4 4 4 4 /fi T H E

A C ES O F A F G H A N I STA N ,

A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF TH E PRINCIPAL NATIONS HA TH A C U RY IN BITING T O NT .

”fi — Q ~ v n o Q ‘ A “ 0

- H B EL L EW M J O . W . S URGEO N A R ,

L A T E 0N S P E C I A L P O L I T I C A L D U T Y A T KA B UL . L

C ALCUTTA

C K E S P N K A N D C C . T H A R, I ,

T R U BN E C O NV . R C O . LONDON : R AND . ; THACKE AND "" M D C C C L " .

A ll ri h ts r served " g e .

ul a u fi N J

989“ Bt u21 5 PR IN T D B Y T R A C KE R S P IN K E , , PR EF A C E.

T H E manuscript o f t he fo llo wing bri e f a c c o unt o f t he ra c es of Af ha s a wa s w e n a t Kab u fo r th e g ni t n ritt l , m os ar a f er the d u e s o f t he d a we e o e r a nd a t t p t, t ti y r v , o d n e rva s o f e sure fr m o ffic a bus ess h t h e d i t l l i o i l in , wit vi ew t o it s t rans mi ss i o n t o Engl a nd fo r p ubli c a ti o n b ut fa n as d e w t o a c o se and b e n o b e d lli g ill it r l , i g lig o n tha t a c c o unt t o l ea ve Ka bul fo r In di a o n s i ck

'

e ve m u o se c ou d no t b e c a d o ut . l a , y p rp l rrie

A nd no w o n a rr a d a fi d m se f u ab e , i v l i n In i , n ing y l n l t o rev se t he e t o r e a r e a s sh o u d w sh t o do i t x , nl g it , I l i , by t he intro duc ti o n o f m uc h use ful and i ntere sting ma er wh ch is a a a b e have ho u h a d sab e tt i v il l , I t g t i t vi l

further de a ra her han n defi e o s o e its l y , t t i ni t ly p tp n ’ fut A nd k a e ara c e t o a n u c e a n u e . e w s e pp n n rt i r li i , . fully se n s i bl e as I a m o f th e in c o m pl e te ne ss o f t he w o rk a nd it s sho c o m s s a s e ve n s a re o e s s rt ing , till , t pr gr i ng with ra pid s tride s i n t h e c o untry w i th wh o s e

o e de a a nd i o f o t a c h p e pl s i t l s, i t s i mp r n e t a t t he subj e c t sho uld b e e a rly b ro ught t o t he no ti c e o f t he t h k n ub c have de e m e d it l e fe i a ble t o le in i g p li , I p t

t he b o ok o fo h in nc o m e e e s s in t he h rt it i l t n , o e w g p p that i t may di re c t atte nti;ne a nd fu rth e r e nquir y a nd 6 EF E PR AC . re sea rch into the nati o n al pe c uliaritie s o f the se veral ra c es re a e d o f s ce I b elie ve tha for t he e a c e and t t in t, p s e c u o f o ur nd an Em re t he m us e re ve r rity I i pi , y t, y lo b e e ro e d am o t he s o f its var o us s ub e c s ng, n ll ng li t i j t ; and h s b t he forc e o f m e n a nd u a vo dab e t i , y i p lli g n i l

c c ums anc e s . F or t o know t he h s or tere s s ir t , i t y , in t , a nd as rat o s o f a e o e is ha f t he b a t e a e d pi i n p pl , l t l g in

c o nvert t he m t o o a c o n e e d and e a c eab e i n ing l y l , t nt , p l s ub e c s t o w n ar c a o rs and a c ve ro te c ors j t , illi g p ti ip t ti p t o f t he we fare o f t he Em re owards wh ch from l pi t i , - os on and se f n eres the natura a v tat e . p iti l i t t, y lly gr i

H . B . . W L AHORE

2 951 1. J a n ua r 1 8 80. y, C O N T EN T S .

CHAPTER I .

I N T R OD U C T ION

T R CHAP E II . THE A F G HAN

CHAPTER III . HIS T O R Y O F T H E AF G HAN S

CHAPTER IV . BR IT ISH R EL AT ION S WIT H

CHAPTER V . SHER A L I

CHAPTER VI . THE PAT HAN

CHAPTER VII .

U U F Z A I 0 THE Y S 0 .

CHAPTER VIII . THE AF R ID I

I " CHAPTER .

T T K 0 0 THE KHA A . " CHAPTER . THE DA DI C ZE

"I CHAPTER . T H E GHIL J I 1 )

"I I CHAPTER . T H E TAJ IK " CHAPTER III . T H E) HAZ AR AH

T H E R A C E S

A F G H A N I S T A N .

C H AP ER T I .

INTRODUCTORY.

N O W that o ur armies are in possession o f Kandahar a nd

— a nd t r of Kabul the earlier later capi als, espectively, the

rr n E and as r t h e r lapsed Du a i mpire , , rega ds latte , the seat

of r n of n r n r gove nme t the succeedi g D u ra i Rule s, that is to

t o f S add oZai a nd r r say, the capi als the Shahs Ba akzai Ami s

n r t a re n r the questio a ises, wha we to do with the cou t y

r v n r of r and heretofo e go er ed f om these seats autho ity, latterly

in t h e n possessio of the Ruler seated at Kabul . The ques t ion is o ne which must before very long be

n r of n n on a swe ed by the logic accomplished facts , co seque t

n of n n the stern dema ds ecessity more tha of mere policy .

F or v n now n r ha i g , as we have do e , completely dest oyed the authority and gove rnm ent of the tyrannous a nd treacherous

rr n r r it n our to n Du a i Rule s , whose powe has bee policy mai

n a nd r n t n r r Of n r it tai st e g hen duri g the past qua te a ce tu y , . is now incredible that we shall delibe rately abandon the

n r n n i n r r n v now va tage g ou d gai ed, g o e the g eat da ger we ha e

r b v o ff a nd v n r t o rn the e y sta ed , lea e the cou try a p ey inte al

n r a nd r r rn n r r. a a chy, a p ize to the fi st exte al adve tu e It is e ojually incomp rehe nsible that we Should again commit the

O f r n d r e n n r folly . resto i g the est oy d gover me t of the Ami s B 1 0 O INTRODUCTI N .

of rulers who have successively proved themselves faithless

n n r in n and to their e gageme ts, t eacherous their deali gs, ' in r r n n hostile their conduct towa ds the B itish Gover me t .

rn n n r r The other alte ative is to admi ister the cou t y ou selves ,

or of n n u either directly , through the medium ative age cy nder n A nd in our o wn supervisio . the belief that this is the res p onsibility which we must sooner or later take upon our

n ff r n of selves, I ve ture to o e to the otice the public the followi ng brief accou nt of the principal nations i nhabiting

n t w a of r n ro Afgha is an , by y a small cont ibutio towards p perly u nderstandi ng their several tribes and t hei r divers e

r nd n national int e ests a political tende cies . The political meas ures i nitiated at Simla before our aveng in ro on n and g army c ssed the border its righteous erra d , which brought the Durrani Amir into the British camp and placed his capital in the hands of the British General — and this with out n ra m C ha ras a o n Opposition , for the demo st tion ade at y the 6th October by a hast ily collected rabble is no t t o be se ri o usly considered in the light of an effort to defend the city . us in n r n o f no t n th e put possessio , without se i ous resista ce , o ly

n o f r of v r of r n n perso the Ami , but his ast sto es milita y mu itio s

— n r r n r guns by the hu d ed, ifles by the thousa d , cart idges by

n and w r t o n I n o ur n the millio , po de by the . fact, by u opposed march t o Kabul we knocked down what we had built up — th e power o f the Amir o ver a consolidated kingd o m ; a nd w e destroyed what we had helped to create — vast stores of war

material .

n n oo n F o r e n A nd all this o t a mome t t soo . w ow k now

for n w as nl o r one a certai ty, what o y suspected bef e, that the was nurtu red in the deepest treache ry to his publicly pledged

n a nd n and w as n allia ce frie dship , that the other dilige tly i nc reased from day to day for the o pportu nity to be expe nded

no c in dis against us . But it is t my obje t these pages to ‘ nor of our o era t io ns in cuss this subject , yet the conduct p n n n n and Afgha ista . These topics can be m ore co ve iently INTRODUCTION .

a n of dvantageously dealt with hereafter, whe the history the p resent and preceding n in this country comes 0campaig s to be written as the final issue of a quarter of a century of

r t n w rr n r n n political ela io s ith the Du a i rule s of Afgha ista . It is mo re t o o ur present purpose t o consider who t h e

are n r n people with whom , u der the comp ehensive term Afgha ,

a re no w n n m ere we brought i to direct co tact, and who it will very long be o ur ine vitable duty to govern as subjects o f our

r n of o u I ndian Empi e . Of the ecessity of this issue r past a nd p resent dealings with this country there is no longe r any in n n n A nd n ad vantage bli ki g the co viction. the soo er we

r o ur r t decla e will , the mo e promp ly will the people accept

t h e n and a v to new situatio , accommod te themsel es the regime

r t r t a nd n Of B i ish ule , j us ice , protectio . I n the composition of the Afghan nation there are many c onditions favou rable and advantageous to the peace able and

e n o f our r secure establishm t ule , if we only set about th e

r rn and n wo k with ea est i telligent purpose . And the du e appreciation of these conditions will be the crucial test of r or . o ur success . failu e As a n aid towards arriving at a correct j udgment o n this

- r n n an n r n r n and n all impo ta t questio , e qui y i to the o igi eth ic affi nities o f the various peoples composing the complex Afghan nationality— apart from the inherent interest of the subject itself— may perhaps at the p resent j uncture p rove u n r w m r seful . The e qui y ill at the same time ake clea to the reader the prime causes o f the anarchy a nd i nstabili tywhich have c haracterized the histo ry of t h e country e ve r since it emerged from a position o f subordination to its neighbou ri ng

r on r and n r one of empi es the side of Pe sia I dia espectively , to absolute independence u nder native sovereigns — causes which o w e t heir origin to the di versity o f race a nd the antagonism of; tribal i nterests among a hete rogeneous a nd barbarous v n n u n na people , who ha e bee o ly bro ght together as a atio lity

of t n and n n by the accident posi io the bo d of a commo religion . l 2 O INTR DUCTION .

n n n r Before enteri g upo this e qui y , it is necessary to pre mise — less as a hint to the c ap tiops critic than as an ap ology to the earnest student— that the work has been wri t ten fo r the most part from mem ory at odd i nte rvals o f leisu re from Official duties du ring th e cou rse of t h e p rese nt campaig n in l and t n O f n - Kabu , , with the excep io some ote book memo r n e n n t n a da which I happ ed to have at ha d , wi hout the mea s o f r r n o r nd n efe e ce to auth ities for dates a details . The accou t

r n r of r a nd r n t r but is , therefo e , ecessa ily a b ief summa y a u e ;

it v r r t w n t o such as is , howe e , I t us that it ill be fou d embody

f n n r — of w n r ne w a nd su ficie t i fo mation much hich is e ti ely , ,

S O w no w n far as I am a are , for the first time published , bei g the resul t of perso nal enqui ries and research du ring se veral

’ years service o n the Afghan Frontier— to e nable the ge ne ral reader to understand the mutual relations t o wards each othe r a nd towards ou rselves of the several distinct peoples com

r in is n n u a n t p ised what k ow to s s the Afghan natio ali y .

For the purposes of this enqui ry it . w ill suffice to consider as Afghanistan all that region which is bounded on the north

t h e a nd on n on by Oxus , the south by Balochista ; the east

r t h e n a nd o n by the middle cou se Of I dus , the west by the

r of r n n f r n dese t Pe sia . The i habita ts o the a ea thus defi ed are not a u nited nati o n o f the same stock a nd lineage ; nor d o t hey possess the same political i nterest s a nd tribal atfi

it ie s O u-th e n r n f d ff r n r a nd n . o co tra y , they co sist i e e t aces,

r n n t r v nt and n n dive se atio alities , wi h i al i erests a tago istic

n a s r ambitio s towards each othe . The only c o mmon bond of u nion among them is that o f

r n and t v n o f n n w n eligio , to his their de otio is a fa atic ki d , o i g ‘ t o the blindness o f their ignorance and the ge neral barbarism

n t o w o f r n n . o o o thei social co ditio It is a dev ti , , hich has been foste red and stimulated in no small deg ree — though no t al w ays wi th u nifo rm earnestness o f response — th rough the p I ie sth O O d by the persistent and de te rmined efforts o f t he

— of DurI anI — o w n n dominant race, the , who has ed the co tinua ce INTRODUCTION . 1 3

of his authority and power to our consistent suppurt in return fo r a pledged frie ndship which has at last been discovered t o . w o r and r r n n t o e nd the ld as false treache ous f om begi ni g .

n o r r n The cohesio , h weve , which the seve al disti ct races derive from the i nflue nce o f a common religion is not very

r n nor v r w n t n st o g e y durable , o i g to the classifica io , somewhat

un n r t w o r equal though it be , of the people u de the g eat and

n r o f n hostile sects i to which the chu ch Muhammad , k own

t n r n vul o by the erm Islam (whe ce Muslim , plu al Muslimi , g ' n n for it s r I n Musalma , the ame professo s) , is divided . other n n n t words, owi g to their divisio i to the or hodox Sunni and

r S o and the hete odox Shia . great so i rreconcilable are

and n t w o r v the j ealousies a imosities of these i al sects , that

r n n n they dest oy, to a co siderable exte t, the stre gth otherwise

i r r r f of n r - de ivable f om the p o ession a commo eligio n. A nd thus it is we find that the religious element alone fails com

‘ ple t ely to domi nate the dive rgencies of race i nstincts and

t n r ribal i te ests . To the operation o f t h ese causes combi ned is to be a tt ri buted the fact that the Afghan nat ionality remains a dis

n n O d ff n are n u ited agglomeratio f i ere t races , which o ly loosely

r s o n o ne o r of r held togethe , lo g as other them , p opped by

n n and u n in t n exter al allia ce s pport, is mai tained a posi io of

n r F or n r a nd r domi nance as the ruli g ace . the last hu d ed thi ty

r or ’ n n n n years , mo e less, this domi a t positio has bee held

n or n r l in r r n t o by the Afgha , , as he is ge e a ly styled efe e ce

h is n r n r rr n a nd r bei g of the uli g ace , the D u a i ; it is f om him

t t h e n n t the n r hat complex atio ali y, as well as cou t y itself,

r — n and n n have recei ved thei names Afgha Afgha ista . The principal nationalities which tog ether compose the

n n o f n n n t h e t n i habita ts Afgha ista , are the Afgha , Pa ha , the

and r . r are th e Ghilzai, the Tajik , the Haza ah The e besides lesser nationalities of the Char A ym ac on the western frontie rs

a U on r n of bout Herat, the zbak the southe n ba k the Oxus ,

a nd K afir on south eI n of the the slopes Hindu Kush . These , 1 4 INTRODUCTION .

r an n n in ff of th e howeve , exercise little , if y, i flue ce the a airs

n r a nd n not now n o ur t n n cou t y as a whole , eed e gage at e tio . Let us p roceed to notice as b rielfly as possible each of the first in s e t turn . H C APTER II .

T H E AFGHAN

T H E traditions of this people refer them to S yria as the country of thei r re s idence at the time t hey we re carried aw ay n B ukh tunasar n r and n i to captivity by (Nebuchad ezza ), pla ted

n t in ff r n of r and M m as colo is s di e e t parts Pe sia edia . Fro

t n u n r r these posi io s they, at some subseq e t pe iod , emig ated

r n n n n r of w r eastwa d i to the mou tai ous cou t y Ghor, he e they ” we re called by the neighbouring peoples Bani Afghan a nd “ ” n r or re n of n a nd r n of r Ba i Is ail, child Afgha child e Is ael I n co rroboration of this we have the testimony of the pro

E r f t h e t en r r wh o phet sd as to the e fect that t ibes of Is ael , w r rr n t v n and n e e ca ied i to cap i ity, subseque tly escaped fou d

e t h e n r o f A rsare th b e refug in cou t y , which is supposed to

n r o nt r of r n and ide tical with the Haza ah c u y the p ese t day, o f o rt I t t he which G hor f rms a pa . is also stated in Taba

r — a r r w n n m n cati Nasi i histo ical wo k hich co tai s , a o g othe r i nformation a detailed accou nt of the conquest of this cou n t ry by C hanghig Khan— that i n t he time O f the native S hansabi dynasty t he re was a people called Bani Israil li ving in n r a nd r n that cou t y, that some of them we e exte sively e ngaged in t rade with the cou ntries arou nd .

w as t t in r nt r of This people se led the Gho cou y, to the east

H r t nn n n e a , at the time that Muhammad a ou ced his missio

— 2 2 A nd as th e P roph e t o f G od about 6 A . D . it was the re

-b in- of C uresh r of r that Khalid Walid , a chief the t ibe A abs, c t h t h e n ne w h a nd a n ame to hem wit tidi gs of the fait ,

’ n r rr n invft ation to join the Prophet s sta da d . The e a d O f this Arab apostle would apparently support the view held . 1 6 T H E E N RAC S OF AFGHANISTA .

by some that the Afghan people were originally of an Arab

r and n r o n t ibe , had li ked thei f rtu es with the Israeli tes in

r and r lo t of the t en r r r Sy ia, sha ed the t ibes which we e ca ried

nt m a . n f away i o captivity Be this as it y, the missio o

l no t for rn Pr Kha id was without success , he retu ed to the o

n n of or v n r n phet, accompa ied by a deputatio six se e rep ese t

ati ve m e n of the Afghan people a nd their followers

n n in n - r n amou ti g all to seve ty six pe so s . The C hief or l eader

f rt n or o this pa y was amed Kais Kish . The traditions of the people go on to the effect that this Kais and his companions fought SO well and successfully in

o f r on n the cause the P ophet, that Muhammad, dismissi g

r n n t them to their homes , p ese ted them with ha dsome gif s ,

o n on r r n c mplime ted them their b ave y, and givi g them his

n r t r r r r n n a nd ro blessi g fo e old a glo ious ca ee for thei atio , p m ised that the title Of Malik (or ki ng) should disti nguish “ ” f r r o . i t their chiefs eve (The term Malik , may be here

1 3 n r n n n t A t noted , appare tly peculia to the Afgha atio ali y. the present day it is the ti tle of the lowest grade of nobili ty

n n t n a nd — amo g the Afgha , the Pa ha , the Ghilzai , that is to

P ukhto- n A n t he n- sa . y, the speaki g races mo g Persia speak ” in r rr n n n r n g aces , the co espo di g term is Kala ta amo g the ” a nd n r and A csacal n Taj ik , Mihtar amo g the Haza ah , amo g

f I r r o . n n the Turk. t ibes Balkh each case the te m sig ifies

o r A t r m r chief the same time the Pophet, as a a k of r a nd n o n special favou disti cti , was pleased to change the Heb re w name o f Kais to the Arab o ne of Abdur Rashid

r n o f the r — a nd r n r the se va t t ue guide , exho ti g him to st ive in th e nv r n o f n rr o n o f co e sio his people , co fe ed him the title “ ” Pah té n -a rm w n o - n , te hich the Afgha bo k makers explai

r an w r n n r r of to be a Sy i o d sig ifyi g the udde a ship , as the ne w p roselyte w a s henceforth to b e t he guide of his p e ople in the way they should go . For centuries after t his period the history Of the Afgha ns n in t and as a d isti nct people is i volved much Obscuri y , it ” T H E 1 AFGHAN . 7

'

' w Ould seem ' t lI at it was o nly some thr ee or four hund red years ago that their p riests began co ncocting ge nealogies and histories t o gi ve fo rm and cohésion t o the ve ry mixed nation ality which had a t about that time grown i nto existence as

a of v n a nd d nas tic n result the political con ulsio s y revolutio s , which du ri ng p recedi ng centu ries h ad j umbled up t ogethe r withi n the area Of the cou ntry no w k now n as Afghanistan

r of ff n r of ri n a va iety di ere t aces, some which were o gi al

o r n nd r n - a e w . early occupa ts, othe s comers At w hat pe riod the Afghans o f Ghor moved forward a nd

e in n r n now r s ttled the Ka daha cou try, which is thei home , is

n ot n w n a r w v r r r n s o f k o . It ppea s , ho e e , f om the w iti g the

rl n n in r n r o f r ea y Muhammada historia s, that the fi st ce tu y thei e ra— the se ve nth -eighth o f ours — t h e p rovi nce of Sistan was

o an n n t h e r r ccupied by I dia people . At that time te rito ial extent of Sistan w as very much wider than the restricted

r n o f r n n or little p ovi ce the p ese t day. At that time Sista ,

S a is tan n in r t he j as it is writte native books , comp ised all co untry from the head waters o f the Tarnak and A rgh asan

r v r a nd o r n o f o n t t h e i e s the T ba a ge hills the eas , to Nih Bandan range o f hills a nd Dashti N aum m ed — Dese rt o f Despair— o n the west ; from the valleys o f the Helmand and

r n r v r o n n r t o t he r n r n A gha dab i e s the o th , Khoja Am a a ge

h n t o n I t o r i n a nd t e . Balochista deser the south c mp ised ,

t he D ra n ia a and A ra chOsia o f r r r . fact, g n the G eek w ite s The

rm r t rw r is t an r t n fo e was af e a ds called Sij afte the Saka Scy hia s ,

nt r o f o ur e ra . a nd who occupied it about the first ce u y , the

t t r G andhar n n n r w h o it la e was called after the I dia Ga dha a, ,

o v r w r n r in r n seems, e po e ed a ki d ed people p ior possessio some

ti r G r n me afte the eek co quest . Who the I ndian people occupying this country a t the t ime

‘ o f n n r n n n b ut it this Arab i vasio we e will be me tio ed prese tly ,

r no t n n n t r b ut seems clea they were the o ly i habita ts he eof, ‘ S hai ed it wi th th e nati ve Pe rsian a nd o the r i m mig ran t t ribes

o f r n S cythic o igi . For the provi nce itself derived its name 0 H A N 1 8 T E RACES OF FGHANISTA .

' of S a i stan S istan f m S who j , ro the aka; were rob abl th e s am e people as the S éka H amuvarga men p y‘ ‘ ’ t ioned z in the tables Of . Darius (see Ra wlinson s He rodotus )

“ ' ' ” aka wellerso n t he or w c h as S d Hamu Amu, hi h from the earliest t imes b een the name of the lower course of the Oxus ' river ; t he l atter term b eing the Greek form o f

' Wa khsh is n o f U t he , which the ame the pper Oxus above

n b ' h P n h it t e . poi nt . w ere is j oi ed y a jah

~ of e r It is probable that, in the course the repeat d milita y

‘ ' expeditions C arried by th e A ra bs from the side o f Pe rsia

‘ ’ ’ agai nst Sind, a variety o f ne w races were brought i nto the n cou ntry forming the southe rn part o f the present . Afgha is v t a n a nd n . C n in r u , that exte sive ha ges occurred the p e io sly t n n exis ing local distributio of the i nhabitant s . In the begi n n o f n ce nt r n r of i g the te th q of our era, the cou t y Zabul

n n . of n of n n as ista (the old ame the souther half Afgha ista , Kabulis tan was of its northern half) w as inhabited by a variety of a S n diffe re nt lan ua es a nd n r ces peaki g g g , eve at that time

’ the A rab W rite rs were pu z z led as to their origin a nd ident ifi n catio .

8 0 n n This being , we may co clude that the Afghans whe

‘ v n n n they ad a ced i to Ka dahar, which they did in all proba bility. as military col o nists u nde r the standard o f the Arab

' Kh stlif at t r o w n r o f r r , firs held thei by fo ce a ms , but g adually bei ng in the mino rity as to nu m be rs blended with t h e co n

r a nd r I n n n que ed people , became abso bed the ge eral populatio

f h o n r o n ro r e n o t e . c u t y AS c que s , however, they r tai ed their o w n n n w in of co n atio al title, hich time became that the

n r r n quered people with whom , by i te mar iage , they ide tified i v w r n a fforde d themselves . This ie is suppo ted by the evide ce

r n b w r n by thei ge ealogical ta les, hich , it appears , we e o ly conco cted l o ng ce ntu ries afte r the A rab conquest of the .

n r and the n r n o f n n cou t y, co ve sio its heteroge eous populatio to

‘ ‘ the new faith which so rapidly Spread over and change d t he face of Asia .

H E C ES o r 20 T RA AFGHANISTAN .

' ‘ ' ‘ t he Pesha rf v l v Khw esh i wa al ey , where the illage of g mai ks

‘ n m r n o f n their p ri cipal settle ent . The e are still ma y the cla

in r n a nd oh ist an of r are no w G ho ba d Kabul , whe e they

‘ n o f Kh IiS hkari or ' K uch kari k no wn by the ame .

J S r r t o H n n a nd D ekk an The KAN I ea ly emig ated i dusta the ,

‘ a nd no t no w k n n in n t h e are ow Afgha istan , though by some n n Shinw ari are supposed to belo g to this divisio . These several tribes are di vided i nto a number of clans

nd - n o f o f w are t n t a sub tribes, the ames many hich dis i c ly

O f I n i n o r n. t r w r d a igi The special Afghan ibe , ho eve , is called

‘ and r n n n Abdali , is mo e commo ly k own Si ce the time of Ahmad

Shah — the first independent sovereign of A fghanistan of this

— n m r n rr n r race by the a e Dur a i . The Du a i comp ise the

o n n or n S addoz a i Po ulz a i f llowi g chief divisio s clans , amely , , p ,

’ r H alakoz ai z I I rz ai I shacz ai a nd Ba akzai , , Achak ai , N , , Khag

r a nd n r n — w ani . Thei home fixed seat is Ka daha provi ce the

r o n r o f n r a n r r fo mer c u t y the Ga dha a , who , at ea ly pe iod of

r e ra r n r n ntr n o u , sp ead i to the p ese t Hazarah cou y alo g the

o f H and r nd r r courses the elmand A gha ab ivers . Membe s

n r are n in of each cla , howeve , fou d small societies scattered

o r n c n u a nd all ve the plai ou try p to Kabul and Jalalabad , t hey a re t here settled mostly as lords of the soil o r military

ffe eo o f n far n n feo es , the p ple the cou try , SO as co cer s the agri

r n n n n o r cultu al commu ity , bei g their te a ts serfs . The S A DD O Z A I clan furnished the fi rs t i n depende nt Shahs,

n rr n n a nd r k rn or ki gs, of the Du a i dy asty, the Ba a zai fu ished

r o r r . n o f w as v the Ami s , dictato s The li e the Shah s o er

r n in r n r n t r ro t r r o o f th ow the thi d ge e atio , af e a p acted pe i d anarchy a nd contention which b roke o ut imm ediately afte r the deat h of the fi rst ki ng a nd fo u nde r o f the nati o nal indC T h n e nd e nc e . e r nt r w n t o t he c on p li e of the Ami s , e i ely o i g

n r o f r t o n n siste t suppo t the B i ish G ver me t, has reached a fo u rth succ essor in the person of the no w evilly notorious n Yacub Kha .

no w to the c r n o We must return an esto , amo g wh se descend T H E AFGHAN .

n n e n m S b a ts the Afgha s class themselv s , a ely, ara an . T his n n r n ame is evide tly a co ruption, or perhaps a atural variant ' form o f S uryaba ns — the s ola r o r royal race — no w rep rese nted in n R a t n I dia by the j p ii . Similarly the ames o f his so ns

Khrish rin and S har un r n n S heoré ni a r y j y , and of his g a dso , e

C learly changed forms o f the c o mmon R aj p lit and Brahman

n r n S ur an and S h iva ra m S h e oram proper ames K isha , j , or . How the Afghan genealogy-monge rs came to adopt the n r n n r r ame Sa aba will be u derstood , if we efe to the ante ri o r history of the country in which that people settled as c on

u ror n e s . r q It was stated in a precedi g passage that , du ing the

' first century of the Muhammada n e ra — the seve nth of our o wn— n n n the cou try of Sista , which at that time i cluded the

n r n n n prese t p ovi ce of Ka dahar, was i habited by an I ndian

was n ff a people , whom it the persiste t e ort of the Ar bs to com

n r A nd n r r rd que r a nd co ve t . we k ow f om the eco s of history

rt n n o f that, apa from the tra sfer or displaceme t populatio ns consequent U pon p rior i rruptions of Scythic hordes from t he n rt - r t n r r i o h east , the e ook place about two ce tu ies ea l er, or

r n a nd nn n o f o f o ur du i g the fifth begi i g the sixth era, a ve ry po we rful emigration o f an I ndian people from the western bank of the I ndus to the valley o f the H elmand and its tri b utar w r n y streams, to a ds a ki dred p eople already settled

r the e .

r io n e n m a sse n r This emig at was owi g, it would appea ,

r t n n n o f J a nd t to the ir up io i to the I dus valley the ats, Kat i , a nd r t r r other Scythic t ibes, who abou that pe iod pou ed o ve r t h n u and t — e t s e Hi d Kush . The Jats Ka ti the G e and Catti o f European authors — are no w largely represe nted in this seat bf their early conquest in the J at ( o r Guj ar as he is commo nly

r t ur n n and in styled ) ag icul al populatio of the Pa jab, the Katti

f K at tiwa r o r K a i wa r o tt ya .

I n n J a t n w n n G U ELI ' Afgha istan the is k o by the ame of J , w hich is a Hindi term expressi ve o f his calli ng as a reare r o f

a nd d n n in r cattle a husban ma , and he is fou d the g eates t 2 2 T H E RACES OF AFGHANISTAN .

’ n YI I sufz ai n r di umbers in the cou t y , especially in the hill s t ric ts o f and B a awar Swat, Buner, j . ‘ The K A TTI are no t kno w n in A fghanistan as a distinct peo

n r o f r n ple , though , appare tly, they have left a t ace thei ame

r t o f K at taw az - o f n in the dist ic , to the south east Ghaz i , - a nd in certai n sub divisions of the Ghilzai tribe who bear t he n Kut takh el a nd Ka t tikh el ames .

h o n n n r r T is b dy of I dia emigra ts , who mig ated f om the n u n o f l n I d s to the Helma d , was com posed a peop e professi g

B udhist r n and n w r rr the eligio , who , fleei g a ay f om the i esistible

of S n n n r n t n wave cythic invasio , aba do ed thei a ive cou try, and took alo ng with them the most sacred a nd che rished

— - . r w r of relic o f their Spi itual la giver the wate pot Budha.

r out of The relic, which is a huge bowl ca ved a solid block o f d r n r n n saw in 1 8 2 — and ark g ee se pe ti e , when I it 7 most likely it is still in the same posi tion— was lyi ng in a n obscu re

n n n n r nt little Muhammada shri e , o ly a few hu d ed paces dista ” from the rui ns o f Kuhna S hah r old city — ancie nt Kanda har n n of B udhis ts w ho o carried t r . The desce da ts the it he e h v n n Musalm ans a nd n t a e lo g Si ce become , merged their ide ti y

' r th rh ood o f he r in the common b o e Islam . T sacred elic of

ir a n n n a nd n for is the faith of the cestors, u recog ized u cared ,

' r r n r n and n t a nd no w cove ed w ith A abic i sc iptio s , lies eglec ed forgotten I n a n obscure corner close to the spot where it w as in times gone by treated w ith the utmost reve rence a nd m o s t

r o r o n a nd t of pious care . Its histo y is f g tte , , like tha the

nn it an u r n n infidels co ected with , is tte bla k to the fa atic

n I t n fo r Musalman o f the prese t day . is e ough the people that they e nj oy the b lessing of being counted amo ng The

~ 3 a nd r o n m o f n. S o o w er Faithful , bea the glori us a e Afgha p

f o f in ff n n n a nd ful is the e fect Islam , e aci g class disti ctio s

n m r t o u r ancie t me o ials , red ce all its professo s to a common in b rothe rhood the faith . The I ndian pe o ple w ho e mig rated from the I ndus ail d established themselves as a powerful colony on the H e lm and E T H AFGHAN .

