~lcclineof the Alogl~ul in tllc other. Both ktmilics 11ad become roltcn Lo the core, :IIILI botll 1>0ssesscd merely tha outwilrcl sa~nbl;u~ccof strength, and o~ilythc reflection of their n~lceslors'glory, gilded the corruplioli wl~icl~had eaten up the man- l~oorlof Sol,creign :~ncl nobles z~like. Tl~eIndinn Govern~neot held thc Pravi~iceof I<;tbal on suticraoce anrl diplom:~cy fo~\ndan ample lield for exercisc in thc clisuoion whicl~)~rceailed anlong tl~etribes \\~l~ostill ncl~n6wledgeclthe &logllul Emperor as their Suzeraio. A commoi~belief in tlie clogm;~s of the Suni school of lslan~formed a bond of onion between the Indian oflicials in Kabul and their master's ~iomi~lalsubjects. 11 knowledge of their wealzoess prevented the former ho~nrousing active llostility by embarking on n vigorous policy wl~ichthe enfeebled resources of the goverllment would liave been unequal to carrry out successfully. Indiaoffered solid advant- ages ill the Inalter of rank and \\reallh, and self-interest proo~ptedthe Afgl~nosto inaintain a colinection wllicl~was profitable to them. The Persian officials in I agaillst tllc governor rvllon~tiley 11111 011 one side. Jafkr I<~I:IIIIst~jl~i . Ihd been sent by the Sllall to put dorvn tllis sedition ;~ndto cl~itstisc the promoters. bclollab I I ~rr~,,,the ~l,i~~~i~; who appear to ham tnken Farall cli!rins the lifo-limeof i nlir wei~ rctl-eated to I-Ieral. 'rl~ecleat11 of his son co~npletelyprostrated the ;aged man tlbd~rllahl an ?re CHAPTER VI. 'lie .ed ta m eld ifir I N tlie year 1718, after he 11;1d ovcrthroiv~iilnrl slai~iLhe Cliicl 1c.y of the Abcl;~lis, iri battlc at I I i.elu~.t,r~I11, 11111 I, Randaliilr, Shah klaliniud, tlie Gliilz:~i, fc~r\\.:~rded to ~l~c 0111 I 11s. Persian Court a report of \vliat hu Iiitrl clooc, m;tldng out th:tt liis lie had been actuated solely by $1 scllse of duty, ;IIIC~ ~IIZII,if' tlw SIIRII ~011ldilttaclc tlie Ahdt~lis, lie (M;~Iimocl) ;(Itlie lic:~cl ciF LII~ ' Gliilzais would uperate :~g-ilinst ~l~oserebels from Ki~~~dill~il~..T~IC si~npletons,wlio acted as the hlinisters of tlie Sliilll, were ~o~nplctcly deceived by these p~.ofessions, i~ndl,esto\\~erl n11 M:rlr~ii~~ltlie title of Musen Kuli Khan, \\ritli ualuable preselits, i111d:L I'or~lliilCOII~III~SS~UI~ was issued by wllich he was co~llir~~~edin ~licgover~imeut of I<:~nrlaliar. The agetits by n~lio~iithe Gl~ilzaicllief Ihnd se~ltliis !report to tl~eCowrt ol tlie Shah liar1 also in a11 probrtbility bl.oupbt b:~k:I lroe :iccollnt of tlie state of the country, HII~ the imbecili~yof Llic Go\fer~in~c~it. The satile year, 011 the pretext of or cling ngilinst Ll~uAbd;tlis, IvJahn~orI entererl Seista~i. There Ile fol~nrl:I ucrti~io13;1111cl1 chief, l~a~nedSbBtldRd, organking a raid, io strength, on Kiraiiln : tlnd the inhabitants of tliat place, having obtained news of tlie:ld\.eot oftlle Gl~ilzaichief, implored hi111 to act ;IS their prote~.tor ;!gai~ist tl~ccari- tetnplnted attaclc of the Balucli chief. &l:ihmud appoi~itetl Bcjilo ICIiao, x Legzi of Farah, to act as rlepnty ill I I 8: j' tlod Provirlce of Iianclahar wl~ileMahrnllcl was far away. Malilc .::;I Jafar I share liis good rortone, and hungering for plii~ider. The \Vali ot I.urislan, indeed, made a half-liearted attempt to throw supplies a~id rainforcemeuts into 1sf:~haa. I-lis troops were rlispersed, a~idtl~c couvoy rvas captiired by tlie Afghans. Inthe Palttce, ;I weak sovereign and \~ra~~gli~igniinlsters were unable to dcvise any remedi~s,or to arrive at a plan ofconcerted action. The city was full of refugees, and will1 ao enormous popul;itioil u~ipreparedibr ao investment, food very soon ~C~IL~Ito (lin~inish. Tlie Afgllans drew togetlier for their own use the supplies ill the open colintry. They collectetl a great store, and burnt all they did not require. They were al~lelo establish @rrisons at points rouod tlie city and to patrol inore effectually the intervening ground. On llie 9th of hI;~y Prince Tahmksp mi~dehis escape and rvelit off torvanls l(2sll2ii in lio(~esthat it1 the couiitry round Icazvin aiicl io AzarbaijRo he woul[l be able to raise at1 army for thc relicf of Isfahan. IJp to this it i\~oulcl have beell possible fo~.tlie Sliali to liilve escaped, 11ut after tlie Riglit ol the Prioce, Mallmud tightened Ills l~oldan the city. Thc slcfferings of the paptilace iocrcased daily, and nt last it \!!as decided to surrender. I On tlic 12th of October 1722' the city was re~ideretlup, after n ! blacl 1 on.cd his srlccess in a great ineasore to tile presellce of a Turkish Army on tlie Western Frontier of Persia, \\rliich tlirealeoed an iova- I sion, and also to the movements of the Russians ~vlioliad seizerl GIiilRn on the Pcrsian shore of tlie Caspian Sen. The general effete condition of the Shall's Govertlmentnl~tsthave bee11 notorious, hot Mahnlud could hardly be expected to have Icnojvn the tlmc state oT affairs on the Western Frontier of Persi;~, so that it was merely a piece of pood lnclc that he limed liis invasiou at a inoniet~twhet1 'otller evenLs cuntci- buted tn!vards liis success. 7 But other causes had also helperl. There had not bee11 \\'nnting portents that were regarcled by the superstitions as I'oresliatlo\~ing tlie destruction of Isfahau. In tlie snmn~er.af1721, an ~i~~i~slii~l(1e11se. . ,less of tlie airnosphere, aurl;, rcrl or bloody appearance of the sun, 1 Prom ihe Tarikit-i-Jallilo Kllshd-i-Narliri. Tbe Agent or illr Easl India Cattapany underdatc llle zlrl Ootobr~.li2r fixes the rlrte an tile 12111 Oelaber- Ilnleoln~'~Histo1.y of I'erain : I., 436, nole-All Harill dntes it two rlnys Intel., rrlllcb agrees iviil~$be dale in llre teat of the rorolal eoiry of hlnlim I from his camp at GulpikigAo to the capital, wit11 orders that the Sliah wa; to be forthwith put to death. Tlie head of the oofortunate monarch was sent to tlie Turkish general as the Afghan reply to his demands. The opel.ations against the 'Corks ended not unfavourably to Asllraf, and be made peace with them, but ceded some territory I to the Porte (probably as the price of his recognition). A bolu~dary f was also demarcatecl bet~veen Turkish and Persian territories. In the 4th year of his reign Asliraf receivecl an ambassador from ++ Constantinople, and on the Ireturn of this mission, an agent on the Ghilzai's behalf acco~iipanied it. This person was one Muhanlmad .i\li I front of NBdir's position, i~liilethe otllers ;~sst,ilrd both llaill tribes of the coast under his sta~idard. The winter had set in \\,it41 ~~nusualseverity by the time that Nadir was ready to move. Undeter- red by the severe weather, he set out on his advance ou Sliiraa, and directed lhis marc11 by way of Abar l It was at this time that Muhan~~nadAli [ The celebrated diamonds I NOTE. Ul~ringthe progress ol he Indo-Afghao I3oendnl.y Co,n~nissionin 1896, some rlclails rcg;ll.#ling the death olAsllraf Gllilrai were learnt in the country wbel.e:t . hnd lnkcn plncc. Itsccms thnt, in ordcr to move rnpidly through lhe desert and owing to son~cof ].is mllle lhavillg brolien clown, lhe cachdd a pert of [his tl.casures among the rilvirlcs nut la#.l~.om ihc hlnrl~uwell. A pert of this but.ied treasure, we were told, hnd been discovered by n Balucll shephsrd, nccidontally. He beci~meriel); and In ol.rlcl- lo cscnpc thc observation ol his neigh boa^.^ tfris lortunale shepl~erdnbnndonetl lhis inl>ospitnblc ,)alive desert. The connection belwccn the family 01 the Sardnr of I s~ispecledof having cnr~serlhis death. In ,725-6, ~ali;n~n,son af the ' late Abclt~llahand brother to the deposed Muhanirnad, in retaliatior~ for liis father's clcath, sought to bill Zulfilc8.1. Khan, and matters came to such a pass in the city that tlie Abdalis Lurned the leaders of the Lwo frictions out of Herat. ZulfilcRr was sent away to ihe district of Bakharz, and Raliman to Farah, and the alders of the clan sent for ;illother so11 of the late Abdullah Khan, named AllaIiyBr, from Mullan, and raisad him to the chiefship in the year 1726. 