DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendix a Bible Verses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendix a Bible Verses Goal and source in South American languages Emilia Roosvall Department of Linguistics Bachelor’s Programme in Linguistics 180 ECTS credits Spring semester 2020 Supervisor: Bernhard Wälchli Swedish title: Mål och källa i sydamerikanska språk Goal and source in South American languages Emilia Roosvall Abstract This study primarily investigates the expression of two local roles, goal and source, inSouth American languages. Local roles describe the direction of movement or locatedness in relation to a physical object, a ground, in a motion event. While goal expresses motion to or towards and source expresses motion from a ground, these are not always distinguished from one another but sometimes encoded indifferently. A previous cross-linguistic study by Wälchli and Zúñiga (2006) shows that the encoding of goal and source tends to be distinct in Eurasia, North Africa, and Australia, and more diverse in the Americas and New Guinea. However, the sample used in their study is not representative in the Americas. The principal aim of the present study is to determine whether the encoding of goal and source is distinct or indifferent in a representative sample of South American languages, using both reference grammars and parallel texts consisting of Bible translations. The local role path, expressing motion through a ground, is also studied to the extent that this is possible given the data. The findings show that distinct encoding of goal and source is most common in the sample. Indifferent languages are still attested for, yet to a smaller extent than in Wälchli and Zúñiga’s study(2006). Keywords goal, source, South American languages, motion events, linguistic typology Sammanfattning Denna studie undersöker främst uttryck av två lokalroller, mål och källa, i sydamerikanska språk. Lokalroller beskriver riktningen av förflyttning eller befintlighet i förhållande tillett fysiskt objekt, en bakgrund, i en händelse som uttrycker rörelse. Även om mål uttrycker rörelse till eller mot och källa uttrycker rörelse från en bakgrund är dessa inte alltid särskilda utan markeras ibland neutralt. En tidigare tvärspråklig studie av Wälchli och Zúñiga (2006) visar att markering av mål och källa tenderar att vara distinktiv i Eurasien, Nordafrika ochAus- tralien, och mer varierad i Amerika. Ehuru är urvalet av språk i deras studie inte representat- ivt i Amerika och Nya Guinea. Det huvudsakliga syftet med den här studien är att avgöra om markeringen av mål och källa är distinktiv eller neutral i ett representativt urval av sydamerik- anska språk, med både grammatikor och parallelltexter bestående av bibelöversättningar som datakällor. Lokalrollen path, som uttrycker rörelse genom en bakgrund, studeras också iden utsräckning detta är möjligt givet datan. Resultaten visar att distinktiv markering avmåloch källa är vanligast i urvalet av språk. Neutrala språk finnes också, men i mindre utsträckning än i Wälchli och Zúñigas studie (2006). Nyckelord mål, källa, sydamerikanska språk, rörelse, lingvistisk typologi Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Background 4 2.1 Motion events .................................... 4 2.2 Local roles ...................................... 6 2.2.1 Basic local roles ............................... 6 2.2.2 Source and goal ............................... 7 2.2.3 Path ..................................... 10 2.2.4 Syntactic structure ............................. 11 2.2.5 Syncretism ................................. 14 2.3 Marking with different noun types ......................... 17 2.4 The linguistic situation in South America ..................... 18 2.4.1 Genealogy .................................. 18 2.4.2 Typology .................................. 18 2.4.3 Previous description ............................ 20 3 Purpose and research questions 22 3.1 Purpose ........................................ 22 3.2 Research questions ................................. 22 4 Method 23 4.1 Data .......................................... 23 4.1.1 Methodological background − Parallel texts ............... 25 4.1.2 Methodological background − Bible translations ............ 26 4.2 Sample ........................................ 27 4.2.1 Methodological background − Sampling methods ............ 27 4.2.2 The sample of this study .......................... 28 4.2.2.1 Genealogical stratification ................... 28 4.2.2.2 Areal stratification ....................... 29 4.3 Analysis ....................................... 30 5 Results 32 5.1 The encoding of source and goal .......................... 32 5.1.1 Distinct encoding .............................. 32 5.1.1.1 Complex markers ........................ 32 5.1.1.2 Length of marker ........................ 