’ ’ e G andarn r w as G n r wer the , and their count y the a da ia of the

' ' r e n r and r c n r Greek autho s . They wer the Ga dha i , thei ou t y

’ ' ' “ h n u r indh . the S fI Gandhara of t e Hi d write s . This peopl e

' and n r w no tic e d m ore t it their cou t y ill be fully hereaf er, but

' may b e stated he re th at the early emigrants no t only gave ‘ " n G andhar or n or n r the ame of , Ka dh ar, Ka dahar to the p ime

of ne w n and t seat their settleme t rule , but ac ually, some ten

n r n r u n r r e ce turies late , se t a powe f l colo y back to thei p imitiv

m u n m r n r n of r r ho e . . Ret r e ig a ts enti ely ig orant thei mothe

n r a nd r n n t n r and cou t y , , ege erated by Islam , treati g heir ki d ed

“ n r n infidels foreig e s alike , without distinctio , as cursed and ” n Hi dus .

' ‘ . Y u Mahm and The emigration of the sufzai and , with the

' Khakhi and G horyakh el Afghans from the Kandahar p ro

’ ' ' i v n . Pesh aw ar b e r r r o n , . i ce to the l valley will desc ibed fu the

; H ere it w ill suffice to i ndicate the ~reason .why the Afghan genealogist took the te rm Saraban for the name of the a nces t or of fir t r n n o r inall n r or the st of the h ee atio s g y Spru g f om ,

r e r r n t K al sfi S ur ab ans refe r d to, thei great p oge i or y was the

' ' distinctive race t itle of the Raj put people among w hom the

an r a nd n en n Afgh s had become abso bed , , i dep de tly of clan - divisio ns and v also . a in sub di isions , it was . title held high

' r n the C O le un r espect amo g p p of the co t y at that time . Fur

r n a nd n o n the , as it i cluded a large importa t p pulatio , it was a

n n n r o an n r t co ve ie t te m ‘t adopt as a cest al ti le .

o n v r in no t ended t o Its ad ptio , howe e , way keep alive the

n n n of nor of t h e origi or i flue ce th e term , that people to m o . r r wh the title specially applied This, pe haps, was pa tly n t h owi g to the disguised form of the word , but mostly to e ' l n n n f n I t a ears r evelli g i flue ce o the ne w religio . p p f om a c omparison o f the national character and customs o f the

e i n and of A n n r r n R mts of I dia those fgha ista , as ep ese ted

' -b A n r ve r ' remarkable m r y the fgha , that the e is a y si ila ity

t n o n in be wee the two pe ples . As for i stance the laws of t of n hospitality, protection to the refugee , exac ion ve geance, 2 4 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

of n r n jealousy female ho our, the brothe becomi g by righ t

’ n o f r and husba d his deceased b other s widow, others which ‘ r n o a e also ordai ed by the M saic code . AS to national char

' r a nd insufl e ranc e of n n acter, the warlike spi it co trol , addictio

v a nd r n r r to ices debauche y , i stability of pu pose , p ide of race ,

o f n n n and e rsdnal n a nd r t j ealousy atio al ho our p dig ity, spi i o f dominee ring are pretty much alike in t h e t w o peoples no w parted more by B rahmanism a nd Muhammadanism than

r rr r n r n h r by me e te ito ial dista ce . Apa t from these agai , t e e

r r n n r n is the ve y st iki g physiog omic esembla ce , which is e ven more p ro nouncedly o f t h e J ewish type in the Rajput

n n it in n n n t he n o f I dia tha is his dista t ki sma Afgha . By Muhammadans of Asia Mi nor and the Weste rn countries

n S r n r the Afgha is usually called ulemani , appa e tly f om the supposi t ion that he dwells on the S uleman range o f mount

n so t he t a re n ai s . If , . name is misap plied , for here no Afgha s

n r settled on that ra ge . It would appear more p obable that

n nn w n n o f r the ame is co ected ith the a cie t Solymi Sy ia ,

a re n n a nd r in n who me tio ed by Herodotus , who we e olde

r in n r times much mixed up with the Is aelites that cou t y . It is not improbable that some o f these S olymi were also

r n o n r s and t car ied i to captivity al g with the Is aelite , tha

v n r and they may ha e become i corpo ated with that people ,

n in t n w n r n I n accompa ied them heir subseque t a de i gs . this

w e o f r on th e case might suppose that some thems we e am g

of r a nd n n Afghans Gho , the suppositio would explai the - n o f a b in- n fo r m issio Kh lid Walid to these Afgha s , the Solymi

f r i were a n Arab people o the same ace as Khalid . It s pos

n t he o o f n n a nd n sible , i deed , that S lymi the a cie ts the Afgha

m m w r i n and o a nd o f the ode s , e e or gi ally one the same pe ple ,

t h e n r l r r n fo r that Ba i Is ai we e me ely refugees amo g them , ,

t o f t er r n in r w r w a t the ime h i fi st settleme t Gho , they e e al ays ” n a nd n spoke n of separately as Bani Afgha a B a i Is rail .

of n and of E s n r the Ey t he people I dia, the a t ge e ally, i nl n P n in Afghan s more commo y know by the name atha , T H E AFGHAN .

w Pukh o- common ith all other t speaking peoples . Sometimes n he is also called Rohilla, but this ame is properly applicable

n n fi a tive of n o ly to the true Patha , the Roh (the Highla ds) ,

n on n e the true Highlander, as will be explai ed further u d r

of n n in r n . ow the head Patha Amo gst themselves , and thei

n r n r t cou t y, the Afgha s rarely, if eve , call hemselves by these n ar h a . e or A o n n ames They simply Afghan g , as it is commo ly

r n n or C or rr n p o ou ced , of such such a lan ; they are Du a i , a term which only came i nto use with the rise o f the nation to a n i ndependent sovereignty under Ahmad S hah in 1 747

n t oo n in n It is the ame , , by which this people is k own I dia as r r n n n n n ep ese ti g a disti ct gover me t . The Afghans admit t hat they are Pukh tana — the Hindustani form of which i s

’ Pathan — but they are care ful in i nsisting on the distinc tion

w n n and P n Pukhtana in bet ee Afgha atha (or , the word use

n I n sa amo g themselves). fact, as they y, every Afghan is a

’ Pukht Iin n of Pukhtana Pukh t I I n or n (si gular ), but every , Patha ,

not n n r is an Afgha . The distinctio thus made is a ve y

o ne t wo o f f a nd proper , for the peoples are dif erent race

r n n n r n o igi . The Afgha is a Patha me ely because he i habits

t n n r and n a Pa ha cou t y, has to a great exte t mixed with its

and n o f people , adopted their la guage . The people the

o n r o n r n a nd c u t y, their part, have adopted the eligio , with it

n o f n r a nd o f ma y the man e s customs the Afghans , though most tribes still , re tain certain ancient customs peculiar to t v n r n hemselves , which ha e survived their co ve sio to Islam ,

r r a nd serve as guides t o the elucidation of thei pre vious histo y . To enter upon an investigatio n o f this subj ect is altogethe r

on of o ne er o f bey d the scope this treatise . It is , howev ,

b r n n and r r of r r . a so bi g i terest, would well epay the labou esea ch

r w n n a re F om hat has bee stated , we see that the Afgha s

n t a nd r n r r a disti c peculia people amo g seve al othe peoples , who togethe r compose the mixed populatio n o f the cou ntry w i no w n l v n h ch is amed after them . They ca l themsel es Ba i ” and r r n n S h Israil , t ace thei desce t from Ki g aul ( Malik Ta it) D 2 E 6 T H E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN . in n t o or the r regular succession dow Kais Kish , g eat n in n n ancestor o f their ation Afgha ista . Of their numbers at the present day it is difficult to form u n an estimate , tho gh I thi k it probable that they do not

l n n t ny . v exceed a mil io souls , if eve hey be so ma They ha e fo r many centuries enj oyed a high reputation for their martial

t and en r in r o f quali ies , have be la gely employed the a mies

n n n n - r eve ry co queror i vadi g I dia from the north west o west . Numerous colonies a nd baroni es o f their people are to be fou nd scattered about in differe nt parts of the Indian peni n

and one — rt n — sula, they at time the thi eenth ce tury establish f n ed a dynas ty o kings at Dehli . They have risen i to real

n n w n n r and importa ce , however, o ly ithi the last ce tu y a

r s o A nd th e n of r n a nd half o . this by accide t thei sudde u nexpected bound to independence a nd the dominant r ule

n A s w n v of their cou try. a people they have al ays bee e illy n r r n n r r and oto ious for thei faithless ess , lawless ess, t eache y,

so so n A han be-imtin brutality , much that the sayi g fg the Afghan is faithless — h aS passed into a p rove rb among n r n and n u is n d eighbou i g peoples , , oddly e o gh , ack owle ged by h v r n n n t emsel es to be a t ue cou t, not o ly in their deali gs

r n n . S O w ith the St a ger , but amo g themselves too far as their history a s a n i ndependent and ruli ng people goes they have

t n not ra n cer ai ly belied the cha cter assig ed to them . A

r o f v rn n v .O f r r o f darker reco d misgo e me t, of ice , t eache y,

r and r o n n m r s c r r savage c uelty, of opp essi , tha a k the a ee of

n n nt n r n in nn th e i depe de Afgha s , is ha dly to be fou d the a al s

f a n r n n n o f n o r of t o y othe i depe de t state moder times , h e

o sam e peri d . Let us glance at their history from the time they firét becam e k no w n t o the world as an i ndepende nt people u nder

f t r o w n r no t n r a king o hei ace . It is a lo g pe iod to go ove r - - o nly o ne hund red a nd thirty t w o ye a rsT and the re view

r and r as n r be w h t b ief hur ied it must ecessa ily , ill Show w a t hey h av e done and what they have no t done for th e ir

C H A PT ER I I I .

H I S T O R Y O F T H E AFGHANS .

nn n n r AT the begi i g of the last ce tu y Afghanistan , at that time known as Khu rasan (a Persian word signifyi ng the East or the Levant of the Persians) was divided pretty equally

th e n E — sa between Mughal and the Persia mpires , that is to y,

and a n n r r a nd and Kabul Gh z i pertai ed to the fo me , Herat

n for r n Ka dahar to the latter . Both empires had long st ive

of and n for the possession the other half, Ka dahar had repeat e dl r of one o f th e y passed f om the grasp to that other . Both

and n n o n Herat Ka dahar hated the Persia rule , as much

of n ff n o f r n account the existi g di ere ces ace , la guage, and reli

n one n n and o n t gio , the bei g Sun i the other Shia, as accoun o f proximity and the dread of strict rule whilst towards the

l E n of n Mugha mpire they looked with feeli gs attachme t ,

r on of f n t o n n of pa tly account race a fi ities , par ly accou t trade n and r on n and i terests , pa tly accou t of religious unity, to some extent also on account of distance and the hope of a mild a nd

r n protective gove nme t .

r of v l n o n The glo y each empire , howe er, had ong bee the wane ; the stability o f e ach w as undermined ; and each went

n — in one in a t its o w pace rapid the case , and slower the other

— r n n r to fi nal dest uctio . At the time we comme ce f om , the Ghilzais of Kandahar began to sho w some impatie nce o f Pe r

and r w r n n m sian rule , successive a mies e e se t to bri g the to

n r o f n r a nd r , obedi e ce . The seve ity the Persian ge e al his t oops

n r r n r how ever, o ly exaspe ated the people to mo e combi ed esist . and in 1 70 a r in n n h ance , , 7, the Ghilz is ose ope revolt u der t eir

ir W the n r r and r v chief M ais, who killed Persia gove no d o e th e n his troops from Kandahar, and himself assumed gover H I S T O R Y O F T H E AFGHANS .

an n n r ment as i depende t rule . This act was the match that

r l n n fi ed the o g prepared trai .

n h t lfe n H r Withi a s ort decade , Afgha s of erat (the e com m onl l o f n and y called Abdali) followed the examp e Ka dahar, r n r A sadulla n S addoz ai ose in revolt u der thei chief Kha , , who

r n v rn r n n ousted the Pe sia go e o , and himself became indepe de t

r f n rule o the provi ce . A nd so matte rs stood in Western Afghanistan till the close

f r r o the fi st qua ter of the century .

s i r on n n o f About thi t me there appea ed the sce e , as Ge eral

P r n r r r r the e sia army, Nadir, the celeb ated Tu kman f eeboote , who very soon acquired a world-wide noto riety as the ruth

n of n a nd E r less co queror both the Persia Mughal mpi es . He

n n r ej ected the Ghilzais and Afgha s , who had in the i te im o n n and verru Persia, recovered Herat , drove back the Russia s,

n n n r in the , deposi g his sovereig , assumed the c own himself

1 32 r S n r aft er a 7 . Five years late , Nadir hah took Ka daha

n old n protracted siege , razed the gra d city to the grou d ,

u n and n ploughed p its i terior, built a mea substitute , which

a r o n w on n a he c lled Nadi abad , a low s ampy site the plai

r n in of mile or so to the eastwa d . Whilst e gaged the siege

n n of a nd n Kandahar, he e listed a stro g force Ghilzais Afgha s ,

n n s ub e c ravaged the cou try arou d, reduced the people to j

n and n on o f b e v n tio , fi ally, the fall the city, ad a ced to the

n T en r conquest of Kab ul and Norther India . yea s later

n 1 4 n r of P n r of agai , 7 7, the co quero the a jab and the autho t h e massacre of Delhi was assassinated j ust as he reached the

n un n n as con Persian border lade with told sp oil , re ow ed the

ueror of r t q the age, and exec ated as the rival of hose ruthless

— T mur scourges C h anghiz and y . n O n r A nd now we come to the role of the Afgha . his ma ch

n h is n r r n c on to India, Nadir had raised u der sta da d a st o g n f s H is n . r ti ng ent o Afghan . pla was this He o dered a ce sus n of in n r and by households to be take every tribe the cou t y, t hen ordered a certai n percentage from each to j oi n his standard 30 T H E E or RAC S AFGHANISTAN .

nt laces ° full for n at appoi ed p , y equipped the field . The e umera tio n the n made is the only exis ti ng au thori ty for the p o pula

n n r a nd i tio of this cou t y , is st ll Quoted by the people as the n r n t r v r r i dex of the st e gth of hei se e al t ibes .

on n r r an i n Am g the Afgha t oops so aised was Abdal oble , .

ddoz ai r S a . n m n chief of the t ibe His a e was Ahmad Kha ,

’ a nd he j oined the co nque ror s standard with a continge nt o f

r o n e n h r n n ho se . the r tur marc f om I dia, Ahmad Kha himself with a weak detachment of his men was in attendance in o o f n n n in r in the r yal cam p , the bulk his conti ge t bei g rea

r t h n r of cha ge of e treasure convoy . As soo as he hea d the

of and n n in n death Nadir, k owi g the hatred which the Persia s

n n w his m en and held all Afgha s, he at o ce fled the camp ith

‘ O n r n hastened to Kandahar . arrival the e he came upo the treasure convoy which was in charge of the rest of his contin q

n and n . ge t, at o ce seized it Wi th the wealth thus fortuitously acquired he bought over ll n A n n a nd n a the pri cipal chiefs of both fgha ista Balochista , a nd by their u nanim ous consent was crowned king at Kanda l h ar on n r n on , an emi ence ove looki g the plain which the pre

m r and n n . se t city sta ds He i mediately dismantled Nadi abad ,

n n n a r or fou ded the moder city, which he amed Ahmad Sh h ,

nd and n I t a . Ahmad Shahi , made his capital royal reside ce is more gene rally k nown by the n ame o f the origi nal ca pital

n r a nd r o o n Ka daha , is said to occupy the ve y sp t which the ad ventu rous Afghan seized the treasure co nvoy— the accidenta l

m ea ns f his n r . n n éo elevatio to oyalty It is a better tow tha

w o n o f and n o n the retched producti Nadir , sta ds the high road

n o n f a r a n o . c oss open plai , ab ut two miles to the orth it At - best it is b ut a poor collection of mud built houses crowd ed

e w n a nt n but n tog ther ithi fortified w lls , and co ai s a si gle

din o f a n r — the buil g y a chitectural merit namely , mausoleum

f i n r o t s fou de himself. i M A w as n n in 1 74 as AH D KHAN crow ed ki g 7 Ahmad Shah ,

‘ ” urr Durrén or a r of r and the t is s t o D i , Pe l Pea ls, ti le aid O R O F T H E HIST Y AFGHANS .

have bee n adopted from the disti nctive custom of the Abdali

r of r n n r e ar t ibe wea i g a small pearl studded ri g in the ight . I n the followi ng year he took Kabul from the Persian G o v

ernor n t r and u , who had bee lef in it by Nadi , th s established

r n of r his autho ity in the home cou try . The rest his p osperous reign o f twe nty-six years was occupied in an unceasi ng

r of n and r n cou se co quest plunder . He epeatedly reple ished

o f r n on of n his leaky c f e s by successive i vasi s I dia, raised the

n a o f his n n of n n n me atio to a high pitch re ow , Ope ed a career for the ambition and greed of his hu ngry and luxu rious

r n n and an r nobles by fo eig co quests , , at his death, left empi e extendi ng from the Sutlej a nd the Indus o n the east to the Persian dese rt on the w est ; from the Oxus o n the north to

n o n H e h a d n for the Arabia sea the south . gai ed as wife

T m ur son a nd - r n u o f y , his heir appa e t, the da ghter the Dehli

E r r and o a nd n mpe o , with her as dowry Lah re all Pa jah .

’ Ahmad Shah s caree r w as o ne of conquest a nd plu nder

r rn a nd r r and th oughout . Bo b ed a soldie , he lived died a

r r v r a nd w soldie . He p o ided his estless lawless people ith

n n nt a nd n t o a nd o co ge ial employme , Ope ed his fickle ambiti us

n for r n of r d obles rich fields the g atificatio thei esires . But

h e n n fo r n n of n did othi g the substa tial be efit his cou try . His code of law s and regulations for the gove rnment o f the

h n r w a s a n r t n one ome cou t y ideal mo e ha a real . His people

a nd o n r r a n b r c u t y em i ed much the same as they were efo e , w ith the diffe rence only that the wealth and pageantry of a

- newly created court attracted many from a pastoral and w an

n o ne of 1 t and r l t deri g life to cou t etique te mo e sett ed habi s .

o a nd un r in t l1 ei1 r But as a whole , the pe ple co t y espective ’ n n 1 h r ff ne w of t n co d itio s we e a dly a ected by the state hi gs .

o ne n n w r t The co ti ued to be the la less , estless, and ambi ious

t a r people , greedy for weal h without the l bou o f honestly

rn n n be — l ea i g it, wh ich they had always been oted to this ast quality being a t rait in the character of the nation w hich recei ved a very powerful im petus by the enormous riches they 3 2 T H E E or RAC S AFGHANISTAN . acquired u nde r the successful a nd repeated expedi tio ns o f

n A nd r n n their ki g . the other emai ed u developed , without

nd for th e r a . oads , without security traveller

A S in 1 3 and AHM D HAH died 77 , was succeeded by the heir o f

on T m u n s r. r of ne w his choice , his seco d y The fi st act the

n ' t o n o f r ki g was put dow the opposition his elder brothe , f hi H n b ut tin out s . e n u Sulema , yfp g eyes the gave himself p

and n r of l and n to pleasu re the pagea t y court ife , left the gover me nt of the cou ntry to his mi nisters and provi ncial adm inis

rs n t h e r t o t ra t o . He cha ged capital f om Kandahar Kabul ,

n r a nd generally spe t the winter at Peshawa , which became a

r n of T m ur sort o f second capital . The eig y was a complete

f r r ar contrast to that o his fathe . The epeated milit y expedi

r r t v a nd n nt tions a nd hauls of t easu e , the res less acti ity co sta

n of rr r r r o r now annexatio s te ito y, which cha acte ized the f mer,

r and r o n and gave way to luxu y pageant y at h me , to mi strels

- n nd k-fi h tin r t o n a . n r bayaderes , pigeo fa cy coc g g P ovi ce afte p rovi nce of the conque red states cut adrift a nd fell away from

- r r n t h e new ly raised empi e . Finally the t easury, faili g to be

o n replenished as heretof re from abroad , ran dry; disconte t

and r n of n became rife , the fi st sig s the comi g storm began to

T mur r o n a n ff show t hemselves . y pe s ally was despised as e e

son of m i nate voluptuary, but he was tolerated as the his

and r n an r father ; this fact, mo e tha y othe , Shows the high in w b estimation hich Ahmad Shah was held y his people , for

r n n n t n he is no w ha dly k ow except by ame , the commo io s a nd usurpatio ns o f succeeding years havi ng fixed the mi nds

r n o f n r r o f th e people to mo e rece t heroes , though mea e calib e .

’ I ndeed t h e e ve nts of the short decade of Nadir Shah s rule over this count1 y are better kno wn than those o f t h e full ’ - n v r n n ne quarte r century o f the Durra i so e eig s reig . The o

’ n r w h o and n w as a co que or destroyed subj ugated , who pla ted

rn r o f r v v a nd wh o Persian go ve o s a compa ati ely ci ilized stamp ,

’ t r o o f n i ruled as a n au oc at . The ther was the leader a ba d tti ,

nd n r t o w h o ravaged a plu de ed , and was subservient the will O F T H E HISTORY AFGHANS . o f t and of his suppor ers followers . The deeds the one are

r — of r r remembe ed the othe fo gotten .

T YMUR i in 1 793 t a n of n r and t d ed , af er reig twe ty yea s , lef

r or n r r f n o . a sco e so of so s, and a la ge umber daughters Of his

n n v rn o f r so s, Zama was go e or Kabul , Abbas of Peshawa ,

Kuhndil of n of n M o f Kashmir, Humayu Ka dahar, and ahmud

r all r n rr n E r He at . And this was that emai ed of the Du a i mpi e o f m of r Ah ad Shah at the death his successor . It was me ely mi n o r u n n r . the ative P khtu cou t y , with Kash r added ZAMAN S H AH succeeded to the throne through the support f n o n m n . Paya da Kha , the pri e mi ister of his father This able a nd t n son of as ute mi ister was the the celebrated Haj i Jamal ,

r k n r n and su Ba a zai , who had bee the most active pa tiza p porter o f Ahmad S hah when he w as fi rst made king and his object in no w taki ng Zaman in hand was to use him as a puppet

t r o wn t n . n whilst he ma u ed his ambi ious desig s Zama , how

h ad no r n t h e t n n ever , soone asce ded hro e tha his right was

’ n H um a im and co tested by y at Kandahar, by Mahmud at

r n t n re Herat. He immediately ma ched agai s Ka dahar and d uc ed the r and t n r forme , he proceeded to He at , where he was n l forced to a comp romise owi g to rebe lion at Kabul . In the

o f r A n midst these t oubles , gha Muhammad Khan, the fou der o f r n C a ar n t o t r n the p ese t f dy asty, came the h o e of Persia , and v n r n c eS S 1 on of , ha i g seized Khu asa , demanded the Balkh , n t n n n which still ominally per ai ed to the Kabul Gover me t . n n t o r v th e of Zama , u able esist, ceded the pro ince in hope mak ing a friend of t he Persian for the furthe rance of his o wn ulterior designs on India ; for it seems t o have become clear

r n E n on n to him that the Du ra i mpire , fou ded the plu der o f n a a- n w I di , could not be kept goi g ithout periodical supplies

r t n t n of f om hat i exhaustible source . Wi h the alie ation

r o f n b w as a n n e Balkh came the evolt the Pa ja , which appa ag

’ o f E r of T m ur s a nd Zamén w as the mpi e as dower y wife ,

nt n t o n co e t appoi t Ranj i t Sing as his rule r at Lahore .

A t un t r n n t he n t this j c u e Paya da Kha , prime mi is er , 3 4 . T H E E or RAC S AFGHANISTAN .

findi ng the moment opportune for dethroni ng the puppet w n h n n n hom he fou d less flexible t a he had recko ed , e tered i nto a league with Shuj a-ul-Mulrk (the brothe r of Zaman) to

o h se t him o n r n . v r the th o e The pl t, owever, was disco e ed

n w n n and his to Zama , who forth ith executed Paya da Kha

e o n r r . O n t n so n n f ll w co spi ato s his Fath Kha , the of Paya da , w n r of and r v r e t ove to the side Mahmud , , with aid de i ed f om

P r n n a nd n r e sia, seized upo Ka dahar i stalled Mahmud the e .

n n his r r n an r for Zam a , forsake by suppo te s , se t a my the r r o f n r w h o ecove y Ka daha , but it deserted to Mahmud , , thus

r n n r n a nd r st e gthe ed , ma ched agai st Kabul , defeated captu ed n n u t n a nd out . Zama , put his eyes The bli d mo arch ltima ely

r t o n and n of p oceeded Ludhia a, there became a pe sioner the

rn n B ritish Gove me t . n H aving established himself at Kabul , Mahmud ext seized

r r S -ul- r Peshawa f om huja Mulk , who fled at his app oach

n n of n o d reading the ve gea ce Fath Kha . This ccurred at the

n n o f th e r n n r a nd o w comme ceme t p ese t ce tu y , was f llo ed immediately by a risi ng of th e Ghilzais to contes t t he govern

w . n ment ith Mahmud They were defeated by Fath Kha ,

ut t n in t he w n r a nd ff n b revol ed agai follo i g yea , su eri g a,

o nw second defeat subsided int quiet . Mea hile Mahmud had . rn l a nd no n r rn o n retu ed to Kabu , he had soo e tu ed his back

r n S a n n co n Peshawa , tha t , collecti g his supporters a d a

rable o r m r n and in 1 8 03 — th e r s ide f ce , a ched agai st him , , yea the East I ndia Company t oo k Dehli — cap t u red Kabul a nd im w t n t h . as n e p risoned Mahmud Whilst this e ac i g at Kabul ,

ar n of r an t o n r t C éj Ki g Pe sia made a tempt to seize He a , but

rn r of n w h o le d t o n his gove o Khurasa , the expedi i , was v n n f n e . o w n o a re defeat d F llo i g this , the Go er me t I dia, pp h e nsive o f the meditated i nvasion of I ndia by Napole o n in

- r n n o f on n n c o op e atio with Alexa der Russia , decided ope i g

t -ul- and E n relations wi h Shah Shuj a Mulk , despatched lphi

’ P w r r n m e t st one s Mission to esha a , where the B itish e voy

o n r s t he D u rrani Sovereign a nd c cluded a t eaty . Thi

r 3 6 T H E RA C ES o AFGHANISTAN .

w so r n and u n rupture ith powe ful a serva t, the mistr stful ki g

an o n bided his time . The Persi s had for s me time bee med

’ ’ lin and n r n in afl a ifs r and in 1 8 1 6 d g i t igui g the of He at , , , had f t n n got possession o the place . Fa h Kha was se t to clear t o ut o r n hem , which , with his usual go d fo tu e , he did very

nd ff . w n increas p romptly a e ectually His success, ho ever, o ly

of o f h is ed the enmity Mahmud , and roused the j ealousy n s o n Kamra .

I n 1 8 1 8 o n o r v n n , s me t i ial prete ce , he was made a priso er

a nd a t o K am rén w h o r n by Mahmud h nded over , , to p eve t further chance of t h e more t han suspec ted schemes o f the

r w n t o r r v o f t r Wazir g o i g matu ity, dep i ed him sigh by th ust in -h o t in nt o — a n of r r g a red p i his eyes act ba ba ity, which , it v un n m w o w n is said , the sa age yo g pri ce com itted ith his

n O n r — r a nd n o f ha ds . this, all the Ba akzai chiefs brothe s so s

n— r in a nd w as r n r Fath Kha ose revolt, Mahmud d ive f om n v Kabul by Dost Muhammad Kha . The fugiti e made a

n z n o f his 0 sta d at Gha i , but unable to resist the impetuosity

nt n h is t o n so pursuer, co i ued flight Herat ; but, before doi g , Mahmud and Kam ran ve nted thei r hatred of the helpless prisoner in their hands by putting him to death with the

r r o f t n most hor ible tortu es . The murder Fa h Kha raised

o f v n n w of S a dd oz a i a storm e gea ce , hich sealed the doom the

n a r in th e fo r it Fath Kha s c ificed his life game he played , but

a a nd w t th e o f was not lost, his f mily took it up , i h sympathy

n n w o n r n the whole atio it . The Ba akzai came i to power u t in 1 8 2 6 nder Dos Muhammad , who , , established himself at

r r n r Kabul , whilst his brothe She dil held Ka daha .

A nd n th urr n E r r thus e ded e D a i mpi e . It ose up by acci; n a nd n wn t endurin us t r de t, we t do by misrule , af er g j th ee

and t en r v r n o f its o n r score yea s . The igo ous reig f u de ,

r o f t n con ues t and Ahmad Shah , was a pe iod ambi io , q g

n e r n of w as one o f 1 “ plu der . The feebl eig his successor P 83

r r and n A nd un of the su e , pa alysis , decli e . the stable reigns

s t Zamén S o and a ucceeding competi ors , , h p , M hmud, were a T H E HISTORY OF AFGHANS . 37

of a nd r and r of period anarchy disco d , of treachery tortu e ,

n n n r co vulsio s a d death . With such a career no empi e could

t o n r T he A n be expected e du e . fgha , who , with mushroom

w t n n t he r n r gro h , rose i to the positio of uli g ace , possessed n n of th e t t n B ut r n o e quali ies requisite to the Si uatio . ece tly r r no f r a nd eclaimed f om a wild madic li e , still illite ate

n n r n u polished , he failed to attach to his i te ests the copart ers

n a nd in the soil , to co ciliate his compatriots , to secure their

and r n v loyalty suppo t . He stood alo e amid the arious races which composed the nation ov er which he had acqui red th e dominion ; and he fought out his quarrels amongst his o wn n n people . His relatio s with his eighbours were vicarious a nd n and ha n n n n nor the u reliable, he d either the cou te a ce support Of either the Paramount Power O f the East or of that

Of the West. A nd so it was that the Durrani E mpi re sunk a nd dis

r but n th ur n a ot e . appea ed , so D ra i rule This merely p ssed from o ne family of the race to another — from the S addoz ai

r ’ r n of r w r r to the Ba akzai . With this t a sfer ule , ho eve , the e

a n r th e t n r T h e c me a comple te cha ge ove sta us Of the cou t y.

r w a nd w as e n l empi e had passed a ay replac d by the pri cipa ity .

h v r— E r r r n The Sha ga e way to the Ami the mpe o to the P i ce ,

r n of or n But besides this, the e was a cha ge a m e oteworthy

r n n w as all and impo ta t character. The home ki gdom which

n of th e no n n n a n nt r that remai ed empire , lo ger co ti ued i eg al

in nt r t r t O n whole ack no wledg g the ce al au ho i y at Kabul .

n r r n n n n the co t a y, it became split up i to the i depe de t chief ships o f He rat under Kam ra n— the last representative Of the S add oz ai family ; Kandahar u nde r She rdil a nd his b rothers j o int partne rs in the go vernme nt— K uh ndil a nd Rahmdil and

n w r t r ne in Kabul u der Dost Muham mad . Pesha a s ill emai d

n n m d th e n the ha ds of Sulta Muham a , but he held place o ly

rn n n n r n n as gove or u der Ra j it Si g , who , du i g the co fusion

o n o n r n f llowi g the mu der Of Fath Kha , seized Kashmir in 1 8 1 9 and this place four years later . 38 T H E E O F RAC S AFGHANISTAN .