'he Alakorai headman, Abdul Ghmii, however, was a staunch supporler of ZuIfil Having obtaioecl his desires, the lickle Afghan, perhaps overruled by his followers, again broke liis word. Hostilities urere resumed and cootinoed till the rgtl~Ja~iuary mben Herat surrenclered. This time tlic Afglinns mere o!.dered to march out of the place. Tlie five great cliitrs of tl~eDuranis, each of lvliicb l~eldone of the rates of the city strcamerl o11t in troops, defiling through the suburbs till they reached tlte place at which they were to await orders for their clisposz~l. 011 he rgtl~,rllla1iy;ir lCl1ar1 also deparled for hlulran, and OII tlie zjth Nsdir's governor was installed in Herat. The Dt~raliitribes were deported io a body to districts between klesl~eiland Sernoan rvliicl~liad been assigiied to them. A ou;~)ber of the tribesmen took service rvitli Nadir, ui~clertlie leadership of Abdul Ghani, the Alalcozai, who was also made cllieCtaiti of the Duranis. This Afghan contingent was ~~Rerwe~.dsincreased, and Abdtll Ghani ser\.ecl Nadir for six years with zeal and fidelity, a11d in the campaigos against the Turks he distinguished l~ilnselfvery greatly. In requital for his serviccs he obtained the release of all Afgllan captives io the bands af the Persians, and Nadir's pro~ilisethat, !vhanever the Gliilzais t* in At'gllaoistao, should be subjugated, the torvn of I ? U'ilS i rescued before niore than three persons llad perished a1 [lie lia~ids of its lii, their keepers. Two.\vere liilled, and the mother of Muliam~~rarlreceivcd ; tile ! ;I wound, from Llie elfecls of which she diccl a short time after the IllOliS rescue was effected. On Nadir's arrival in Isfaban these persolis were r his ~uadeprisoners, but later 011 they were ercharigerl for the two ladies s the of the Safavi fanlily whom Ashraf l~atl carried off with him. Shah rvi(lK i A. Huseri Ghilzai knew, tliat, allliougli NLdir had beeti obliged to put off tl'SOll Iiis intentions with regard to Icandabar, yct a reclcu~~ing\\,as in- 11 of ehlable, and he appears to have made spasmodic en'arts to enter h;:d intp comn~unication\\$it11 his clreadetl i'oeoiao. Ou the east lie had I1yrlr w no enelllies \vholii he Eearetl, and he pursued an active policy in this : for direction, nnd is said even to have despntcbed a force illto lorlia the which ravaged the country ro~~tidMultan.' The . ired Saidal 1 . . ' Seir-i-.\laraki~e~.in,Lit110 l'exl. c' A tlioro~~glilycrusl~ the Takllis, their Iheret-litary enemies, who~nthey b:td driven from the Tarn:~l; irila the valley of the Argliandib river. The whole of the figlititlg tneti of tlie FIotnkis were, therefore, ~nobilisedfor tliis purpose ; atid 4,000 llorsen~enwere borronzed From tlie garriso~~of ICnndaI~ar. The combined force fell up on the Pirak ICl~el (Tolcliis) at Ulllillcai, practicillly destroyi~lg that tribe, not even sparing women \vit11 chilcl. Tlre chiefs of the massacred tribe nrere anfay collecting troops, and ~~po~rl~eariii~ of tlie destractioo that h;~d befallen their people they toolc to flight, and joined NAdir Sllab's army, von'illg a bitter revenge oti the perpetrators of the slaug1itel;of their people. e On the 13th of October 1736, Nidir Sllnll niarched out of lsfalia~~ arid toolc tlie route tliroogh 1Cirm:ln ;111rl Seist~lo. In this coulitr~he Left his own Harem and the falnilies of his olliccrs unrler no ntlequale guard, anrl leaving Seistnn 011 the zjth December, lie arrived ;kt Girishk an the 10111 of J;lnunry 1737, 1l:lrfing marched by way of Dalkhnlc anrl DilBrBtn. l7ro111 Girishlr he despatclletl expetlitio~isi~llo tlie Zamio~lfiwnr,n~~d also agninst I The latter obtained oe\vs of the gathering anrl rlcspntchctl :L rolumlr LO disperse the tribesmen, under tlre guidance of Mum l atlacl~edaiicl one by one these \\,ere gained. Tlie principal \\.ark was. ' 1731 : the Azilni Bastion, on \~.liicI~tliere were several ~ii~is~nou~~ted. It was Surkl situatetl on :I lofty tnoul~cl;ind was eqnrcl in heigl~lto tlie Cl1abi4io;1 to 2:) work. 'The gi~rrisonof Animi were 1;ilreli prisoners. The Saligin fort hnite' was iiext assailed. 'fhis \\(;IS on the summit of ;i very liigl~spur and D~.ce conl~nandedtlie citadel. It was silililted 011 the north-west side in tlie city 1 direction of the Clialiilzina work. The attack on Sangin was success- Lialili ful, and tlie garrison of 300 lnell wer2 either taken orI Gliani obtained the rich lands in ' the Arghandab valley for tile Alakoxais. Nur Ml~hammad,the equally fertile lallds of tile Zamill. ~lArvnrlor his tribe the Alixais. The Bnralczais, who complained that tlley liad been ill-represeoted in Nadir's Court at the tin;e of the clistributioll of land, received those districts where the soil is lig$, and is not colnmanded by water, which have since formed their patri- nloIlY. The), were obliged to acquire hy purchase afterwards other 1~0pertieSin the fertile tracts towards the Helmand River. ~domsrrha TAICES KABUL. 65 ZarnRn i 1. In the Twikll-i-Jahan I NOTE. The anecdole of the infltnenceof tile Pir Abdul Hakim Sahib (p.G4), related, by the at~thorof the Tarllch-i- Suitanl, is corroborated by the foilo!ving notice in theGaretteer of ~uotta-~Ihhin,1907, p. 88:- Abdul Hakim, son ofsikandar Shah, n Si>amozaiIZnkal. of Yusuf iZaeii in thc Pishin Tahsi1,a contemporary olShahHt8aen Ghiizai, and Nadir Shah " " is credited with many miracles, including the stopping of the pistacl~io trees which were following him In the IZhojak Pass, and the rendering of all snakes in Toba innocuous. At Khanozai he induced the people to treat his father, Sikan- dai Shah, as a saint and contribute to the upkeepof his shrine, and then l>asse& on to the Duki Tahsil where he died and ~vssburied at Chotinii. : at ~bal near iitecl nail1 aced in- CHAPTER VIII. roll1 -ail], AHBI.ZDSHAH DURANI; FOUNDEROP TRE I I I to eslablished a clepbt. Alimad Shah slipped past the Vazier's right, sed forded Lhe Sutlci river 01) the I rth March, anrl cnptl~retland saclcecl ~ise Sirlliod, nod advanced to meet the Ilidiau troops, for tlie Vazier Iiad his I~lul'en up his camp and was advaocing towards tliaL,place, 13th hlarch 1748. lice As soon as the Indiarl troops calnc into touch with the enemy ridi about eight nliles from Sirhind they Iialtedand their canlpwns strongly I to fortified with field works. So formidable were these that Ahmad Shah 1tly cleclil~eclto assault them. Prom the 13th to the nrsl Marc11 1748, the fwr two armies lay facing cach other and the outpost only were engaged, ha- till at last the lodian leaders determined to risk a general engage- 747 ment in front of his lines. Before the battle Iiad fairly commenced 4. a yoond shot killed the Vazier as he lcnelt at his devotions in his tent. uid The Indian Nobles and their troops, however, were faithful aud brave, ere and the issue of the battle had not bee11 declared, when a great wagoo- the load of war rockets exploded in the Afghan ranks. The missiles ro- plooglied their way through tlle troops, causing a general panic. t" ~b~riadShah withdrew his forces aocl commenced to treat ~vith his 011 oppcneots. The death of the Vazier having depressed the India11 of troops, their leaders also were not at all ill-disposed to come to elf- terms with the invaders. ' ish As in the days of NAdir Shah, the I~iduswas again fixed as a he tentative boundary between Illdian and Afghan possessio~ls. After lati this settlement had been concluded Ahmad Shah set out on his return of journey to I continued 11is niarcli Lowards I The cilronoiogJ of Ahmnd Shah's Western campnigns is very confusing. The evonts to which it ~elntesat and round Meshed, during the life-lime of NBdiv Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh, hntl little eRect beyond a comparatively short radius ofthnl city. Nor were these conquests of the Da~.nniSovereign at ail of a pevmanent nature. The successors ollhe lattet. continued to exercise a nominal suzerainty over the districts annexed by him, but these were gmdually absorbed in to tile Persian Empi~.e, as the fortunes of th,e Sndozais wancd, and as the IZajar Dynasty in Persia rose Lo polver. The conflict of dales given! by various aothors of rhe events of Ahmnd Shah's \\'ester" caa~peignsis, ll~erelore,of not very " great importance from a p~actirnlpoinl of vielv ; and tilere is no need to do mGre in this place than to draw attention to the fact that [he dales given in the fore- going paragraphs are in no way to he ~egardedns being conclusive. The revenue from these distt.icts h a aln'nys been set apart towards de- fraying the cost of Llle Administration of line IZabol Province by tile Intlian Gover,nmcnt of the iVlogPal Empcrara. Ahmad Sl~ahwas gradually tightening his hold over the country of Sind and also of Balnchistao (ICalat). wit!