35 5.1.1.3 Analysis from Bible verses vs reference grammars ...... 41 5.1.2 No clear distinct encoding ......................... 42 5.1.2.1 Indifferent encoding ....................... 42 5.1.2.2 Goal marking with unknown source marking ........ 46 5.1.2.3 Intermediate systems ...................... 49 5.1.2.4 Associated motion ........................ 50 5.1.2.5 Unresolved cases ........................ 50 5.1.3 Areal distribution .............................. 50 5.2 The encoding of path ................................ 51 5.3 Methodological results ............................... 52 6 Discussion 54 6.1 The encoding of goal and source .......................... 54 6.1.1 Distinct encoding .............................. 54 6.1.2 No clear distinct encoding ......................... 55 6.1.3 Areal tendencies .............................. 56 6.2 The encoding of path ................................ 57 6.3 Methodological results ............................... 57 6.4 Additional remarks ................................. 58 6.5 Future research ................................... 59 7 Conclusions 60 References 62 Appendices 67 A Bible verses 67 B Sample 68 C Suggested linguistic areas of South America 69 D Source and Goal markers in distinctly encoding languages 73 E Encoding in languages with no clear distinction 74 F Syncretism patterns between local roles in the sample languages 75 Abbreviations 1 1st person distr distributive 2 2nd person dsq delayed sequence 3 3rd person evi evidential abl ablative excl exclusive acc accusative f feminine accomp accomplished fin finite act active voice form formative verbal prefix add additive fsh far from speaker and hearer adv adverbial(izer) fut future advrel relativized adverbial g generic (classifier) all allative goal goal andtv andative hab habitual apl applicative impfv imperfective ass assertion incl inclusive aux auxiliary ind indicative caus causative ins instrumental clf classifier ints intensifier comp completive io individual verification, observation orientation. con contrastive locative/temporal lk linker conrel relativized contrastive locative/temporal loc locative conv converb m masculine cts close to speaker mot motative dat dative neg negative/negator decl declarative ni non-indicative def marker of definiteness nom nominative dem demonstrative nomcl nominal class desc descriptive obj object det determiner obl oblique dim diminutive past past dir directional pfv perfective dist.past distant past pl plural 1 place place polint polar interrogative poss possessive ppos postposition prog progressive prs present rec.past recent past refl reflexive rel relativizer sbj subject sg singular sp specific (classifier) sym sound-symbolic word t/e tense/evidential theme theme top topicalizer vblz verbalizer ventv ventive 2 1 Introduction Linguistic typology aims at characterizing languages based on functional and structural traits. This study focuses entirely on making such characterizations in regards to the presence or absence of a distinction between certain semantic roles which appear with motion events − that is, events expressing dynamic movement. Two fundamental elements of a motion event are figure and ground. The figure is a physical object whose motion is related to another physical object, namely the ground. Two other cent- ral components of a motion event are motion and direction. Motion, unsurprisingly, conveys the motion of a motion event and direction expresses the spatial relation between the figure and the ground (Talmy 2007). That relation can be either static or dynamic and thus constitute different semantic roles. Static spatial relations express locatedness − to be located e.g. in, at, or on a ground − and have the semantic role place. In contrast, dynamic spatial relations describe movement − to move in relation to a ground. This movement can have different dir- ectional relations to the ground. Two fundamental such relations are motion to or towards, and motion from a ground, represented by the semantic roles goal and source respectively. These are exemplified in (1) below. (1) a. Place: We got engaged in Bremen. (Haspelmath 2019, p. 316) b. Goal: We went to Bamberg. c. Source: She came from Aachen. There are several ways to encode place, goal, and source in different languages, e.g. through case markers, adpositions, verbal markers, or other specialized markers. However, not all lan- guages have a grammatical distinction between goal and source − sometimes they are marked indifferently. A study by Wälchli and Zúñiga (2006), which investigates the encoding of goal and source cross-linguistically, shows that distinct encoding of goal and source is dominant in Eurasia, North Africa, and Australia, while indifferent marking predominantly appears in the Americas, and mixed marking is most frequent in Africa. However, their study