When Dost Muhammad took up the reins of g o vernment é - at K abul the recog nized capital of the cou ntry — h e assumed

r of t h e v na n a nd o t the leade ship di ided tio , ad p ed the title of

— r o f n n w r Amir the fi st Amir Afgha ista . The o d is an Arabic ” o ne a nd a n n r w as r t n r , me s Comma de . It fi s i t oduced as a

t f n r r A m irnl- n n military ti le by the Khali s u de the fo m Mumi i , “ ” o r n t u a nd w a s w u n Comma der of the Fai hf l , besto ed po

r v n v n r r n p o i cial go er o s who we e subordi ate to the Khilafat , o r t E r n r r S ubse Caliphate , as mos u opea s w ite the wo d . que ntly it became adopted as a p ri ncely title by i ndepende nt r ulers of the mi nor states which looked to the head of th e

as n w A nd r a Faith their paramou t po er . latte ly it c me to carry w ith it a sense of subordi nation in th e ranks Of

r nt sove eig y . With the assumption of this title Dost Muhammad acqui red nothi ng more than a n ack nowledged p re -emi ne nce among the t local chiefs of th e country O f which he held the capi al . He

r no r r or r t r n n t it for acqui ed ext a powe ter i o ial domi io wi h , ,

o f t n on as a matter fact, his authority was limi ed to Ghaz i one f l lab d on t h o J a a a e . Side his capital , and other Whils t Afghanistan was bei ng thus partitio ned betw ee n

n O f n r o f a ff r w n r t the so s Fath Kha , the cou se ai s bet ee He a a nd Persia did no t run smoothly ; a nd in 1 8 34 a Pe rsian army n r th e so n a nd r- r n o f u der Abbas Mi za, hei appa e t Fath ’ S n n r n m r n Ali hah , the reig i g Caj ar Sove eig , a ched agai st

r n o n r w t Herat, but was withd aw a comp omise i h the isolated

r n S a r n Kam a . About this time huj , the efugee at Ludhia a,

n a nd r n t t h e n r se ei g the dismembered diso ga ized s ate of cou t y , se t o ut w r r r o n a d ith a large a my to ecove his l st ki gdom , n

r n n K uh ndil n out ma ched agai st Ka dahar . Here , holdi g ,

n th e of M r a nd o n summo ed aid Dost uhammad f om Kabul ,

r v a n w t o f O f his ar i al , Shuj , bei g defeated i h the loss most his

H i n r n w as r t o . s army, fo ced to fly Herat ephew Kam a ,

r n a nd nt howeve , closed the gates agai st him the disappoi ed S addoz a i had t o turn back a nd find h 1 S way across the S is tan H ISTORY O F T H E AFGHANS .

r or h m dese t to Calat Kelat , where Nasir Khan gave i asylum , n a nd sent him o n to Ludhia a . h This victory at Kandahar established the authori ty Of t e ‘ a w h ils t t he n r n of Barakz i , co duct of Kam a reduced the cause

n t n a nd r th e of the S addoz ai to a hopeless co di io , aised hopes t h e Pe rsian king in his ultimate views regarding Herat .

nt r n t n in f n n While these eve s we e e ac i g A gha ista , Fath Ali

Shah w as succeeded as king of Pe rsia by his grandson

A nd n n r S im onich Muhammad Shah . he , i stigated by Ge e al ,

n n rc n r the Russian Mi ister at Tehra , ma hed agai st He at and n n laid siege t o the fo r tress . It was galla tly defe ded by the

n a nd n u n of garrison u nde r the guida ce e co rageme t Lieut .

n r w h o a n r . Eld red Potti ge , h ppe ed to be the e at the time

n e o n t h e of n Mea whil , other side the cou try, Dost Muhammad sent a n arm y agai nst the Sikhs at Peshawar to reco ver the

I ndus pro vi nces w hich they had t aken from the Kabul Govern f ment with the conse nt o Shuj a . The Afghan army de feated

’ ’ t h e a t J am riI d n r K h bar b ut Sikhs ea the mouth Of the y , as Dos t Muham m ad suspected that his success might rouse the

v rn n r n n r jealousy o f the Go e me t of Lo d Auckla d , he e deavou ed t o stre ngthe n himself by communicating w ith the Go vernment

f a t n n o Russia, without, the same time, ceasi g his correspo d

of n e nce with the Gove rnment I dia . These t w o impor tant e vents — the Persian siege Of Herat a nd th e n o f t n Afgha defeat the Sikhs , bo h at opposite e ds o f the kingdom Of the D urrani - caused the B ritish Go vern

' nt n a nd ih 1 8 37 n r rn w as me some a xiety, , , Sir Alexa de Bu es sent to Kabul as B ritish Envoy to se ttle affai rs between

Dost Muham mad and Ranj i t S i ng . This was the fi rst in

n of r Env n n a sta ce a B itish oy bei g i st lled at Kabul . He had not n r n rd bee the e lo g when there arrived , towa s the close o f r n n n m Vit co vich the same yea , a Russia age t a ed . He

s r n and in m r wa was a my te ious i dividual , acted a yste ious y.

H r v l r and n and in the a t a e led by He at Ka dahar, latter place u Kuhndil made a treaty with the r ler , Khan, to defend Herat 40 T H E E A N RAC S OF AFGH ISTAN .

so in in the Persian interest . At Kabul he was successful his i ntrigues that he dive rted the Amir from his contemplated

n h r a nd r n n allia ce wit the B itish , , est a gi g Dost Muhammad ‘ rn off on from Bu es, persuaded him to break negotiati s with

r t Env the B i ish oy.

I n th e n of H r n n mea time , the siege e at, which had co ti ued

o r r o n n for three fou months with ut much success , was aba do ed by the Persians in conseque nce of the action o f the B ritish

in n and n fleet the Persia Gulf, , Dost Muhammad provi g

r G v n n of a Obdurate , the B itish o er me t took up the cause Shuj ul- t he n u v n Mulk , refugee at Ludhia a, as the rightf l so ereig of n n and on r n r Afgha ista , decided estori g him to his usu ped

' th rone in the h o pe Of his p ro vi ng a loyal ally a nd e fl ec tive

n n n r buffer agai nst the Persia s a d Russia s . As a fi st step

rd r n r r t w as towa s this p oceedi g , the famous T ipa ti e Treaty

n S u o n o w n t r th co cluded . h ja , his par , made a t eaty wi

n n n n r n t he Ra j it Si g , cedi g to him all the I dus p ovi ces which

S n n and n on rt ikhs had take from the Afgha s ; Ra j it, his pa , agreed to assis t the B ritish advance on Kabul to se t Shuj a f in the place o Dost Muhammad . P ER I C H A T V . W BRITISH RELATIONS ITH AFGHANISTAN .

r t o f 1 8 39 -ul- n r IN the fi s days , Shuj a Mulk j oi ed the a my o f t he n n n r r n a nd I dus u der Sir Joh (afte wa ds Lord) Kea e ,

rr v n a t n t r v r m r n a i i g Ka dahar, af e a icto ious a ch by the Bola , “ w a s t r wn a r r o f rr n he e cro ed Sh h , as ightful hei the Du a i ” E r t h 8 Ma r and r m n e . mpi e , on th y, with g eat pom p ce e o y

I n th e o w n nt h S h -ul-M m r ro f llo i g mo h , S ah uj a ulk a ched f m

n r t w r w r r w o n Ka daha o a ds Kabul ith the B itish a my, hich t he w a y t he re took Ghazni for him afte r a Short Siege a nd

r n O n b illia t assault . the fall of Ghazni , Dost Muhammad

fl ed n n u a nd r r n n beyo d the Hi d Kush , the B itish a my adva ci g

n se t a on t h e e tered Kabul in August, and there Shah Shuj

' thro ne of n r — a n f r his a cesto s first gra d athe . With this brilliant exploi t was secured the fi rst triumph Of the B ri tish

I t was r a nd n in r policy . sho t lived , however, e ded disaste .

t m all n and t and t For a i e we t smoothly, Bri ish gold jus ice

r nt n were much app eciated by the people . But prese ly, owi g n t o the i ndiscreet. a nd u warrantable i nt e rfe re nce Of our ” olit ic als and t n r n o f t h e r r of p , heir ig o a ce cha acte this n n n f r nt in r r r ro th e i depe de t people , so dif e e eve y pa ticula f m

a nd r n n n v n n r meek c i gi g ati e Of Hi dusta , a very ma ked

n m r cha ge ca e ove t h e aspect O f affairs . °We had set up a king on the throne of his ancestors with

v r v a nd r v r n e e y a ailable pomp parade , had decla ed him so e eig li icals t h e u n Em r and t n n o ur o t , of D rra i pi e , he at o ce , through p n f t e w a nd n de ied him t h e exe rcise o his legitima po ers, eve t h w arted his wishes in matters of th e most t rivial importance

— r r n u h i tl n r us , e ro s of j udgme t, which , tho g l gh y co side ed by F 4 T H E C E I 2 . RA S OF, AFGHAN STAN

r r n r n t o n a nd we e , neve theless , u bea ably galli g the se sitiveness

E t rn n pride Of a n as e ki g .

n ro n n h S a After the e th eme t of S ah huj , Dost Muhammad returned to Kabul from his asylum with the ruler Of Khulm and n m n t o r E n te dered his sub issio the B itish voy . He was

nt o f n and his n se f to I dia with some of his wives two of so s , a nd n n r of r rn n they became pe sio e s the B itish Gove me t . With the deportation Of Dost Muhammad the most dangerous and n r a nd th e o ly serious facto Of hostility was removed , Shah natu rally looked for the surre nder Of his kingly fu nc t n r En a nd w as n r i o s by the B itish voy, im patie t for the depa

o no t t of r t r . ure the B i ish a my His wishes, h wever, did suit

O f r t o rn n n the views the B i ish G ve me t, although the expe se

n n n r r o a t r n r of mai tai i g thei t o ps , so g eat a dista ce f om their

s w as o n o f r t o ba e , bec me a questio se ious perplexity . Added

S w as t r n fo r this, the hah himself s aite ed means to meet the

n w n rn n T - r o o . o d ff cha ges his gove me t obviate these i iculties , measures were set o n foot to reduce the S tate pe nsio ns o f th e Sirdars or Barons— pensions w hich had been originally g ranted for military se rvice to be re ndered whenever the S hah took the field .

r t he n These measu es , adopted with Object Of reduci g the

n th e r n n r a expe ses Of B itish occupatio , very soo p oduced

e n n n t h e n a nd t n v ry disco tented feeli g amo g Baro s , hey Ope ly

r and r of o t expressed thei disloyalty th eats h s ility . The fer me nt among the nobles a nd chiefs t hus c reated by these measures Of 1 8 40w ent on i nc reasi ng all th rough th e fo llo w i ng

r in r o r n nn r t yea , but were a most ext a di ary ma e neglec ed by

ur ffi w n n o highest O cials, though it was at the time ell k ow that the priesthood were u nusually e ne rge tic in sti rri ng up

n I n n th e the people agai st us . this state of the public mi d , G overnment reduced the allowances Of the Ghilzai chiefs in

r w and w r the cou nt y bet ee n Kabul Jalalabad . They e e the

n m a nd En r t he ti der, the Shah the atch , the British voy st uck

w o r w as t o t gethe . The spark caught up and immediately

44 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN . the same time returned to Kandahar from his asylum in

r n in the nd Yar Muh am Persia . Whilst He at remai ed ha s Of

m r r K arfl ran r mad , who had u de ed at the time the B itish

r v no w n n w as in a my e acuated Kabul . And all Afgha ista the

n f r ha ds o the Ba akzai . We need not follow the confused cou rse o f family j ealousies a nd n l n a ar r nor n co tests between Kabu , Ka d h , and He at eed w e stop to i nqui re i nto the reaso ns that i nduced D os t Muh am mad to march to Attock in aid o f t h e Sikhs agai ns t the

r in n a n ffi o ur ur B itish the Pa jab camp ig . It will su ce for p

t r t r pose to state hat Dost Muhammad , for the fi s eight yea s

t his r o n of ro n af er retu n to Kabul , was Amir ly that p vi ce r n not n l f om Ghaz i to Jalalabad , He did co quer Balkh til

1 8 5 1 — the first step in h is scheme Of a consolidated Afghanis

r t r m f r n . t o an tan Three yea s la e , he ade over ures allia ce

r o n n and b n n with the B itish G ver me t, these ei g well respo ded

in n r 1 8 55 h e n so n a nd r- r n to , Ja ua y, , se t his hei appa e t ,

l H d ar n w r a nd r o f r n Ghu am y Kha , to Pesha a , a t eaty f ie dship

n r n o f n was co cluded there th ough the Commissio er the Pa j ab ,

o n wr n I n e a1 Kuh nd il Sir J h La e ce . August Of the same y ,

n r r t r died at Ka dahar, and the Ami , th ee months la e , took the

and nn it n n o n t place a exed to his domi io s . This sec d s e p

n no w n r r w gai ed , he was a xious to secu e He at also , hich was

n r r t o rr n threate ed by Pe sia, but befo e he had time a a ge mat

O n t o t r n o n o f t . te s , the Persia s t ok possessio the pla e his D s Muhammad ap pealed to the B ritish G o ve rnme nt fo r aid to

o v r o r n n r n and o w n rec e this im p ta t fro tie of his ki gdom , foll i g

a and r in nn n 1 8 57 this up c me to Peshawar, the e , the begi i g of ,

n r t S ir o n n t co cluded a t eaty wi h J h Lawre ce . Shortly af er his ’ rt r w a r r n r a nd n depa u e , was decla ed agai st Pe sia, Lumsde s

o n n n w r n r missi was se t to Ka dahar, he e it remai ed for fou teen

n r O f r- r n H dar n mo ths at the cou t the hei appa e t, y Kha . A v r t n fter the e acuation of He a by the Persia s, the place w as v r t n n r w as a n n made o e to Sul a Kha , Ba akzai , who e emy o f r n r r e e I n 1 8 58 ot . the Ami , and oto iously a p g of the Shah E BRITISH R LATIONS WITH AFGHANISTAN . he received and hospitally e ntertained the Russian explori ng

ha nikoff r n K . n in expedition u der M . The Ami , disappoi ted

ra rn h isi a t te ntio n in n r his hopes of He t, tu ed a other di ection , and in 1 8 59 nn n u a nd r m n , , a exed Ku d z , secu ed the sub issio o f n r o w o n t n o f Badaksha , a thi d step t ards the c solida io his k n r t n n a nd i gdom . He a o ly remai ed to complete i t, this place

in 1 8 t of t e n n 63 . he took af er a siege mo ths The Amir, by

r o f n a nd and v nt this last victo y his lo g, active , ad e urous life,

t n r n n . at ai ed the desire of his hea t, a co solidated Afghanista F or his success he was i ndebted e nti rely to the alliance a nd

rt O f th e r rn n B ut t no t suppo B itish Gove me t . this fac did in

n r w n w t w o t in a y way d a closer the relatio s bet een the S ates .

O n th e n r r r n v n co t a y, the Ami ever ceased his igila ce in closi ng his country agai nst t h e European and whilst pleading

o o f n r lO S t no r n the h stility his people agai st the ace , oppo tu i t n m m and n n r n t y of abusi g the hi self, ope ly e cou aged his fa a ic

r in n H is r a nd m t n p iesthood vilifyi g them . epeated , al os dyi g , n n n t o - r n O n i j u ctio his heir appa e t, Sher Ali , was to keep

r r t and o n good te ms with the B i ish h ld fast by their allia ce ,

on no nt n to le t E n but accou , as he valued his thro e, an glish m an o n r set foot in the c u t y. Dost Muhammad was no t destined to enj oy the fruits of his

r . r o n 9 th n 1 8 63 n success at He at He died the e the Ju e , , o ly

f w n n r e . so a days after the place fell i to his hands His , She

A li ‘h ad n n - n n , whom he omi ated heir appare t, agai st the

of and r n as advice his nobles most loyal adhe e ts, succeeded - it r n n o r Amir. He had , is t ue , a co solidated ki gd m eady n n to ha d , but with it was to come the storm that had bee

r o n r p edicted all Sides for years past . Pe haps it is well it w as for r no so , She Ali had taste for the tame life of homo

rn n a nd no t n o f gove me t, could have resisted the be t his desire for foreign conquest had he no t been more se riously n e gaged at home . n m an w as He was ever a popular . As a child he way

a outh was n ward and quarrelsome . As y he u der the res 4 T H E E OF 6 RAC S AFGHANISTAN . t raint in n l and h Of captivity I dia , but his se fish w imsy tem p er prevented his deriving a ny be nefit from the culti vated s w as nt n m an ociety he there brought i o relatio s with . As a in his t of rn O f n v capaci y Gove or Ghaz i , he acquired an e il

n a nd n n r reputatio ; his rule was hard , his pu ishme ts we e spiteful and cruel ; whilst his temper was such that it w a s

u t r n in fit s sometimes tho gh he was w o g the head . He had o f a nd rn w h n rv in w vice piety alte ately, it i te als hich his

r n o t r F or best f ie ds dreaded to meet the whims f his empe . weeks together he w ould be shu t up in h is Harem with

r a nd n and for d ugs wi es , then weeks he would be employed w th e r t n r r n r n a nd ith p ies s performi g praye s , eadi g the Ku a ,

t n n o r t En t o . lis e i g theol gical disse ta ions He hated the glish , and did not co nceal t h e fact eve n w he n outwardly o n the m ost frie ndly term s with them ; and w hen the B ritish w e re i n d r t r n in n the mi st Of thei oubles with the m uti y I dia, he

’ was the mos t violent ad vocate in the old Ami r s d urbar for a n r th e attack upon them at Peshawa . Such was Sher Ali at

t r of o f time he succeeded his fa he as Amir , not Kabul , but A n fgha istan . C H APTER V .

SHER ALI .

S H E R A L I v n rf r n O f , ha i g pe o med the fu eral rites his father

r t h e in r o f so n and se t o ut at He at, left place cha ge his Yacub,

O n r n n n n o f for Kabul . the ma ch comme ced the e ta gled chai n a nd i ff t n r w i trigues, plots , d sa ec ions which were soo to th o

a in the cou ntry i nto civil war . Sher Ali re ched Kabul

S r and n . eptembe , passed the wi ter there undisturbed In

-f r l r n o . e sp i g began the looked hosti ities His lder brothers,

G v rn o f and of r Afzal , o e or Balkh , Azim Ku ram , were the

firs t to Oppose him . He at once se nt a force against the

r a nd r r latte , who was defeated , fled into British te rito y

r h e n w n n o r whe e fou d asylum at Ra al Pi di . Agai st the f mer

r n the Ami r marched in pe so . He i nveigled Afzal into his

on r r a nd n him n camp fai p omises, the made priso er . After

r n a nd n ffa r o f n r secu i g Balkh settli g the a i s the cou t y, Sher

e n . w a s no w in n Ali r tur ed to Kabul He opposed by Am Kha ,

o w n b ro the n n his g, at Ka dahar . He took the field agai st

a nd on 6 th n 1 8 65 t t h e b a t tle of n r him , Ju e , , fough Kajbaz ea

-i-G l in w o n r Kelat hi zai , which , though he the victo y, he lost

r a nd son a nd r t both his b other his hei elec , Muhammad Ali n w n n n in n t ephe a d uncle havi g falle together si gle comba .

S A li w n o n Kan r and her e t to daha , immediately gave himself up to g rief for the dou ble bereavement ; and it was a grief

’ r t o r n a nd r r peculia the man s tempe ame t cha acteristic the eof.

H e n r n shut himself up for several mo ths , du i g which time

C n n in n r he o ti ued a despo dent, morose, and i ritable state of

n a nd one t t r n mi d , was at ime supposed to have los his easo 48 T H E RACES OF AFGHANISTAN .

t n v a t n r r Whilst Sher Ali was hus i acti e Ka daha , Abdu r n son of t h e n a nd ahma , impriso ed Afzal , seized Balkh ,

n r r o o u r 1 8 n s o f w i eb r a 66 . pushi g fo a d t k Kabul mF y, The ew

n r r r and this loss sudde ly oused She Ali f om his lethargy, he se t out n r in for Kabul without delay, with Afzal priso e his

. rr n n and camp Abdu ahma adva ced to meet him , the two

r n t n on n o d a mies came i to ac io near Shekhabad , the Ghaz i r a , o n l 0th w n e and the May , he Sher Ali was d feated put to .

no w e nd n . a o n flight Afzal was rel ased , bei g j i ed by his

ro r e son t o w as b ther Azim , p oceed d with his Kabul , where he

r v a nd n ro l m r well ecei ed , at o ce p c ai ed Ami .

r nd r r r Sher Ali , afte some stay at Ka aha , p oceeded to He at i n b e inm n r r 1 8 67 a nd nc n F z the g g of Feb ua y, , the e he j oi ed y

o r d in r t n I t. Muhammad , who had c me ove to his si e , Tu kes a .

’ t r n so n Ya c rib v n r was at this time tha She Ali se t his , Go er o

r t t th e S v r Of He a , to mee hah Of Persia at Mashhad . Whate e

n r n rv w r a nd F z the atu e of the i te ie , She Ali y Muhammad

n r rr n n ut presently adva ced towa ds Kabul . Abdu ahma we t o

t and in t n t o H i ndu Kush to oppose hem , the figh that e sued

a nd F yz Muhammad was killed Sher Ali put to flight . He

in B a nd n rn to r s taye d for some time alkh , the retu ed He at ,

rr e in n r 1 8 68 . nw n whe re he a iv d Ja ua y , Mea hile , the ruli g

m r a t a r r n a nd A i , Afzal , died K bul in Octobe p ecedi g, was su c ceeded as Ami r by A zim . The rule Of both these tempo rary A m irs h a d p ro ved ve ry

r n rt t o r n o s a nd O re s unpopula , owi g pa ly thei lice ti us habit p p

and r n r o t s i ve rule , partly to the st o g measu es they ad p ed to

w a r n p rocu re th e means fo r carrying o n the . The mome t

n r s eem ed o pportu ne fo r Sher Ali t o essay a othe attempt to

t I n r 1 8 68 n o r r a t b recove r his capi al . Ap il , , he se t f wa d Y cub

‘ n r w r so n . take Ka daha , hich was held by Sarwa , the Of A zim

n a nd n t r This he did w i thou t much oppositio , was j oi ed he e

n o nt by his father in the follo wing Ju e . S me time was spe ’ n n A z im s t r a nd th n he re in preparations a d buyi g over oops, e

n w a r in S e ptember, Sher Ali , Yacub leadi g the y, ecovered ER SH ALI .

n out t o Kabul , avoidi g Azim , who had come Oppose him at ’ z n r r A z im s Gha i , by a detou th ough Zurmat . On this troops went over bodily to She r Ali yand he himself fled to Turkis t a n r . He e he managed to raise a fresh force and m ade a n

t re nu r O f n r a tempt to take Kabul , in Ja a y the followi g yea . He was signally defe a ted and fO I C ed to flee wi th only a few

n n t o r w r n r atte da ts Pe sia, he e he died some mo ths late .

E A L I av n no w re- on SH R , h i g established himself as Amir

r n n w m on r n the th o e of Kabul , at o ce thre hi self the p otectio o f r n n and t o n the B itish Gover me t, came I dia to meet the

V A m b alla n at . iceroy, Lord Mayo, The receptio accorded

n r a nd n and en him was most ho o able sple did, Sher Ali w t back to Kabul highly flattered a nd pleased wi t h e verythi ng n A except the real business he had come upo . part from

n n r n t o this disappoi tme t, the Amir had ve y good reaso be amply satisfied and deeply grateful — if i ndeed the re be such

l n n t r a qua ity as gratitude I n the Afgha a u e . He had received

I e ce tion w as no t n a r n a p which o ly fl tte i g to himself, but was a n honor conferred on his nat io n ; he was acknowledged before all the w orld as the Amir Of Kabul and the friend of

r rn n o n n was the B itish Gove me t . The c seque ce that the consolid ated Afghanistan w hich he i nhe rited from his father

r n r o f w ar and which he had lost du i g five yea s civil , came back to his hands in its integrity and there w as not a m an in the cou ntry bold enough to raise a fi nger against the ally of

r the B itish . F or the first three years the renewed relations of the t w o

v n n r e m u h and w Go er me ts p oceeded smoothly g , ith high

for u r of n promise the f tu e . The success the policy i itiated b w yLord Mayo as proved by the fruit it bore . The form er professed enemy Of the British seemed to have changed his

in r n of n a nd dislike, and was lavish his p ofessio s devotio

n and I n n o f r attachme t, equally lavish his expectatio s fu ther fa i f n nd n r r vours . The prov nce o Badakhsha a the o the n boundary Of Afghanistan were secured fo r the Amir by the G 50 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

‘ Brit ish Government after long negotiation w ith the Russian t n n n in d Governmen . Sista remai ed a questio ispute between

‘ t h e Amir and the Shah of Pe rsia . Its settlement was sub m it t e d by the c ontending parties to the arbitration of the

o n n n n n British G ver me t . Their decisio was give agai st the

and n r b ea . un l Amir, it was more tha he could It did al the good effec ted by the A m balla i nterview and th e o newly-mad e

r n r r r s n old f ie d eve ted to the p ofes ed e emy of . The growing confidence and freer communications which we re the first results of the salutary i nfluence effected by

’ t n an Lord Mayo s mos successful treatme t of the fickle Afgh ,

a t n n a nd re were o ce ipped in the bud , replaced by a sulky s erve which it w as impossible to remove by any reasonabl e n n amount of C onciliat ion or forbeara ce . Russia advances

n r A li n rn and i t igues , which Sher had , si ce his retu to

r A m balla n w r or Kabul f om the i tervie , either ejected played

’ n now r a nd n o with at arm s le gth , were cou ted entered i t with a freedom which was incompatible with his frie ndshi p

n n h th e with both parties , and directly me aci g to that wit

British . ’ At the t ime of Dost Muhammad s death the Afghan regular

w as t n n nt w a army less than thirty housa d i fa ry, ith perhaps

n n r h hu dred gu ns and six or eight thousa d caval y . At t e

’ of n A i close his reig , Sher li s army was more than s xty

n nt thnee r n thousand discipli ed infa ry, with fully hund ed gu s,

r w as fi and perhaps sixteen thousand caval y . It a force ve times greate r than was needed for the h ome requirements of

n and e of th e the cou try, doubl the strength that the revenues n cou try could support.

W h r n it this fo ce at his command , Sher Ali felt himself stro g, and n r r n n fa cied he could t eat the great B itish Gover me t, m n ff n which had ade him the Amir he was, with the i di ere ce

as his n he might show to a petty state . Nay more , commu i cations and relations with Russia increased and became more

n " r of a of a s t o i timate, umours floated about demand ces ion

T H E E 52 RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN . by the rapidity and brilliant character of the exploits of our

n r and Kh b ar no w u armies at Ka dahar, Pewa , the y , plucked p cou rage in the very natural — however false it were — idea

r f t r that we we e afraid o him af e all . YA C UB KHAN came dow n to the British camp at Gandu 0 n d a nd o f mak to be ack owle ged as Amir, make a treaty

w t o f our t t r o in n . peace, i h this idea imidi y uppe m st his mi d

on r con His whole c duct whilst , there p oves that he did not

n r in r H e sa w us Sider himself or his cou t y our powe . eager

a nd r o n r r t o us for a peace a t eaty. He his pa t was eage get o ut o f n and rOle w t r his cou try take up the hich his fa he , who died in his refuge at Mazari Sharif beyo nd the Hi ndu Kush

t t n r in r o f o n t whilst hese Opera io s we e cou se prosecuti , had lef

r t o m t n t r him to car y co ple io . To him a trea y with the B itish , whilst th e relations o f the Kabul Gover nme nt w it h Russia

r n n no t t n v we e still u broke , was the serious hi g he should ha e n understood it to be . He had ever been a friend of the

r n n o n t he a n B itish , his te de cies were other side . Though n r r and r n i t igue , ambitious f om his youth up , he had ever

n an r for B r t l n A nd evi ced y pa tiality the i ish al ia ce . it was

’ n t f t r his hostility agai s his a her, afte the Amir s return from

b alla t r S n A m l r . , hat d ove her Ali to make a c ose p iso er Of him I t was o ut o f p riso n that he came t o G a ndum ak to sign a

t w t n t r r and t o rid of trea y i h a subordi a e B itish Office , get

t v n t o afor ivin o f us . He accepted our ar icles , e e the g g his

n a nd n in o f r Em e emies , to the receptio his capital a B itish A nd no n nt n r t . bassy but he had i te io to car y hem out this, as

t a nd in n n n n w as at the ime predicted , ma y i sta ces Ope ly stated

f r in our n r h as no w n by those o his si dars i te est, bee proved ,

— b i n one da o f o ur E n sadly to o ur cos t y the massacre y voy,

i t f a nd r th e n of one n and h s s a f, esco t, to umber hu dred ’ twenty-th ree souls — all within a s t one s throw of his o w n

m as n n r palace , without the Amir so uch movi g a fi ge to help t n as t i his overwhelmed gues s , fighti g they were for heir l ves

r like heroes o f the H ome ric pe iod . E SH R ALI .