^ regard to the latter he seems lo hillre assu~ncdthat the alleg.innce pair1 by the Khans of that State to Nadir Shah bad descended to him after Llie death of that famous sovereign. I11 November r7j3, thc news spread abroad in Sind that Ahlnacl Shah was about to enter Hindustan by way of thal coll~itry,anrl tlie rgtllof Jaooarj~saw tlie Afghan camp 11itchetl at thc town of Roliri 011 the banks of the lnclus. On this occasioll he did not proceed further than Multan. In the ~ne~~ntiinenluin-ul-Mulk 11ad died near Lahore on the 8th A'oveo~ber of the preceding year, and . fro;n his camp at Mnltal~,the Abdali Sovercigo issuerl a Colnmission to the infant son of the late Governor cqnferring on him the Govero- ment held by his father. The stay of the Afghan army in Multan coukl not have. bee11 for any length of time, for thc news of this Commission I~aviogbeen issued reacher1 Dellli on the 1 rth February and the Durani forces reached I An eye witdess has left oo record a terrible tale oi these atrocities. To every mnu a damsel or two, and the night made dreadful with the lamentations of the wretched dp~iveswho were conapelled to submit to their captor's desires. Corpses festering in the sun of tho early Indian summer poisoned lhc air, and nlyriads of flies combined to make existencein the camp well nigh intolerable. The river Jumna that passed by the town of iIuttra was reddened wit11 the blood of the viotims of the butchery that lhad made the place a shambles. Seven day* aAerwards the waters of the river still were stained ).ellow, the deepen. hue of tllepoliuled river llaving by that tinhe laded. One lakh of rupees, abont i(;ro,ooo WFIS all that reached the Soveroigrn's hlilita~.~Chert. Not only did the Hindus feel the rigors of the Afghan methods. The same author left on record an equally graphic aecot~nrof the methodical and has C thoratlgh manner in which the Pnlaces in Deihi of the nobility were eearched I lor treasure, b the Nasaqchi~(military police) of the Abdnli hlonarch. Tbe ! son of the lateqazier Kamar-ud-din Khan (killed in action) had bid f;a,ooo,ooo for the office of Vazior to the puppet monarch of Delhi, and had hapod to have been allowed time to collect the money. The Afghan Sovereign howcuer wished. it paid down an tho spot, and when it was not forthconsing, orders were isslled to make a Iharaugh search for Llle buried hoards repnted at ~zo,ooo,oooleft by the late Vazier. Only about a qilnrler af a million rewarded the zeal of the search Parties. Not on1 did they search tllls Palace, bat the residences of other nobles were entered andlransncked. The city of Delhi echoed with cries of " bring gold I bring gold I" and an exoeeding great fear fell upon thc inhabitants.- [. Indian Antiquary ; January-March 1p7.-W. Irvlne. i CHAPTER IX. hearts of fill tl~eir lie pillage " * Anarno SHAI~Aouh~r-coldiirr~ed. ~wu,that n proverb RINCE Tintur lhad not ao easy task nssiglted to liitn wlielt lie arid $gain was appointed lo govern the Punjab after his father had set of Gliazi, P out lor his owo country. Tlie inroad of the pl.eceding winter liad reduced the atiairs of India Lo a condition of tlie most ttbrealc of complete disorganisation. I11 the Punjab ilself the Silchs lrnd rcvoltcd, : off wit11 aticl tile Prince and Jahan I ation' I j,ooo horse to deal with MolBar. These troops :Ire said to lla\re been traversed the distance between Narnol :uld Dellli ill a day and a nigllt,. id-ul- rested the next day in the city nnrl riding out again ;it midnight, tl~cy ibfish surprised Holl~ar'scamp at Sikandra. The Mahrattn chieflz~in,!vith ?d of 300 compat~ioosfled away on barebacked horses, leaving tl~creoi:lioder This of his men to take care of tl~elnselves. His mrnp fell illto the liancls ~f the of the Afghans. Ahmad Shab returnel-1 to Dellii. The country in the ~nder vicinity of that city Iial-l beell,devastated, and tile monsoon was setting in, so he decided to cross the Jumna, and form a caotooment for his rs, to tr?ops between that river and the Ganges. At Anupsl~;llir,about tliirty bliged miles from Dellii, he passed the season of the rains. In July 1760, lalat, ShujB-ud-Daulah, Viceroy of Oude, arrived in tl~cAfghan Camp. js for Jankoji, nephew of Data, l1a1-1 carried to Poonn thenews oftlie defeat C , and of the Wlahrattas, anrl great prepar;ltions were made to collect all army ;men. and to equip it for service against the Afghans. Every effort possible d the was made to insure success. The Mal~rattnregular cavalry wasstiKeeocl-I' Khan by the presence of nine battalions of Indian infantry eacll 1,000 strong, armed lvith fliotlocl~muskets and provided wit11 a train or" i~rtillery,the whole disciplinecl ancl i~lstructedon the European system. These wcre enter led by Ibrahim Khan, GBradi, an Indian soldier of fortune, ivlio is , the believed to have been trained u~lderPrenchofficers and to have risenin idels, the French service from an ordi~larymessenger or mace-bearer, to be ~wers the commaoder of their Sepoy battalions, wit11 n~hicllhe is said to have llnmu deserted to the i\Ialimttas. A cloud of irregular horsemen, Pindaris, 5 the also joined the niait~army ~vl~iclihnd collected round the Bhagwgt lttas, Jhasda, or national staodnrd, a~ldwhich was set in rnotior to the Is the ',, north to restore the prestige of the nation, and to assert their claim to nges, the sovereignty of India. hillas ! A junction with Holhar at bluttra was effected without opposition ea by i: offen- 1: and as the Jumna was impassable (owing to tlle heavy and long continued raios), the Mahrattas turned aside to Dell~iand entered the I they. tance city on the zznd July 1760. Yakob Ali, BAmizai, a kinsmao of Ahmad, Shah Shah's Vazier \ l~eldthe fortress palace with n small. garrison, and inside the walls were the families of the Durnni Chiefs. An attempt to. vance 1~: escalade the Asad Burj failed, but Ibrahini Khan placed three guns in ?ut to position and shelled the Palace. The Afghan Governorsurrendered, and rsued was allowed to depart with his troops and the families in his care, and ntime " . , . lorse- lAbaut 75 milea by mad. from aNnwnb, hlohsin ul-Mulk, Yakub Ali Khan,'was thedescendant afa Bamizai, part who had settled in Shahjahanpur, Rohilkand, somegeoeratians earlier. Yakub All bad been sent by Najib-od-Daalah on a mission ta Abmad Shah and the tched \lazier Shah W~lihat1 recognized his lndian kinsman's velatianship. SO T1IB I at tile 3rcl OF Aug~~sthe crossed the river, and joi11ed ]lis ~lllll,sll;lllr. Tire M;~l~rattasstripped tile Palaces of the relnaills ~l~~i~splendour aad obtnined, it is said, 17 lakhs (Ar~o,ooo). Soon after they were co~npelledto evacuate the city, for tll,.). ~~~ THE AFOHrlN ARMY CROSSES THE IULINA, 81 their accoutrements, Ah~naclShall advanced, 011 the 1st of November, by Sonepat to Sarai Samhallca, and took up a position beyond this place. For two months (be armies faced one another. The Blahrattas are said toliave established a RasRhnnr, a place where single combats took place,aod in these encouilters the individual slcill of the Mahrattas as adroil me11 at arms enabled them to kill their Afghan antagonists who accepted their challeilges. Tl~evidettes and scouting parties of both armies were also in daily contact, but the bal;~nceof success I in these encouoters lay on the side of the Afghans ; and their good fortune re'ducetl the enemy to great straits for s~ipplies. The ford at Bggpat allowed Ahmad Shali lo draw his from the Antarbed, the country betiveen the Jumna and Ganges, where his staunch ally ~ajii-udDaulah was pretlomioant. A partial but fierce eogage~nent on the 6th December terminated in favour of the Afghans. Gobind Punt Booodela, a Mahratta official, who was in charge of the Btawah district, attenipted to make a diversion in favour of his countryn~en by advancing on Meerut, the head-quarters of Najib-ud. Daulah, in order to lay waste the country rouod it. Five thousand horkemen were detailed by Ahmad Shah to stop the Pandit, led by the so11 of Abdus Satuad Khan, who had been killed at Runjpural~. Me crossed the Jumna atBagpat, drove the Mahrattas from Shahdara, and from Ghazi-ud-din-nagar (the inodern Ghaziabatl), and on the same day that this action h:ld been fought (18th December), the Afghans fell on Gobind Punt in his camp at JalBlabBd. He was killed ;~nd his men dispersed. With the head of the