Journal Paper Format

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 3246 - 3252 Consistentcy of Base-Ten Number Pronunciations in Batak Karo Language

Agustini Tripena1,*, Agung Prabowo2, Agus Sugandha3.

1,2,3Mathematics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia Jl. Dr. Soeparno No. 61 Karangwangkal Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia 1,* [email protected] ; [email protected], [email protected] ; [email protected] 3 [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract Batak Karo language is as one of the five main various Batak languages spoken by the people of Batak in the region of origin. The pronunciation of number of Batak Karo language shows the constancy/consistency in the rules of pronunciation at base-ten number and the place value. The place value in Batak Karo language starts from the smallest unit/ones called sada (100), tens called pulu (101), hundreds called ratus (102) and thousands called ribu (103) and so on.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: 01A07 , 01A29

Keywords: base-ten, Batak Karo language, the constancy, pronunciation of number, place value

1. Introduction Batak tribes have languages which have a lot of the similarities among them or equalities among them. The experts of language differenciate them at least into two branches of Batak languages. They have two big differences so it is imposible to communicate between the two groups, of Batak Karo and Batak Toba. Batak Karo lives in the north Batak land and Batak Toba lives in the south [1]. Nevertheless, in the case of pronunciation of number, there are equalities which are exactly the same between Batak Karo and Batak Toba. Geographically, Batak tribes live or occupy in Karo Land region in the province of North Sumatera, Indonesia. In this province, Batak language is still used broadly by all Batak tribes. Although recently, the Batak tribes live in the whole regions of Indonesia, they still use Batak language in their communication among them. Batak Karo language is as one of the five varieties (dialects) used by the Batak tribes. In this article, constancy of number pronunciation of Batak Karo will be examined. The pronunciation of number in Batak Karo uses base-ten numbers with the place value (the value of the location) unit/ones (sada), tens (pulu), hundreds (ratus), thousands (ribu) and so on. The discussion of this case is limited at the domain of pronunciation of number to state the amount of things (cardinal numbers).

2. Research Method The research methods are study literature and direct observation at the spot both in the mother land tribes and in the regions where they live, especially in Purwokerto, Central Java.

3. Discussion 3.1 Base-Ten and the Place Value One of the base-number is base-ten number (decimal). In this base-ten number, the numbers are arranged by the single digit or the combination of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. There are only ten digits and using the concept of the place value of position unit, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on are composed with the higher numbers.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 3246 - 3252

3.2 The Pronunciation of Number The numbers is term which is used to state the amount of something. If the amount of something has been known, to state it is by using the code and it is called the figure pronounced or written with the letters as the pronunciation of number, so the pronunciation of number is as pronunciation in the form of words. The number 1234 will be pronounced ‘one thousand two hundred and thirty-four'. The pronunciation of 1234 shows the use of the constancy of base-ten number with the place value of position ‘unit, tens, hundreds and thousands’ with the position where the unit is in the right position (picture 1).

one two three four

thousand hundreds tens unit

Picture 1 The place value and base-ten for the pronunciation one thousand two hundreds and thirty four

The rule of pronunciation of number of the base-ten with the use of place value leads/refers to the statement of value of position. In Indonesian, the pronunciation of ‘satu’ (one) in the place value of thousand will be pronounced ‘satu ribu’ (one-thousand) that retracts into ‘saribu’ (one- thousand) and changes as seribu (one-thousand). The pronunciation of ‘dua’ (two) at the place of hundreds value will be said dua ratus (two hundreds) et cetera. The specific pronunciation of ‘nol’ (zero) at the value of position randomly, is not ever pronounced. Hence, 1204, at first will be pronounced as ‘seribu dua ratus nol puluh empat’ (one thousand two hundreds zero tens and four) but later it will be pronounced ‘seribu dua ratus empat’ (one thousands two hundreds and four).