U o n 2 6 th 1 8 9 n G a ndum ak YAC B KHAN, the May, 7 , sig ed the

2 4th r r E n and Treaty . On the July he eceived the B itish voy, i nstalled him in the embassy assigned for his residence in th e

r o f O n 3 rd Bala Hissa the city . the September they we re all destroyed by two regiments of his o wn household troops

in n n n r supposed to be ope muti y, though they fur ished gua ds

’ a rou nd the Ami r s palace at the ve ry time that their com

n n r n r c o nfid rades were doi g to death a ha dful Of st a ge s , the n f r i o . r g guests their master Yacub, afte the dasta dly t ra

e d n n n no t . t g y had bee e acted, pu ished a soul His though s

r n t r n n a nd h we e tur ed to the subj ec Of B itish ve gea ce , , wit t r n n r t t no r r s a ge ig o ance , he sa isfied himself tha B itish a my

l th e nt r r t n would come to Kabul at least til wi e we e pas , duri g which interval the re w ould be ample time to make arrange

i t H o w o ut o f ments to Oppose . far he was his reckoni ng he

n r t a has n o w lear ed ve y prac ic lly . Withi n o ne mo nth Of the receipt of the particulars o f the

o ur En a nd r r appalling fate Of voy his pa ty , a British a my w r a o f and in i ts as befo e the w lls Kabul, the Amir secure camp . u r in r rm rr n Em S ch is the histo y, b iefest te s, Of the Du a i

r a nd o f urr n r n t w n in a n pi e , the D a i P i cipali y to hich it su k

n r a nd ff r fo r o rdinary lifetime . It is i st uctive , a o ds food

o n A nd t he n t reflecti . questio suggests itself why, af er such

r o f r ve n t a nd t n a cou se p o d i capaci y fai hless ess , should the

n r r a n on r o r Afgha be pe mitted to mis ule y l ge , why Should he be pe rmitte d to hold the domi nion a nd rule o ve r bette r races of his compat riots "He is certainly no t worthy o f

n n r h n n nt a nd r bei g e t usted wit i depe de rule , is as ce tai nly ndt likely t o submit to control u ntil he has firs t been sub

t n n w t t he j uga ed . Subj ugatio the is ha is required for

n th e o f o n r Afgha . With him subj ugated, all races the c u t y

rn will be easily controlled a nd gov e ed . His subjugation is , o t r no f u a nd can ff t no w t us a mat e Of di fic lty, be e ec ed by

in n 0f a nd m e n of placi ng positio s command rule other races . ’ 54 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

is n It the Afghan gover ors , from the Amir in his darbar

n h is é in v to the mea est Of employ s the illage police, who have diligently s tirred up t h e animosity of the people agains t

us and t r r n , excited hei hat ed by habitually abusi g us . It,

h as been the custom Of each o f the successive Ami rs to vilify

our name in public darbar and to e ncou rage thei r cou rtiers

in t h A nd an o ne r e same course . y who ref ained from j oini ng

in this i ndiscrimi nate m ode o f exp ressing hos tility w as at

o m a n and r r nce a marked , t eated to the cold shoulde , with

t n of n an n e rt — a r n r n au ts bei g i fid l at hea f ie d of the Fa a gi .

t t n r o f Yet the Amirs , whils adop i g this cou se co ve rt hos

t ilit of r n had no y as the rule thei co duct at home , hesitation n n in , r maki g treaties with us in accepti g subsidies f om us, in stre ngt heni ng their positi o n by o ur too easily granted aid

n I n r no a n in a d support . a wo d they had hesit tio mai ntai n ing their position as the dominant race th rough o ur aid n n n t n a nd cou te a ce by a studied decep io . Deceptio n has a ll

r n u r along bee n the guide of thei co d ct . Thei co nstant refe r

t r n e nces and appeals to the ha ed a d hos tili ty which their people e nte rtained agai nst us was a mere excuse i ncriminati ng t and n r o wn o -fac ed n s e s . W hemselves , provi g thei d uble ith - their hollo w and self i nte rested p rofessions o f friendship a nd loyalty Of alliance w ith us they have ne ver once gi ven us a n n r o o f t h e n r o f y ta gible p o f si ce ity their words . In so o f e x t fa clition r simple a matter j ustice as the , o e ve n

n o f r rr w ho t pu ishment at home , a mu de e , , exci ed by their - o wn evil example a nd the publicly e ncou raged hostility o f

r h as ro o r r in fit of f n thei priests, come ac ss the b de a a aticism

nd n ff nd n E r n t v n a killed some u o e i g u opea , hey ha e eve r re n

n t v rn nt d ered us a yj us ice . Our Go e me has tam ely submitted

n n t a nd r n n r to the i dig i y , the Ami s have thus bee e cou aged

r r r in their course . The people take the cue f om thei leade s a nd ru and t w h o n fo r lers , it is hese are really respo sible the - r u t . rs dar wo ked p hos ility Of the people It is the Ami , Sar s , a nd Khans w h o require to be subj ugated by reductio n fro m E SH R ALI . the of n oflic position dominance they hold , by exclusio from e in the admi nistration of the country— a meas ure which there is n out a one be no ecessity to carry t a swoop , but which can worked out gradually to the lasting advantage a nd salvation of n the cou try .

n r n us nl e The Afgha s as a race ce tai ly do hate , mai y becaus

r n n v e n so B ut t f om i fa cy they ha e b e taught to do . hey are

r n - n not all so mi nded . The e are ma y whom self i terest a nd n n w us an acquai ta ce ith have taught to respect us, d if

t r n w r not to like us , to be at leas f ie dly disposed to a ds us . We ha ve j udged t he Afghan as we have found him ; and

n n r we have fou d him very w anti g . He has his vi tues and

and o ur n r n the he has his vices , to mi d the latter ove bala ce

r r v no t rn t r fo mer ve y hea ily . He is fit to gove ei he himself

’ r n o n t u o r a d n . othe s , sadly wa ts a master If we d take p" rOle n n and that , Russia will . For a master the Afgha s wa t, a W b e 2 master they must have sooner or later. hich is it to ER C H APT VI .

T H E PATHAN .

T HIS term has a very wide application as used by the

of and r o ne people India, a very rest icted as used by the

P n I n or atha s themselves . the f mer case it is applied i ndis crimina telyto all the peoples inhabiting the country no w know n

n n n n n z w h as Afgha ista , i cludi g eve the Taj ik and Ha arah , o

r n- t he are both Pe sia speaking people . In latter case it is

a - n nl and v n n applied to P khto speaki g people o y, e e the

n n r n of n r with a disti ctio , as the proper pat o ymic certai t ibes

are n no r or who either Afghan Ghilzai , but simply Pathan

Pukh t tin I n n t o and . this latter case it is the ame applied ,

ed ff r n o r accept by, the di e e t peoples races who speak the Pukht o language and i nhabit the Pathan or Pukh t un coun

— in n En n n try much the same way as a ative of gla d , take

r n n r En in the comp ehe sive se se Of the wo d , is called glish

and t in t r man , accepts the name , whe her he be reali y I ish ,

sa n and y, the Afgha the

are b n r than is n r one Ghilzai oth Patha s , but the t ue Pa eithe

as and a re En nor the other, j ust the Irish , Scotch , Welsh g lishm en En is o ne nor , whilst the true glishman neither the f t ot her o the hree .

i of r n and n The orig n the te m Patha , Of the natio alities

n r n us origi ally eprese ted by it, carry back to very early

P a is t r I s times . The term ath n not a na ive wo d at all . It

H i n r o f n r Pukht ana the ndusta i fo m the ative wo d , which is

r of u n or Pakht tin a in our a ck s the plu al P khtu , (the as p ) a it

Pukh t n r is pronounced by the Afridi . And t i is the prope patro nym ic of the people inhabiting t h e country called Pukht tin H E T PATHAN .

Pukh t r Pukh t and n n ii o o . khwa , speaki g the la guage called

n n o f r k r Pukh t iin What the mea i g the wo d Pu hta, f om which a nd i ts r v are h above de i atives eld to come , may be is a matter of t o n t o w r specula i . By some it is supposed be the same o d “ ” “ as t he nati ve P ukkta — a ridge or hill — in distinction “ ” “ G ha r — a n n n o r — r to mou tai chai peak , the two wo ds

rr n r n ush a and koh co espo di ng respectively to the Pe sia p t .

it and t r no n n t he Be this as may, he e is de yi g the fact that “ - name Pukht-Iin-khwa — the P ukht tin coast or quarte r is very well in accordance with the characte r o f the cou ntry in its

t h e f t in o f physical aspect ; there is also ac that, the time

r t r n r r o ur r n r He odo us , fou ce tu ies befo e era, this ve y cou t y

P a c t i a ns Pac ti a Pa c ti ica a nd n v . was called y or y , its ati es y

I n rn n t n r kh n n t Weste Afgha is a , the ha sh is cha ged i to the sof sh and Pukh t iin Push t rin Pukh t ii Push t ii , becomes , becomes ,

’ a nd so on ukh t n r — r n . By some P I I t ibes the Af idi otably t n Puk n t u ht r n u & c . ii & c . a re n Pukh , , , p o ou ced Pakhtu , Pakh , , a nd this b ri ngs the w ords nearer t o t h e P a khtues of He ro d o tus I n r r - a . t t un o un o f t o d Sho , the Pakh Pukht y, we may t d n a in a nd w t Pa c ti a n ake it, is i e tic l race position i h the y Of

r r n the G eek histo ia .

r v r r r i n in r n n The e is a e y ema kable co cidence te ms, if othi g

r r w r Pa c ti a r nt n mo e , derivable f om this o d y . He odotus me io s a nother a nd e nti rely disti nc t cou ntry of this name in the ’ v n A rnle ni pro i ce Of a . A nd it is no t difficult to trace the same name th rough t h e cou ntries of Sou thern Europe t o the

n n Pic tavium — or r Poic tiers — in r n a nd a cie t mode n F a ce,

‘ n on of o ur o wn n I n the ce to the Picts Isla ds . fact, to the

r in r ae r fo r cu ious speculator a ch ology, the e is a wide field i ’ e i uir a nd r in s Pa kh t II n- n r w r q y resea ch thi khwa cou t y, he e the Pacts and Scyths w h o i nhabi t it may be held to co rre s o nd and o ur o wn n r t p with the Picts Scots of cou t y, whils

’ r of n K ela t s a nd r sec the the Kha of family , la ge K’ amba i n o f ri - a nd r tio s the Af di people , called Kambar khel Kama i ,

t o f o r or together wi h the Logari L ga Lohgar, may be com H 58 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

a t th e n and L o rians of n r ta n p red wi h Cambria s g , a cient B i i .

r a n nn n o r no t n Whether the e be y co ectio between these ames ,

their Similarity and j uxtaposi tion in such widely separated

n n r not rv regio s is at least otewo thy , if dese ing Of more

n n and nv serious atte tio i estigation . i ’ This Pa c t ya o f He rodotus w as a cou ntry b orden ng on the n a nd rn r n O f t n w I dus , the most easte p ovi ce hose i to hich th e

E o f r H st as es v n n mpire Da ius y p was di ided . It co tai ed four

n n n w h o r n n o f co tiguous atio s , we e placed u der the comma d

n or v rn a nd n in n a si gle Satrap Go e or, it correspo ded exte t

v r n r t t rn u- w or e y ea ly exac ly wi h the mode Pukht n kh a, “ kht n r t r r P ukh t tin- w r Pu ii qua e . The te m kh a is a pu ely

and r t n home word , seldom hea d from the mouth of a s ra ger . By outsiders a nd foreigners — o n the Side of I ndia almost exclu s ivel — n r n wn t h e n m of R ob h a y the cou t y is k o by a e , which s the same signification as K oh m ou ntai n a nd its nati ves ” ar n n o r and e called Rohilla mou tai eer ; Highlands , High

n r la de s .

The four nations who d welt in this ' count ry in the time of

r G andarii A ar t ae S a tta ddae Herodotus we e the , the p y , the gy , a nd D adic v n n b n n the ae . The first ha e lo g si ce ee ide tified w i th the ancient i nhabitants of that part o f the Peshawar

’ valley no w k nown as the YI I sufz a i and M ahm and coun

’ t r n and n n r y. The seco d third ( see Rawli so s He odotus)

v t r n r l n w n a nd a re no w fo r ha e hi he to bee enti e y u kno , the

fir i nt w t the rid a nd th e t t o f t he st time de ified i h Af i , Kha ak

r n Da dicse a re t n p ese t day . The last, or , s ill the subj ect Of spee

n b ut n r r r n the n r latio , are , I thi k , most p obably ep ese ted by ea ly

t n t t r o f n t h e r on ex i c ibe the Dadi , who dwell amo gst Kaka ,

t rn r of n n S a tt a ddae n r I t I s the sou he bo der the a cie t gy cou t y.

r find t n n no w t r o f re cu ious to hese very atio s , af e a lapse mo

an n s n n n a nd th two thousa d year , retai ing the ide tical ames the same posi t ions as those ass ighe d to them by the a ngient ” r r t r of i G eek autho , who is j ustly styled the Fa he H story . T o unders tand the relative positions o f these four Pa ct iyan

60 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

hi r n r n of as Ba r itself is me ely a atural va ia t form Bakhtar , in the correspondi ng changes fro m the Pe rsian dulchta r t o

ukh t ii lai r t r ro sokhta n t o swa l t o rn the P , daugh e f m , bu

a d c md a r la nd a r r r m dda r from p to p , stepfathe f om to “ ” r a da r ld r r nd n r a so o . m o , mother f om p to p , fathe ,

- A T I YA — un n t and R ob P C the Pukht khwa Of the a ives , Of Muhammadan writers — apparently comprised all the cou ntry

rn S n n and S ufe d n n Of the mode ulema ra ge the Koh , exte di g

north w ard in one di recti o n to t h e head waters of the S wat

n r r and r n and in a nd Pa jko a st eams the Dumah a ge , the other to the south banks Of the Logar and Kabul rive rs down to

l rn r Jala abad . The southe limit was, p obably, the same as

f r n n r w m r w t t hat o the p ese t Kakar cou t y, here it a ches i h the

P in and S r a nd t h e esh hal dist icts , Bori valley to the Indus . n u A nd a n . rn The e ster limit was the I d s itself the weste , the

n n n th e n r A rach osia o f Helma d , i cludi g thus cou t y of the

- G r — A r R iikha r n r r a nd eeks the j of A abia geog aphe s , the Zabul

o f d n r n — t o o f n the Muhamma a histo ia s the south Ghaz i .

A nd are t of n these , roughly stated , the limi s the prese t Pukh

n- w rr r r n t o f t u kh a . This te ito y was o igi ally the sea the true

P ukht rin o w h o r t a re n n — pe ple , we e , as hey still , I dia s the

n r r & c . & c . n a nd Afgha , Ghilzai , Wazi i , Kaka , , , bei g later com

ara tivel rn r n a nd n r r t n p y mode immig a ts co que o s . Wi hi these limits of the ancie nt Pa c t iya we re located the fo ur contigu

o us n n - n n w r I n t o f r u atio s above me tio ed , who e e the ime Da i s ,

o n in n r nd sm le r n r c mbi ed a si gle sat apy , u er a g sat ap , but u de

n r t r o w n L t military comma de s of hei . e us no w p ro ceed to

o f n t o n r c o nside r each these a i s sepa ately .

— T H E G A N D A R I A N S n r o f n v G an~ the Ga dha i the ati es , the e d r o r n n n r G and a ridae t a ii , , i cludi g ki dred t ibes , the of he

Greeks — fo rme rly occupied t he tract o f cou ntry e nclosed b e twee n t h e Kabul a nd I ndus ri ve rs fro m the poi nt O f j u nc ti o n

t h e n r o r u n r Of Ku ar st eam with the f mer, p to Chagha Saae a nd r n I n n v r a re r the Dumah a ge . this exte si e a ea comp ised t he r B a a war S n dist icts of Goshta, j , wat, Bu er, Chamla, Maha T H E PATHAN .

' b an YII sufz ai M n H a s tna h a r G andhar , or a dar, g , Daudzai , and .

I n n r r a nd other words , the Ga da ia of the G eeks the S indh ii

G an r n n in th w n t h e r dha a of the I dia s , e idest se se of te ms , com p rised th e Peshaw ar valley north of the Kabul ri ver a nd the

r n it in r n t o t h e e n hills ci cli g that di ectio up limits d fi ed . I n a m r r r n it it o r o e est icted se se , was, w uld appea limi ted to th e t ract be tween the j unctio n angle o f the Kabul and S wat

r n n rt w r , t he Mo r m n n rive s bou ded o h a d by Kohi ou tai , a nd w t r b n r r r es wa d y the Ku a iver . This t act i ncludes th e mo

rn r t o f n er a nd an de dist ic s Goshta, Ga dh , Daudzai , d may be

n t o r n G and aritis o f r take rep ese t the the G eeks .

I t n t in r v ou in h has bee sta ed a p e i s passage that, t e fifth o r nt r of our n nt Sixth ce u y era, co seque to a very powerful

rr n v r r r n rt r i uptio Of a ious Scythic ho des f om the o hwa d , the re

m r t took place a n e ig a ion en m a sse o f th e nati ves o f G an

o r n r a nd t o n n r daria Ga dha a, tha , quitti g thei homes o n the

n rn w a nd n k n r I dus , they jou eyed west ard j oi ed a i d ed people amongst whom they est ablished t hemsel ves as a p o w erful

n on n t h e n a nd t r i t w colo y the ba ks Of Helma d , he e, ould

n t w t n G a ndhar t r seem , fou ded a ci y, hich hey amed af e their. native capital — a name which sur vives in th e name of the

nd r v n o f n mode rn ci ty a p o i ce Ka dahar .

A t t r n w n G a ndarians hat time these people we e k o as , or

r B udhi r o n n G andh é ri . s ts a d rr They we e by eligi , ca ied with them in their long a nd arduous j ou rney the most sac red relic

- Of their religion le ft t hem — t h e w ater pot of Budha— as has

r n nt n a w a s r nt h befo e bee me io ed . Wh t thei subseque isto ry in r ne w G andhar a nd w w rr w t a nd co thei , hom they a ed i h n

re d r n r m of r n t h e que , emai s ve y uch a myste y , beyo d fact

t il w e r n n a kind red r . w o r at they e I dia s of ace It uld seem clea ,

o w v t for ni c n r t n n t r h e er, hat gh two e tu ies hey mai tai ed hei i ndependence a nd t hei r re ligio n in all t h e c o u nt ry from the head wate rs of t he A rghasan a nd Tarnak ri ve rs in th e east , to the lo w er cou rse of the Helmand th rough G arm sel t o the borders O f th e Sistan lake and Farrah in the w est ; 2 T H E E O F 6 RAC S AFGHANISTAN . from the valleys o f Sh ail and Peshi n or F o sh a ng o n the s of r n a nd n on th e n rt outh , to those the A gha dab Helma d o h . That they we re not the only p eople i nhabiting the cou nt ry

n r n of r r an w h o we lear f om the accou ts the ea ly Arab histo i s ,

o n a nd tell of a c mplex mixture of races, la guages , customs , religions S O late as the fi rst centu ry of the Muhammadan - r — v n o f o ur o w n w e a . h o the se e th eighth It would seem ,

w r a nd t h e ever, that they were decidedly the most po e ful ,

n nt of the n r w t domi a , the several races who occupied cou t y i h t n w e can r n o n r n hem . Amo g these latter ce tai ly c u t the o igi al

r n o O f r r n Pe sia possess r , at that time the Zo oast ian religio

- r r ' h a fire . S a w o n wo shippe The ak , too , gave their ame to

n O f n r n r r rr v s as as the cou try Sista , we e also lo g p io a i al , well

r T m anni and r p r we e the y , pe ha s, some Baloch t ibes . But whatever the composition Of the populatio n o f the

n n r h r and r nl nt n Ka dahar cou t y at t at pe iod , it ce tai y co ai ed no small element Of Indian tribes — colonists duri ng the Pand li

n and n n r or G anda rian rule at Ghaz i Kabul , lo g a te i to the emigration— w e are mainly i nte res ted he re in traci ng the f d n and O . fo rtu es fare the latter people As before state , their early history in the ne w settleme nts about the Helmand is

w r t t t n r . i nvolved i myste y It seems probable , ho eve , ha hey

t h force of a nd o n o f e arly succum bed to e Islam , that the b d

r r o r t r t o f r o religious b othe h od , cha ac e is ic that c eed , th ugh

in n ut o n w n n as n o n slow bei g p , he o ce securely f te ed , so des d n n nt t in r m n t roye their atio al ide ity, excep the e ai s Of h patro nymics a nd local names which se rve t o guide t e e n

- t n r quire r more correctly t h a n half fo rgot e o falsified tradi n tio s . I t is p robable that the Afghan pe o ple ( w h o we re neigh bou rs of these G and aria ns and had ve ry early accepted Islam)

v r n r w t n r r in t h e too k a e y leadi g pa t, i h the Arab co que o s ,

n n t nt O f rn n t n subj ugatio n of the i fidel i habi a s Southe Afgha is a , A nd n r . a nd in their conve rsio n to the Muhammada c eed ,

r n n n , further, it is probabl e that, bei g the domi a t ace they T H E PATHAN . no t n o wn n n n b ut o ly gave their atio al ame to their subjects , , t o n n n n r arr a co siderable exte t, ble ded with them by i te m iage and t n o f r n and n r the adop io thei la guage ma y of thei customs .

A nd t in m in our rr n his, much the sa e way as is day occu i g u nde r the domi nance of the Du rrani as a n i ndepe ndent go ve rn

n fo r th e ff r n n me t ; , in a loose w ay, all di e e t peoples i habiti ng

n n n n t n and a re Afgha ista call themselves Afgha s by a io ality,

n r s o n r r n r in th e ge e ally co side ed by fo eig e s, much same way as the origi nally diffe re nt peoples Of England Proper no w m v En n call the sel es glishme . H o w long it took for these western G a nd arians to lose

r o w n n n n a nd n t a nd n thei atio al ame ide ti y , to become i cor

ora t e d in n o n a n but p the Afgha pe ple , is quite u cert i ; it would

r t o r r n r r n th e appea tha about three fou hu d ed yea s ago , whe

n n of n n n Afgha ge ealogies the prese t day bega to be co cocted ,

r u r n r r they were already tho oughly mixed p with thei co que o s ,

n o f n r and r n v r o cou ted as ki dred ace , ecko ed e y go d Musal

n n can of t n ma s ; which is more tha be said the Pa ha Proper, t h o r of e Ghilzai .

in t h e r O f n n r r n It was fi st half the fiftee th ce tu y, du i g the reign at Kabul o f Mi rza U lugh Beg— the grandson Of

T m ur or r n — t t r r r t n re y , Tame la e ha the ret og ade emig a io , p vio usl n n w n r d y me tio ed , took place ; he a la ge bo y Of the

B udhis t n n nv r and G a ndarians I dia s, co e ted to Islam , the , r n fo r int oa n rn ir n v t t a s med Afgha s , retu ed to the ati e sea

n t r t n a r the ff t t n t h e . e upo I dus The ibal tradi io s to e ec tha ,

’ o or o r n r YI I sufz ai or ab ut three f u hu dred yea s ago, the ,

n a nd Mahm and t r of n w r on Ma dar, ibes Afgha s e e settled the t ara Margha a nd the head waters of the Tarnak and a A r h asan r n r a nd . n g rive s as eighbou s allies Beyo d them ,

w n r o f r r n n r lower do the cou se these ivers, we e the Tari , a othe t r n t n and ibe of Afgha s, who still occupy the same posi io s,

o f n T heir dands r in t he the valley Peshi . we e summer s ub hc t a nd in r r w t j to droughts , were besides g eat pa t as e , o w i ng to the exhaustion at that season of the t ributary T H E E 64 RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

n o n streams and the dimi ished v lume Of the rivers . The co

n n r n and r n seque ce was a co test for the bette la ds, the Ta i

n r n o t w o rt r a tribes , bei g the st o ger f the pa ies , g adu lly “ n F a t t r a r M a h encroached upo the Pas u es ( t a. rg a ) O f

n r a nd Mah m and t rib es and n e s the Ma da , fi ally disp oss s ed n them O f thei r la ds . The ous ted tribes the n moved away bodily together w ith

r t a nd and nt for a t m e thei ca tle flocks te s , that ti e they wer

n r n i n r O f f t n almost e ti ely omadic thei mode li e . Wha i duced t he m to make di rec t for the Peshawar valley— the ancien t

’ a ndh rrr — n r h w r G is a subj ect for e qui y . Whet er they e e

r n o r w t e r r n t l guided by me e cha ce , he h some t aditio s il “ ” li nge red in the memory Of thei r Grey b eards t hat t he cou ntry to w ards which th ey h a d se t t heir face s wi th ki th and kin a nd r r r n un , bag baggage , was thei t ue fathe la d , is

t n t o t h e w m r I t cer ai , h ugh latter ould see highly p obable .

t t in nn n t in v o o n may be s a ed this co ectio , hat nati e b oks

Yds ufz ai o r n r a nd Mahma nd a re this subject the , Ma da ,

r l n n r r n r n me e y me tio ed by thei t ibal ames , whilst the Ta i a re A n n n it w r r n specified as fgha s , i dicati g , as e e , some o igi al

n o f it i t r in disti ction race . Be this as may, is ce ta that,

t t t n r n in t af er qui i g thei la ds the wes , the ousted tribes

r b n a nd a t o N a n rahar a nd e n o ma ched y Ghaz i K bul g , th ce int

w r v the Pesha a alley .

‘ — l d I n N angrahar th e O ld name Of the p resent J ala ébé valley (a name s till comm o nly i n use a nd supp o sed t o sig nify th e n n v r r no t t t n r i n a nd i e ri e s , though the e is ha umbe it “ h " n n explai ned t o be a com binatio n O f the Pe rsian nu i e a nd ” r ha r v r in r t r of the A abic na ri e , but which is eali y a wo d

nd r o f n r t r v t on much m o re ancie nt date a pu ely Sa sc i de i a i ,

N an Viharzi th e n n n r v v n n , i e mo aste ies ; the alley ha i g bee a ve ry flou rishi ng seat of B udhism e ve n 8 0 lat e as the ti m e

’ o f n h e t c t ur o w n e ra a nd t l Fa Hian s visi t i t fif h y Of our , s il abou nding in topes a nd th S t b uildifigs) a nd t hen t o T H E PATHAN .

v v n r r . or n r ha e ad a ced by sepa ate outes The Yusufzai , Ma da , a nd r v n of r n Mali , as the two g eat di isio s the t ibe are amed ,

r Kh b ar rout e o w p oceeded by the y ‘t Pesha ar, which at that time w as Pursh or t n n k n called (af er Porus, the I dia i g , who Opposed

n e r a nd n of Alexa d r the G eat), e camped about the site Bagram

(the name o f an ancient ci ty the ruins o f which extend over

r r s r nt t o f r a nd a la ge a ea to the we t Of the p ese ci y Peshawa ,

n n v and B udhist o f co tai se eral topes other relics , some which a re r n n nt covered by the B itish ca to me at this place), be

w n r n o f and Kh b ar a t ee the p ese t city Peshawar the y p ss . Thei r app roach and arri val do not appear to have bee n

o f t he n r and opp osed by the people cou t y, for a while they pastu red their flocks o n the w ide w aste at the mou t h o f the

h b ar o n w v r K . y So , ho e e , disputes arose as to the use Of the

’ wate rcourses d ra w n from the Bara ri ver for i rrigation pur a nd r n n t w n n n p oses , fie ce co flicts e sued be ee the Afgha s a d

r of n w nt r the possesso s the la d , hom the Yusufzai accou s desc ibe ” infidels a nd r r as of the Dalazak othe t ibes , though the former had been nominally Musalmans si nce their fo rcible co nve rsio n in the eleve nth centu ry by Mahmud o f Ghaz ni whilst t he lat ter ce rtai nly i ncluded their o wn ki ndred of the parent s now n of n w ho tock , k own by the name Hi dki , a people p rior to the Muhammadan conques t extended as far west as

o f n i o f Kabul , near which city a village that ame is a rel c

e n their former pr se ce . Ve ry li ttle is kno wn regarding the origin of the Dalazak n people . There are grou ds, however, for believing that they

r n of S n a nd nt were o igi ally cythic origi , came i o their position

r n o f a nd he re wit h the g eat irruptio the Jat Katti , which in t he fifth or sixth century d rove the native G a ndaria ns to n emigrate westward to the Helma d valley . This view is

r f n t are suppo ted by the fact o their holdi g, at the ime we no w n of w n n n speaki g , the Pesha ar valley in co ju ctio with t h e liindred os n a re n Jat people , wh e represe tatives still fou d

in r n t in f r there conside able commu ities , scattered abou dif e ent 6 T H E E or G 6 RAC S AF HANISTAN . v of occu illages under the name Guj ar, whose characteristic p ations are the rearing of cat tle a nd the cultivation of th e s oil ; and also by the fact that on their expulsion across the

n n n th e I dus they, in co siderable bodies , fou d shelter with

n o f n n r Jat peasa try the Pa jab, amo gst whom the Guj a ele

n n r r me t is i dicated by thei settlements at Guj anwala, Guj rat,

u rkh G a an 850. j ,

v r Mus alm ans and The Dalazak themsel es we e professedly ,

s n z n had been o si ce the time of Mahmud of Gha i , who took a st rong conti nge nt of their tr00ps wit h him to S omnath . P in the They invaded eshawar, it seems, great force through

K h bar and e y , very rapidly possessed themselves of the whol v l n and of n r n al ey to the I dus the foot the norther hills , educi g

n t o n or r n n n the atives subj ectio , d ivi g them i to the mou tain

r of S w nd B a a w ar T he w im a . ret eats Buner, at, j y ere an

n and w l a nd v porta t po erful peop e here , till defeated dri en across the I ndus by the Yusufz ai and Mahma nd in the tim e of z U Mir a lugh Beg .

68 T H E m os s or AFGHANISTAN . t as the f n i heir lost lands ; until , finally, cause o tumult a d d s

r en m a sse E J eh an ir o der, they were deported by the mperor g , and distributed over different parts of Hi ndustan and Dakhan

n r (Decca ) . There are still some scatte ed families of this

in r C haoh a nd r and re people the Peshawa , , Pakli dist icts , the is said to be a colony of abou t four hundred families of them

of r r in settled in Dholpur . In the time their p ospe ity Pesha war they were in two grea t factions named Ga ri a nd G aum at ;

are no t now u o n but these known , tho gh the terms p i t to a division o f the people as t o creed-profession — of Z oroastria

and nism Brahmanism . T h e Yusufzai accounts of this conquest are i nterspersed w n n n d a nd r of r ith ma y amusi g i ci ents , the reco d some rema k

r t r n o f t r r s able feats of brave y, together wi h desc iptio s hei a m a nd n for fire - r r n n n military engi es , , at that time , a ms we e u k ow

t o f r is to them . Amongst the lis their he oic exploits , it related h ow o ne of their you ng warrio rs leap t his ho rse across

G adhar n it w - n be the rivulet, at a poi t where flo ed mid plai

n n and n r of twee steeply scarped ba ks, , putting to flight hu d eds

n r w w w h o fi the i fidel c e , sle their champion stood to ght .

’ A nd n t he off , it is added , whe victor cut his adversary s head

' ’ as m uch n r beer flowed from the cursed paga s th oat as blood . The ruse by which the Yusufzai gai ned possession of Swat

r t a nd th e is g aphically described by heir historian high priest, ” d B abe h ira or t r H A khfin T a t k . e Darweza , in his Memoi s relates how the Yusufzai sent their women and drummers w ith standards and te nts to the foot of the e asy Malakand

t o of n pass make demonstrations forci g it, whilst their war riors entered the valley by the difficult and undefended o ne

f kako t S w n n n r o f o S . The atis , fi di g the e emy in the hea t

r n in n the a of thei cou try, fled all directio s to f stnesses their

n n and r n t for mou tai s, f om those i accessible re reats , twelve

r n n an s t n r w r r n t h e yea s , mai tai ed ob i ate gue illa a fa e ; till, fi ally,

l of d n r v t t o n a ca amity a drea ful fami e d o e hem submissio , fter they had for a considerable time subsisted on the corpses of T H E Z YUSUF AI .

w n of h their o dead . With the subj ection this people t e t w o great divisions of the Yusufzai separated : Mandar hold in n n a nd n n n g the plai cou try , Mali the mou tai s . The atives n n n r who remai ed , mea while, became co ve ted to Islam , lost t r n t o f r and r w no t so hei ide ti y ace , we e called S ati . It was ,

w r t o f w h o n r ho eve , wi h those them fled the cou t y, for though they also subseque ntly became Musalm ans they retained h i r r n r n i nt n n t e o igi al t ibal ames , as w ll be prese ly me tio ed . Whilst the Yusufzai w ere carryi ng on the w a r on t h e plain co nt r o r n k n n a nd t he Mahm and u y bef e defi ed , their i sme allies , , w e re p rosecu ting t hei r conquest w i th equal success in the hill c o untry betw een the Kabul a nd Swat rivers— in th e true Gan d r r r r r nd in r . a t har They c ossed the fo me ive at Dhaka , the fi s n n v in t re i sta ce established themsel es the Gosh a district . He t hey were soon attacked by a people called Gandhari (G an

‘ d r in n r f o l w d ha ai the si gula ) r m the hil s to the east ar . The c n n r r a nd n l t o test thus begu p oved fie ce prolo ged , till at as

Mahm and r t h e r n of the , favou ed by ope atio s the Yusufzai in

n o n r th e the plai s the Peshawar side , forced thei way into

r n r G a dhar r n n T h n . e hea t of the cou t y to , its p i cipal tow n t of n r v or n ame still exists as hat a co side able illage tow ship , a s w of th e r t in n and r n ell as dist ic which it sta ds, the o igi al i nhabitants are still called Gandhari in distinction t o th e

Mahm and n r co quero s . Fro m this c e nt m l seat o f the natives the conquerors des c ende d n th e n in n n n o f i to plai , the a gle betwee the j u ction

t r n r t he the Swa and Kabul rive s . Subseque tly they c ossed

r v r and n the latter i e , established themselves alo g hill skirts

h r d I n t u th e r r r in ron of t e . p to Ba a ive , f t Af i i hills heir vi ctorious war wi th the natives the Mahm and a ppear to hav e acted w i t h such fierce barbarity that the m aj o ri ty fled t he

n r and n n r r r n and cou t y , , crossi g the Ku a ive ; fou d refuge e n a n r n l n r in t n scape, amo g appa e t y ki d ed people , the fas esses - o f m a nd K a tair Ka firis ta n and in th e v n n Ka a ( ) , alleys ope i g

r t e n th e r v r fa r w t al f om h m upo Kabul i e as es as Tag o. 70 T H E E A RAC S OF AFGHANIST N .