Mallratta lesder raised aloft on a spear, and with the plunder of his camp ill their train, the Afgl~sns rejoined their main army. A detachment of Mahbatta cavalry, each man carrying a bag of treasure, mistook the Afghan camp for their own, and were cut off before they found out their mistake. The successes of the Afghans had recluced the Mahrattas to greal straits, for the former used to ride abroad \vithout fear, cutting off foraging parties and stragglers, while the latter cowered behind their massive field works. The negotiations which they had commenced, soon after leaving the Deccan, in order to detach the Ruler of Oude and the Rohillas, from the Afghans, proved -ineffectual. These parties were not indisposed to listen to the Fath I I! .;: 1 Overt~~resmade to them, for they had the Mahrattas ever at their I " doors. Najib-ud-Daulab mas obdu!.ate, and declined to lislen to any Proposals, and as long as 11e proved resolute, the others were ashamed ; * I ' 8 to withdraw from their Afghan alliance. ji , , Driven to despair by imminent starvatio~~and the unsanitary con- . dition of their camp, the hlahrattas resolved to rislc a decisive battle. I ' I,, Long before dawn their troops had fallen in, and a last message - ii 8~ was sent to the agent, through whom the negotiations had been cot~ducted,and who was in the camp of the Ruler of Oude-1 11', , ~ ceeded to cl~.aw up his line of battle in advance of his camp.' where I a tent had always stood as his statio~~ol observation. .I, he hlahrattns advanced slowly, and their guns began to play as they came within range of the enemy. The discharges of firearms gradually became heavier, and the GRradi (Ibrahim I I It is said that Alltnnd Shah was approached regarding an nrl.angetaent bul 11e refused to cl~lertain any proposals. He had come to make war ah tine infidels, and he was bent an figllling. Asiatic Researches, Vol. I., 1799. i a Aocot.ding toanotheraceount, this position bad beell oceupierl by the Algllan 1. guns, and dul.iog the day by the val.iuus diviriotrp wl~iul,were however \vitbdrnwtP i ' at oigl>l,leaving the at.tillery men .and at, cscol-t mitt, the guns. These %ere ! allnost taken by surprise by the nlah~.attao in the rrristy light ol lhe early ! dnwn There was just time to strip off the canvascovers and to fire lhe loaded 1 pieces. 1 ! Damnji Gael~mar'shorsemen meve to support the infantry atlack, but the 1 ~,~.untol the eonhat was bor~rebytlie inlantry. i I ! I THE BATTLE 01 PANIPAT. 83 All the troops were engaged, and the Mahrattas under the per- sonal leadersllip of tlie Bliao and Wismas Rao, were almost suc- cessfi~l. Ter~thousand Afglians were drive11 before their onset, for tl~eAfgliaos received the charge at the halt. Tl~ePersiai~ n~usheters were ridden down, and it \%*;isthe personal intrepidity of the Vazier Shah Wali IChan nliicli snatched tlie victory from the enemy. - Sheathed in full armour lie clismounted from his horse to rally the brol:en Afghans, ant1 at the head of liis claosmen, tlie Popalz~is, and tlie BRI~cIIco~itingelit, lie sliowed a front, while tnessellgers were de- sptched to Ahoiad Shah demi~ndingreiofoucements. The latter sent rn 1,500 of his guards to clear the camp of fugitives with orders to slay all 11.1io refusetl to return to tlie field. Ten t11ousa11d of liis guards (apprently fresh troops) were led at a gallop against the Mahrattas, while their efforts mere seconded by the stout Roliilla Chieftain Najib- ud-Daulali, and by the men of Shah Pasand Khan and Aniir IChao. It was noon when Ali~nadShah reccivetl i~itelligetice of tlie state of 1s affairs in his centre, and about one, tlie succours reached the Vazier. IS About 3 p.m. Wiswas Rao was mounded ancl unhorsed and l~ad to to be lifted on his elepl~ant. The battle was stubbornly contested, ar but the A81ahmttas had shot tlieir bolt and were spent wit11 11 e tlieir exertions. All of a sudden " as if by enchaotnlent " the e11 Mahrnttas turtietl tlieir backs and fled at headlong speed. The ICt iostrrnt they broke the victors pi~rsued them witli the utmost fury. 1r. The final effort had been i~~adeat close quarters with sabres and he battle axes, and the carnage was said to have been dreadful, as 110 .Ez quarter was give11 when the Mnlirattas brolre. The pul-suit mas kept Ias 11p for a distance of about twenty miles, it is said. There remained ~ni the standing camp of tlie enemy to be pluudered, and the town of ! lilS Paoipnt which mas cron-ded with f~~gitivesand followers. The =re prisoners were arranged in lines, and a little pi~rcl~edgraio and some aar water wasgiven to each one, and tlieu Ll~etask of butcliery commeuced, and was carried out in cold blood. In the Durani Ca~npeverytent (with the exception of those of the Shll~and liis lxincipal officers), had piles of heads before tlic entrance. There mere saicl to have been .joo,ooo SOLIIS ill the Maliratta Camp, and only a fourth of tlieir fighting rneli escaped. The inliabitai~ts of the country rose agaiost i tip flilgitives and lcilled all whom they cauglit. A~~tajiixankeser, n 1 cliieftain of high ranlr, mas hilled by the za~nindarsof Fnrukhnag.ar.. ! Jankoji Sindia was made prisoner and put to death. The Ruler oT Oude tried Iiis best to savc tlie galla~itIbrahim Khan, wdom his people. Ilad captured, but Abmacl Shnli cle~iiandedliis surrender, 'and 'lie !Gas. 84 TIIE KLNGDOII OP AFGIIANISTAN. r executed in the presetice of the Afglian Monarcl~.' Damaji Gaelrwar 1 anrl Hollrar escaped with otie or two other cl~irfs. One of tlie wives OF Sada Sl~eoescapzd on Iiorsebaclr to Deeg where slie foulid an asylum witli Raja Suraj Mal, tlie Jat, who sent her 011 afterwards to the Deccnn by way of Jllansi. The body of Wismas Rao was found, alicl witli the greatest ~IiRiculty it was rescued from tlie soldiers who wished to slull'it and carry it back tol Ahmad Shah wns verv anxious to take Ibrahin~Khan and liis trained bi!llalionrnnd nrr:llvr) iotd his rerv:ir, daubkles* in order la make 1h1m iuAepeodent af his Brklr aubjactr to R great extent, btll llte Gava'l~ load sre;,dlnsfly relusrd lo a.eserl llle Llnllralles in *pile 01 repenrcd invi:ntions Lo join the Uurilnt mannrin. C a His fate was never accurately lknosn. -4 few years afterwards a man ,v.ho elaimed to be the Bhao appeat.edin Benares, a,lrl-\vas reeognised by pevsdns wllo had known the Bllno (by marksonl~isbody), and who aught to have been able lo identify the elaimnnt. Otl~ersrefinscd to credit the storv nut forth bv the latter. Amoig Lhem were bonkers with whom the Dhao had deposited iaige sums of money. They refi~sed to pay any to Lbe clain~ant,who ended Itis days i" poverty, but he never swerved from his slory. THE RISING OP THE SIKIIS. 85 Tl~etree has s~~ccu~nbedto the ravages of Lime, but tlie plot ill which it stoorl is still called the field of the black mango. After tlie battle, Ahmad Shah advauced towards Delhi which 11e reached in four marclies. Whatever designs 11e may have entertaioed regarding tlie seizure of the Enipire of Hindlrstan, were frustrated by a serious niutiny of tlie Duraois, \vlio denia~~dedan instatit settle~nent of arrears of allomaoces for two years, and a rapid niovement back ta their own country. They refused to be mollified, and the catlip was the scene of tlie utmost confusion. At last matters calm to such a pass thft the Ruler of Oude withdrew to his own territory. Ahrnad Shah - being unable to control liis !lien any longer, and liaviug received forty laI He was a benevolenl and wise raler, and deserved a belter fate. He is sail1 to lhave been a pntron of lenrnlng and in lhiri brief reign there was a revival OF literature-Seir-i-M~~takI~e~.in. OEATH OB AHIIAD SHAH. 87 f' :I Shah 1 west of the village of Marc1 I :o build a I authority over his stilfneclced subjects, and to bequeath a goodly 1 was un- heritage to his successors. : city lie NOTE. icendants . The Mint-Towns OF Ahmad Shah, Durani, wero :-Nlultan, Lnhore, TIIeshed, Sahrind (Sirhind), Pesbawar, Dera, I HE state of Ahmad Shah's Iiealtli latterly liad reiidered it impossible for Iiiai to take an active share in tlie busi~les%of T his hingclom. The Vnzier Shah Weli I court yards. Amir ICllan, of the ICazilbash tribe JuwA11 Shir of :lie Kabul, was in prison in the citadel for some irregala;ity in his accounts, :it1 he managed tojoin the combatants, and loaded with irons as lle is one