3.3 The Dialect of Batak Tribe Language General it can be stated that there are five groups of Batak tribe, namely Karo, Pakpak-Dairi, Simelungun, Toba and Angkola-Mandailing [2]. From the point of view of language, culture and hand writing, there is not always the sparated line clearly shown among the five tribes of Batak because those five tribes have the same mother language. Angkola-Mandailaing language and Toba established the south family language and Karo and Pakpak-Dairi established the north family language. The language of Simelungun tribe is often classified as the language which stands between the north and the south family language. But historically Simelungun language is the branch of the south family language which the separated from the South of Batak, before the language of Toba and Angkola-Mandailaing tribes formed [2]. Toba, Angkola, and Mandailing languges are not different. If we analysis futher, the language of Angkola and Mandailing are the two languages which have so many langualities. Consequently, those languages are called the language of Angkola-Mandailing. With the existency of the continuation about the linguistic among the tribes of Batak, there are no differences among the various Batak languages. The language of Karo and Simelungun are often called as different languages. So, it is difficult to communicate with each are there. In the border region of Batak Karo and Simelungun, there is no-problems dialing which the communication because the two languages in this region have many borrowed words from earch region. It happens not only in the eache of language but also in the case of culture. There is no clear differences among the villages of Simelungun and Karo and Pakpak or Pakpak and Toba.

3.4 The Pronunciation of Number in Batak Karo Language All Batak dialects derived from the proto (old) language which is considered descending some languages. Part of vocabularies through linguistic historically are inherited by groves of the North Batak language [3].

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 3246 - 3252 One of the usages of language is to pronounce the number either the form of pronunciation for stating the amount of something (cardinal numbers), or the form of the arrangement of ordinal number, fractional (rational numbers) for stating time (year and the like). In this case the group of north language maintains the origin of Batak language. For example, the pronunciation of number ‘three’ in Old Batak language is ‘tělu’. This form is still existing in North Batak. The group of south language changes from [ě] into [o] in ‘tělu’ turned into ‘tolu’. However, many other examples also where the original shape is maintained by a grove south language.

3.5 The Constancy (Consistency) The pronunciation of cardinal number of the base-ten and the place value of position for unit, tens, hundreds, thousands, et cetera do not always show the consistency. In Indonesian language one, two up to nine will be pronounced satu (one), dua (two), tiga (three), empat (four), lima (five), enam (six), tujuh (seven), delapan (eight), and sembilan (nine). Pronunciation for sepuluh is ten, and the place value for tens called tens place-value. In Javanese and Indonesian, the consistency for pronouncing numbers begins unclearly at the pronunciation for the number 11, however consistent the constancy of pronouncing for the number 20 turn to the constancy. The number of 11 is pronounced sewelas (in Java language) and sebelas (in Indonesia). The next pronunciations are “rolas, telulas, patbelas, limalas, nembelas, pitulas, wolulas and sangalas”. Those are Java language. In English language are “twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen and nineteen“ . In the Java language, the pronountion of number 10 will be pronounced “sepuluh“ or “sedasa“ . So that 11 until 19 will be pronounced “sepuluh siji, sepuluh loro and so until sepuluh sanga” or “sedasa-setunggal, sedasa kalih, and so on until sedasa-sanga” (in English ten- one, ten-two, and so on up to ten-nine). In Indonesian supposedly found the pronunciation of numbers sepuluh satu, sepuluh dua, sepuluh tiga until sepuluh sembilan, or sebelas, dua belas, tiga belas until to sembilan belas. The consistency of number in English for “sebelas, dua belas until sembilan belas“ will be found ten-one, ten-two et cetera. But the number 11 and 12 will be pronounced “eleven and twelve” it seem from Seife [4] ”one over ten” and “two over ten”. Furthermore, Seife [4] explain the origin of pronunciation for the thirteen and thirteen et cetera on wards is the abbreviation of three and ten (three and ten), fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen and nineteen derive from “four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten”. The pronunciation of Java language, Indonesian and English are composed by referring at the base-ten and the place value of position. Pronunciation of numbers in Batak Karo language shows good constancy by referring to the base-ten and place value position. This kind of pronunciation is very mathematical, so it can help in learning mathematics.