F or some considerable period these fugiti ve Gandha ri

n t n n and r retai ed heir origi al religio and customs, we e styled “ ” d n K d rf o n . r h ow by the Muhamma a s fi g I fidel G adually, e as and t ver, Islam made its slow s eady progress among th e n n o r at eighbouri g pagan peoples , they , least a large propor tion of them who were in direct territorial contact with

Musalmans u m n r t n , accepted the M ham ada creed, fi s passi g ’ “ r of N t m cha or - th ough the intermediate stage , Half and ” H Ka fir and n for n alf, that is, half half Musalma ; owi g to t heir position between and dealings with the Musalmans on one a nd K afir on t K afir side , the the other, hey were to the

Kafir a nd n w s n a nd n , Musalma ith the Mu alma ; this was owi g

of his o w n r A s t o the j ealousy each for eligion . Islam

N im ch a tr n n secured its foothold , the became s o g e ough to become the full Musalman withou t the fear of ve ngeance n N . as n o or K afir from the Paga So long they remai ed im ba ,

w n w r he they ere simply k o n by those te ms , but when they came Musalman, they were disti nguished by the original

f r o . n i patronymics the race Thus , whilst the fug itive Ga dha ,

n K afir n who still remain pagans , are known o ly as , disti guish ed sometimes by the names of the localities t hey inhabi t

K afir K am o i r or (such as , the j in Kama, Kata i Katori in Katar or r Musalmans n Kato ) , those who have be come are disti guish

r in r n t he n r ed by their o ig al t ibal ames . Thus co ve ted

r no w v n ct n n S Qfi Gandha i are di ided i to two great se io s, amed

t n r n and Gandhari . Toge her they umbe about twelve thousa d

wh o in r v families , are scattered about small pa ties all o er the

n r r w a nd B a a w ar n a nd I n cou t y f om S at j to Lughma Tagao .

t n nt o r n and most places hey occupy a depe da servile positio , n a nd o n are cou nted faithful serva ts g od soldiers . Bei g recent

n t a re r a nd n a nd co verts , hey ext emely bigoted fa atical , fur

n r n n in nish ma y aspi a ts to the Muhammada priesthood , the ranks of w hich s ome o f them have rise n to t h e dignity of ‘ s n t r n of S — n a nd ai ts . The la e celeb ated Akhu d wat Sai t

Ki n i n - was a G andharai n r g comb ed , though he was ge e ally T H E U Z 1 Y SUF AI . 7

S f n is u called a a ai , because the latter ame commonly sed by s t r n r of n of as a ge s as that the two divisio s the people , j ust

’ n c om n onl u YI I suf or n r the ame Yusufzai is b y sed for Ma da , a nd — r n of n Mali the two g eat divisio s the people . The o w fam o us Mulla Mushki Alam — priest and sai nt of Ghaz ni who has made himself so promi nent a champio n of the Faith n t in i n n agai s us the Kabul campa g , is said to be an Akhu d z ada origi nally of the S éfi tribe ; though now he is reckoned

of n n n t o l n a Ghilzai the A dar sectio , owi g his fami y havi g

n n t r or n r n bee settled amo gst hem for th ee four ge e atio s . It is curious to note the character of the warfare by which these returned Gandhari recove red possession of their

r n r n n n r n n t l fathe la d f om their u recog ized ki d ed , who , retai i g s i l their ancie nt creed a nd customs, were to them merely cursed

fid l nd r of in e s a . , fai prey to the Sword Islam No le ss interesti ng is it to compare the aspect a nd condi t n of n r o f n t its io the cou t y at the time this co ques , with flourishi ng state at the time of the fi rst Muhammadan i nva

s n of r r n . io , and that its p esent p osperity u der British rule It is a remarkable circumstance in th e history of the m arch o f these two Afghan t ribes that they were nowhere seriously

o n ad and n r opposed the ro , eve traversed the now histo ic Khybar Pass without coming into collision with it s Afridi

r e t infidels r r possesso s , who were y , as is p oved clea ly by a

r r n of v n n n ve y impo ta t piece e ide ce, which will be me tio ed

r Yusufz ai fo r in its p oper place . The s probably compounded a passage with the d escendants of the neighbours of their o w n n a nd for n n r on t h e a cestors , a while remai ed statio a y

r n r r n waste lands ski ti g the Khyba hills . He e quarrels e sued

With the possess ors of the C o u ntry in respect to the use of its

r a nd r nn a nd Yusufz ais v i pastu es wate cha els , the , disco er ng

r n n ff n and their st e gth , soo took the o e sive forced their oppo

t o neuts give way. It would appear that though the bulk of fh e n t r infidels r v n al and s a ives we e , the p o i ci district ruler w ere r Musalmans and i t o , it is probable that it was ow ng the 72 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

u n n o f ofli cials nv n s pport and counte a ce these , that their i adi g c c -religionists were enabled to carry their aggressive p roceed n o f i gs t a success ul issue .

’ t he YII sufz ais in r o f n Be this as it may, , the cou se twe ty ’ r r r n r n r n w yea s wa fa e , completely co que ed the cou t y which o

r r n A nd o bea s thei ame . they f und the cou ntry emine ntly

t o r r r n adapted thei mode of wa fa e , movi g as they did with their families a nd fl o cks a nd possessi ng themselves of the

r n and w n i n pastu e la ds to sh ps as they adva ced bit by bit .

o n r o n v The c u t y was no l ger the ci ilized , well regulated ,

u and n in pop lous, highly prosperous ki gdom that it was the

r B udhis r n r n glorious e a of the t ule . The umerous ui s of its for m ercit ies and n n r and ecclesiastical tow s , its mo aste ies topes ,

v o n r r a re and which co er the c u t y by the sco e , the mute deso

n of o r r r r a nd o n o f late wit esses its f me p ospe ity p pulous ess ,

n r and r v a nd b the i dust y of its people , thei ci ilized peacea le

T he v t n n d r n mode of life . exca a io s which have bee made u i g recent years in the rui ns of Takht da Bahai — the Pushtu “ ” for t V o f r n o r in our n Takh i ihar the Pe sia , la guage the Monastery ridge — have re vealed much that is o f bistori

a nd r a n t in o f cal a ch eological i teres , especially the skill the

and a nd o f t h e a nd architect , the delicacy art sculptor, the m ode o f domestic life of the i nhabitants of the c o u ntry in the years of its pro spe ri ty— fro m the second cent ury be fore o ur nth v n r h v era to the te or ele e th afte it . W ilst the exca a

n in n o f w r a nd tio s the rui s Sa aldhe , Shahri Bahlol , Jamal

v n r o ur no d a nd n r n garhi ha e i c eased k wle ge , co fi med the opi ion that the I ndian sculp tors w ere originally instruc ted by Greek

r not o f r n o f o maste s , a tithe , however, the ui s the c untry

n w B a aw ar and n r be) have bee as yet touched . S at, j , Bu e ,

n r n c th e a a nd yo d the borde , teem with these sile t reli s of p st,

of N a wa ram r a nd n the ruins g Kha ki , Paja , ma y others , all w n o ur o r r w i t r so o n as a n o ne ithi b de , a t to tell hei tale so y i n t will exami e hem . It is the numbe r o f these m o nume nts of p ast ages which H E Z 73 T YUSUF AI . s erve to guide us in our estimate of the former prosperity and f t ulness o f life of the country in which they are found . Tha prosperity has passed away with the advent of Islam — with its i and n n t int oler bl ghting destructive i flue ces , its bigo ed and

ant its n n o r r . law , and stag a t retrog ade rule Duri ng the closing years of the te nth and early years of

n n o f our era t the succeedi g ce tury , Mahmud , the first Sul an a nd Musalma n of th e Turk dynasty o f kings who ruled at

z n n o f n w v o r rt e n in Gha i , made a successio i roads , t el e fou e

n G andhar— r n w a — in the number, i to the p ese t Pesha r valley

of r n n n o f n n H e w as course his p oselytizi g i vasio s Hi dusta .

b o a nd r t r r. r and a nd a fierce ig t a ch des oye Fi e sword , havoc

r n r r w r G andh r . a dest uctio , marked his cou se eve y he e , which ” w as r of rt w as t a t d styled the Ga den the No h , lef his eath a a nd h weird desolate waste . Its ric fields a nd frui t ful

r t na e m gardens, togethe wi h the ca l which wat red the (the course o f which is Still partially traceable in the weste rn

r of n all r n n pa t the plai ), had disappea ed . Its umerous sto e

n r a nd o v e built cities , mo aste ies , t pes , with their aluabl and r n n a nd r w r d reve ed mo ume ts sculptu es , ere sacked , fi e ,

t o r n and r ro t n razed the g ou d, utte ly dest yed as habita io s .

t in o f and n Lef this state devastation depopulatio , the c n n r w n o n n o f a ou try soo g e i t a wilder ess , the hau t wild be sts ,

r v h a nd . n nt r n the refuge of obbers The fugiti e i abita s , etur in in n b r r r d re g small um e s to thei destroyed homes , g a ually

o n r and r f w t peopled the c u t y eclaimed bits o the as e . But

r a r and r n their numbers were g e tly educed , the imp essio they made upon th e desolation worked by thei r Muhammadan ene

r w n n mies was ha dly perceptible , o i g to the dista ces at which

w r n thei r restored villages ere scatte ed . The cou try was ove r n nd n r a . w g own with j u gle , overru with wild beasts The olf,

and o f n o leopard , tiger hunted the herds a tel pe which had

r i n th e ild n s and th e n r w w made thei home , w er es , rhi oce os allo c d ifI the marshes that covered the hill ski rt to the north and

in no t m n o i t erminated a small lake far fro the I dus at T p . K ' 74 T H E A E N R C S OF AFGHA ISTAN .

S uch was the s tat e f of the country when the Yfisufz ais

' during t he rule at Kabul of Mirza U lugh Beg - about the m of n n r — n r u n n s iddle the fiftee th ce tu y e te ed po its co que t .

v r o f w a nd n They seem to ha e eclaimed much the aste , , aba

n n r n f l tt d n in do i g thei omadic li e , to have quick y se led ow

r n r village communi t ies as ag ic ul tura lis t s . The cha ge i n thei mode of life and the cessation of w ars had the natural effect o f

r n r n r n r a nd n t g eatly i c easi g thei umbe s , multiplyi g their weal h

t n S o i f ' in t a d . n m o ca le flocks much so that , the iddle the

n w n E ror r sixtee th century, he the mpe Babu passed through t r n r on t r o n r a n hei cou t y his way to Delhi , hey we e c side ed

r n and r r o n d r r impo ta t powe ful people . Babu c si e ed thei chief o f f nt r n n r n n W i t rr su ficie a k to e te i to allia ce h him , to ma y his daughte r a nd to take a conti nge nt o f t w el ve t housand o f

n a n t n t o r E r r in h is t ribesme as addi io his a my . The mpe o his quaint a nd valuable memoi rs rec o rds som e i nte resting in c ide nts o f r r r w a nd his p og ess th ough the Pesha ar valley, amo ng them me nt i o ns having hu nted the rhi noce ro s at the mouth o f the Khybar and in th e Razar marsh befo re alluded

a nd t I s no w th e t t r o to, also the iger at what A ock fe ry acr ss

r a nd n r n n the Indus . Both the tige the rhi oce os have lo g si ce

r n r it t t h e disappeared f om this cou t y . But would appear ha t i latter was in fo rmer ce ntu ries a ve ry comm o n animal in the

z m for d nt a nd r n Ra ar arshes , an a jace pass valley bea the ame o f Ambela (the scene o f the campaig n o f that name in 1 8 63

' W n n n 6 4 against the ah abi fa atics), which is the a tique Persia word fo r rhi noceros . n n r r n r no t a Jumpi ng to co clusio s f om me e ames , howeve , is

r I n ta n th e o o t n r n safe cou se , but in this s ce corr b ra i g ci cumsta ces

‘ favour the notion that the l o cali ties derived thei r names frOm

n w are n w t o v n . a n the a imals hich k o n ha e hau ted , them As i nstance of the danger o f d raw ing co nclusi o ns from me re n r Yfis ufz a is o n m ames , it may be he e stated that the reck the

d ni i T : selves true Afghans a n call themselves Ba Isra l . heir ” s a n o f o t r c n name me ans de cend ts J seph , and hei ou try

C E O F 76 T H E RA S AFGHANISTAN . up a p osition which commanded the approach to S wat o n o ne a nd r o n r r l side , to Bune the othe , there fi mly estab ished

no w c l J am al arhi and a t themselves . This spot is al ed g , lies

f is l in the of t h e the base o the Pajah hill . It stil possession d n n o f r n n esce da ts the o igi al colo ists . We need not here follow the history of the Yusufz ais dur

of i l Em ing the reigns the success ve Mugha perors , nor need we waste time i n the relation of their home feuds a nd r nor of n n t o n r n wa s , their stubbor oppositio the co que i g

S l n o ur a o ikhs . It wil be e ough for purpose to close this count O f them by a b rief notice o f their prese nt condi

n r a nd nt tio . The a id wastes the turbule people we took o ver from the Sikhs o n the conquest o f the Panjab in

1 8 49 now r r r o f r , are , afte a b ief thirty yea s B itish rule , no

n t t o f o n o r lo ger the same , ei her in the as pec the c u try in

o n n T he n c w as the c ditio of the peo ple . wide plai whi h fo rm e rly trave rsed by u ncertai n tracks is no w crossed in all

t n o o - t o . r r direc io s by g d roads The cattle gua ds , a med the

t h r t of f tee h wit an odd va ie y weapons , who used ormerly to take post o n the numerous mou nds of t he a ncie nt B udhis t

a nd u a nd r m n topes t muli , f o their tops scan the wide expa se o n n t t he a nd now no n all sides agai s raider robber, are lo ger

n a nd t r is n n know , hei place take by boys whose o ly

o n o r a n ox - n weap is a club goad . The plai which was for

r t rn a nd n n t is no w o t me ly mos ly wilde ess u i habi ed , d ted ove r

t h r r n t a nd t t n h as wi p ospe ous village commu i ies , cul iva io spread to s uch a n extent t hat t he cattle a re hard put to for

t l t t the n t a nd t nt pas ure in some loca i ies . Las ly , fa a ic urbule

’ Y I I sufz a i o f rt r a o t t l n t thi y yea s g , hough s il fa a ical , is a very

‘ ' al te red m a n from his u nreclaimed a nd i ndepe ndent b ro th eri n

i l rt o f t he nt r no w the h l pa s cou y . He is by no means the res t less a nd tro ubleso me fello w he was i n his poverty and

n t n r no w igno rance o f o ly t wel ve or fif ee yea s ago . He is

r n t r a nd as r n g ow weal hy , luxu ious , loyal to the B itish Gover m n b e ne fic ent e t, under whose rule he has acquired these per

s o n nt a nd n as a n t n . al adva ages blessi gs , y o her people in I dia C H A ER V PT III .

T H E AFRIDI .

T H E Afridi (or A frid ai in the singular) are wi thou t doubt

r nt n o f A ar tae of the p ese represe tatives the p y Herodotus .

n and t n a re n Both the ames the posi io s ide tically the same .

The ex te nt o f the ancie nt cou ntry a nd the character of its

n n n people appear to have undergo e a co siderable cha ge , b ut no t s o nt still great as to mar ide ity . The origi nal m t i or A fre ede e as n n t li i s of the Afrid ( , the ame is ofte spel )

n r r o f a K h cou try , p obably, comp ised the whole the S fed o range a nd the country at the base o f it o n the n orth a nd sou th sides — to th e Kabul and Ku rram rive rs respecti vely

i its t nt ro m t t o w r m w r r d e wh lst ex e f eas est was f o the Pe a i g , o r th e W t r t h e r t n head a e s of Kur am fur her west, to the I dus , betwee n the p o ints o f j unc t ion wi th it o f th e Kabul a nd

ur m r in o r r r K ra rive s, the f me di ection .

Wi th the Afrid i of the present day are now reckoned a s

n r t he r a nd B n o f r n r ki dred t ibes O akzai a gash , whose o igi ve y it n n o h a re o f n l tle is k ow , th ug they , perhaps , Scythic desce t, a nd came into their present posit io ns with the Scythic irrup

o n a tio n bef re alluded to . By the Afgha s they are cl ssed

T urklanri v n of G hur husht r o f as , which is a di isio the g t ibe

f n T he G hur hush t r A g ha s . g t ibe is held to be composed of the desce ndants of the t hi rd son of Kais — the g reat ancest ral progeni tor o f t he Pukh t o -speaking p eO ples — and wi ll be again

r d ft r refeg e to herea e . T urklanri n e The people , accordi g to the Afghan writ rs , n i i r W i &c & c: i clude the Afr d , Orakzai , Bangash , To i, azir , , 78 T H E R A C ES O F S AFGHANI TAN .

who are mos tly settled in the northe rn half of the S uleman “ n w r ra ge . The o d itself means the T urk bro the rhood o r

” ' ” n t K /corldnrr n r o o r t h e ki sfolk , j us as mea s siste ho d , a fli nity be t ween siste rs o r maide ns ass o ciated togethe r ; but

h t o n u o n in r b ut r t ere seems be some co f si the t i es so p togethe , as the list i ncl udes also the Khattak and se ve ral petty I ndian

r o n n r o f b r v a s th e J a nd t ibes the o th the Ka ul i er, well as aj i

and w t o f Kh b a r others to the south of it , to the es the y .

’ The T urklzrnri are also k no w n by the names of K arara i or K aralanri (the n is nasal) a nd the story connected with th ei r

n f t wo ro r r origi is to the e fect that, b the s of the Khattak t ibe were on the march togethe r whe n they came up on the camp

o n f a n rm w r n ing g r u d o a y hich had e ce tly left it . The one

r r w a s n an n o n - o t b othe who childless , fou d iro co ki g p , called

’ Ica r rha i in Puk t I I and v r w h , the other , who was o e blessed ith

i n n n n on th e f ch ldre , fou d an i fa t boy am gst re use of the camp ,

r n w n a nd w as The b others excha ged their i dfalls , the boy

in nn n t o r n K ara ra i called co ectio wi h the ab ve ci cumsta ces ,

f w r rib r n ro m n r in which a ter a ds , as the t es sp u g f him i c eased

K ralanri r and o a . t numbers p wer, was changed to The d if of n n nv n o f r n r a nd the lege d i dicates the i asio fo eig e s , their

n n r n and r settleme t in the cou t y, but the abse ce of dates pa ti c ula rs r n n r n r n leaves thei ide tificatio altogethe u ce tai , especially

n r m n n as no locality is i dicated . F o the me tio of the Khattak

v r it t he T urklanri w people , howe e , would seem that ere com posed o f various sects of diffe re nt Tu rk t ribes w h o succes s ive ly came into these parts w ith the i nvasions o f S a ba kt a kin in n and o f T m ur in n n r o f o ur the te th , y the sixtee th ce tu ies

r v r r nt n t r n t o n n t e a . They e y p obably mai ai ed hei a i al ide ity

l of C h a h a ta i o r a r d n t lter til the collapse the g Tym y as y , a which they l os t po w e r and became abso rbed i nto the general

r I t m r n t of n . nationality the cou t y see s ce tai , also , hat some

d t on the m n r n Turk t ribes cam e do wn an se tled Sule a a ge at r r n m S a b akt a kin for a much ea lier pe iod tha the ti e of , the early Arab histo rians mention the fact o f their armies being T H E AFRIDI . 79

O pp<5se d by "a Turk people in the country new h eld by the

r wa s in r n r o f n Kaka . This the fi st ce tu y the Muhammada , and o f o wn e ra nd eighth our , a the facts alluded to may probably be relega te d t o the Scythic i nvasi on al ready m en t ioned b t o n l r n r . The su jec is e we l dese vi g ca eful inves

t i a t io n g .

Wh v r r n o f and n ate e the o igi the Orakzai Ba gash , they appear to have shifted fro m thei r fi rst positions in t his c o u n

t r fo r n are v n r n y, the Ba gash stated to ha e bee o igi ally settled

in a r a or r n t th e o f K a t t aw az r Z m l Zu mat, ex to Katti . He e

r ons a n "a t u w r n o rs F a r they we e c t t y fe d ith thei eighb u , the

n v r t n n muli , as well as amo gst themsel es, the two g ea atio al

t o n a a nd rim n w w ar r fac i s of Sam l G bei g al ays at . They we e

o us t e d r m ur sa n n five f o Z mat , y the Afgha accou ts , about

n r l r v n n urr hu dred yea s ago, by the Ghi ji , and d i e i to K am ,

and n a t r r n n r ori , fi ally, f e a p olo ged co test the e with the T , they were fo rced into thei r p resent position i n M ira nzai a nd

o n o f r w r n K hat. Ma y these t ibes , ho ever, emig ated to Hi du

’ n w r th e r a n and sta , he e O akz i established a colo y at Bhopal , t he Bangash a no the r a t Fa rukh ab ad in the N o rth lV e s t Pro

’ n o f r nt o f F a rukh II bad vi ces . The family the p ese Nawab

n t of of belo gs to this ribe , as does that the Begam Bhopal to

the Orakzai .

r n a t an The Af idi cou try, it would thus appear, was ‘ early period e ncroached upon by a varie ty o f petty Turk

‘ r and t he n n b t d t n r t ibes , atives , u a le withs a d them , reti ed

n r r of n n t o r a nd M dan to the i te io their mou tai s , Ti ah y ,

a nd n Kh b ar i n rt to the fast esses of the y hills , sho , to the hilly cou ntry which exte nds from the mai n range of af n n th e o o f S ed Koh to the I dus . The tract lyi g to s uth this , from Myd an i n the w est to the I ndus at Karabagh in t h e

n b O rak z a i w t t he r n a nd east, was held mai ly y , hils Mi a zai

v w r B n A d n of Kurram alleys e e held by the a gash . ivisio

an n r o n r t n o f r the cie t Af idi c u t y , af er somethi g this so t, held

six or n a o good , it appears , till about seven hu dred years g , 8 T H E R A C ES A N 0 OF AFGH NISTA . w hen the original i nhabitants were ousted by encroaching

n a nd o f n t nt r . tribes e irely fo eign to the cou try, disti c race Thus the traditio ns o f the Toris o f the Kurram valley trace thei r arr i val in t h e prese nt seat of their people from north e rn n r r w r n o f t h e Si d , whe e they fo med a po e ful sectio

hia ni A nd n T og Turks . the date of their co quest they carry

a n b ck to some six hu dred years ago . It was about this time

a t n nt n r A ar tae n n also th the a cie eighbou s of the p y , bei g drive r na n A ar tae f om their tive seats , forced themselves i to the p y

r and n r n m territo ies , , u de the ame Of Khattak , established the selves in all the country from the lo wer Kabul river o n t h e n K rr on orth to the u am the south . It would thus appear that the Afrid i of to-day holds b ut a smal l portio n o f the territory assig ned above as the posses

n o f n nt ro n t or t he A a r tae n n sio his a cie p ge i s , p y me tio ed by

o t T he n rt n o f S uf d K o h no w in Herod us . o her base e is the

n o f v f r n o f i possessio se eral dif e e t tribes whom the Ghilj ,

ni a nd n r a i are th e r n . the Khogia , the Shi wa p i cip l The latter people whose p ro pe r name is S hirwani a re the latest ne w

rr v in t t a nd v m r a i als hese par s, are said to ha e co e f om the

r n w n in o f i Pe sia Shir a the time Nad r S hah . They have

r o w n n a nd v a nd mostly lost thei la guage , ha e adopted that the

nne r a nd m n ma s custo s of the Patha s . They occupy the w este rn e nd o f the Khyb a r Pass a nd the adj o i ni ng valleys o n

n rn o f S ufe d K o h h are a fiue o f the orthe base . T ey race

o f ff r n u n r a re people di e e t physiq e to their eighbou s , and the great carriers o f this p art o f the cou ntry between Kabul a nd

w h r u a nd n o f r r Pesha ar . T ei m les do keys are su pe ior b eed

r T he and much i n de mand both a t Kabul a nd Peshawa .

nd r Shi nwari is co nsidered a good soldie r a a cleve robber . The sou the rn b ase o f the S a fed Koh is no w in the posses

n o f f r n n and Khos t wals w h o sio the Toris , be o e me tio ed , the , appear t o be an allied tribe ; whilst the whole o f t h e Indus riverct in w n a nd a w , bet ee the Kabul Kurr m rivers , as far est

r o t B r b K hat ta ks . wa ds as K ha and ahadu Khel , is held y the T H E R AF IDI . 8 1

A ll that now remai ns to t h e Afridi and his ancie nt joint partners in the terri tory assig ned to the A parytm is t he heart

o f n r — t s a nd Kh b ar the cou t y the Koha Pas valley, the y Pass

a nd th e r n a and n a t n hills, Mi a z i valley, the upla ds the easter

e nd t h uf d r n I n - rn r f of e S e Koh a ge . the south west co e o

n r r o and r r this ce t al t act is l cated a small obscu e t ibe , the

Z m ukht and r y , supposed to be Afghans, celeb ated mostly as

r expe rt a nd desperate robbe s .

r d r n a r Z mukht The Af i i , O akzai , Ba g sh , Khattak , To i , y ,

Khos twal J é i or n & c . r are , j Zazi , Ma gal , , t ibes all classed t ogether u nde r t w o political factions known by the name of

and G ar G . ar of n Samal or ara, respectively The factions e o

r n f r t e , o n as 3 poli ical impo ta c nowadays though g eat i terest a guide to the former affinities and relations of thei r respective

r l not membe s . The peop e themselves have the smallest idea

of r n of t he n n the o igi opposite factio s u der which , as a

a r u are n m tter of he editary d ty, they e rolled ; yet they are

v n n n n v n r ery te acious of the disti ctio , and e er cha ge f om one v n t o r. n n e n the othe The factio s , e ide tly, came i to xiste ce

on n r of en bloc n the co ve sion the people to Islam , whe

n r in a nd all became a commo brothe hood the faith , called n n n themselves Musulma s , though yet they mai tai ed a dis tinction expressive of their original religious separation— a

n nv r n f or and r sig that their co e sio was e fected by f ce , was mo e

nomi nal than real at fi rst . And thus the peoples of the two ri val religions at that time flou rishing side by side in this region— namely the B udhist and the Magian— ranged them sel ves naturally u nde r the respective standards or factions of thei r original religions ; the B udhis t Saman or Sraman gi vi ng - t lI e fifim e one a nd n r r or G ar to the , the Magia Gab , Gau to

r the othe .

n r find it f Looki g at the Af idi as we him to day, is di ficult to

n the n n of n r imagi e him desce da t the mild, i dust ious , peace

o v n a nd nt m l v B udhis t abh O I rent of th e n l i g , co e p ati e , Sheddi g of blood or the des t ruction of life o f even the mi nu test o r 8 2 T H E C ES RA OF AFGHANISTAN .

’ meanest of God s creatures ; or even t o imagi ne him des

ce nde d fire- n n n from worshippi g a cestors , whose te der care

w as t o h of B udhis t a nd for life almost equal t at the , whose sincere and punct ilious devotion to the observance of the minute ceremonies and ordi nances of their religion w as

n n r of - surpassed by o e . The Af idi to day, though professedly

n no r n a a Muhammada , has really eligio at all . He is , to

n of n o f the great extent, ig orant the te ets and doctrines creed

w t w no he professes, and even if he kne hem , ould in way

n in o f his be restrai ed by them pursuit purpose .

B udhis t or as - Whatever he may have been as a , a Fire wor

s h as n r o f v n hipper, he now su k to the lowest g ade ci ilizatio ,

a nd n th e E n r r n no borders upo savage . ti ely illite ate , u der

a n d n r m an ow n n n n ha s ck owle ged co t ol , each his ki g , the atio dwindled down to a small commu nity o f less t h a rr thre e

n r n a nd - re hu d ed thousa d souls, mostly robbers cut th ats ,

t n n t a n and t no n withou pri ciples of co duc of y kind , wi h thi g but the i ncentive o f the moment as the p romp ter t o immediate

n E n n o w n n n the t n actio . ve amo g his atio ality ( Pa ha ) he is

n of a nd o n a ll accou ted the faithless the faithless , is held

n o f n sides to be the most fierce a d stealthy all e emies . As

n w r o f a n n n n we k o him , merely in the cha acter i depe de t

n r n w olfish and eighbou , he is a wily , mistrusti g , , wilful

w t t O f r savage , i h no o her obj ect in life but the pursuit robbe y

d r r n t an a d h. mu de , the feuds they give rise His ignorance and barbarism are a bye-word among

r a nd n n r t neighbour t ibes , ma y amusi g sto ies are told agains

O ne ff t o r f Musalm ans them . to the e ec that, alth ugh p o essedly ,

w no r the or they sho ed everence for Mulla, Muhammadan

r and n a nd u c onhdin p iest, plu dered despitef lly used the too g membe rs of th e p rofession who ventured among them so

t l r n r w as n n w impar ial y, that thei cou t y soo shu ned by the hole

r n n in r cle gy class as a da gerous place . Thus eglected eligious training they became a laughi ng-stock to their b e ttiz r in - s co n in . n and t tructed religio ists the plain cou try, hrough

8 4 T H E E O F N S RAC S AFGHA I TAN . ” I also am a creatu re o f G od i I n the Persi a n A f rid a means ’ r a n t r t n a c e ted bei g . From his ci cums a ce the tri be received

n r the ame of Af idi . C AS o ur immediate i ndependent neighbours duri ng thirty

r of on r n - r n r ri yea s British rule the T a s Indus f o tie , the Af dis , or Kh baris t n a r r n n y , as hey are ofte c lled f om thei holdi g (u til

n n of t o ly the other day) possessio hat famous pass , have

v n us r and t n n r r gi e g eat almos co ti uous t ouble . Thei bold r r r n r o f our a w r n n nt obbe ies in the ve y ce t e Pesh a ca to me s , w t rri of n m en n i h its ga son eight thousa d , have passed i to the

r of r and stock histo y the place . Their highway robbe ies - r r a nd a nd n mu de s , their village raids cattle lifti g forays

ro t n n n our r n r f r . b ught hem into co sta t collisio . with f o tie o fice s

’ The resul t of thirty years contact with them has in no way

t t nor r t s a ached the people to us, has the example of B i i h rule

n v n in r n t n made a y isible cha ge thei co di io , except perhaps in n n our o w n n r o ur e abli g them , through eglect, to p otect

n of a n of our selves ma fully, to become the best armed y

r We l e n frontier t ibes . shal have som day to co quer this

nn n and n find pe o ple and a ex the cou try, we shall the what a born race of marksmen can do w ith o ur ow n Enfields and

’ S niders and Martini Henri s in their hands — partly acquired by a w eak ness th e Afridi has fo r enlisti ng i nto our Native

n a nd t n t r n Army a nd then deserti g , , qui e a u ally, taki g his arms with him ; but mostly by clever theft in the barracks - n r v n E uro n . Of every ewly a ri ed regime t, pea or Native C H APTER I ".

H T E KHATTAK .