said to llave been, he took a leading share in the defence of liis mr- sovereign, which earned him an unconditional pardon. The elnente the was put down wit11 ao iodiscriniinatiog severity. Fs~izullah IChan, ; of his son, and the eunuch Yalcut were executed at once. Asaclullah lent Khan escaped to Lalpurah, but a great Inany ianoceot persons in Pesha\var city were put to death in the retaliatory measnres set 011 foot :ban by the enraged king (1778).' tjle a la the year previous the iifghan Monarch interfered in the ~110 - clomestic qnxrrels of the Icalorah family, who still rr~led aver Siatl, lilzai but his troops were defeated by Mian Abdun Nabi I ' The famous band 01. weir was destroyed which ruined thc ctiitivation depend- i en1 an it. Bairsm Ali, the Icajar Chief, rvas hilled, and his son hluhammndHllsen o andhis Afghan Allies overposcred. Tllc T~~rlcishinl~abilants were remaved~tn 1 ' In 1798.09, his son Zafar Khan ruled over the country from Murararobad to Hvsan Abdai, but be would not visit his sovereign's court, but, though prac- tically independent, the was not actively rcbcllioes. rrG TNB IIINGDO>I 01' AFGHANISTAN. of their gratification. Whcn a revolution of fortnne's wheel had placed him at the mercy of the i~~cet~sedand vengeful Sltuja-~11- Mullc, it was due to the personal and vehement intercession of the hli~lclShah Zam3n that Slluja consented to relinquisl~the right of relaliation, the exercise of which national crlstoms tsoulcl llave justificrl ;und his religion have sanctioned : Mahmud's sight was sparctl ti~rougltthe noble generosity of the brother rvhom lie had irreparably iltjured. - NOTE. On arriving in Seislnn, on his way Lowards Kandelrar, blahmud was received wit13 open nrrns by Alnlik Bnhram I SH~HMAHIIUD AND SHAHSHUJA-UL-MVLK-.THE DOWNFALL I os THE SADOZAIDYNASTY AND TIIE RISD OD was received tit^^. The TFIE MUHI\UIIADZAISTO POWER. l,srty, bet Ilrisr! ageinst FTER the overthrow of Shah Za~nnnatAshpan, tlie defeated sovereign's camp and treasure amoontiog to two crores of A rupees, fell into the conqueror's haods. The lnoney was divided among his followers by Malimud. On the zjtli of sllmcnt dedL 1801, cd tlau Court July he mas proclaimed Icing in I i supremacy in Afghanistan. One of their Chiefs was raised by the clan LO tlie digillity of their King. This quarrel ell-aggerl 011 for some time, but the G11ilz;ris were reduced to sl~bjectionin Lhe end, ;is wit11 their ~vretcl~ed\ve:~poos, and lac% of col~esionthey were 11ot a nlalch in the open field for tlle Doranis, wllo were betler mrmed, h:+rl the advsirt~~geof possessit~g artillcry, and were led by experieoced com- ~ilaoders. The Gl~ilzaisllad been loyal Lo Shah ZanlXn, and the rising tnay Ililve bee11 cu1111ected\vith the attelnpts to L.ccover Kabul made by SI~~I~~I-~I-~~IIIC; but, if so, the iulovement mas badly timed and did not have the effcct of creating a diversio~~ill his favour. It will be as ~vellto entee into details, in this place, as the particulars of the Gbi1,zai rising sho\v the attitude of this po\verful section of thc people' to\vards * the Durani Sovereigns. Mulla~nmad:iinio I Tlie course of events at this period suggested to the GI1ilz:lis Lhat it was a good opportunity to declarc Llieir independel~cc, and to ~iiake an attempt to establish a Gliilzni l~ingdom. ~Ibclnl. RahmBil I TI^^^ was the last battle fought between tlie Ghilzais and Duranis. ,\bdur ~~[~~~l~~~and Slia'budio retired to tlic Mamai hills. Sl1uja-lll- hlulk llail also taken refuge in tlie I indepeode~lce. l'lie court murred to mi~lter quar1e1.s in Peshawa~., where the expedition returned, l~avingproved successful, 1e;~r~ioga governol. in the valley. Shoja-ul-Mulk iiad no peace. I Shah Jahan in tlie 17th century encamped here. Itwasa slnge on the Royal Rond from Delhi nod Pesbnwar to Kabul, and ordered the gnvden to be laid oi~t. It still exists. EXPEDITION TO KdSAdIIR, 12j s ever time another man of llie Barilkzni clan fired his pistol point bla~ilt at Khan Akram I by provi Vazier lelt tmeoty-olle sous, so there was no laclr of persons to c;irry on the blood feud with the Sadoznis. Sanlar Azim IZlian, in Rasll~nir,as soon 2s lle lieard OF tlie despatched l~is.younger brother Dost Alulia~nmad ns his advilllCC gu;lrd to\rmrds Kabul, a11d folloived llioi in person to Peslla\vnr. I,, the first flush of his rage lle seot fro111 ICaslimir a Koran, ko n~llicllIIC had afixed his seal, inviting Sllah Shuja to occupy the tlirone. Omillb. to his strained relations witli Ranjit Sing, the ex-IZit~gwas l~tlnbl~to talce Llie direcl road to Pesllawnr, and he lvas conipellerl to 1i1aLe a wide detour by the Derajat. He overcalue the Governor of Dern Gl~azi ICha11 and Lool~possession of that town, ahere lie founrl twofielcl pieces. The news of Shah Sliuja's success brought several of tlle late Vazier's brotllers to liis side, includiog Sardar Purtlil Iihnn, tlic brother ; and Sarbulaocl Rliat~,tlie so11 of the blindetl Vsuier. 111 the oleantime, :lour- ever, Sardar Mtil~amrnnclAzinl Khan, on arrival in Pesha~\,al.,li;~d dis- covereda tool niore si~itedto liis purpose in Pri~lceAyob (a~iotherso11 of Shall Zaman). As soon as Sllnll Sl111jaappeared on Llie scene lle WII. attacked by tlle Barakzni, adaftera severe conflict at the garden olAlr Mardsn tillan, the ex-Iiing was defealetl and once more a fugitive. After hiding for two monllis among tlie hills of the Iiliniber, l~e11i;tde his way sautli to Shikarpnr, wherc liis son Priuce Timur \\,as governor. He remained there a full year and inore, slid had begun to rnisc troops, haviiig made a co~iipi~ct\\,it11 the Amirs of Siod for hell] in llis enterprise. After they had worked tlleir will on the Vazier, Shah Alah~nud and his so11 IZamrRn left Herat in charge of Prince Seif-ul-Aluluk, and taking their captive with them, they nlatle for 1Zanclall;lr wit11 the utmost possible si~eed. ICabul was lielrl by Prince Jahaogir, RB:nrA!i's. son, with Ata A'Iullamrnad I At8 ilul~nmmarlwas seirerl by Dostfiluhama~sd,his sighL\vns destraycd by Pi? Bluhan~n~ad,son of the Vnrier. See App. IV. Relations brl\vcen the Afghans and Pcl.sians in 1616.17, which led to lhc dorvnfnll of Varier Fat11 I ' 2nd Jane 1818. Cunnirlgbant'r Bist. of the Sikhs. of therc ,f the late a pri~~ller of instaut CIlieF b)' a selF to be ;e ~c~l,,r~ll , detested, CHAPTER XIV. rses ofthe ,iddiiIg$is .- -. -- , ers, undcr The nexl Tt~oivlve,tarhtaozh~ A~IIHon ICAIIUL. DOST BIU>IA>~AI~\UDARAKZAI, ereigll 11"d AND RESTO~IAT~ONOP SI~AII SHUJA-UL-MULI~, 1stepS-m n led to rest, AVING disposed of Sl~ahhlah~iu~~cl iind l'rince I .ey were noon the Silchs uncler the celebrated Hari Siog, was followed by a tender of ed Provinces. -~ -. :ir doctrines. lner country. According to some, i~cwas of mixed pnrentsgc. lichindicntes Liet~t.Dallcot~ of llle Bengnl Engineers met Slgni~Shuja on the 2nd hlarch ,835 a1 l life 011 this occasion, but the Afghans were, unable to take advantilge of this good fortune, a114 were forced to retire up the lCbyber Pass. Prioce 1C21nrir111~d becolne master of Herat after his father cl6ed ill 1828 ; and in tlie same year a pestile~lce(either plague or cholera), urns raging througllout Afghat~istau,and the Vazier Ata Muhammad clied ofit-it had made its appearance in i-lerat. The Prince appointed his l;~tc in~iaister's oephe\\, YAr Muhanlmad, to the vacant okce. Early in 1832 the Sliali of Persia, Fittell dli, appointed his Heir- apparent to the government of ICllurassaii ; and Abbas hSlirza deputed his eldest sou to lead the expedition against Herat. Prince 1CarnrAn sent YTu. Muhammad to Uesl~ed to interview the Prince Governor, aod the latter placed the Vazier in arrest, and tortured him ; in order to force him to agree to the surrender of Herat. YRr Muhammad, l~owever,shower1 great fortitude under his sutTerings, and Abbas Mirza havi~igbecome daogerously ill, released tlie captive ancl recalled his son from I-lerat to his bed-side. In 1836 I ' Between Rtlasia and Persia coneluded the war belaeen tllese countries, which was so disastrous to the latter. + SIEGE OF HEI A Dallnatian, taken prisoner wlnila serving in the Prench Arm on the retreat rram illoscow, he entered the Russinrr service. He arrived in ?elmran in re- February. 