Table. 1 The pronunciation of cardinal number in various language Numbers Pronunciation in Language Jawa Ngoko Jawa Krama Indonesian English Batak Batak Number (Ordinary (Noble Java Language Language Karo Toba Java Language) Language Language Language) 1 Siji Setunggal Satu One Sada Sada 2 Loro Kalih Dua Two Dua Dua 3 Telu Tiga Tiga Three Tělu Tolu 4 Papat Sekawan Empat Four Ěmpat Opat 5 Lima Gangsal Lima Five Lima Lima 6 Nem Nem Enam Six Ěněm Onom 7 Pitu Pitu Tujuh Seven Pitu Pitu 8 Wolu Wolu Delapan Eight Ualuh Ualu 9 Sanga Sanga Sembilan Nine Siwah Sia

The pronunciation of number in Table 1 do not add the pronunciation for the number 0 is pronunce zero (English), das, nol (Ordinary Java), nol (Noble Java), nol (Indonesian), and nol

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 3246 - 3252 (Batak Karo). The pronunciation of number in Table 1 is as the formating for next pronunciations by referring at the base-ten and the value of position. The names of position value in the five languages until 103 will be shown in Table 2.

Table. 2 The names of place value position in the various language Place The Names of Place Value Position Value Ordinary Noble Indonesian English Batak Batak Java Java Karo Toba Language Language Language Language 100 Ekan Ekan Satuan Unit Sada Sada 101 Dasan Dasan Puluhan Tens Pulu Pulu 102 Atusan Atusan Ratusan Hundreds Ratus Ratus 103 Ewon Ewon Ribuan Thousands Ribu Ribu

By using the names of place value in table 2, the pronunciation of 10-19 which are constant at the base-ten and the place value will be shown in Table 3. Part of which are coded as the constancy number pronunciation of base-ten. The under parts of it are as pronunciation of numbers used until now.

Tabel 3 The pronunciation of cardinal number 10–19 in various language Number Numbers Pronunciation in Language Ordinary Noble Indonesian English Batak Karo Batak Toba Java Java Language Language Language Language 10 Sepuluh Sedasa Sepuluh Ten Sepuluh Sampulu Sepuluh Sedasa Sepuluh Ten Sepuluh Sampulu 11 Sepuluh-siji Sedasa- Sepuluh-satu Ten one Sepuluh Sampulu setunggal sada sada Sewelas Setunggal Sebelas Eleven Sepuluh dua Sampulu welas sada 12 Sepuluh-loro Sedasa-kalih Sepuluh-dua Ten-two Sepuluh Sampulu dua dua Rowelas, Kalih welas Dua belas Twelve Sepuluh Sampulu Rolas dua dua 13 Sepuluh-telu Sedasa-tiga Sepuluh-tiga Ten-three Sepuluh Sampulu tělu tolu Teluwelas, Tiga welas Tiga belas Thirteen, Sepuluh Sampulu Telulas Three over tělu tolu ten 14 Sepuluh-papat Sedasa- Sepuluh- Ten-four Sepuluh Sampulu sekawan empat ěmpat opat Patwelas, Sekawan welas Empat belas Fourteen Sepuluh Sampulu Patbelas ěmpat opat 15 Sepuluh-lima Sedasa- Sepuluh-lima Ten-five Sepuluh Sampulu gangsal lima lima Limawelas, Gangsal welas Lima belas Fifteen Sepuluh Sampulu Limalas lima lima 16 Sepuluh-nem Sedasa-nem Sepuluh-enam Ten-six Sepuluh Sampulu ěněm onom Nemwelas, Nemwelas Enam belas Sixteen Sepuluh Sampulu Nembelas ěněm onom 17 Sepuluh-pitu Sedasa-pitu Sepuluh-tujuh Ten-seven Sepuluh Sampulu

