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Introduc on to Typology 7: using typological data, and analysis
Mark Donohue Living Tongues Ins tute LSA Ins tute Kentucky 2017 July 27
What’s all this for?
• Remember the four things we can do, in broad outline? – Features to features – Features to languages – Languages to features – Languages to languages • What makes sense?
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Easy!
Predic ve Areal Typology
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Areality
• contrast: – more (or less) of the feature(s) in the area than out of it;
– how much more (or less)? how far out?
First step?
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Predic ve Areal Typology
Contras ve vowel quali es
Old world 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Circum-Pacific 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
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Contras ve vowel quali es: propor ons
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Old world Circum-Pacific
Predic ve Areal Typology
• …just like that head-marking trend.
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Bo lenecks and Founder effects
Bo lenecks and Founder effects
• Human gene cs (schema cally)
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Bo lenecks and Founder effects
• Founder effects can apply to the homeland as well.
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or
Spa al scans
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Spa al scans
Spa al scans
• Create a line that best captures the different frequencies of the feature inside and outside the area. • Originally developed for epidemiology.
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Spa al scans
• Create a line that best captures the different frequencies of the feature inside and outside the area. • Originally developed for epidemiology.
But, s ll, ‘What’s all this for?’
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Different histories?
• Malay/Chamic • Recent language spread, very conserva ve lexicons, but radically different in many other ways.
Malayo-Chamic
• 18 Malayo-Chamic varie es: • Acehnese, Ambonese Malay, Eastern Cham, Western Cham, Iban, Indonesian, Jambi Malay, Kerinci, Kupang Malay, Larantuka Malay, Manadonese, Melanau, Minangkabau Mualang, Nonthaburi Malay, Papuan Malay, Tsat, Urak Lawoi
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Malayo-Chamic
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-Chamic: phonology
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Malayo-Chamic: phonology
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-Chamic: morphosyntax
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Malayo-Chamic: morphosyntax
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-Chamic: morphosyntax
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
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Malayo-Sumbawan
• Phonology
• Morphosyntax
(Huson & Bryant 2006)
Malayo-Chamic
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
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More points of comparison?
Austronesian Austronesian Austro-Asia c Tai-Kadai Tibeto-Burman Pama-Nyungan Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Maya (Malayo-Sumbawan) Chrau Be Amoy Djapu Acehnese Amarasi Muna Jahai Hlai Bai Martuthunira Ambonese Malay Ambai Nuaulu Arguni Palue Khmer Li Cantonese Ngiyambaa Balinese Balantak Pendau Nyah Kur Maonan Fuzhou Nyawaygi Cham Eastern Banda Rote Nyaheun Mulao Hangzhou Uradhi Cham Western Begak Sawu Pacoh Thai Karen Wirangu Iban Biak Selaru Semelai Zhuang Kayah Li Indonesian Bobongko Souw Amana Teru Buru Taba Sre Lahu Tangkic Jambi Malay Cebuano Tagalog U Shanghai Kayardild Kerinci Dadua Tatana Vietnamese Tujia Yukulta Kupang Malay Dhao Tboli Larantuka Malay Dobel Tengger Tiwi Dohoi Tetun Trans New Guinea WestPapuan Madurese Tiwi Embaloh Toba Batak Amele Abun Manadonese Fordata Tolaki Asmat MaiBrat Melanau Galolen Tugun Wororan Dani Mpur Minangkabau Gayo Tukang Besi Ngarinyin Mualang Helong Uab Meto Dom Pagu Nonthaburi Malay Javanese Uma Ekagi Ternate Kambera Uruangnirin Papuan Malay Fore Tidore Karo Batak West Damar Fuyuge Tobelo Sasak Kei Wolio Iha Sumbawa Keo Wotu Sundanese Kesui Imonda Sepik South New Guinea Torricelli Tsat Koiwai Kaugel Alamblak Kanum Arapesh Komodo Urak Lawoi Kewa One Lampung Lani Skou Tanah Merah Menya Skou Mairasi Mian
Phonological clusterings
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Phonological clusterings
Morphosyntac c clusterings
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Morphosyntac c clusterings
Malayo-Chamic (other) Austronesian ‘Papuan’ ‘Australian’ Austro-Asia c, Kradai, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong-Mien
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Phonology
WALS
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Where is Malayic (typologically)?
Language(s) Phonology Morphosyntax Nonthaburi Malay, Mainland SE Asia ‘Mainland SE Asia’ Urak Lawoi’ Indonesian, Jambi, Central Central Kerinci, Mualang, Iban Melanau Central Northern (Philippine) Menado, Ambonese Peripheral ‘Mainland SE Asia’ Malay, Larantuka Kupang Malay Eastern ‘Mainland SE Asia’ Papuan Malay Eastern Eastern
What has happened?
• A: – Malayic languages spread with the spread of Malayic socio-economic influence; – Speakers of Malayic languages moved to new places; – They acquired linguis c traits of local languages. • B: – Malayic languages spread with the spread of Malayic socio-economic influence; – Speakers of local languages relexified to par cipate in the new Malayic socio-economic sphere.
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Contact
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Language histories (crude)
• History of the lexicon: – that bit which the compara ve methods pays a en on to, and with the safeguards of that method; • History of the phonology: – including accent, innova ons, and areally-determined ‘trends’; • History of the morphosyntax: – Including inherited quirks, and acquired pa erns.
Language histories
• P L M
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Language histories
• P L M
Language histories
• P L M
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Language histories
• P L M
Language histories
• P L M
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Language histories
• P L M
Language histories
• P L M
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Contact
Contact: some variables
• (should have many more)
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Sketches of social interac ons and linguis c outcomes
Malayo-Chamic: phonology
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Contact
Social interac ons and linguis c outcomes
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Contact
• Languages with recent rapid expansion: – Malay – English – Mandarin – Arabic – Quechua • Language (familie)s with erra c correspondence to the compara ve method’s principles. – Don’t forget pidgins and creoles.
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Or Wales:
• Bach ‘small’ [bax]
• ‘Cold I am, isn’t it?’
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Contact
• Languages with recent rapid expansion: – Malay – English – Mandarin – Arabic – Quechua • Language (familie)s with erra c correspondence to the compara ve method’s principles. – Don’t forget pidgins and creoles.
Contact
t k q ʔ i u b d dʒ a t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ a t tʃ k ʔ i ɨ Chad b d dʒ ɡ ə o ɗ ɠ æ a
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Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels
t k q ʔ i u b d dʒ a t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ a p t tʃ k i u Juba b d dʒ ɡ e o a
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels
t k q ʔ i u b d dʒ a t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ a p t tʃ k q i u Hasköy b d dʒ ɡ e ə o a
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Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels
t k q ʔ i u b d dʒ a t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ a p t tʃ k q ʔ Mardin b d dʒ ɡ ə a
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels
t k q ʔ i u b d dʒ a t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ a t k ʔ Yemen b d dʒ ɡ ə k’ a
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Contact
• From above, below, or the side • Different effects depending on the nature of the contact.
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