183.3-- as hlinister to the Sllnh-hlnrkhmn's History or Persia. - Both Simonich and Vilkeoicil were disa~~o~verlby Prince Nesselrorle. The .ies, rormet. was superseded by Cot~r>thleden in 1839;and Vithevicll cornmilled suicide. -nlnt.kham's History of Persia. said, at the time, encouraging the Barakzai Sarilars of ICalidahar to strengthen their alliance with Persia. Burties appears to have been strongly in favour of attaching Dost i\lullanirnad Lo the British by strengthelling hisliands against foreign and domestic enemies. Calcutta and Sirnla, however, are a long way from I CHAPTER XV. THE FIRST AFGHANWAR.-RESTOR~ITION OF THE SADOZAIS.-N,LTIUN~\L MOVEhlENT AGAINST FOREIGNINTERFERENCE IN THE GOVERNLIENT, AND PRESENCE IN THE COUNTRY-MURDEROF SI*,IH SHUJA- FINALABANDONMENT OF I OST MUHAMMAD, who had ruled for 13 years it, the city which witnessed his rival's apparent triumph, had made D good liis flight to Balkll, where he collected his followers and made plans for the future. I-Ie had been in communi- cation with tlie Rulers of Bolcliara and decided to seek an asylum in his capital. In deference, however, to tlie opposition of liis brother, tlie Nawab Jabber I In addition, there IVEIS a party in his favour, whom the severities of Dost Muhanlmad had alienated-led by an itifluential chief of the Popalzai clan., This mould have proved a valuable nucleus round which to create a group of infl~lential persons favourable to the restored government of the Sadozais. The revolutiot~s,and blood- shed, of the past thirty years had probably rendered a large section of the population not sorry for a respite; and lastly an important factor in favour of Lhe Shah was his previous friendship with the Ghilzais. A great part of these warlike, powerful, tribes had held aloof from the Baralczais. Against these advantages, however, there was the autocratic, and haughty character of the Shah himself, too deeply ingrained to allow of a cllange. The infirmities of mind and body, due to his advanced age, added to his difficulties. None of thq. younger members of the Sadozai Family possessed any force of charac- ter, or ability, and they were of no assistance at all to the aged Shah -- I The first Afghfln war and ils causes I by Sir H, M. Durand, K.C.S.I., C.B., pp ,90-,g,. THE SITUATION IN AFGHANISTAN. 143 in his critical position ; the Sadozais also 11ad no cla~lat their back 011 whose devotio~ithey could rely. The misfortunes, and the ill-success atte~ldingShah Shuja, harl prohably caused men to he very chary of joining an unlucky Prince, and of si~pporringa dying cause. Every Barakzai 011 the other hand aclcnowledged Dost Muhammad's claim on his services ; and Afghans' reverence for a strong and bmve man had been won by him. Tl~edetermination to occupy the country until such time as the governnlent of the Shah had been suficiently estahlished to be able LO di pense with the presence of foreign troops, proved fatal to our orvn in fi.)oence in. Afghanistan ; and to the Shah himself. The situation is sum~nedup in a few words by one who was competent to pro~~ouncen verdict :-" A ~noclcIcing, a civil administration hated because, under forekn dictation and dissonant from the feelings of the Afghans, an envoy, the real king ruling by the gleam of British bayonets, and thus enabled to impose his measures, however crude or unpalatable. A large army, raising by its consumplion the price ol provisions and preying on the resources of a very poor country."' .4s early as October 1839, the Ichyheris, who had once been Shali Shuja's very good friends, were in rebellion on account of reductions of the subsidies which they received. I11 the following mouth, Lord I , The surrellcler of Nawab Jabbar I v$luntary surrender to tlie envoy in person, which he put into effect , on the 3rd of November. It showed his own opinion as to the con- ' The first Afghan war and ils causes : by Sir H, hl. Durand, K.C.S.I., C.B PP. '93'194. .'! ,I / I &tion of his affairs. On ihc rzth hc marcl~ed tn India with, 1 / sir Willcuglily Cotton, and for a tinie he resided in Ludhiana, from, I ! wl~erehe was removed to Calcutta. ; Prince Ti~nurgoverf~ed I , ; of Mlllla Shakur, and the appoil~tliie~ltof Mulia~nmad Usman I 1 Son of Lhe Vaeiel. lo Shah Zaman, Wafadxr Khan. , ,,,! !, THE N?\TlONAL RISING. '45 near. The indecisive actiolis fought by Sir Robert Sale, against the Ghilzais, were inagnifiecl into victories by the nakiooalists ; and ;I colour ~vasgiven to the reports by the ill-advised Treaty of Tezeen ~nade with the insurgents by Major hlacgregor. Moreover, Alcbar IEhan, the ve, seco~idson of Dost Muhammad, had escapecl from Bokbara, ant1 was ion [low at hand to direct the national movement, and lead the insurgents. 0 1 The people of the l Ghazis, and of Alcbar Khan, over the hated foreigners whoin Providelice the had delivered illto the llatids of tlie holy warriors of Islam. The NBS clestruction of the bazar in Kabul faded from the minds of all, but its lrtg peacelul occupants, u,ho had been lriendly to our presence ; hut ever)' Tlie illglian, who traversed this route-one of the high roads of tliecoii~~try og- -could not help but feel liis ~iational pride and religious lanaticism for stimulated, as liis heavily shod foot, or the hooves of liis pollies ndi~ or mules, crushed the bones rvitll which tlie path was strewn, and rvl~ich (ern were to him a testimony of national prowess, and the fulfiin yl-~~i:sndozai Pri~iceletshaving proved failures, the Alnirpost Mllllamnlacl \\-as allowed to return to his country, and wv]lilc the army of retribution was returt~illg throupb the Plllljnb to take part in tlie pageant at Ferozepur, Dosl ~~ull;~lllm~d\\,as passing through that Province bound for I The title of Amir \vi~ici~is slill used by tile Ua~.akzni Rulel.s of ICabul, lliis a Pcclllinr significance. I1 denotes tile possessol. of delegated R,,II,~~.I~~. Sultan [row an Arabic root also, which signifies pl.cr~an,inance,denotes wler \"ho lloids tinat position by right of conquest. Tile s~~ltanof Turkcy owes Itis presence in Europe to the conquests of his unc~stol.s.shah on tllc Itand signifies a desllotic sovereign ruling b,, uivine~i~l,t, an a,,locrnb Tllc Sadoxais by virtue of the prediction to their ancestol. ~~~d~ll~h clainled this right ; bllt it \\,as establistmed by tile grent AI,,~~~silai,xl great of orandin? inis lul-bulent nobility ; wl,om inis ssccessfill foreign ca,ni,aignsalone t'endered comi,laisant. It implies n power over tllc p,.rsons pl.operty of snbjcct, rcllllgnnnt to the ci~nrnrte~. the hgilanpeople. CHARACTER OP THE A&ILR'S 00VEllNhlENT. '53 -i- 1 I Within his jurisdiction, roads were safer Lhan tlley 11arl bee11 in aded i and former days. Two and a half per cent. mas the duty levied on merchan- 1ly of dise passing through his territor)', and ill the later periorl of llis govero- :hers ment after the war, hl. Ferrier mas infornled in ICaodnI~ar,and I-Ierat, last that even including illegal gratifications to venal olficials, the duty \<,as ent's not more than four per cent. This brought in revenue (accordingto the Fat11 '~lotoriousMolian Lall, who professes to have obtained the figures from seize Mirzn Samiullali the Aniir's Minister), estimated at ~,15,5ooI(ilb~11i rupees, or about .&o,ooo at Lliat time. The whole revenue at tlie and Atnir's disposal from the territory that acl [lcrnnn[ls llaLl beell salisfied 'I slroals of huugry soldiers and followers chiefs let loose on the villages to gather for themselves what ~lrcycan pick II~."' the ~~i~ Doel hIuha~nlnadhad taken possession of I(atidahar, llis llcir ~~~,~l;~~Haidar l ' hlisaion to I CHAPTER XIX. I\SIIR I\RDUR RA\~~~:\s-APGII.\I\'LSTAN,~1.1~B"PF~~~ S.r,rr~. ARDAR A17UB KHAN made a bid for the throne after o~~r troops' had withdrawn from I 1 Life of Abdur Ral~mnn,Au~ir of Afghanistan, Vol. I, Chap. IX, p. *lo. I ~ohnbhtrray, London goo. By Sultan Muhammad l ~ - Treaties, Engagements and Sannds, India, Voi. XI, Par1 V, pp. 326.7. 4th Edilion, ,909. THE PANJDEH IXClnEXT. 