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 3246 - 3252 pitu pitu Pituwelas, Pituwelas, Tujuh belas Seventeen Sepuluh Sampulu Pitulas Pitulas pitu pitu 18 Sepuluh-wolu Sedasa-wolu Sepuluh- Ten-eight Sepuluh Sampulu delapan ualuh ualu Woluwelas, Woluwelas, Delapan belas Eighteen Sepuluh Sampulu Wolulas Wolulas ualuh ualu 19 Sepuluh-sanga Sedasa-sanga Sepuluh- Ten-nine Sepuluh Sampulu sia sembilan siwah Sangawelas, Sangawelas, Sembilan Nineteen Sepuluh Sampulu sia Sangalas Sangalas belas siwah

At Table 3, the parts which are coded are factually in constant at the base-ten pronunciation (top). Next, the consistency of the numbers in cardinal number of Batak language from 20-1000 are shown partly in table 4. Tabel 4 The part of cardinal number pronounciation for 20-10.000 in various language Number Indonesian Batak Karo Language Batak Toba Language 20 Duapuluh Duapuluh Duapulu 21 Duapuluh satu Duapuluh sada Duapuluh sada 22 Duapuluh dua Duapuluh dua Duapuluh dua 25 Duapuluh lima Duapuluh lima Duapuluh lima 50 Limapuluh limapuluh limapuluh 100 Seratus Seratus Seratus 101 Seratus satu Seratus sada Seratus sada 111 Seratus sebelas Seratus sepuluh sada Seratus sepuluh sada 112 Seratus duabelas Seratus sepuluh dua Seratus sepuluh dua 113 Seratus tigabelas Seratus sepuluh tiga Seratus sepuluh tiga 119 Seratus sembilanbelas Seratus sepuluh siwah Seratus sepuluh siwah 120 Seratus duapuluh Seratus duapuluh Seratus duapuluh 121 Seratus duapuluh satu Seratus duapuluh sada Seratus duapuluh sada 122 Seratus duapuluh dua Seratus duapuluh dua Seratus duapuluh dua 956 Sembilanratus lima puluh Siwahratus limapuluh ěněm Siwahratus limapuluh onom enam 1111 Seribu seratus sebelas Seribu seratus sepuluh sada Seribu seratus sepuluh sada 1119 Seribu seratus sembilanbelas Seribu seratus sepuluh siwah Seribu seratus sepuluh sia 1120 Seribu seratus duapuluh Seribu seratus duapuluh Seribu seratus duapuluh 1211 Seribu duaratus sebelas Seribu duaratus sepuluh sada Seribu duaratus sepuluh sada 5528 Limaribu limaratus duapuluh Limaribu limaratus duapuluh Limaribu limaratus delapan ualuh duapuluh ualu 8889 Delapanribu delapanratus Ualuhribu ualuhratus Ualuribu ualuratus delapanpuluh sembilan ualuhpuluh siwah ualupuluh sia 9575 Sembilanribu limaratus Siwahribu limaratus Siaribu limaratus tujuhpuluh lima tujuhpuluh lima tujuhpuluh lima 9999 Sembilanribu sembilanratus Siwahribu siwahratus Siaribu siaratus siapuluh sembilanpuluh siwahpuluh siwah sia sembilan

Table 4 given the inconstancy of the pronunciation Indonesian for 11-19 influence to the pronunciations im which consist of pronunciation for 11-19 (see Table 4 shaded area). In Ordinary Java language and Noble Java language the pronunciation for 25, 50 and 60 show inconstancy, in

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 3246 - 3252 the word selawe (25), seket (50) and sewidak (60). But in Noble Java language are selangkung (25), limangdasa (50) and nemdasa (60). The last two pronunciations for them are constant at the base-ten pronunciation.

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