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: a Case Study from Koro
    Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro By Jessica Cleary-Kemp A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair Assistant Professor Peter S. Jenks Professor William F. Hanks Summer 2015 © Copyright by Jessica Cleary-Kemp All Rights Reserved Abstract Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro by Jessica Cleary-Kemp Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair In this dissertation a methodology for identifying and analyzing serial verb constructions (SVCs) is developed, and its application is exemplified through an analysis of SVCs in Koro, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea. SVCs involve two main verbs that form a single predicate and share at least one of their arguments. In addition, they have shared values for tense, aspect, and mood, and they denote a single event. The unique syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs present a number of theoretical challenges, and thus they have invited great interest from syntacticians and typologists alike. But characterizing the nature of SVCs and making generalizations about the typology of serializing languages has proven difficult. There is still debate about both the surface properties of SVCs and their underlying syntactic structure. The current work addresses some of these issues by approaching serialization from two angles: the typological and the language-specific. On the typological front, it refines the definition of ‘SVC’ and develops a principled set of cross-linguistically applicable diagnostics.
    [Show full text]
  • Workshop Proposal: Associated Motion in African Languages WOCAL 2021, Universiteit Leiden Organizers: Roland Kießling (Universi
    Workshop proposal: Associated motion in African languages WOCAL 2021, Universiteit Leiden Organizers: Roland Kießling (University of Hamburg) Bastian Persohn (University of Hamburg) Daniel Ross (University of Illinois, UC Riverside) The grammatical category of associated motion (AM) is constituted by markers related to the verb that encode translational motion (e.g. Koch 1984; Guillaume 2016). (1–3) illustrate AM markers in African languages. (1) Kaonde (Bantu, Zambia; Wright 2007: 32) W-a-ká-leta buta. SUBJ3SG-PST-go_and-bring gun ʻHe went and brought the gun.ʻ (2) Wolof (Atlantic, Senegal and Gambia; Diouf 2003, cited by Voisin, in print) Dafa jàq moo tax mu seet-si la FOC.SUBJ3SG be_worried FOC.SUBJ3SG cause SUBJ3SG visit-come_and OBJ2SG ‘He's worried, that's why he came to see you.‘ (3) Datooga (Nilotic, Tanzania; Kießling, field notes) hàbíyóojìga gwá-jòon-ɛ̀ɛn ʃɛ́ɛróodá bàɲêega hyenas SUBJ3SG-sniff-while_coming smell.ASS meat ‘The hyenas come sniffing (after us) because of the meat’s smell.’ Associated motion markers are a common device in African languages, as evidenced in Belkadi’s (2016) ground-laying work, in Ross’s (in press) global sample as well as by the available surveys of Atlantic (Voisin, in press), Bantu (Guérois et al., in press), and Nilotic (Payne, in press). In descriptive works, AM markers are often referred to by other labels, such as movement grams, distal aspects, directional markers, or itive/ventive markers. Typologically, AM systems may vary with respect to the following parameters (e.g. Guillaume 2016): Complexity: How many dedicated AM markers do actually contrast? Moving argument:: Which is the moving entity (S/A vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
    Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Conventions and Abbreviations
    Conventions and abbreviations Example sentences consist of four lines. The first line uses a practical orthography. The second line shows the underlying morphemes. The third line is a gloss, and the fourth line provides a free translation in English. In glosses, proper names are represented by initials. Constituents are in square brackets. Examples are numbered separately for each chapter. If elements are marked in other ways (e.g. with boldface), this is indicated where relevant. A source reference is given for each example; the reference code consists of the initials of the speaker (or ‘Game’ for the Man and Tree games), the date the recording was made, and the number of the utterance. An overview of recordings plus reference codes can be found in Appendix I. The following abbreviations and symbols are used in glosses: 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person ADJ adjectiviser ANIM animate APPL applicative CAUS causative CLF classifier CNTF counterfactual COMP complementiser COND conditional CONT continuative DEF definiteness marker DEM demonstrative DIM diminutive DIST distal du dual EMP emphatic marker EXCL exclusive FREE free pronoun FOC focus marker HAB habitual IMP imperative INANIM inanimate INCL inclusive INT intermediate INTJ interjection INTF intensifier IPFV imperfective IRR irrealis MOD modal operator NEG negation marker NOM nominaliser NS non-singular PART partitive https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110675177-206 XXIV Conventions and abbreviations pc paucal PERT pertensive PFV perfective pl plural POSS possessive PRF perfect PROG progressive PROX proximate RECIP reciprocal REDUP reduplication REL relative clause marker sg singular SPEC.COLL specific collective SUB subordinate clause marker TAG tag question marker ZERO person/number reference with no overt realisation - affix boundary = clitic boundary .