1% advancecl :ind occupied Pul-i-I Dukchi, a group of wells to the north of Andilchui, and within forty , miles or the Oxus.3 Unfortunately the Joint Co~n~nissio~lfoi~nd it impossible to agree as to the spot at which the Frontier Line should enter the cultivated tracts in the vicinity of the river, or actually meet it A11 the old papers bearing on the subject Iiad mentioned IChojah Salell as being the Frontier ; but no place on the river could now be found whicli both sides would ad~nitto be the 1 0 ' lbid. a In the meantime Brit:sh Ollicers belonging to tllc blission \.lsitcd Herat, and examined its defences, and the approaches to that place. Trenlles, Engagements ant1 Ssnnds, India, Vol. XI, Part V., 4th Edition, 1909. prosperity of the Uzbegs of Afghall-Turkistan. Early in 1888 demarcation xvas completed of the revised portio11 of the bouod- ary betmeen tire i Dard States of Hunza, Nagar, and others, of !vhich Gilgit had been the ancient capital. Over Balucl~istan, ivi'tl~ the exceplio~l of Kalat, Persia liad exercised a fluctoati~lgcontrol dorn~lto a recent period. The Pathall Sectiol~ was noniinally subject to tlle Rider of Afgl~anistan,wliile China regarded one or two of tlie Dard l'rincipalities as being uncler lier influence.' Tlie steady advance of Russia fro111 tlie Caspian had led Lo colisiderations for the protection of tlle h'ortli-West F~.ontierof India, and the celebrated Frontier Ollicial, Colonel Jolin Jacob, had foreseen the necessity of entering illto arrangeme~ltswith tlle tribes adjoining the Sirld Frolltier, and for the occupation of Qoelta at the head oftlie Ilolan Pass. In 1867, Sir Henry Green, Political Superintendent and Coqmandant of the Silid Frontier, placed the matter before tlie . Government oiliciallg. Thescheme involved tlie occupation of Quelta, and it was carefillly considered by the Goveromeut of India, and mas rejected in the inost decisive terms. On the question of border management, there grew 1111 tmo scbools, one of \\.llich believed the " close border" policy, as a general principle, to be the better. By this all unnecessary interference \\,it11 the tribes was to be avoided, treating them in a friendly maonel.wllen they behaved well, and punishing tl~etnwlien they molested us; but no attempt to occupy their territory or to send Britisll Officers arnolig them sbould be tnade, nor to establish any sort of control over them. The other school held that our officers should be encouraged to enter into close personal relations with the tribesmen, to enter their country, and efforts should be made In course of titlle to establish permaoent control over the tribes, and to illtrodlice sonle- thing like peace aud order among tbem.' For some time the advocates of the "close border" policy liad their way; but even before the second Afglian War, the Government of India had been compelled by force of circumstances to depart from this policy. As early as 1864 the establishment of a Political Ag.ency in I > Indian Frontier Policy ; Edinburgh Review, January 1898. ' Ibid. INOIAK FI 1893, both tile Indian Governmelit and the Anlir bc-i~~gweary of this perpetual friction, Lord Lansdowne sent his Foreign Secretary, Sir hlortimer Durand, to I 'Trealies, Engagemen~snnrl Snnarls, India, Bat. XI, qlh Edilion, ~grq. Ibi,i, Victoria had been correctly determinecl to be 37'-27', the positioos of I On this parallel ollnlitnde, cqaivalent lo about 7 nliles. Treaties, Engsgetnents and ~anatls,India, Vol. XI, 4th Edilion, 1909. sullllor~,allcl 11e has undertaken to make no attenlpt to disturb the pe:lce of Afghanistall. ,rklis inslIrrectio~iwas barely suppressed, when the Amir's cousin, bIollnlno~atlIsbak I brothers ; bllt tliis was an advaotage, as he was relieved of all dangers from falllily intrigues, which might haveseriously embarassecl hirn in ilis dealirlgs ivitll tlie refractory tribes. His cousins were very inferior to him in cliaracter and ability, and with the exception of Sardar h4uhanitnad lshak I Ifbid, Vol. I[., p, go. ' Afglianistan : Lhc BufferStatc. CBptain Gcrvais L~O,,S, x9@, I.,,, THE FUTURE OF AFGHANISTAN. 19; I progress made is due to the energy and foresight of tlie Rolers ; and d it is not the outcome of a desire for progress that has origi~iated S and grown up~vardsamong the people at large. Their appreciation e of tlie benefits of civilization is manifested in a directio~i which n threatens the tratiqi~ilityof their coontry-a Ireell desire to equip them- lf selves with Are-arms of rnodern patterns. This is .due primarily 11 to a feetitig of pervous app~.ehensiooas to the ultiniate fate of their I1 collntry, placed as itis between two Great Po~vers, and of tile ovec- 10 !vlielming strength of 'both, the Afghans are fully aware. With :s any rising of the tribesmen, to which the possession of serviceable re breech-loaders may tempt thetn, the hir with tlie resources ie at his disposal, would be able to deal st~ccessf~~lly,provided he was sd not serioi~slyembarrassed by grave family dissensions. As each year 11. pa?ses without disturbances, his positioli is strengtliened and tlie 7 on *r - likelihood of a successful rising diminishes. No foreign capital is 11 d invested in Afghanistan, and no Power would be compelled to inter- ,ed vene to protect tlie interest of its subjects, in tlie evelit of seriotls "P .disorders breaking out in that country. The effects even of complete Sir anarchy might possibly be confined within the bou~ldarieschat et~close :he the country. For this reason the linking up of tlie rail heads at 111. Chamao and at I LANGUtlGB AND L[TBRATURB OF THE dBGHANS. FIE languiige of the tribes who style themselves Afghaus, is Pashto ; and it belongs to the Aryan sub-family of the T Indo-European Izalnily of languages. In the irregularly- sllape~larea included by the boundaries of Afghanistan, the poplllation is, however, by no means entirely Pashto-speakipg. I' Rol~ghly speaking, we may say, that the country in which the ' r majority of. the popillation use Pashto as their language is sou the^-n alld &istern Afghanistan, the country to the west of the Indus from ' . its bend to Dera Ismail IChan, and a strip of Northern Baluchistan." There are only two dialects ; but several sub-dialects, the differences, however, are not so great as to render any one un- intelligible in a district where another dialect prevails. In His Majesty the Amir's territory, there is a gregt admixture of races, iacluding T;tjilcs, Ilazaras, IZazilbashis, and Icafirs, who speak the languages of the countries of their origin. With the exception of the Hazaras and Icafirs of the more remote districts, Pashto is general- ly understood, and the Afghans also understand the mother-tongue of their fellow-subjects, who are brought into contact with them. In the Hazara country the inhabitants do not, among themselves, employ . Pashto, bltt either Persian, or a language of Mongolian origir~. Tl~c Tajik population use Persian, their mother-tongue, from wllicll thc name of FarsiwBn or Persian-speaking1-a110tI1er appellation of this sectio~l of the people of Afghanistan-is derived. In Seistan, the Tajilc pop~llationunderstand and prefer to use the Baloch language, wl~ichbelongs to a distant group of the Aryan sob-family. The Balucll languageis also understood in Southern Afghanistan to a greater exlent than is believed. "The rugged character of its (Pashto) sound suits the nature of . the spe;il~ers,and of the nlountains ~vhichforill their llome ; but tl;eye ... h,'s;>>'.io, a ~orrllptionof Iiarsi-l are n~ostinharmo~~ious to the solnewhat Iasticlio~~soriental ear. Tradition tells us of the earliest linguistic survey 011 record, in wllieh a Grand Wazir brought to his king ~peei~nensof all tlie lar~g~~agesspoken 011 the earth ; but tlie specimen of Pashto consisted of the rattlir~~ of a stone in a pot. According to a well-known proverb Arabic is science, Turki is accomplishnie~~t,Persian is sugar ; I-liedustani is salt ; but Pashto is the brayingof anass I In spite of these unfavotlr. able remarks, though harsh sounding, it is a strong, virile language, - . which is capable of expressing any ideawith neatness and accuracy. It Afghans, is much less archaic in its general characteristics than Baluch, and has iy of the borrowed not only a good deal of its vocabulary, hut even part of its regularly- grariunar fro111 Indian soorces. " Pashto is written in a modification istan, the of the Arabic-Persian Alphahet. It has received co~~siderableattention spealciog. frqln scholars both in India and it1 Europe. -,a xhich the * 0 " Pashto exhibits many points of con~~ectianwith the Ghalchah Southern languages of the Pamirs, but still more closely related to these .l last is the curious isolated little speech, hnown as Ornlori or BRrgista clus fro111 ' . Northern (the speecll of Barak), which is the tongue of a few thousand b-dialects, people near Icanigoram in Waziristan * ' ". They have an inipos- sible tradition that they ca~iiefrom I'amao in Arabia, and that their r one un- language was invented for them by a very old and learned nlan uarfed , In His of races, 'I Umar Laban " some four 11undred years ago. They claim to be ,speak tlie . descended from acertain Mir BRrak, from whom one of the names of their tribe and of their language is derived. Tile language is certainly ception of an East Iranian one, and deserves more study than it has yet received, is general- It does ~iotappear to have any literature, but the Arabic-Persian her-tongue Alphabet, as adapted for Pashto, has been employed for writi~~g them. I11 it." ' es, employ ' The first person, who is believed to have used Pashto for literary igin. Tlie purposes, is tile fatnous Pir Roshan, Mia11 Bayazid m, the founder ofthe I which thc heretical sect of the Roshanis or Ihdbdis; and he used the national on of this ieistan, the Census of India, ,gal.