T H E S a tta dae of H r are in S aitak gy e odotus identified the ,

S a t t ak S ha t ta k of rn na v w r t , , and Khattak mode ti e i ers .

t w o r r rn a nd t rn The last fo ms are me ely the weste eas e modes ,

’ l u h t r n n n r t of P s I I . r n respec ive y, p o u ciatio Thei o igi al seat w as on n r n and it s r rn ff t the Sulema a ge g eat weste o shoo ,

n and lain n r n t o called Koh Sa wal , the p cou t y dow the

n r n r n I dus as far south as the p ese t Deh a Ismail Kha . O n the S uleman range their limit to the south ended at

r and r t h e r r n r r Ba mal, ma ched with Kaka f o tie . At a ve y

r r K ha t taks r rs v n o ut o f t h e ea ly pe iod the we e , it appea , dri e

n n r on n r r w h o t plai cou t y the I dus by the Wazi i t ibe , , af er a

n o f n v r in a r lo g lapse time , bei g themsel es p essed re r by othe

r ro S n r r r r a nd n t ibes f m i d, we e fo ced fo wa d , pushi g themselves

n th e ntr Khatt aks n n i to hill cou y of the , dispossessed that a cie t

r v people o f their o iginal home . This is said to ha e occurred

r n r about S ix hu ndred yea s ago . At some co side able pe riod

r hb wever r Kha t taks p ior to this , , it appea s that the were i nvaded from the w es t by a Persian people no w commonly

n m n or n kno wn by the ame of Chak a i Chamka i . This people

not n or d K ha t taks but in did co quer ispossess the , settled

n r n t i n and u r n the cou t y amo gst hem , mostly abo t thei pri

f al n of M im and Kani o ra m o s p tow s uk g . Th ugh all this

ntr no w in n th e Waz iris r a re t cou y is the ha ds of , the e s ill th ree or fou r hundred houses o f the Chamkani d welling in

n r these two tow s as subjects of the Wazi i .

The n r w r r t t of r n Chamka i , it appea s , e e a he e ical sec Pe sia

and r o wn n r n o f Islamites, fled thei cou t y on accou t the perse 86 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

a o n of n c ti s the Government . They are said to have belo ged (for they are now orthodox Musalm ans) to the sect of Shia Muhammadans called Ali Ilahi on account of their belief fi i n -in- of n t s on . uri the divi i y of Ali , the law Muhammad C o us stories are told o f their peculiar religious ce remonies and n nn n n immoral proceedi gs co ected with them . A bur i g light,

r an n in e r it appea s , was esse tial element their religious p form ances in n n n and , which both sexes j oi ed i discrimi ately, at a particular stage of the ceremonies and recitatio ns it w as

n f n n exti guished by the o ficiati g priest . On this sig al the congregatio n fell to t he orgies a nd immoralities of w hich

O n n o f r n they are accused . accou t this st a ge custom they were called by the Pe rsians chiragh-kush a nd by the Patha ns “ ” or-m ur t - n u a nd , which mean respec ively lamp exti g isher “ ” fire - t n r r n r or i n ex i guishe . Thei great a cesto leader these

o ne A m r e t n r o f parts was L ban , but no hi g mo e is recorded

n h is n n t him tha ame . Accordi g to Afghan accou nts his people w e re dispersed about five hund red years ago in conse quence of a fami ne which raged in their cou nt ry for three or

S of n four years . ome them moved i to the Logar valley ,

o o f w h B a rkibarak S uth Kabul , here t ey settled at ; others

r P r r o f emig ated to the eshawa valley, whe e the village Cham kani marks their settlement ; othe rs agai n we nt on i nto

H n n a nd t in n r n i dusta , there became los the ge e al populatio h o f nt . n n the cou ry A co siderable umber, owever, held to their homes in Kanigo ram a nd Mukim ; a nd othe rs to their

n r r o f r settleme nts on the o th borde the count y, where they had as neighbours the petty tribes of Mangal a nd Khit aii a nd

' ’ Z z rz ai— evidently immigrant tribes from Ma ngalai a nd Khi tai

- n n mbe r (our Cathay) in North Western Chi a . The total u

o n o f the Chamkani is reckoned at about five th usa d families . n n n n They are co sidered a quiet , i offe sive , and i dustrious

n as n r rt people , and disti guished the o ly t ibe in these pa s n not given to feudal fights a d highway robbery .

n n rn of r o w n W z O bei g tu ed out thei country by the a iri , T H E KHATTAK .

ha tt aks of the K , together with some of their neighbours the

M r t o B and Harri a nd angal t ibes , are said to have retreated the

d S ad ra w a n r an . ter itory , settled at Doyal which was called also Here they quarrelled with their stranger com rades and ex

t r Kha t t k p elled them from their midst . Af e this the a s w ere t h e and o rt - attacked by Baloch , forced to g no h east to the

n n m r K oh Khi ga . Fro this they g adually Spread by Kar

& c . n o r h . W t he b gha, Te i , C autra, Lacha, , to the I dus hilst

t ks r n t w r n Kha t a we e thus worki g their way eas a d , the Ba gash n v n u m were bei g dri e out of K rra by the Tori , who, it seems , - were advancing from the south eas t diagonally across t h e

Khat aks t . n o n route by which the had come The Ba gash,

h rt e t s n t eir pa , b ing ousted from heir posses io s in Kurram , fell

u a a nd back pon their allied tribe, the Orakz i , contested t W t n t he land wi th hem . hilst hey were thus e gaged in t t n t hos ilities , the Khattak took the Oppor u i y to extend their lands to Tora Chapra and Patiala at the expense of the

r a and n r o f n O akz i , thus became eighbou s the Ba gash , a hill ridge bet ween Lacha and Gadakhel being the separati ng bound ’

a r it t his d a . r Kha t taks irr y, which is to y G adually as the

r i n r n n n r r a nd r n c eased st e gth , they exte ded o thwa d , p essi g

r a a nd r i t o aside the O akz i Af id the higher hills , took possession

o f n r r n r a nd all the I dus ive ai up to the Kabul rive , eve n

’ v n r r n n Y ad a ced ac oss it, as befo e me tioned , i to the II sufz ai

r I n t h v n n . r cou t y . eir ad a ce they abso bed seve ral small

n r r commu ities of fo eign settle s , such as the Mughalki and

n or n a nd n m n Si i (Mughal Mo gol , Chi ese), who they i clude

in r n and a n r n thei Bulac divisio , the Jaloz i , Da ga zai , a d

O ri akh el w n u in r r v n y , hom they i cl de thei Te i di isio .

’ ' ’ / I h e t a re n t h e B anI I chi Kha tak , with whom i cluded , are

fine r a nd ff t n i physically a ace, di er from all other Pa ha s n

n r r n a nd of r m features, ge e al appea a ce, many thei custo s .

are o n rn n They als disti guished from the other easte Patha s,

" as bei ng the only tribe amongst them who speak the soft

’ r o f Push t II n o western dialect . The Afgha account of the 8 8 T H E C E O F RA S AFGHANISTAN .

n t n of m n r o f origi of heir ame, whilst illustrative the a ne s

in n w o f n the people the olde times , sho s the simplicity mi d o f t n n a nd r e tire r n for n r n heir desce da ts, thei p elia ce i fo matio upon their p riests ; for having themselves lost all trace of thei r ancestry they are fain to believe whatever their spiritual

r maste s choose to tell them . The story goes that one day four brothers (it does not say o f w hat tribe) w e nt out for a s troll or to hu nt o n the plai n

t no t fi and nt on t saw t (locali y speci ed), as they we hey , as hey

n r n n r k ew by thei dress , four you g damsels comi g thei way .

t r AS they approached , the eldest brother said What bet e sport than this ; let each o f us take one of these damsels to

r and r t o wife His p oposal was applauded , they ag eed cast lots

t r t w r for them . The eldes b o her, ho eve , claimed his right of

n r w n and w a s se io ity to take his choice ithout casti g lots, this

n r n co ceded to him . By this time the app oachi g parties met, a nd t r n the eldes brothe stoppi g the damsels , selected the

o r r most gaily dressed as his ch ice . The othe s were appo tioned

n r d r n his by lot . Whe all we e ist ibuted , each brother u veiled

and one in n and damsel , it was discovered that the the fi est

-u u old t gaudiest clothes was a shrivelled p gly maid , whils the othe rs in more simple a nd sober at ti re were comely young

r n rt n n r n vi gi s . The more fo u ate you ger brothe s laughi g w t t t he r o n in n r t i ed othe his bad taste selecti g such a b ide , a nd repeati ng a phrase commonly used o n Occasions Of like

’ r P a, kha tta ld r c ne misadventu e , said y , that is , You ve go

” ’ nt t h e o r sa r i o mud , , as we should y, You ve put you foot in it r n n f n n i . s F om this i cide t, says the A gha ge ealogist,

r v n n o n de i ed the ame of Khattak ; and the he goes to add , ’ that from each of the four damsels spru ng a nume rous pfo~

n w h o n r a nd and v r n ge y , i c eased multiplied ga e thei ames

n a nd - n o f r U n r to all the sectio s sub divisio s the t ibe . de B ri tish rule the Khattak has p roved a ge nerally w ell-con ’ s t n r ducted and loyal subj ect . The al mi es of Kalabagh a e in th r n a nd n o f t m are m t r v l n ei ha ds , ma y he e ployed as a e li g T H E 8 9 KHATTAK .

me rchants a nd salt carriers to the mou ntai nous region b e

n w and n o f twee the Pesha ar valley Badakhsha . The chief

Kha t taks w m K han n the , Kh aja Muham ad , was made a K ight o f the O rde r of the S tar of I ndia a fe w years ago in r n t n a nd v rn n ecog i io of his loyalty ser ices to Gove me t .

Z R w h o or S ha t tak The WA I I displaced the Khattak, , as it

r n n in w r is p o ou ced the estern dialect of Pushtu, f om his

n nt on m n n r S a tta dia o f a cie seat the Sule a ra ge, f om the gy

r o fo r n one O f n n u r He od tus , he is the o ly the a cie t a tho s who

nt n t o n has me io ed this people , appear be ide tical with th e

W a irsi a irsi r u n r n or V of the ea ly M hammada histo ia s . The

VVa irsi w r v n S odlra r e e a di isio of the t ibe , which itself was

n h P am r r a b ra ch of t e r ara Raj put . The Wazi i appea to have made their fi rs t assaul ts agai nst the Khatt ak about five o r six hu ndred years ago at a time when the country was sorely afflicted with fami ne ; and the route they took was across the Sham plain i nto the adj o ining v alley a nd district o f B ar

r e a nd n for r mal . He e they s ttled remai ed some time befo e

I n r making a further forward move . Barmal is the favou i te

n a n n r a nd n t h e r a nd r shri e Of a cest al sai tly chief of t ibe , he e also are the la nds of o ne of the tribal sub -di visions named

o haki r n in r r a d d . S F om their settleme t Ba mal , the Wazi i vanced r and in n r of r r v n by deg ees , a lo g cou se yea s , d i i g

r and s b u a tin n the Khattak befo e them , p j g g the Chamka i , D t ook the whole o f the ancient Khattak country from th e

S on t o v in t h e n r ham plain the south , the Kohat alley o th .

a re w and n r n n n r a nd They a po erful e ti ely i depe de t t ibe ,

r a nd n in r o f I n r mostly pasto al omade thei habits life . pe son al appearance they are ve ry differe nt from other Pathan

i e s a nd n n e culiaI O n t s , retai ma y customs p to themselves . the wes te rn borders o f thei r te rri to ry they share the pastu re

n th e S ule m aI r- Klraro ti and t o n o f la ds with Khel , , o her secti s t he l great Ghi zai tribe . 1 ) H A ER " C PT .

T H E DA DI C JE.

T H E D A D I C ZE are the last of the four Indian na ti o ns m e n t ione d by Herodo tus as formi ng a single Satrapy on the extreme

rn r n f f r r h easte f o tier o the Empi re o Da ius . The e as been s o me difference of Opinion as to the ide ntificati o n of t his peo

o ne rt r t o r r n th e ple . By pa y they a e supposed be ep ese ted by

rn t no t n r o mode Taj ik , but his does seem a atu al philol gical transition ; a nd besides the te rm Tajik o nly came i nto co mmon use r b n of r w i n afte the Ara co quest Pe sia, as ll be explai ed

r on n r T a rk furthe when we come to co side the j people .

r n v o n r t m nt Othe s , agai , ha e c side ed he to be represe ed by the

n r o f t he G and aria ns a nd o r r hill people located o th , f me ly

r n n w n b ut no t in called Da ada, a ame which is still k o to ,

o n n a c mmo use amo gst , that people , though it is still the p t ron m ic o f n a o n t he t h e y the tives of Chilas , other side of

t r n t n ro n r . I dus , who style themselves Da d The a si io f m

r Da dicae no t o ne and m c h Da ada to is a natural either, it is u

r D a d icae nt v n n mo e probable that the , who we e ide tly eigh h ours t h e S a t ta das a re r r r nt e the t n of gy , t uly ep ese d by exis i g

r no w n o r o r t t r a nd Dadi , a small t ibe i c p a ed wi h the Kaka ,

t n n t o r n n t D ad icae o r D s ill cli gi g thei a cie t sea . The adi , it w r o r n o the nt r no w o c cu ould appea , igi ally p ssessed all cou y ’ ff n n n r r but pied by the di ere t cla s composi g the Kaka t ibe ,

r r t a nd n rb we e g adually ous ed , decimated , fi ally abso ed by n n t it f t them . Whe these cha ges ook place is di ficul to say , but w r n the subj ect ill be bette u derstood if we leave the Dadi , ( n n n o f n and tur to the co sideratio the Kakar, the prese t pos s essors the n r of cou t y.

9 2 T H E or RACES AFGHANISTAN .

G hir hish t r n C ir hiz or g , it appea s , is o ly an altered form of g G h irghiz w anderer on the steppe — and indicates the

n tr n r n m n n rn cou y whe ce the people o igi ally ca e , amely orthe

r n F or C ir hiz or r n w an Tu kista . g Ki ghiz merely mea s a

d r or n in n n r and ere omade the la guage of that cou t y ,

r n or r r S n cor espo ds with the m e familia te m cythia . Though t h e Kakar now holds the greater portio n of the ancient D adicae cou ntry by a numbe r of clans confederated under

o w n n all of r n his ame , they are not the same o igi as him

F or n ni r m in r self. the other so s of Da (afte who , the ea ly

lVI uham m adan r n r rn rt o f r n pe iod , the o the pa the p ese t Kakar

o n r n D anist an rn n c u t y was amed , as the southe was amed

r n or Kakaris tan n and ni Kaka a ), amely Dadi , Naghar, Pa ,

are n in n r f r n expressly disti guished Afgha histo ies , as dif e i g ,

i n n o f r n r a nd t m w in t ma y thei man e s cus o s, as ell as dialec ,

r r ar r l d es i from the t ue K akar . Thus the Nagha e exp ess y g

na te d u a nd n o n as Raj p ts , by the Afgha s are comm ly called

r h a re c r o in r n an Ba o . They des ibed as cl sely allied o igi d

o in t n d mestic customs , as well as political rela io s , with the Pani and they b o th have most of their clans settled in Shek

’ h ti nd r th e n n in aw z i a Hyda abad , lesser parts o ly residi g

rr th e i r in th . e Kakar te itory As to Dad , their histo y is lost

r w v n a nd n t n o obscu ity to hich they ha e su k , o hi g m re seems to be known abo ut them no w than that they ha ve become

' r n r t r a nd d v t o abso bed i to the Kaka ibe , attache themsel es an

r n n Kh o a nd w a re n r immig a t colo y from j , ith whom they ge e

h o andi or n i ally k no w n as K j Khu d . Besides the clans co nfede rated with them in thei r o w n

nt 1 th e n G a d un o f M cou y , Kakar claim ki ship with the aha

‘ b a n a nd C o n n nm t h o f ok hach , both sides the I dus Att c .

o n t r rt t s K a kar a nd 1 n These people hei pa call hem elves ,

o f t n G hur h ush t Chach o ne their se tleme ts is called g . They

n w t T m ani C hara m ac w h o are se t also claim ki ship i h the y y ,

t le d in th e i -b n r n o f o r n n S ah a d a ge the Gh mou tai s , to the

- f o n n o o . s uth east Herat This people , their part, co sider T H E D A D I ZE C .

ems e of a a nd v r th lves a branch the K kar, hold themsel es sepa ate

r t h e o f C hara m ac r n r ro f om rest the y furthe o th , f m whom

ff r in nn and u w nd they di e ma ers c s toms , as ell as dialect a r n— n nn a d S T m n eligio these bei g Su i n those hia . The y a i a re in t w o n o ne o f w C a ch ac w h o divisio s , hich is called p , are “ ” A m ac or n m a nd r h o a re y o ade , the other Da zi , w settled , and are l h n usua ly called Afg a .

The Kakar cou ntry on the I ndus fro ntier is ab o ut a h un

s r a nd n f m th e r o r r o n t h dred miles qua e , exte ds ro Wazi i b de e n r t o r r on t nt r o th the Baloch bo de the sou h . The cou y is

r v r r n r t n n r n o n t h t a e sed f om o th to sou h by a mou tai a ge , e east a nd w est slopes o f w hich a re many ple asant a nd fe rtile

I n K a n o hi v w n t valleys . the j g alley, hich ru s about thir y

-w r n t tl th e n miles south est f om the Ka d peak, is se ed Sa ya

n a nd in ri a n n v r nn n th e - t cla , Bo , exte sive alley u i g to south eas , are the Sanjara a nd S a mbhira clans — nam es e vidently o f I n

n ri 1 n r i n t o n o f v r dif dia o g . The Kaka , fac , is a c llectio se e al fe re nt no w all n Push t ii a nd peoples , who , though speaki g callin h em selves r a n n r n h g t Kaka P tha , eve theless mai tain t eir

m nn r and o w n r . peculia customs , a e s , dialects The bulk o f the Kakar P roper a re em ployed in the asafoe tida trade bet ween H e rat a nd I ndia ; but m os t of th e othe r clans lead a pasto ral life movi ng from pl ace to place wi th thei r cattle a nd and 1 n i n t 1 01 nn flocks, liv g small societies of h ee four fa

w h o n or K iz hdi in t t lies, pitch their black hair te ts , , li le

1 1 n r al e t i n clus te s together . The lesse umbe set led villages

nd t in n v r o K a n a cul ivate the soil the mai alleys , as Bo i , Zh b,

& c r n r t the r r 85 0. . j oghi , The Zhob a ge sepa a es Kaka f om the

r r n r o n t h e north w a re t h e h o n Wazi i . Thei eighbou s est G ilj i ,

h w and o n t w 1 n— t e est the A ch ak z i. the sou h est the Ta i both

rr n t r t are t h e h r r . 01 1 Du a i ibes the sou h Baloc , the he edita y

’ fo e o f r S ha ii na Da h n n t u . s the Kaka The y , a mou tai pla ea , in th e r t o f nt r r t a s t ui e no th wes the cou y, is a celeb a ed p grou nd o f the Kaka1 ; a nd t o the west of t h e To ba mou ntai n they have a numbe r o f narro w little valle y s w hose several T H E E O F RAC S AFGHANISTAN . streams combi ne to form the L oh ra ri ve r which w ate rs the

n I n r n n Peshi valley . sp i g a d summe r t h e w hole o f th is part o f n r r n the cou t y is said to be a delightful eside ce , the climate

r and r o r f salub ious , the air pe fumed with the od u s o the fl o w e rs r r r e r which cove the su face as with a va i gated ca pet . The

n r n a re fo r t a re cou t y is good , it is the people o ly who bad , hey

no r n ru and va in r nn and r r ig a t, b tal , sa ge thei ma ers , obbe s

n n n n n n r by i tuitio , as indeed are all the i depe de t Patha t ibes . We have thus shown that the Pathan comprises not only the mode rn represe ntatives of the fo ur ancie nt Pac t iyan na n n n n n tio s me tio ed by Herodotus to whom , alo e i deed , the

t r r n — v r of r r ti le p ope ly belo gs but also a a iety othe aces, o n r and r n w h o v n o w n t o s me ki d ed some fo eig , ha e bee thr

r t n r of r r n n r n n gethe wi hi the a ea thei o igi al cou t y, the a cie t

P a ct i a v w v of n a nd na r v y , by successi e a es co quest, dy stic e ol uti ns ff r n r r W r o . All these di e e t aces , such as the Kaka , azi i ,

o 8 m n n r fin T ri , , have evide tly had a lo g st uggle before they ally established themsel ves amongst the Pa th an natio ns ; and

n l n n w t and it would seem that it was o ly by b e di g ith hem , ,

n n t r m nn r and s t to some exte t, adopti g hei a e s cu toms , hat

r f rw r n no t n t o w n they we e a te a ds e abled o ly to hold heir , but to enlarge thei r borde rs a nd mai ntai n thei r disti nc t ide n

th e n h n n n t n n ti ty at expe se of t e a cie t i habi a ts . The o ly o t 1 h n n t o w l n in t h e he people of Afg a ista , besides h se d e li g

P an n r ro r w h o a v t a n a re ath cou t y p pe , c ll themsel es Pa h , the

nd r n n a , Afgha the Ghilji Appa e tly , simply because they , to a

r t n t r v w t o f g eat ex e t , the lat e especially , li e i hin the limits th e

n n 1 a nd t o o m t nt v o r la n Patha cou t y, s e ex e ha e ad pted thei guage a nd social code o f law s ; a nd because it has pleased their genealogists to class them all t og e th e i as a si ngle na tis n

n 1 l ro e nit o 1 descended fro m a com m o n a ces t a p g .

U nt r n n olit ical a nd t r — n w c il the ece tcha ges , p mili a y cha ges hi h

- a re still in co u rse of de velopm ent o n the T rans I ndus frgnt ie r o f n — t he t n r w h o o th e nt n r n I dia Pa ha t ibes , h ld mou ai a ges

f uf d a nd n t n o S e Koh Sulem a Koh , have for the most par mai T H E D A D lC /E . 9 5

t aine d r n n n for n nt r a n n n n thei i depe de ce ma y ce u ies i depe de ce ,

t o f n n n n no an n n . a u ited natio , but i depe de ce of i dividual tribes

t n r o n n a nd lo w n w n The Pa ha t ibes the plai s la ds, bet ee the

nt n a nd r r h t mou ai s the ive , suc as the Yusufzai , the Khat ak ,

n B n M h m n r a a d & c . Ba gash , a uchi , the of the Peshawa valley, , have bee n B ritish subjec ts ever si nce the con ques t of the Pa n

th e r a s t of t h e rr r j ab . Some of hill t ibes , such hose Ku am , Dau ,

a nd v v n a t ff n n th e o Sibi alleys , ha e bee di ere t times, withi ab ve v r t rn n . pe iod , subj uga ed by the Kabul Go e me t But all the

r u l r and Mahm and of powe f l hi l t ibes , such as the Yusufzai

r a nd v r the hills, the Wazi i , the Kakar, se e al lesser tribes, are

nt r n n e n are n e i ely i depe d t, as some cla s of the hill Ghilzai . From the for ego i ng accou nt it w o uld appear that the origi

’ nal Pa c ti a n Pukh t ii n o r t n n t n y , , Pa ha a io s , though severally

n n n n r nt e mai tai i g their ide tity to the p ese day, have becom i ndi vidually much mixed up wi t h various tribes of foreigne rs brought i nto their midst by successi ve w aves of conquest and

n r n n n r A n revolutio du i g ma y ce tu ies . d this is j ust what we

n n t o f r n might expect, co sideri g the si uation thei cou try at the p o int o f j unction of t h e t h ree g reat empi res o f the Pe r

n t h e r and th e n n H o w n for sia , Tu k , I dia . lo g it took these diffe rent r aces to amalgamate into a natio n speaki ng the same

n r f n t he n a nd wn n la guage , p o essi g same religio , o i g the same

f B ut no o a . u code l ws , it is difficult to say there is do bt that the change once ini tiated was rapidly carried t o completion it

r in n e nd i1 1 would appea that the accomplishme t of this , the

fiue nce r n a n o n r and of eligio played imp rta t pa t, that the

B udhis t n and r m n , Brahma , Gab , all si ulta eously succumbed to

t o f n was r the maj es y Islam . This religio fi st systematically

‘ e gfofce d upon the peoples of t his country by the fi rs t Turk

n o f t in r r t sovereig that fai h these pa ts , the celeb a ed Mah

o f n th e nn n v n n r mud Ghaz i , about begi i g of the ele e th ce tu y . B ut ho wever successful his means of fire and sword may have ‘ b een a t r r ir f r no t r n fi st, it appea s that the ef ects we e ve y lasti g

nor . n complete In short, the conversio of the people under 9 6 T H E E or RAC S AFGHANISTAN .

u n n n a nd t s ch compulsion was o ly omi al , hey rapidly relapsed

’ ’ to their fo rme r creeds du ri ng the reigns of Mah ii md s succes

r n l i n of n G r t h so s , u ti the time Shahabuddi ho i , e twelft h ( n r t r o rr r v o f ce tu y , he e ccu ed a e ival the Muhammadan reli

n a ll n t gio over I dia . Abou this time the wh o le Pukhtu n cou ntry was ove rrun by Arab priests who assumed the title

o f S a nd n n n n r ayyid by ative I dia co ve ts , who

w e re called Shekh These e nthusiastic p ropagan dis ts seem t o have set about the task of p roselytizing th e

o t r r n a nd n t w no pe ple wi h ema kable e ergy bold ess , hough ith

r t - n or r n t n e r w r g ea self de ial pe so al res rai t . Th y eve y he e made t hemsel ves ve ry com fo rtable at free quarters am o ngst thei r

no r n r t o r t r ig a t flocks , f eely ok thei daugh e s to wife , rigidly exacted t he t i thes a nd o ther offe ri ngs o rdai ned by the law to

r r n a nd n o n o r n thei sac ed calli gs , pu ctili usly e f ced the revere ce a nd hom age due t o them as th e expou nde rs o f the word o f

a nd th e t God guides to the deligh s of Paradise . “ ” The p riests of the Su nni o r orthodox sec t had no t the

n r m fo r t r n r field e ti ely to the selves , hey had al eady bee p ece

r n S o f t ded by those of the Pe sia chismatics the Shia sec , as

r n r t i b e well as by the Pe sia he e ics of the Ali Ilah sect , who in n t t n lie ved . w v r the divi i y of Ali Wi h the decli e , ho e e ,

o f r n n l n i n t rt r o n r Pe sia i f ue ce his qua e , they so acqui ed the

a n n a nd th e S hfa a nd th e o r n as sce da cy , Ali Ilahi , Chamka i ,

- he w as c a lle d ( t h e Chi ragh kush o f the Pe rsians a nd O r-m ur o f

n t r r t r o w n c r fo r o r the Afgha s), ei he dese ted hei eeds the m e

r t t r o n o r n n t o f r o r popula s a e eligi , , cli gi g to the fai h thei f e

f r or n n t r n t o t o . a re fa he s , su k a s ate se vitude depe da ce There

v r n n t he r nt r o f n s till se e al Shia cla s amo gst diffe e t ibes Patha s,

a nd n n o f a as t t o w r in 521 1 1 9 si ce the decli e Isl m a s a e p e these 1 , t hey manage t o m a i ntai n t hei r posi t i o n w i th g reater secu ri ty

t th e C n w a s ff r r o m n o r . a nd f eed tha bef e Wi h hamka i , it di e e nt w a s r r a nd r r t o t . He a p osc ibed pe secuted he e ic by b h ‘ r m a nd n fo r - rv t o n b ecafne chu ches of Isla , soo , self prese a i , a

nn r i n his o r n. Su i , though still eta ni g f mer appellatio C H P A TER "I .

T H E GHILJI .

T H E G hil ai i — j (plural Ghilj ) as he calls himself Ghilzai , as

r n — n m r and st a gers call him is a u e ous widespread people , ex tending from Jalalabad in th e east to Kalati Ghilj i in the

and n o n n and ur o f S ufe d west, occupyi g the adj i i g slopes sp s

K oh f n K oh o n . Koh , Sulema , and Gul (west Ghaz i) The 1 Afghan traditions place their original se ttlements in the Kohi

or K oh r t o Kais Kasi , but the e seems be some doubt as to the

r t of t on r n o n whe eabou s this locali y , some c side i g it to be the

n r n and r o n t h e - n n o f Sulema a ge , othe s Siyah ba d ra ge the

nt n r m or ro Ghor mou ai s . The latte , it would seem , is the e p

it th e n t h e n bable , as was sce e of roma tic episode by which

n n t n fo r n the Afgha ge ealogis s accou t the ame . The story runs to the effect that th e second so n of Kais

r n r n of n n n (the g eat a cestral p oge itor the Afgha atio ality), who

n m n o n was a ed Bata , was settled with his people the Siyah band range of the Ghor mountai ns — the Paropam isus of the

n n H é rah rn r t h e a a . a cie ts, of the mode s It appea s that they

rn o f r n a nd r r occupied the weste hills the a ge , led a mig ato y

n in m r and w n in w n life between the highla ds su me lo la ds i ter .

t n t r of n and Ba a , the pa ria ch the tribe , was oted for his piety

v t n a nd fo r r t n ne w t de o io , his ea nest at achme t to the fai h

b in r I n n n of n e sta lished those pa ts . co seque ce his leadi g

t n and r n v n e a n posi io religious eputatio , he was re ere c d s a sai t

a nd n r t ho o ed wi h the tit le of Shekh . V During the reign of the Khal if V a lid L— towards th e clos e

of the n of a n e ra a nd n first ce tury the Muhammad , duri g the early part o f the eighth o f o ur own— an Arab army was 9 8 T H E or RACES AFGHANISTAN .

t sen from Baghdad for the conquest of Khurasan and Ghor “ (a name the signification of which is mountai nous O n

it s t o r rn m untains of approach the no the g Ghor, which were at n n and n n n that time i habited by Ba i Israil Ba i Afgha , a d other

a on o f , e r n o f a c staway tribes the p i ces the country, who, it p of n n pears, was himself a refugee family, Si ce ma y generatio ns

P r a nd exiled from e sia , fled his retreat sought asylum with

S n tum a n or r hekh Bata , whose t ibal camp was in some

i r n . r n ne ghbou i g mountain recesses Batan , pe ceivi g that the

r n r of n st a ge was oble birth , welcomed him to the hospitality

r n and n his o wn and p otectio of his people , took him i to

r n r house as a member of the family . The st a ge guest soon

n his a nd i gratiated himself with hosts , won the confidence of n in ff r of the chief, who always co sulted him the a ai s the I n tribe as if he were a member o f it . fact he was made

and r and quite at home , treated with the fullest libe ty trust.