    [Show full text]
  • Current Studies on South American Languages, [Indigenous Languages of Latin America (ILLA), Vol
    This file is freely available for download at http://www.etnolinguistica.org/illa This book is freely available for download at http://www.etnolinguistica.org/illa References: Crevels, Mily, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.). 2002. Current Studies on South American Languages, [Indigenous Languages of Latin America (ILLA), vol. 3], [CNWS publications, vol. 114], Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), vi + 344 pp. (ISBN 90-5789-076-3) CURRENT STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF LATIN AMERICA (ILLA) This series, entitled Indigenous Languages of Latin America, is a result of the collaboration between the CNWS research group of Amerindian Studies and the Spinoza research program Lexicon and Syntax, and it will function as an outlet for publications related to the research program. LENGUAS INDÍGENAS DE AMÉRICA LATINA (ILLA) La serie Lenguas Indígenas de América Latina es el resultado de la colabora- ción entre el equipo de investigación CNWS de estudios americanos y el programa de investigación Spinoza denominado Léxico y Sintaxis. Dicha serie tiene como objetivo publicar los trabajos que se lleven a cabo dentro de ambos programas de investigación. Board of advisors / Consejo asesor: Willem Adelaar (Universiteit Leiden) Eithne Carlin (Universiteit Leiden) Pieter Muysken (Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) Leo Wetzels (Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) Series editors / Editores de la serie: Mily Crevels (Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) Simon van de Kerke (Universiteit
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
    OTOXXX10.1177/0194599816689667Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryBhattacharyya et al 6896672017© The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Clinical Practice Guideline Otolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign 2017, Vol. 156(3S) S1 –S47 © American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update) Surgery Foundation 2017 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599816689667 10.1177/0194599816689667 http://otojournal.org Neil Bhattacharyya, MD1, Samuel P. Gubbels, MD2, Seth R. Schwartz, MD, MPH3, Jonathan A. Edlow, MD4, Hussam El-Kashlan, MD5, Terry Fife, MD6, Janene M. Holmberg, PT, DPT, NCS7, Kathryn Mahoney8, Deena B. Hollingsworth, MSN, FNP-BC9, Richard Roberts, PhD10, Michael D. Seidman, MD11, Robert W. Prasaad Steiner, MD, PhD12, Betty Tsai Do, MD13, Courtney C. J. Voelker, MD, PhD14, Richard W. Waguespack, MD15, and Maureen D. Corrigan16 Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are associated with undiagnosed or untreated BPPV. Other out- disclosed at the end of this article. comes considered include minimizing costs in the diagnosis and treatment of BPPV, minimizing potentially unnecessary re- turn physician visits, and maximizing the health-related quality Abstract of life of individuals afflicted with BPPV. Action Statements. The update group made strong recommenda- Objective. This update of a 2008 guideline from the American tions that clinicians should (1) diagnose posterior semicircular Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foun- canal BPPV when vertigo associated with torsional, upbeating dation provides evidence-based recommendations to benign nystagmus is provoked by the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, per- paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), defined as a disorder of formed by bringing the patient from an upright to supine posi- the inner ear characterized by repeated episodes of position- tion with the head turned 45° to one side and neck extended al vertigo.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Box Approaches to Genealogical Classification and Their Shortcomings Jelena Prokić and Steven Moran