-Languages. language, It mag be interesting to nolein this connection that Ormur(Persian, Chiro 13 I Emperor Aurangzebe. Mulla Abdur Raliman; who shares the pupit- Iarity of tlte I one entire ode to the abuse of the E~lglish in India, whom lie as a nation of shopkeepers", who, iu Hindustall, have tur~ledinto soldiers, anticipating the verdict of a more famous person. Two other Indian Afghans, the Namabs Hafiz Mahabat Khan and Allah Yar I by tile extension of British Ad~ni~iistralionuplo the present bouorl;lry. 'TIlc Roll is now divirled into three irregul~lr bloclcs, and froin the ' valleys of these strca~ns the salictuaries of the tribes, in tlie lliost rcniotc vallcys, are cufil;tcle~l, and car1 be reitclied with ca~ttp;tt.;itirc cnsc :~tlrlrapidity. It is now possible to concentrate agniost a group of ~~~lcontc~lts,allrl to crush the movement before tile evil li:~ssprcad, i111d infectetl the tribesmen in tlie adjoining blocks. A ge~iernlinsur- rection against law iilid order throughout Llic Roh has been rendered almost iinpossiblc. Sej-vice in thc Borclcr Police, il~lclMilitia Bntt:llions, proviclcs ioconlcs, nlicl Iiooorable employ~nent, consoriatlt lvith tlie character of tlie tribesmen \vlio enrol thcmselees gladly. The cosl ol bhc rin>l>lcforni of :~cl~ilinistratio~lin tllese are;ls is all insurallcc ;igailist ~llez~c~~rriiig ex1,oidilure of inoliey and lives, ml1icli mas entailed by strong ponilive cxperlilions in the past. Then our troops liild t,) fight ~lieir\xr;iy across a serics of very strong posilions, before the further ' valleys nrere reached, ml~ercalol~c, hy the destroction of lo\vers :~nrl villages, tllc crops 011 the plots of ctlltivated larid roulld tllc~i~,i117d Llle felling of orclinrcls, some ponishment conl~lIbe it~llictcdfor n;llilon ;~ndun~rovol~erl aggression 011 tlie part of the tribcs~neo. Tile ponislinent which it is possible to aclmi~~isternow is swiRcr :lilt1 Ileavier tl~anbcfoce. Tberc is a veil, of cotiimon sense i11111~11re~~~d- liess in tl~crlfgliai~ ch;iracter, which enables thcln to balancetlle prncti- ciil drawbacks rind possiblc Rdva~ilagesattencling a blind reliat~ccon Ll~cexllartatio~is aod pra~iiisesof their Moll;ls. The national tcodel~cy to become berserk-a~idvai~ity, are howe\per easily roused, nucl tlicli tllese failings ober~~rethe better jodgolelit of the inore experierlcerl members of a tribe and render tlie rank and 61e of the latter de;if to reas011. Uliless otl~crcanses callspire to excite these failings and rnove the tribesmen to take up :~rn~s,the pre;jcl~ings of the Mullas of tlrc henclits that may accrue .from a lioly war with infidels, are coldly received and fall on unresponsive liearts ; and as time goes 011 their baneful influence will probably decrease still more, ;tad they will at last bc oblig'ecl to conline tl~e~nselvesto tl~osesccular duties aud spit.itoal ~niiiistrations, mhicb render the blullas so iodispensable lo their illiterate and superstitious couotrymen.- -- NOTE. Alnjor R. Leech, C.B, Bombay Engineers, was (be fir1 person, alter BlpCin- stone, lo draw the attention of Ellropean scholarr to Poshtu and tito dialects or Iang Thc VosA or Dist7i~irrtionof LngrrEs nqrd fiIoLdi7r~s. In Southern Afghanistan, the distribution of lands and tenements alluded to in Chapter I (at p. S), does not appear to exist. During the progress of tile settlement of the Pishi~ldistricts, inquirie~were made as to whetber the systetll lladever been in force, and the result rvns a negative. Among the, Barec!> Aighnns in Shorawulk, however, a modiliciition of this custom appa- rently does exist. The reason for the absence of the custom is probably the srtetlt 01 cou~ltry over which the great tribes of Southern Afghanistan are distributed and tlie fact that irrigation is only possible within a coniparatively restricted area along the banks of tlie larger strenms and ri~rers,and the ioot of the tnountaio ranges wllere alone it is possible to l~avarecourse to ICnrezes. Tl~earea of pasture lands, and those on which crops depend altogether on moisture derived from the snow and rainfall, is very much larger tlian those where irrigation is possible. The conditions, therefore, onr. tile forlner are very inuch the same everywhere, and the owners of sheep, oats and other live-stoch, is quite as well off as, and in some cases richer than the persons who occupy tile irrigated portions; and their mode of lile is < more congenial to their dispositions. The inconvenience that would be e:~tailetl by redistributions of tribal lands and lholdings would not be compensated by any probable increasa of Individual wealth or comfort. The reason, therefore, for such redistribution does not exist, and the custom lias citlier disappeared or has never been in force among tlie tribes who occupy this part of Afghanistan. - APPENDIX 11. I After tile death of Sllah Tahmasp, tlle interi~aiallairs ofl~isKingdom fell into great disorder, and his successors were unable to nlaintaitl tl~eir authority ill Iihurassan, wliich Ilad.beel~over-run 11y the Uzbe s , until nbuut 1598.99, when Shah Abbas I was able to devote his rlndiviclc$ ittention to this part of his i and~~~~~ rose to hie11 rank as a noble of the~~~ Indian~ Court. -,~ While Randaiiar was in the l~andsof the lndian Government, a rctalia- tory expedition entered Seistan. Malilc Hamza-Iil~nnwas besieged in 1 Tlie valiant con~iiiaiiderRlehrib ICllan, however, was undismayed, and ;,I1 attenipts to storni tlie works were repulsed wit11 heavy loss. Sorties of the garrison were frequent, and inflicted zreet loss on the besiegers. On ono occasion a strong body of Pcrsi.111 troops fell oil the positions oftlio Vazier and Rustam I gnalling no offorts to takeit eariyin Lhoeighteenlh centur)~. The Deccan ulcer, l,owevor, had made vast inroads into the vitality of the Indian Empire, anrl the and pleasuro-ioving nobility arere no loilgcr capable of enduring tile hardships ontailed by campaigns ill Afghanistso Notwlthstaoding the increasing disorders that were talci!~gplace in the Icand~harI'rovlnce early in tile eighteenth century, the,Ind~anEmperors could lnalre no attempt lo take ndvantage of them to regarn the lost dependency. APPENDIX 111. RelnLio,x bchueee Shnh Mnlrn~wdo/? APPENDIX 1V. Relnfiolrs belwceri Lhe A/&hnss nnd ~ehsinqrs i?~ Lhs ycnr 1232 A. H. (6egn1z Thsrrsdny 21sl Nouenrber 1816, o~LdT7rcsdnj~ rlllz Nouember 1817), n~rdLhe enceL.~rulticlr $d Lo Llzc do?urr/nlnll of Vnaicr l;i?llr Khnn Bnmkani. The turbulont chiefs of I APPENDIX V. flolniiujrrDL+i~ree~c DosL Af?l/~nn~vcnd,R~iIcr o( I Sl~rtjnand of obtnioing.- assistalice against the ci-lvnnlRuler of Afgllanistan). I-Iaji Husen Ali Illinn mas des1~atchecl by the Amir to the Court of tllc Shah to rlcgotiate a treaty of olIcosive and dcfcnsive alliance betwcvn the LWO goiscromcnts, an the condition that a joint attack by Afghans and Persians should be )wade on Herat (held at this time by I<&rnrinLhe Satlozei) and on the fall of that city, the te~ritoricsdependent on it al~ouldbe divided between the Uari~lizai Ruler of Iiabul arid tlle Shah of Persia. All Llle countries-~ ~ Iviw,~.." -.oo tl~cWCSI of IILCriver of Pttr~h,exccl~ti~ig tile ~lislriclof Sab~t~!r:~r,were lo 11; lllc rllrlrc of rlk I'crsi;,!~~ovel.nlne~!t :l.ld ;,I1 t ic 1erl.itor). lo .I10 ens1 of tlt:.t rircr ;,nd i~t;ludi.~~- S:\I~zil