S a o a The hekh had a daughter, whose n me was Matt ,

of handsome maide n in the bloom youth . In the simple

e and r of r in mann rs f eedom action that cha acterize life camp, the inmates of the tent or booth were throw n m uch together f n o . a n in the routi e daily domestic life Well, to cut lo g ’ s tory short— the guest and his host s daughter fell in love w a nd r on ith each other, ca ried a clandestine amour with the

r n natural consequences . The fi st sig s were early disco vere d

of o hce a by the quick eye the mother, who at communic ted ’ old — her suspicions to the girl s father . The Shekh Afghan like— w as for summary punishment and the swift execution

f . k o both the guilty parties But the mother, with eener

and - n p erception more far seei g calculation , suggested the propriety of first ascertaining whether their guest — Shah H usen by name— really w as of the royal descent he had

b e and o f his represented himself to , whether the future

as as prospects were bright he had colored them . For this purpose a trusted domestic was despatched to the

e in G nd a S a H find hom Northern hor, i ic ted by h h usen, to

1 00 T H E C F RACES AFGHANISTAN .

of ff m names quite a di erent stamp , and their character is ain t a ine d in the subdivisions o f tribes springing from them in

n n r n 1 v succeedi g ge e atio s . Thus Turan s di ided into the clans o f k and mn r n To hi Hotak , whilst a o gst those classed as sp u g r r n a i e n nd r A ll r f om Bu a the A dar a Ta aki . these names a e

n r n and n of f disti ctly of Tu k origi , the evide ce the A ghan

n r accou ts, such as they are , go to Show that (even if the e had been a prior immigration of some part of this Tu rk tribe)

nn n o f n of our era about the begi i g the eighth ce tury , when the Arabs were o ve rruning T rans oxiana — the country called Turan in contradistinction to Iran — with the sword and

r n r n r r n n t h e n o f Khilich or Ku a , ce tai Tu k t ibes , k ow by ame

and ri n of n ur — at Khilichi , said to be Ch stia s the Nestoria Ch ch that time a flou rishing patriarchate in both Western and Eastern Turkistan— emigrated from thei r nati ve country a nd sought in n n n refuge the i accessible mou tai s of Ghor . “ ” r Khilich m n and The wo d ea s a sword , Khilichi , a ” r n or n r of swo dsma , j ust as, acc di g to the Tu k custom naming their tribes after some i ndi vidual peculiarity or charac t e rist ic — C a z z ac or n r r or , Cossack mea s a obbe Kirghiz “ C ir hiz a n r r U an n n n r g , wa de e ; zbak , i depe de t ; Ca a Calpac, “ “ ” red & c . a black hat Kizil bash , head The Khilichi , w n n r o r r c onS L s t ed o n r he they e te ed Gh , p obably ly of the t ue

r n o f o t A nd r r r and o r Tu k cla s H ak , Tokhi , a , Ta aki , Tola , P la

of a re l t in f nr n n a nd (the last two which os the A gha ecko i g), made good thei r settlement the re by force o f arm s amongst

m n o f r f n nd n and a ixed po pulatio Jews , Is aelites , A gha s, I ia s ,

n H w o n in r un n w r . o n Pe sia s l g they stayed Gho is k o , but it

ro r n and is p bable that f om their omade habits of life , the constant military expeditions of the Arabs thro ugh S c ht lk “ rn n n r t h e m o v fo r weste Afgha ista at that pe iod , y early ed

r and n in n r no w wa d , fi ally settled the cou t y they hold ; that is r m t o f -i- t o r a nd , f o a lit le to the east Kalat Ghilj i Shalga

‘ n a rn r t A bista da to the south of Ghaz i . The e ste pa t of his

r t h e r o f rna a nd A r h asan count y, at head wate s the Ta k g 1 01 T H E GHI L JI .

in n th e rivers, is a rich pasture tract the summer seaso , whilst open plain and steppe to the westward affords good winter

r quarters in the Sheltered hollows of the undulating su face . This country was t h e fi rst real and pe rmanent settlement of

l i in n and r n r n r of the Ghi j Afghanista , du i g the ea ly ce tu ies the Muhammadan era was known by the name of Turan

r n n n — a t probably, f om the ame of the combi ed cla s j ust as

m r nt n i the sa e pe iod , the cou ry to the south , i clud ng the

r n n and S or r p ese t Peshi hal Quetta, was called Budha f om B u n the dhist s i habiting it .

r n or w r F om Tura , the Khilichi Ghilj i , it ould appea , spread

r r r t h e n r n eastwa d to the ich pastu es of Sulema a ge , till they possessed them selves of the western slopes up to the p resent

W and r A nd n n ff aziri Kaka borders . this exte sio was e ected not ir n o r of r so much by d ect co quest, actual overflow thei o w n r n n and n t ibal populatio , as by the absorptio assimilatio of weaker and obscure clanS ' whom they foun d upon thei r

r A nd r n in n m borde s . this View is suppo ted by the cha ge a e of the new clans successi vely enrolled under the name of the

n n on n v r ff r nt domi a t e . Doubtless they i cluded a a iety of di e e r and of m r n r aces , some the we e possibly of ki d ed stock , such

n n r in r as the Babur Ghilj i , who had bee pla ted he e ea lier nv n of r r n i asio s Tu k tribes f om the orth . o n o f ne w n What the rigi these cla s was , whether they w r on r ri n n r e e c que ed a d co verted Patha s, who became abso bed

nt m n n r a nd r num i o the do i a t t ibe , thus , by the mere fo ce of

r and r n r n of r be s other favou i g ci cumsta ces the pe iod , gave t hem both their language and s o cial co de o f laws o r w he ther they were kind red t ribes of Tu rks imported by S abakt a kin

l aff o ne n one (g is, the called Sabak , as Alaptaki , the called Alap , ta kin n t n t ffi t h e n o f r v bei g a dis i c ive a x of ames Tu k sla es) , t h e founder of t h e Tu rk Tatar (as distinguished from the M u

or n t r n n not r ghal Mo gal Ta a ) dy asty at Ghaz i , is clea ly in d ascerfa e . Without excluding the possibility of thei r increase by the occasional immigration of other kindred Turk 1 02 T H E S RACE OF AFGHANISTAN .

r n clans f om across the Oxus, it may be co sidered more proba

ble that the increase in the clans of the Ghilj i took place mostly by the absorption and adoption of subj ugated native r find t ibes . For we se veral i nstances of C hagha tai Turk n n n cla s livi g in close proximity to the Ghilj i , yet quite disti ct

r and n n n r f om them, e tirely ig ora t of any ki nd ed connection

w S r n ar ith them . uch Tu k cla s e the Bayat about Ghazni and

C arhi h n a nd r r Herat, the g , Chu g , Mughal Tu k (Yaka, Chi ik f 85 0 u o . S a re n l cha, Balkh , ch , also , the Mo go a nd

C ha h a tai r o f M n r i 8 g Tu k clans a gal , Jaj i, Jad an , Khita , m, who are settled about the Pewar a nd the head wate rs of the

r a nd r r t n Kurram iver, who we e b ough to these situatio s on the i nv asio ns of C hanghiz and T ym ur— the Tatar scou rges of d r n r n a nd t n n the worl du i g the thi tee th fif ee th ce turies .

e n t n o f n Th se cla s , wi h the exceptio the Jadra , though they have almost e ntirely lost the typical physi ognom y o f their

r r— n u a nd n r n b ut race, thei mothe to g e , , i deed , eve ythi g else

o nn t r ri n their names , which w uld co ec them with thei o gi al

n n r n — stock , evertheless hold themselves e ti ely disti ct poli

n — r m G a re tical relatio s always excepted f o the hilji , who

n r r a nd n their eighbou s . The study of the histo y origi of t o r n r r n o ne a nd n n hese bscu e cla s is a ve y impo ta t , i teresti g as

on it s o wn as e t it n well merits , y has hardly been eve thought of. ‘ The G hilj l o f Afghanistan first come promi nently into

n o f n m notice in the reig Mahmud of Ghaz i, who e ployed

‘ them largely as soldie rs in his nume ro us i nvasions of I ndia n fo r the conversion of the la d to Islam . It is probable that

r in r t t n the t ibe the cou se of hese successive expedi io s , which n r r o o f w n r a nd lts exte ded ove a pe i d eighteen or t e ty yea s , we

n t he ro o f S ufe d K o h t t sometimes co ducted by ute south , ha is ,

r and o or G ha wa ila ri r a nd m by the Pewa G mal outes , someti es by

n rt of r n t t th e Kh bar n those to the o h that a ge , ha is , by y , Abkha a , " H indura 85 0 r w t t o w r n r r o ri j , , th ough S a Pesha a , e la ged thei gina l bo rde rs by the conquest a nd colonizatio n of the te rritories

T H E E O F N RAC S AFGHA ISTAN .

Their pri ncipal routes to India are by the G hawailari or

C rom al and s and w a the Zhob pa ses , they fight their y back wards and fo rw ards eve ry j o u rney in enormous caravans o f

m n n i1 f r r r o r n the co bi ed cla s , disposed egula milita y der agai st

t z r a nd ro t r o the at acks of the Wa i i Kakar, th ugh whose e rit

v r n r w t r m ries they pass . The se e al cla s t avel i h thei fa ilies a nd and n n t t r n flocks depe de s , as well as wi h their me cha dize ,

n r m a n r n a d the whole togethe for a vast assembl ge , umbe i g

n o n t n m e n and o f r n i ma y th usa ds of figh i g beasts bu de , bes des h in the families a nd fl ocks . T ey assemble autumn in the plains o f Zurmat a nd Gardez a nd Ka tt aw dz to the eas t of

n and r n r Ghaz i , , afte maki g good thei way through the passes

D e ra at v r and r to the j , they lea e thei families flocks to pastu e

r r o n o f n o n nt n w t the e , whilst a po ti each cla goes i o I dia i h

r n nt r r n r n rr the me cha dize . These e e p isi g me cha ts ca y the ir

n o f m tr r nt r n lo g files ca els s aight ac oss cou y to Delhi , whe ce

r r o r r t o r n o f n a nd they dispe se by ail oad the p i cipal cities I dia , al ways a rrange so as to retu rn to thei r families in the D e raj é t

in r n fo r w n r n early the sp i g the home ard j our ey . They b i g

w r n o w n n r s do n various p oductio s of their cou t y , such as fruit ,

r t n r r oe a d f 85 c . madde , asaf ida, wool woollen fab ics , u s , drugs , ,

r r r k r a w w r . togethe with ho ses , Silk , shawl , ool , f om Bu ha a

A nd n - o n r t they take back cotto piece go ds , chi tzes , b oadclo h , E n n f w velvet, of glish ma u acture , together ith tea, S pices ,

' a nd t o r r t s uch as r s metals, varie y of the a icles , b ocade , silks ,

l n o f I n n n and . mus i s , dia ma ufacture

r n P o vinda n in Du i g the cold weather, the is to be see

r o f n a nd n r n most of the la ger cities I dia, at o ce att acts atte tion in the cro w ds of the bazar by his t horo ugh s t range ness o r d n n nn r. o f appearance and u e i depe dence of ma e His l ose , n n in t o f t n r u tidy dress , ge erally a sta e dir beyo d the washe

’ - n and t n v r w n , ma s cure , of e co e ed ith a shaggy sheep ski coat travel-stai ned and sweat -begrimed to a n exte nt that p roclaims the presence o f the wearer to the no st rils though he be out o f

n n t a nd r c sight in the crowd ; his lo g u kemp f ayed lo ks , 5 T H E GHILJI . 1 0 loosely held together by some careless twists of a coarse

n t t e not cotto urban , soiled to the las degr e, if tattered also, add to the wildness of his unwashed and weather-worn fea tures ; whilst his loud voice a nd rough manners complete the

n r o n barbaria he is p oud to pass for. Such is the c mmo

Po vinda and r n r n in r r ca ava d iver as see the baza . The e are

a n o r l-to- others of superior st mp , wealthy mercha ts, wel do

r w h o r r n o and r nt t aders , drop the ba ba ia r le , appea in dece

w n and r s r n flo i g robes, with capacious ca efully adj u ted tu ba s ,

l nn r a nd n wel modulated voices , ma e s studiedly polite , a kee

for n n t o n fe w and ness busi ess seco d no e . But these are the ,

w t r n they mix not i h the public th o g .

Po vinda n as v n o f These cla s , though classed subdi isio s the

ff r m in o ne or t w o r n res Ghilj i people , di er f om the impo ta t

ec ts r d . a n r ff r p The Kha oti Nasi , for example , di er ma kedly

r n a nd r r S ulem ankh e l in featu es, complexio , statu e f om the a nd r n and v t Tu an cla s , , moreo er, keep a good deal to hemselves

r n rn rn n r r r in thei i te al . clan gove me t ; whilst thei he edi ta y

n r v n r n for n o f c e n occupatio , as t a elli g me cha ts a lo g course t uries a n r n o f t h e r n n , without y othe cla s t ibe j oi i g them in

r m r t and t h e r n it, is a e a kable fac , , with othe circumsta ces

ff r n e o f n t e n . sta d , would seem to i dicate a di e e c origi Of the history of the Ghilj i as a disti nct people in Afghan istan little or nothi ng is known till the beginni ng of last ‘ r n r t n n rn r of centu y, whe they evol ed agai st the Persia Gove o

n r n r r Ka dahar . The Pe sia s , it appea s, had for several yea s been mos t Oppressive in their r ule ove r the people of this

r n and n n n to p ovi ce , the Ghilj i se t umerous petitio s the court

r r of Ispahan p raying for a removal of thei g ievances . These

e tifions n no n th e t one g receivi g attentio , Ghilj i depu ed of m en n Mir V o r n their chief , amed ais , Wais, to lay their complai ts

r a nd n re d 1 ess befo e the Shah , obtai for them some for the

ff r n t r n n n of V v su e i gs hey g oa ed u der . The missio Mir ais pro ed

n c n no t ad u su cessful , but his j our ey was altogether without ’ n a t t n vantage , for his reside ce the Shah s cour ope ed his eyes 0 1 06 T H E E or RAC S AFGHANISTAN .

to t he weakness of the governmen t and the venality of its f of icers .

Mir V t n nd o f ais re ur ed to Ka ahar by way Mecca , the pil

’ g1 im age to the sa01 ed shrines of which ci ty added the title of

H a 1 n and n n n n t j to his ame , much i creased his i flue ce amo gs

n r n and m on rr o se t his cou t yme , i mediately his a ival at h me , he

w r n to o k to raise the people in revolt . The risi g proved

r n n e successful , the Pe sian Gover or was slai , his troops wer

t and d r V n n n defea ed ispe sed , and Mir ais became i depe de t

f n n r n o . ruler Ka dahar He reig ed eight years, du i g which he

r r r n n n t a nd in epulsed th ee Pe sia armies se t agai s him , died

1 7 1 5 A D n n n son and , leavi g the gover me t to his successor . r r r n rn n Mahmud . The epeated failu es of the Pe sia gove me t

r o r n n to ecover their auth ity at Ka dahar, e couraged Mahmud

t o ff n a nd in 1 72 0 n assume the o e sive , he i vaded Persia by

o f r n n way Ki ma , but was sig ally defeated and driven back

r n by the Gove rnor of that p ovi ce .

r v r n Two yea s later , howe e , he re ewed the attempt with a

nd r a nd o r r a . la ge better equipped a my, with c mplete success

rr n o f o t rn r n t He ove a the whole S u he Pe sia, taki g city af er

t a nd r n rro a nd t n n ci y , sp eadi g te r devasta io wherever he we t ,

’ t il" e nd o f n c n a , at the the seco d year s ampaig , he bec me

r o f n r n o r n S h n maste Ispaha , the Pe sia s ve eig , ah Huse , abdi cati ng the th rone a nd su rre ndering his capital to the 001 1

ue ro r and r sticcesses r q . Flushed with his rapid g eat , the p ide

and m o n o f n a nd n nu a biti Mahmud i creased , givi g way to

r o f all n n a n n n n b idled excesses ki ds , he soo became i sa e a d v bloo dy sa age . His cruelties a nd u nreasonable despotism at length became ‘ n r t o o w n w ho s n and ut i tole able his chiefs , assa si ated him , p

n w r o n th e t r n in his ephe , Mir Ash af, h o e his place . He had no t l o ng enj oyed th e go ve rnment whe n he had to face a bet ter m an r o f r n n t o of , a soldie fo tu e , who was soo make himself

-w r r o n r r . d r wo ld ide epute as a g eat c quero This was Na i , a

r n n n Tu kma highwayma by birth and occupatio , who entered

A N 1 08 T H E R AC ES OF AFGH ISTAN .

‘ On the death of Nadir Shah and the rise of the Durrani to

n n v r n o f n n the i depende t so e eig ty Afgha ista , the Ghilj i were

u and a in his bo ght over by Ahmad Shah , cquiesced eleva

h r n O n a of n h ow n t e . tio to th o e the de th the Abdali ki g,

n r n n r o ut and ever, their lo g supp essed disco te t bu st , , impa tient o f th eir p osition as a subordinate race in the seat of t heir

n u r n n n rece t s p emacy, they ope ly co tested the sovereig ty

r t he T m ur w a n . r as gai st his successo , Shah y The st uggle continued in a desultory and inte rmittent manner for many

l n l w w a s r S years, til , fi ally, the Ghi j i po er c ushed by hah Zaman in the early part of the p resent centu ry by a decisive

in 1 8 0 J aldak n l -i- hilz i battle fought 9 at ear Ka at G .

Si nce that time — coeval with the establishment for the first time of diplomatic relations between the Governments o f I ndia a nd Afghanistan— the Ghilj i have made no effort to recover

r o o n o r t a n o n n thei l st p sitio , to a t i to the d mi a t authority in n r t e n n no the cou t y ; but hey hav , in co seque ce , by means

i fi ance n r r su nk i nto ins gni c . On the co t a y they have main ta ine d n r n o f n n n and a co side able amou t tribal i depe de ce , have unifo rmly exercised a ve ry pow erful i nfluence in the

of u r n r so a t l as n councils the D r a i rule s , far, east, co cerns

n o f ff O ur o w n n f t the guida ce state a airs . experie ce o his people o n each occasio n o f o ur contact with them in Afghan istan has been that o f u nmitigated hostility a nd the deepest

a r no t n t n bfi t n t tre che y ; acti g by hemselves alo e , in co cer with

r n the Du r a i . The trouble they gave us in harassi ng o ur commu nicat ions bet wee n Kabul a nd Kandahar during o ur occupati on o f t he n in 1 8 39 -42 nr n n r t o f cou try , the u ele ti g fe oci y their attacks

o n o ur n l a nd n r 1 8 41 2 a nd t up defe ce ess retreati g a my in , heir persiste nt oppositio n t o o ur ave ngi ng force later in the s ame

r n th e Kh ba r r m r o f r a nd yea upo y oute, are all atte s histo y,

to B ut t need not be here fu rthe r referred . wi h all this agai nst

’ G an us a nd b udi them , the hilj i is not implacable foe to , yj

n r n cio s management can be conve ted i to a very useful friend . I I C H APTER " .

T H E TAJIK .

T H E or nt d r n TAJIK , , as he is freque ly calle , the Pa siwa , cons titute a nume rous a nd widely spread portion of the in

n o f n n r t fie r in n habita ts Afgha ista , f om whom hey di la guage ,

n rna v rn nd nne r and o r n a . a e i te l go e me t, ma s cust ms They the represe ntati ves of the ancie nt Persian i nhabitants o f the

n r f n n n n n n nt cou t y, as the A gha s are of its a cie t I dia i habita s . It would appear that as the Afghans (whose true home a nd seat are in the Kandahar a nd Arghandab valleys) mixed a nd

n r rr w t the n n t n r i te ma ied i h I dia people whom hey co que ed , a nd v r n t h e t h e r w h o ga e thei ame to mixed race , so A abs,

er n w t o n r did the same with the P sia people hom hey c que ed , left their name as the nat ional desig nat ion o f t heir mixed

o t r t — t n m p s e i y, hat is , the a e by which they were called by t h e r n r r r n t r r . t Pe sia s Whe e the A ab p oge i o s we e Sayyids , hat is n n o f t h e s o n-in- o f u desce da ts Khalif Ali , law M hammad, . they gave t heir o w n desig nat ion to the t ribe s sp ru ng from

. r a re v r t r in n n them The e se e al Sayyid ibes Afgha ista , the

rin n th e r a nd U sht urani r p cipal bei g Wa dak . The te m Taj ik ,

r v r t h e n nt r n n it is said , is de i ed f om a cie Pe sia ame for the

r n n r n w r t r t n n t A ab . The a cie t Pe sia i e s dis i guishi g hei r here ditary e nemies on the no rt h a nd sou t h respectively by the

r r a nd o r T a A nd n t t te ms Tu k Taz j . he ce it is ha the te rm ‘ i I az l ; a pp ied to the Arab only in Pe rsia ; a nd every thing co n nec t e d t o r n r wi h him , proceedi g f om him , was called by

r n or T az ik c a re th e the Pe sia s Tazi , whi h same as Taji or

. I n r o f Taj ik cou se time , it seems these terms became res t ric te d to designate things o f A rab origin in Persia in

n n n rt co tradisti ction to the pure and ative a icle . Thus 1 1 0 T H E I RACES OF AFGHAN STAN .

in n a nd no t an Arab settling the cou try, intermarryi ng

n r r t n with its people , retai ed his p ope na io al title through suc

ce ssive n r n n r r ge e atio s . But the Arab i te ma ryi ng w ith the

of n r n t n and in people the cou t y lost his proper a io ality , , the

n r n a r n succeedi g gene atio s, was called T j ik by the Pe sia s .

A n r r o r 85 0 no t impo ted A ab horse dog , , was called Tazi but

r ff r n v r . r m r n r o r A abi Their o sp i g , howe e , f o a Pe sia ma e

t n of i and no o n bi ch received the ame Taz , were l ger called “ r . v r r t o n r n A abi By some , howe e , the te m is said sig ify Pe sia , a nd t here is also re as o n to believe that t h e Taochi of the

n r r . s o Chi ese is the same wo d as the mode n Taj ik If , a nd t r rr v r n r r his latter appea s to be the co ect e sio , the fo me

n n t a nd i expla atio mus be rejected , Taj k be held to be me rely the ancie nt name for the Pe rsian cul t i vato r o r pea

n . r in t n r n o ne r t r t sa t The wo d , fac , bei g a Pe sia , is es ic ed to

r t r r r w n r n v r n the te ri o ies which fo me ly o ed the Pe sia so e eig ty .

n n r n a nd r n in r n He ce its abse ce f om I dia, its p ese ce Tu kista . The Taj ik ext e nd all o ver the plain cou ntry of Afghanis tan

r th e K h ba r a nd r n r t o t h e f om Herat to y f om Ka daha Oxus ,

K ash h ar n no w d a nd eve n i nto g . The ame is applied a ays in a

r oo and t o n r n- Ve y l se way , is made i clude all the Pe sia speak in o th e o nt r w h o a re no t r r n g pe ple of c u y eithe Haza ah , Afgha ,

n n on rn o r Sayyid . Thus the I dia races the southe Slopes of

n v n o n m d n Hi du Kush , who ha e bee c verted to Muham a a ism a nd speak Pe rsian (as w ell as t o s o me ex tent thei r nati ve

t a re o m n a r also dialec s), c m o ly c lled Taj ik . The te m is applied to the rep rese nt a tives of th e a ncie nt Pe rsi a n i nhabi tant s o f

n o n a n n Badakhshan a nd its i accessible m u t i gle s .

h a re v n o t n t o m m n w h o T ese people di ided i t dis i c c u ities , ' v fo r n n r n n t r n n n t o ha e lo g ce tu ies mai tai ed hei i depe de ce , h ugh" t hey a re no w no mi nally subjec ts of t h e Kabul Go ve rnme nt They a re professedly Musalm ans of ei ther the Su nni o r Shia

t t o n n n r r t a nd h is sec , claim be desce da ts of Alexa de the G ea

r o r ff r in r n l in O f r G eek s ldie s , di e appea a ce , as wel as some thei

n r nt and man ers and customs, f om the Taj iks of the plain cou ry ,

1 1 0 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

a n n in n r no t Arab settli g the cou t y, and intermarrying

n r n t with its people , retai ed his prope natio al itle through suc

e ssive n n c generatio s . But the Arab i termarrying w ith the

of n r r n t n and in people the cou try lost his p ope a io ality, , the

n r t n r n succeedi g gene a io s, was called Taj ik by the Pe sia s .

A n r no t imported A ab horse or dog , was called Tazi but f r . r r n w v r m r n r o r A abi Thei o fsp i g , ho e er, f o a Pe sia ma e

it n of i and r no o n r b ch received the ame Taz , we e l ge called “ . w r n r n Arabi By some , ho ever, the te m is said to sig ify Pe sia , a nd there is also reason to belie ve that the Taochi of the m n rn . s o Chi ese is the same word as the ode Taj ik If , a nd rr r n r this latter appears to be the co ect ve sio , the fo mer

n n t r t a nd expla atio mus be ej ec ed , Taj ik be held t o be me rely the ancie nt name for the Persian cul t ivator o r pea

n . in n r n o ne r r t sa t The word , fact, bei g a Pe sia , is est ic ed to

rr or r r w n r n v r n the te it ies which fo me ly o ed the Pe sia so e eig ty .

n n r n a nd r n in r n He ce its abse ce f om I dia, its p ese ce Tu kista . The Taj ik ex te nd all o ver the plain cou ntry o f Afghanis tan

r r th e K h ba r a nd r n r t h e f om He at to y f om Ka daha to Oxus ,

n n K ash h ar n n w d a d even i to g . The ame is applied o a ays in a

r o and d t o n r n- ve y l ose way , is ma e i clude all the Pe sia speak in o nt r w h o a re no t r r n g pe ple of the cou y eithe Haza ah , Afgha ,

r n n r on rn of o Sayyid . Thus the I dia aces the southe slopes

n u w h o n o nv rt d n Hi d Kush , have bee c e ed to Muhamma a ism a nd speak Persian (as w ell as t o some ex te nt t hei r nati ve

t o n a T he t r dialec s), are c mmo ly c lled Taj ik . e m is also applied t o the re p rese nta tives of the a ncie nt Pe rsi a n i nh abi tant s o f

m o n n n Badakhshan a nd its i naccessible u tai gle s .

h a re v n o n t o m m n t T ese people di ided i t disti c c u i ies, wh o

fo 1 o n nt r n n r n n n t have l g ce u ies mai tai ed thei i depe de ce , hough t hey a 1 e no w no m i nally subjects of the Kabul Go ve rnme nt . They a re pro fessedly Musalm a ns of e ith e 1 the S u nni or Shia

t t o n nt n r r t a nd h is sec , claim be desce da s of Alexa de the G ea

r ff r in r n as in o f t r G eek soldiers , di e appea a ce , well as some hei

n r n t and man ers and customs, f om the Taj iks of the plai coun ry , E K T H TAJI . 1 1 1

ff n of r n speak di ere t dialects Pe sia , which are supposed to be ff n nt v n o shoots of the a cie Pahla i . They are k own as the

i t he w h h i , a , S n R a n of B a Badakhsh khi the pg , the osh i , d akh shan W n S hu h nan a nd in t ff , akha , g , this respec di er r m t h e o f n w h o n f o Taj ik the plai s, has no such subdivisio al

n n a w o f r Kan disti ctio s , but is simply a T j ik , hether He at,

r or ur r o . n daha , Kabul , elsewhere F the , the Tank has divi

n n K hel and Z a i n hilz i a nd sio s i to , as have the Afgha , the G n . r t l a nd Z a i r n the Patha The te ms , added to a prope ame , “ ” ” signify the association or descendants sprung from th at n i u no t r i d vid al , but they do necessa ily im ply that the mem

r o f a t o n or n n are th e o ff be s the ssocia i , the desce da ts, actual

r n o f o wn n r K hel r and sp i g his loi s . The wo d is A abic, sigui “ ” ” ” a r a t 0 m n 85 . fies t oop (especially of co p y, par y,

ff 2 0m: r n a nd n t r rn b ut The su ix is Pe sia , mea s li e ally bo of,

n in m n K hel us or is commo ly used the sa e se se as , as M azai ” u ff rin r r o r r nt O s o t . M sakhel , the p g pa y of M ses A ve y ece illustratio n o f t h e use o f th e se te rms is found in th e formation o f t w o t n a t rt t r e nt our fac io s Kabul , sho ly af e the stablishme of nv t r f w rt in of e n . e oy he e , a mo ths ago The pa y favour the

r t n n C a va nariz ai a nd B i ish allia ce bei g called g , those opposed t o Yac fibz ai f khel en it, . The su fix might have be used with

r r t o n v th e r f n r. equal p op ie y, but euph y gi es p e ere ce to the othe These di visi o ns in fact corresp ond to the Got a nd Sakha of the

’ 0 ii t n t th e are r t r Raj p peoples . Amo gs Taj iks some ag icul u al com mu ni ties wh o a re called Dih war i n the west o f Afghanis

t a n a nd Dih an o r Dihcan in rn r v n . , g the easte p o i ces They r r n it w a e a I th e D ah ae o f n n r ep ese t , ould p p , the a cie t G eek

W 1 i t r a nd a1 e 1 r 01 r Pei s ian e s mc ely ustics village s , as the above d wm s imply ; though th e ancient Scythian tribe of the Daze or D ahae w e 1 e a numerous a nd powe rful people in their

r n day. As a ace the Taj iks Of the plains are a ha dsome peo

of t r and r r are of ple , tall sta u e , obust f ames . They a peace a dis ositio n n and r in and able p , i dustrious , f ugal their habits ,

n r fo d of social gathe ings and amusements . They occupy 1 1 2 T H E E RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

a n n rv m n subordi ate and , to some exte t , se ile position a o gst th e

n t o f n r and no its n i habitan s the cou t y, have voice in gover m nt r I n r r e o politics . the u al districts t hey are e ntirely

v r u a nd en n r in v de oted to ag ic lture gard i g , eithe settled illage

m m un r o wn or b t rv n co ities of thei , scattered a ou as farm se a ts ,

r n 85 0 I n n a nd r . n v r ga de ers, the tow s cities they fu ish the se e al

n u tr l a nd n r n t i d s ia mecha ical t ades with their ha dicraf smen ,

t t r r a nd r nt of t n act as shopkeepers , pe y t ade s , me cha s subs a ce

o n o n n r t r and r r in a nd . positi T he acc u ta ts , sec e a ies , ove see s p ublic Offices a nd p ri vate establishments are almost wholly

r t r m t r r n and n r n rec ui ed f o hei a ks , they e j oy a high eputatio

t nt l n and n u for heir i el ige ce , fidelity, i d stry . They freely take

r o o r r n n ant a nd are se vice as household d mestics pe so al atte d s ,

fo r t r n a nd n r n esteemed hei activity , dilige ce , ge e al tidi ess .

r n in o f They arely e gage military service , though some

m n in t he r the occupy high positio s army of the Ami . They

n r a n n s ub possess atu ally m y estimable qualities , but, bei g a

c a nd wn- n are r of j et do trodde people , they ve y suspicious

u a nd o r n I n nt n their r lers , meet f ce by deceptio . i ellige ce ,

r t n a nd t r a sob ie y , i dustry, fideli y to j ust masters , they su p ss all t n n n r a nd are r the o her i habita ts of the cou t y, they , mo e

r w r v n n ove , the best dispos e d to ards the B itish Go er me t . I n this l as t res pec t they are in the sam e category as the

h o n o f ab t h e H ar h n r Kizilbas c lo y K ul , az a u de the Dur

n r a nd th e r a nd r n m n t t r ra i ule , me cantile t adi g co mu i y h ough

o I n t t h h o ut n r . e t o n t h e G ilz i the c u t y fac , with excep i of ,

m - n n n a nd n r n who are se i i depe de t, , to some co side able exte t , participat o rs in the gove rnment a nd di recti o n of the policy o f th e n r a nd P n w n cou t y , the atha , who are almost holly i de

n ent a nd n w n n o f an r n r pe d k o othi g y rule , the Durra i q n o ur n r a nd n a nd Afgha is o ly eal implacable e emy , it is as

nish in h o w r o ur o wn n n n o r t o g , th ough cou te a c e and supp t

f u h as n so t t r o his a thority , he bee able successfully to embi e and r the r w r fer sti up hat ed of the other races to a ds us , he

a nd r f himself is detested fea ed by all classes o the people .