    Black box approaches to genealogical classification and their shortcomings Jelena Prokić and Steven Moran 1. Introduction In the past 20 years, the application of quantitative methods in historical lin- guistics has received a lot of attention. Traditional historical linguistics relies on the comparative method in order to determine the genealogical related- ness of languages. More recent quantitative approaches attempt to automate this process, either by developing computational tools that complement the comparative method (Steiner et al. 2010) or by applying fully automatized methods that take into account very limited or no linguistic knowledge, e.g. the Levenshtein approach. The Levenshtein method has been extensively used in dialectometry to measure the distances between various dialects (Kessler 1995; Heeringa 2004; Nerbonne 1996). It has also been frequently used to analyze the relatedness between languages, such as Indo-European (Serva and Petroni 2008; Blanchard et al. 2010), Austronesian (Petroni and Serva 2008), and a very large sample of 3002 languages (Holman 2010). In this paper we will examine the performance of the Levenshtein distance against n-gram models and a zipping approach by applying these methods to the same set of language data. The success of the Levenshtein method is typically evaluated by visu- ally inspecting and comparing the obtained genealogical divisions against already well-established groupings found in the linguistics literature. It has been shown that the Levenshtein method is successful in recovering main languages groups, which for example in the case of Indo-European language family, means that it is able to correctly classify languages into Germanic, Slavic or Romance groups.
    [Show full text]
  • On the External Relations of Purepecha: an Investigation Into Classification, Contact and Patterns of Word Formation Kate Bellamy
    On the external relations of Purepecha: An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation Kate Bellamy To cite this version: Kate Bellamy. On the external relations of Purepecha: An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation. Linguistics. Leiden University, 2018. English. tel-03280941 HAL Id: tel-03280941 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03280941 Submitted on 7 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/61624 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Bellamy, K.R. Title: On the external relations of Purepecha : an investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation Issue Date: 2018-04-26 On the external relations of Purepecha An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation Published by LOT Telephone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht Email: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Kate Bellamy. ISBN: 978-94-6093-282-3 NUR 616 Copyright © 2018: Kate Bellamy. All rights reserved. On the external relations of Purepecha An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation PROEFSCHRIFT te verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptive and Comparative Research on South American Indian Languages
    Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages Willem F. H. Adelaar 1. Introduction The extreme language diversity that was characteristic for South America must have been a challenge to native groups throughout the subcontinent, struggling to maintain commercial and political relations with each other. Due to the absence of phonetically based writing systems in pre-European times there is hardly any documentation about the way cross-linguistic communication was achieved. How- ever, the outlines of a conscious linguistic policy can be assumed from the Incas’ success in imposing their language upon a millenary multilingual society. Second- language learning, often by users of typologically widely different languages, must have been an everyday concern to the subjects of the Inca empire. Sixteenth-cen- tury chroniclers often report in a matter-of-fact way on the ease and rapidity with which native Americans mastered the language of their conquerors, be it Quechua, Spanish or any other language. Apart from such cases of political necessity, there are indications that language played an essential role in many South American native societies and that it could be manipulated and modified in a deliberate way. The use of stylistic speech levels among the Cuna (Sherzer 1983) and of ceremo- nial discourse among the Mbyá (Cadogan 1959; Clastres 1974), the Shuar (Gnerre 1986) and the Trio (Carlin 2004), the appreciation of rhetorical skill as a requisite for leadership among the Mapuche, the distinction of female and masculine speech among the Karajá (Rodrigues 2004) and the Chiquitano (Galeote 1993), the associ- ation of language choice and family lineage among the peoples of the Vaupés region (Sorensen 1967; Aikhenvald 2002), and the association of language choice and professional occupation in highland Bolivia (Howard 1995) appear to indicate an awareness of linguistic functionality not limited to daily communication alone.
    [Show full text]
  • ARAWAK LANGUAGES” by Alexandra Y
    OXFORD BIBLIOGRAPHIES IN LINGUISTICS “ARAWAK LANGUAGES” by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald © Oxford University Press Not for distribution. For permissions, please email [email protected]. xx Introduction General Overviews Monographs and Dissertations Articles and Book Chapters North Arawak Languages Monographs and Dissertations Articles and Book Chapters Reference Works Grammatical and Lexical Studies Monographs and Dissertations Articles and Book Chapters Specific Issues in the Grammar of North Arawak Languages Mixed Arawak-Carib Language and the Emergence of Island Carib Language Contact and the Effects of Language Obsolescence Dictionaries of North Arawak Languages Pre-andine Arawak Languages Campa Languages Monographs and Dissertations Articles and Book Chapters Amuesha Chamicuro Piro and Iñapari Apurina Arawak Languages of the Xingu Indigenous Park Arawak Languages of Areas near Xingu South Arawak Languages Arawak Languages of Bolivia Introduction The Arawak family is the largest in South America, with about forty extant languages. Arawak languages are spoken in lowland Amazonia and beyond, covering French Guiana, Suriname, Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia, and formerly in Paraguay and Argentina. Wayuunaiki (or Guajiro), spoken in the region of the Guajiro peninsula in Venezuela and Colombia, is the largest language of the family. Garifuna is the only Arawak language spoken in Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala in Central America. Groups of Arawak speakers must have migrated from the Caribbean coast to the Antilles a few hundred years before the European conquest. At least several dozen Arawak languages have become extinct since the European conquest. The highest number of recorded Arawak languages is centered in the region between the Rio Negro and the Orinoco.
    [Show full text]
  • A Grammar of Aguaruna
    A Grammar of Aguaruna Simon E. Overall M.A. (Hons) A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Research Centre for Linguistic Typology La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria, 3086 Australia December 2007 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. XVI STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ........................................................................................................... XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................XVII CONVENTIONS FOLLOWED.............................................................................................................. XVIII ABBREVIATIONS USED............................................................................................................................XX MAP ............................................................................................................................................................XXII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 1.1 LINGUISTIC PROFILE .........................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Autodenomination .......................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/93593 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-07 and may be subject to change. The Noun Phrase in the Languages of South America Published by LOT Trans 10 phone: +31 30 253 6006 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: designed by Vladimir Krasnoukhov & Olga Krasnoukhova ISBN: 978-94-6093-084-3 NUR 616 Copyright © 2012: Olga Krasnoukhova. All rights reserved. The Noun Phrase in the Languages of South America Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 4 juli 2012 om 13:30 uur precies door Olga Vladimirovna Krasnoukhova geboren op 19 april 1978 te Moskou, Rusland Promotor: Prof. dr. Pieter Muysken Copromotor: Dr. Mily Crevels Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. Leon Stassen (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen / Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldof, Duitsland) Dr. Jan Rijkhoff (Århus Universitet, Denemarken) Dr. Ana Vilacy Galucio (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi / MCT, Brazilië) to my parents: Vladimir, Valentina, Lucien, Anna and Janne Table of Contents Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Aims of the study 1 1.2. Background 2 1.3. Approach and sample 7 1.4. Overview of the following chapters 11 CHAPTER 2.
    [Show full text]