1 1 T H E E 6 RAC S OF AFGHANISTAN .

f n e n o . mi ded p ople , and very much in the ha ds their priests

n i r n They are for the most part e tirely llite ate , are gover ed

r and n r is by t ibal cla chiefs , whoseautho ity over their people l o and r n absolute and they are general y very p or ha dy . Ma y thousands o f them come down to the Panj ab every cold season n r on - n i search of labour eithe the roads , or as well si kers , wall

r 85 r o wn n n of 0. builde s , In thei cou try they have the reputatio

n and r and n n bei g a brave ha dy race , amo gst the Afgha s they are c n r f f n r and in n ser o side ed a aith ul , i dust ious, tellige t people as

n n s of find n vants . Ma y thousa d them employme t at Kabul a nd Ghaz ni and Kandahar during the wi nter months as la b ourers— in the two former cities mainly in removing the

th e - r I n n n snow from house tops and st eets . co seque ce of their

n r S n in and bei g he etics , the unni Afgha s hold them slavery ,

' in most O f the larger to wns the servant-maids are purchased f i Sla ves o th s people . A s a race the Hazarah a re irreconcilably hostile to the A f n ghan , and they have always shown a good dispositio towards us on the several occasi o ns o f our military operatio ns in Afghan n n n n in v ista . The i depe de t tribes the interior, who ha e hitherto baffl ed the attempts of the Kabul Government to

t t o r r reduce hem subjection , are desc ibed as a very b ave

f r rkh n o G oo a . p eople , with ma y the warlike cha acteristics Of the I n fact they may very properly be considered as the G oorkha

for a re o f th e r and in n Of the west , they same ace , physiog omy

r no ff n w n r n of the e is di ere ce bet ee them , the Haza ah bei g

n O f n n fairer complexion o ly . Of the numbers this people othi g is n n r n t are r n one k ow for ce tai , hough they oughly recko ed at

n and n o n hu dred twe ty th usa d houses , exclusive of the Char

F r u n n a m ac and n . o o r ew h y wester tribes us, in relatio s wit

n has and i n in Afghanista , this people a special very mporta t

re st n n r a t t e . With good ma agement they may be e ti ely t ach ed our r n to us and inte ests , and are capable of bei g con verted into a very po werful advance -guard of our military n position in the cou try . T H E Z HA ARAH . 1 1 7

S uch is a very brief account Of the principal races i nhabit in n n v t n ff g Afgha ista . Their di ersi y of origi , di erent tradi

n a nd nn n n t n r n h ow tio s ma ers , and a tago is ic i te ests explai it is that no firm a nd consolidated government has bee n able to maintain itself I n peace and security so long as the authority rested w ith o ne of them without the support Of a foreign para

n w r r nt of it mou t po e . The study o f these diffe e peoples is self most useful and i nteresting and of the first importance in vie w to their ere long becoming subjects of the British Empire — a lot they themselves are far from unwilling as a whole to accept .

1 20 I DEx N .

a P ge .

a t ar near th e same as a r Dan arz ai ore n set t ers B kh ly B lu g , f ig l

o r r . n Bol a . Da i Bangas h kindre d w ith Afridi 7 7 Da rada t ribe e m igra t ed i nt o Hi ndust an 7 9 D ard t rib e set t e I n Z rm a t 9 ars se t t e T n l d u 7 D i , l d ym a s possession of Miranz ai and Dih g an comm unit ies o f th e T a Kurram " 1 1 1 driven O ut of th e K ur Dih w ar comm unit ies of th e T a ram 8 7 jik 1 1 1 Ba ni I srae l peopl e s upposed Dost Muh amm ad Khan drove t o h a ve se t t le d in Gho r 1 5 M ahm ud from t h e th rone 36 Banuchi include d w it h Kh at t ak s 8 7 independent chie f a t Kabul 3 6 Barakz ai division of Durrani t ribe 2 0 a dopt e d t it le o f Am ir 38 chi e fs c am e int o pow er lim it of a ut horit y 38 at an son of a s e e t o r S h u r B , K i h lp d d ive j a f om e nt e rt ai ns Sh ah Husen K and ah a r 38 at r a var ant orm of a e e at e s a t J am r 39 B u , i f B kh d f d Sikh ud t ar com m unicat es w it h Ru ssia 3 9 Bayat cl ans “ fl ight on arrival of Brit ish Bihs ud C l a n O f t h e H a zarah a rm y Brit ish de ali ngs wit h Afghan t enders submission t o B ri st an 35 t s i , i h ' em bassy under Burnes 39 restored t ake up ca use of Shuj a 40 e xte nt of auth on ty t ake K and ah a r and Gh a zni 4 1 m akes t re at y w it h Brit ish occupation O p e nly di slike d 42 Gove rnm ent o f m o t ow ar s r t s , p licy o Dost Muh a p licy d B i i h m ad w a r es erat e r h e to ds t ak H , w h e died prote ction so ught and oh in 1 8 63 t ained by Sher Ali Durrani dynas t y se co nd adva nce int o A f divi s io ns o f t ribe g h a nis t an 5 1 Em pi re a t d eat h o f Tym a r t reat y w ith YacubKh an 52 53 Em pi re ended e nvoy m ass ac re d 5 3 r ule under B arakzai B udhist r m ns n a a a a m re o a se o f e ai i J l l b d E pi , c ll p ’ va e 65 72 El h ins t o ne s e m ass t o a ll y , p b y Shuj Bul a c divi sion o f Kh at t ak ul-Mulk f a an s t r e s at a n . son o a e ib F h Kh P y d , id d ran son o f M at te w t a m a t e rat 3 4 3 5 Bu , Bibi i h M h ud H , a a r nast o n a t o n of e e a t e ilz ais 3 4 C j dy y , f u d i d f d G C a ch ac nom a e T m a ns r -est ablis ed a m 35 p , d y e M h ud C arlugh cl ans s e nt t o d ri ve Persi a ns fro m C a t t i ( no w K at t i) t ribes I I e ra t C h agh a t a i Tu rks m u rde red t a r t r 1 1 5 a m a n am an . . ro o a a e Ch k i , Ch k i Fi zk hi , T ib k re a t t h e 5 2 5 3 C h a ra m ac a a t ar t r e G and am a y , , y , T ib T n ans G a nd a rii o f t h e re e a th o rs 2 3 58 Chu g cl " G k u , , D adi t ribe id e nt ifi e d w it h m ode rn D ad ic ae o f H e rod ot u s Yus ufzai h o nt r o f e ne p roba bly t h e Da di of t e c u y , d fi d Kak a r co unt ry Endhieb by re ligion m od e rn id e nt ific a t l ons m ig rat e d w est w a rd D a b as o f G re ek w rit e rs g radu a lly i ncorporate d wit h a n a ara an ans D hi Ku di , H z h cl Afgh Z a n a ara an re t rne e a st w ar t o t h e gi , H z h cl u d d D a l a zak t ribes in Pes h a w a r val I ndu s 63 ley d ri ve n o ut by Mah m and s 09 e xpe lled by t h e Yu s ufz ai : unco nve rted port io n k no wn de po rt ed by J eh ang 1 r as Ka firs E" 1 IND . 1 2

a e P g . Page . G andarn convert s very 70 Herat t aken by Dost Muh am mad 45 v e nt o t w o s e t s S afi e t in a r e o f a di id i c , l f ch g Y cub 47 a nd Gandh a ri Hindki conve rt s t o Muham m a d G a ndh ar now an a a r a nism , K d h 67 w a st e d by Mahm ud o f H o t ak Turk cl an s 1 00 Gha zni I sh ac z a i di visio n of Durrani t ribe 2 0 G ar a t on r J a r n an a o f di . a s , f c i Af i t rib es 8 1 d cl 1 02 G e t es ( no w J at ) t rib es J a g huri clans o f t h e H az arah s 1 1 4 G hil a i a a t at s o f t r be 9 7 J a i t r es o f r 8 1 1 02 j , Ghilz i , h bi i j ib Af idi , es en e rom at s n J a lala b ad va e l d c d d f B an , o ll y , o d na m e N an of Ki sh g rab a r 64 or n o f nam e a o a o re n set t e r igi J l z i . f ig l s 8 7 o a nd S ur n s f a m s e a at a r t r 1 5 L di ki g o J h di , T ib e 1 o se o f G or J a t t r e n ow no wn a r 2 1 h u h ib , k by Guj cert ain Turk t rib es 1 00 p easant ry o f t h e Punj a b 6 5 absorption of w ea k t ribes 1 01 Kabul under Dost Muh am m a d 37 fi rst not ice d under Mahm ud 1 02 e nt e re d by B rit is h t roo ps 41 socia l life of 1 03 t aken by Abdar Rahm an in re volt a gainst Pe rsi ans 1 05 1 8 66 bo ught over by Ahm e d Kafir a a s t h e e a e r of t h n Sh h K i , l d e Afgh a pow er finally crushed 1 08 p art y t hat j oine d Muh am conduct t ow ard s t h e B rit ish 1 08 m ad 1 6 a s a a r eo e o r n Ghilz i K k p pl , igi of 9 1 im pat ient o f Pers1 an rule 2 8 grandson o f G h urghush t 9 1 ej e ct e d by Nad i r 2 9 a bsorbs D a di 9 2 rose t o cont est governm ent cl aim kinship w ith G adun 9 2 of Mahm ud 34 count ry on Indus ro se a ga inst t h e B rit i sh 43 em ploym e nt of or ans em rat e 1 5 a n a n s r n rom r Gh , Afgh ig d K d cl p u g f Kh i G or an em rat on o h sh un h b d , ig i f t e y Kh ush gi Z am and s t o 1 9 division o f or an S r n rom a n a ar rov n e Gh i cl p u g f 1 9 K d h p i c , seat of Dur G h ur h ush t son of a s ran t r e g , K i 1 9 i ib t r e 77 9 1 n er a r e ib , u d Mugh l ul G h uz ni t ake n by B rit ish 41 Persi ans driven from H alak oz ai division o f Durrani t aken by N adi r Shah t ribe un d er Sherdil H az ara h t rib e built by G and aru h a bit at o f Kansi cl an spru ng from Khri conque re d by C h angh iz S hyun Kh an 1 1 3 e m igrat ed t o Hindust an b elo ng t o th e Ta t a r divisiOn 1 1 4 a nd t h e D ekhan 2 0 h a ve no nam e f or t he ir K a rarai n a m e o f T urklanri t ribe 78 people origin o f 78 m ay b e t h e A rSare t h of K a t t i no t a dist inct pe o pl e 2 2 Esdras 1 1 4 o nce profess ed B ud hist re di sposit io n l 1 6 lig io n n a w an i v s on f rr ni Herat u de r P ersi an rule 2 8 Kh g i d i i o Du a Afgh ans re volt e d 2 9 t rib e 2 0 t aken by Pe rsi ans I n 1 8 1 6 36 Kh akhi clan sprung from K a nd 1 9 - - under K am ran 36 Kha lid b in Wa lid bro ught in vi Pe rs ian at t em pt s to t at ion t o Afgh an s t o j oin ’ re a n 38 39 t h e ro et s st an a r 1 5 2 4 g i , P ph d d , R uss i an infl uence a gam et 3 9 Khat t a k t ribe s in confl ict w it h de fe nce by Pot t e nge r 39 t h e Yus ufz ai 7 5 e va c at ed by th e ersi ans p os se ssion o f J am alg h an 76 u P ' 1 85 8 44 possess i ons o f 8 0 m ade over t o Sult an Khan 44 S at t agydae of He rodot us 8 5 Q 1 2 2 " INDE .

a or i nal se a t an a t r es of r Khatt k , ig M g l ib Af idi dri ven o ut o f t h e pl ains by Ma n gal cl a ns Wa z iris Mir Vai s de put e d by G hi lj 1 t o w orked t h e ir w ay t o th e vis it Sh a h o f Pers i a 1 05 n s u e am e r er o f I du . b c ul K a ndahar 1 06 pre sse d a side th e B angash Mugha l rule in K a ndah a r 2 8 ra a a nd r 8 7 a a ore n s r O kz i , Af idi Mugh lk i , f ig et t le s 8 7 a and er di v s ons 8 7 am m a an sm t h e Bul c T i i i Muh d i , Afghans loya l subj ect s of t h e B rit ish 8 8 convert e d t o

o r n of nam e . 88 a s am r es t o f , igi Mull Mu hki Al , p i Kharo t i clans 1 03 1 05 Gha zn i K hel us e o f t h e w or 1 1 1 a r e e t e G hilz a1 s and A f , d N di j c d S ee a . G ans 2 9 1 07 Khilichi hilz i gh , K h it al cl ans 1 02 t ook Kandah ar 2 9 K h o andi mm rant o on ” 9 2 a van e to a and ort j , i ig c l y d c d K bul N h K h s w als a t ase o f S ufe d K oh 80 n a 2 1 0 o t b I di 9 , 7 Kh ri sh un son o f ara an ans ad irab a d i t a r 2 9 y , S b , cl N bu l by N di r n rom 1 9 9 1 sm nt e m 30 sp u g f , di a l d by Ah ad

h 1 i S ee Kh ush i . a ar a l e r an s 92 Kh us g a . g N gh c l d Ba oh by Afgh ush i a a n o f t h e Z am ands a n rah a r o ld na m e of J a a a g , cl N g , l l em ig ra t e d t o t h e G h arb and 1 9 b ad 64 a ccom p an ie d B ab er t o I ndia 1 9 se a t of B udhism 6 4 s et t e at as r a nd in a sa r a ns 1 03 1 05 l d K u N cl , Pe shaw ar vall e y N a rz ai divi sion of Durrani t ribes 2 0 Khushkari rese nt st e o f ia z i ans 1 03 , p yl N cl K hush gi cl an s et t led in O rakzai ki ndre d W it h Afridi 7 7 Ghorband a nd Kohist an e m 1 g ra t ed int o Hindust a n 7 9 ras a n o nt r o f t h e O ri akh el 8 7 Khu , c u y y n 2 8 5 9 P t i h r A fgh a s , ac ya of t e G eeks ( Hero am m a an 8 9 d o t us 5 5 8 Khw aj a Muh d Kh ) 7 , , 60 P a i n ns s . ct a n at o e nt fi d 58 9 s . S ec a e 4 Ki h K i y i id i , as so ers o f a r a ars wan o r a k 1 09 Kizilb h , ldi N di Sh h P i T ji l e ft at K a bul Pa t h an 1 3 s n t e em e nt in resent nam e in t h e e ast n t o di t i c l p , give po pul a t ion Afgh a n L aw a ni cl ans not a dm it t ed by all A f o o r n o f nam e ans L di , igi gh Muhm a nd t ribes a pplicat ion o f t erm o n est s o f o r n o f t erm , c qu igi a m o vernor o f Herat t r e s eé le a n t em M h ud , G ib , p p c lli g h s eize d Kandah ar selves Ka bul i nd epe nd ence o f Pe s h a w a r co nve rt ed t o I sla mism - e e a t e a 1 1 1 a il: a an a a n m n st er o f T d f d by Shu j M P y d Kh , i i y rest o re d m ur im prisone d Fat h Khan a t t em pt ed t o pl ace Shuj a - d riven fro m t h rone by Dos t ul Mulk o n t h e t h rone 34 Muh am m a d Persi a n rule in H e rat 2 8 a m s on o f Mir a s o ver o a a v s o n of rran t r es 2 0 M h ud , V i , P p lz i di i i Du i ib n so t ern ers a Po vind a a ns 1 03 1 9 3 ra u h P i cl , - ass a ss in a t ed Pukh t o sp ea ki ng peo ples 1 9 f a n o n est s o f t un o r n o f t e rm 5 6 5 7 M ahm ud o Gh z i , c q ukh , igi , “ u P t t e est ow e Mu is ent a wi t Pac t an Malik , i l b d by id ic l h y h a mm ad o n Afgh an chi e fs 1 6 o f t h e G re eks 5 7 0 Malli di vis ion o f Yus ufzai t ribes 69 p eopl e rea lly Indi ans 6 nt a ns 1 9 t n- w a no w n as R O 1 1 5 8 co Ma nd a cl Pukh u kh k , n ar i v s on of as ai a t s m ar t w t an 2 3 Ma d d i i Y ufz R jpu , i il i y i h Afgh t ribes Ra njit Si ng a ppoi nte d rul er at t ribe s L ahore

E" IND .

a e a P g . P ge . ac an G and am ak reat 5 2 5 3 s a resent on t on o f Y ub Kh , T y , , Yu ufz i , p c di i t re a chery t o w ards B rit ish 52 t ribes t a en r soner t h e Z ab ul ist an so t ern a of k p i by , u h h lf Brit ish Afgh ani st a n 1 8 Yar am m a at erat Z ai use o f t h e w or 1 1 1 Muh d H , d Yus ufza i cl ans Z am an Shah succ ee ds T ym ur 3 3 t ribes driven out by Tarin right t o t h ro ne cont est e d 33 t ribes se tt le d in t h e Pesha cedes B alk t o Pe rsi ans 33 w a r va lle y 64 Punj a b re vo lte d 3 3 on est s 67 7 1 7 4 n e hi s son 34 c qu by , , bli d d by se parat ion o f t h e Mandar Z am a nd cla n s prung from and Malli di vis ions Kh ri shyun prospe rit y o f origi nal se tt lem en confl ict wit h Khatt ak o ust ed by T arin t ribe tribes Zymukh t t ribes of Af ridi

en em a : PRI N T ED B Y T H C K R srm x A N D 00. A E , , C H AP TER "III .

T H E Z HA ARAH .

‘ T HIS people difl er entirely from all the other races of

n and of Afghanista , occupy a very extensive area country, extending from t he borders o f Kabul and Ghaz ni to those of one n of Herat in direction, and from the Vici ity Kandahar

t of . to hat Balkh in the other They hold , in fact, all the

Paro am isus n country which formed the p of the a cients, and in their possessi on of it are isolated from all the other peo

of n n t n ples Afgha ista , wi h whom they are in co tact only

r where their borders ma ch together . This region is mountain o us and throughout, for the most part the soil is poor . But

n n and r it contai s ma y fertile and populous valleys , is the sou ce of r r n n seve al important rivers , the A gha dab and Helma d , the

H arirud or H r r or o f v erat rive , and the Mu ghab river Mar . It is formed by t he two great western prolongations of the

H n u r r r i d Kush , which are sepa ated f om each othe by the val

of H aririid and n G hur ista n or ufe d ley the , is divided i to j S

on r and or S - n on band the no th , Ghor iyah ba d the south ; i th e n ( n n n rt r whilst poi t the east, whe ce the two ra ges sta f om - f n H u n o . ind Kush , is the Ghor ba d Bamia The i nterior of this country is entirely unknown to Euro

n but n r it pea s, we k ow from history that in fo mer times

n a nd n r was ahighly populous regio , took the famous co que or C an hiz n I n h g Kha a full decade to subdue and devastate . his time it abounded in strong fortified places held by a p op ula

n of r n r u n o f n n tio mostly Pe sia race . The i s these mou tai

t e i arts of n r and are castles s ill xist n all p the cou t y, described by thepresent inhabitants as wonderful structu res pe rched on

or of and of m en so inaccessible peaks, the w ks the genii not , P E or 1 1 4 T H E RAC S AFGHANISTAN . solid and so vas t are the walls and buildings still left amongst

n n n of B udhi the deserted rui s . There are also umerous rui s s t

n in eastem n r and l r n buildi gs the parts of the cou t y, a ge qua ti ties of coi ns — mostly of the G 1 eek Bactrian Kings— are

i n fou nd them . R egardi ng the ethnic affiliat ion of the Hazarah peo

can no o t and r r n ple there be d ub , their features fo ms decla i g n n n them disti ctly to be Tatar of the Mo gol divisio . But little or nothi ng appears to be known for ce rtain regarding their

and s n in r and v history ettleme t these pa ts , they seem to ha e no n on n traditio s the subject themselves . The ame too by

now n n f not na which they are k ow af ords no clue , as it is a

one o f v n . r tive , but foreign deri atio The gene al idea regard ing the origin of the word Hazarah is that it is derived from ’ ” P n ha z a rf n a nd the ersia word , a thousa d , was applied to

t n r in n n o f r these people by heir eighbou s , co seque ce thei having been planted here as military colonists in detachments of a thousand fighting m en each by C h anghiz Khan in the

r n n r I t i s n first quarter of the thi tee th ce tu y . said that Cha g

n t e n n n n of in hiz Kha left such detachme ts here , i e them the

z of and n in r o f i Ha arah Kabul , the te th the Haza ah Pakl to

n an o the e ast of the I dus . This last, it would seem , was utpost only whilst C ha nghiz wi ntered in Swat prior to his retu rn t o

’ T am h a and n n n n n r his g j , pe di g the I dia ki g s eply to request

n r for a p assage to that cou try th ough India . Amongst themselves this people ne ver use the term Haz arah

n a nd no n as their national appellatio , yet they have ame for their

n n are n n n n people as a atio . They o ly k ow amo gst themselves by the names of their se veral principal t ribes a nd the clans v subordinate to them respecti ely . Thus they are either

i n i o r n i o r & J a h iiri or u or c . g Bihs d , Dah Za g , Dahi Ku d , Gaur, , t w o n t he as the case may be . With respect to the last amed, t r or as t m e m Dahi Deh , it is usually wri ten by us , would see ‘ n n n and t rac e of to be a atio al appellatio , may be perhaps a the

D ah f T ransoxiana firs t fou ht t ae o , who at g wi h and then coalesced

C O R R E S P O N D I N G H O U S E S .

C E m m M C c . THA K R , , BO BAY.

E E EE N N . C c . 87 E . W THACK R , , N WGAT STR T, LO DO ’ N K at C a C A L T T A 37 PI C U . T H A C K E R , S ,

ees er an er es M c C rindle . E r thrcs an S ea 00. L . P si S i y -- ee s . Z a wabit i ars b A bd ul M c G re or. rote t on rom t L f i, y g P c i f Ligh 30 nl n 2 5 , g -- i aa 2 5 30 M c M ah on. arens of o en er q L li , K G ld Ch - ees . i-M ai an 2 5 30 sones e L q j , 2 9 e a S e o e Gulist an o f a M d . p y R vol - ’ ees M a 29 e e . e m a n n in L . q i n us dy M dl y A Y ar s Ca p ig i g 2 9 n 1 a 9 Le es . O rient al orks I d - - ’ ees . N uz r i be N uz eer in r “ 30 en es. r ment of o nson s L , U du M d Ab idg J h e -- 30 i t onar es. F isanah i a in r u 20 L Aj ib, U d D c i y - 0 er e s ees. wan us afa i n r 3 . E xchan e a es 1 4 L Ikh S , U du M c T bl

ees. at-i- a a in r u 30 er es. an alc ula tor 2 2 L Kulli S ud , U d M c H dy

o - ees . ah at ul J us b M a wlav1 e r es. nco me Wa e s R ent &c . 2 2 L N , y M c I , g , ,

N 0 er es . n 2 oovud D in b r am an J am1 . 3 an R e a e o ner 2 A du R . M c I di dy R ck - es s rem a r and a o a ar erce s . nt ere st a 1 es 1 4 L P S gu B gh B h , M I T b S elections from Milit ary P ay Co de 1 6 lt ees . as a ommentar on th e M 1 on . O de on t he at vt 2 6 L K h f, C y N i i y Koran Milit ary P ay Tables 1 6 e es e i t e . I n n 2 1 L . Arabic S ries M ch ll I dia ’ ee s ra I nfl ec tion t e . ss onar s e 2 1 L . A bic Mi ch ll Mi i y Wif e es ra S nt a o ern ers an rases 2 5 L . A bic y x M d P i Ph e es T ufh at -ul T alibin M odhusudun S e a an a E n s L . l . M u l gli h

. ees . R ose of r t in ers an and n ust an erms o L bud T u h, P i Hi d i T L e t hbrid e e ec t ons o ern E n o ss fe in th e 1 1 g . S l i M d M fu il , Li s t erat re o e swort E n ineer s o et oo 22 gli h Li u M l h . g P ck B k L et r e E n s R ea n ooks one . T ea C u t vat on 1 41 hb idg . gli h di g B M y l i i ’ et r e W o r s H is tor oore n a n am e ne 1 5 L hb idg . ld y M . I di F ily M dici ’ e t r e or s stor in B en orr s E n l s ram mar P rim fl ' 2 7 L hb idg . W ld Hi y M i . g i h G r fe a 2 gali Mui . Li of M hom et 1 e t r ntro t on to ist or s e tr e a t ons 1 7 L hb idge. I duc i H y Mu k y R gul i - - of India M usnawuj at o f Mirz a R a fi us-Saud a 2 3

t r . nt r n t o stor a en ra o E t ion in o . se a Le hb idge I ductio Hi y N g d N Gh . duc

f en ali . n a 2 1 o India i n B g . I di et r e st or of E n an a en ra ose ndian ews L hb idg . Hi y gl d N g d N Gh . I Vi d ntro ct on of E n an 0 Lethbri ge . I du i gl d 2 az r i-b e - 2 and eo ra of en a . a r trans ate b e 3 G g phy B g l N N zi , l d y B ll -- - L ethbrid e . l n rogucti n H is az r i be a r trans ate b ourt 2 3 g N N zi , l d y C G eo a h ogl en pl m N ev "C ata o e of ol 1 7 g y g B il . l gu M lu sca e w s shn C hamb erlain a r-i-be-N uz eer in r 2 3 L i , N z , U du

ons of t he . . O akel O n G o C urren 1 3 Li N W y. ld cy ’ oc er. r mer of stronom O C onnor. L ac Pro ct on &0 1 4 L ky P i A y du i , . ’ on . S r ture r t O C onnor an a l t n i n L g c ip T u h . V ill Cu ivat io n e ec t l ns r m h n o . S p f o n u is ed a 1 4 L g l ‘ U p bl I di R e or s of overnment O nooc ool nd er Mooker ee amo1 r c d G Chu j , M n en rov r f Lo g . B ga li P e bs o 2 1 ’ k nnon k an hn s a . owers om e O es en a s e t r M c i Fl fr Sh i h sh v. B g l Di p nsa o y 1 9 aa i az 00 e M dita S d Shir i P ay . ry 1 6

a nam ara . s ati C ho era ear C urn ircar E n s R n M c A i c l P y h S . gli h eadi g acnam ara se as es o f t h e E e M . Di y 2 7 aine . nd a o ern h o t ers an S e ec t ons for rst A rt M I i , M d T ugh P i l i Fi M alavika nimit ra T rans ate C o rse g . l d by u 2 8 awne ants in R 0 al o tan ar ens T y Pl "B ic G d , ’ M an. or s Pra er m B 0 1 n d 0 C ata o e of L d y j gyi 2 l gu " 1 2 M a s of n reatise p I dia and Adj acent C oun Playfair. T on Midwifery 1 9 - t ries 31 32 o e . e t oo of n an t 9 , P p T x B k I di His ory lin tin tt De m . Fa y generat ion of the R a fall Tab1 e s 1 2 1 9 a endra a a tter rans ation o f R j L l Mi . T l M cC rindl n en e . A ci t India 9 S cientific Terms K a T PI N C a C A L C U T A . T H A O K E R , S ,

Page initi t rans at e e 2 4 a , l d by B ll m 1 9 T awne atera t ot o . R a m N aram D ass . L l Li h y y a at -ul- m a 1 8 at on R a nking . Hid y Huku l i t a ns T w T wo n ne t ow an s and o n a ne . C e t r es of B ha rtrih ari R anson . L l d M u i y u i 1 2 awne ttara ama f on . C ar ta o Ceyl T y U R h i , m an n : 2 9 T rans at on R e id . Hu Mi d l i s b nk 29 T ea ar e ns t e r ark &c m an n na s , s . Re id . Hu Mi d, A ly i yFi G d h i M , ’ R ar s M ilit a S urve in 1 9 a er s en a re to r ich d . y g Th ck B g l Di c y 1 5 n an gomestic E onom eo a . an and res W a R iddell . I di c y Th b ld L d F h L aw erms 2 6 S e s R obinson. T h ll 2 1 T R o nson N u m n ae eo a . e t es r t s n a bi . g I dic h b ld R p il B i i h I di n e 1 8 R o son om oeo at E o o mas . R od in n a b . H p hy xp u d d Th I di 2 9 - r m er C em st r . T om son n E n is Dictio R o scoe . P i h i y h p Hi di gl h oman on nar R ow e and Webb . A C p i y Reader t o T horburn s Bannu int s t o t of T h uillier and m t rve n R o w e and Webb . H S udy S y h Su yi g for English I ndia r F ora ndica T im a a e ss to ries R oxbu gh . l I D ly M S ’ R sse a ar a and een T o nt e r s e ra u ll . M l i S l dhu Alg b ’ t t er E an e T ab es T o nt er s E R u . xch g dhu uclid ’ r T o nte r s M ensurat 1 0n E lem ent ar Salz e . dhu , y e ’ t C an ra Mukadhl a . Al o nt er s ens rat on E em en tar S ara h d j y g T dhu M u i , l y 2 8 braical E xercises in Be ngali ' M an ant andSo 1 4 o nte r s ensurat on S o ti n S chrot tk . o s y , Pl , il T dhu M i , lu R at ona r t re 1 4 o f E er ses rom B cb rot tky. i l Ag icul u x ci f h e 1 7 o m . o e r i n t e ren rt erv ce Sch id S ldi Fi ld T ch , Sh S i eom et r 2 8 T uson C holera S u hur rn n o t t . o te s . Sc N , G y , Bu i g 1 9 t t ot es on urve n . e an t e a ter a e a of S co . N S yi g Ud y Ch d Du i M dic e e t a o e t a 29 n s b n S l c P ic Hi du , yKi g F a n ri e of ver 1 3 r u E nt ran e C o rse S eyd . ll i P c Sil U d c u n r es and C ast es 9 U t tra R am a C ar t a rans at e S he rring . Hi du T ib h i . T l d t t s on of S h o sh e e Chunder Du . Vi i b Tawne ’ 2 1 ie s n s n a s t I n c . a i m era & . e . Le e l de Su , V l A gl ver est on Revie we 1 4 a an Puksht o ramm ar Sil Qu i d V ugh . G t r G o d R e ve a e 20 Villeroi T r t ro C ent ra A s 1 a Sl a e . l d . ip h ugh l oo ans r t iterat re 2 4 tionar m a . an e e tar S ll H db k S k i L u V yl . Mili y Dic y rren of 1 3 d a n m e aton . C e an E art an e ve S u cy W ll d . hly H ly m t r t m et 28 ra nin S i h , B . A i h ic T i g o amm e m t o am m ed and W ee er E ar ecor s B r. n a S i h . M h M h d h l . ly R d , I di a nism 1 1 W reat se ane r onom et r " ilmot . T i Pl T ig y S ver and n ian E an es 1 3 W nam s m t son . E em entar S i h . il I d xch g il l y Dy ic en n an R e a e oner 2 2 i and E n s Dio s son . ans r t Sp . I di dy R ck W l S c i gli h e T rans a t on E er ses 2 3 St ap y . l i x c tionar r ment l i y, Ab idg t a e rans at on E xer se s B en W son ans rit and B o a S pl y. T l i ci , l , S c gh h Dic 00 i gale e tionary on e h an s 2 8 t e enson . reat se W e ra S ph T i M c ic ood . Al b t a e S eonee 1 7 rc of et S e rnd l . W ord swort C hu h Thib n em ent T ea ant 1 4 i o f t o e r a a W lle . E ssa s E t erna o S k . M g Pl y , x l P l cy en a rt ler 1 6 S tubb s . B g l A il y dia n al S un eeb C rn C hat ter ee . e t I ntro t on in st an j hu j g Ya es . duc i H du i o t s u " nt ro ct on H n stani B Yat es . I du i i du

l o ame . SyedAme er A i M h d Edite d b W enger ’ manion T a n no tudent s o iat it ud e and L on 1 t ude n e . ck . S C p Yo g g E nglish Gramm ar m th out Ins trum ent s ' t ent s C oman on f A va T anno ck . , on t o C o rt o S ud p i Yule . Mis si u ' E n s G rammm K e b . . gli h , y, y G A Lormer

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