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Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde

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Verhandelingen Van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 73 BERND NOmOFER THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-MALAYO-]AVANIC 'S-GRAVENHAGE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1975 THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-MALAYO-jAVANIC VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 73 BERND NOTHOFER THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-MALAYO-)AVANIC \\\,~\\UJK INs"'1: ·/ ~() "~J' ' f.-f ~ , ~ VOOR '" il \~, 1~6 -f; ~~/ "~!?~~ 'S-GRAVENHAGE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1975 I.S.B.N. 90.247.1772.8 PREFACE This book is a slightly revised and corrected version of my Ph.D. dissertation (Yale University, 1973). The work concerns the reconstruction of the phonemes of Proto-Malayo­ Javanic, the last proto-language which Sundanese, Javanese, Malay, and Madurese directly continue. Part 1 contains a lexicostatistical calculation of the degrees of relationship among the four languages under investigation and a brief description of the phonology and morphophonemics of each language. Part 2 is devoted to the reconstruction of the Proto­ Malayo-Javanic phonemes. it is shown that the distinction between the two Sundanese vowels a and ; is not inherited and that Javanese loanwords are the main source of Sunda­ nese words containing d. It is also shown that evidence from Malayo-Javanic languages requires the reconstruction of a number of Proto-Malayo-Javanic phonemes which hitherto have not been reconstructed for proto-languages of higher order or the proto-language of highest order, i.e. Proto­ Austronesian. At the beginning of Part 2 we discuss the methodo­ logical principles applied in the determination of in­ heritance and borrowing. The appendix contains the basic vocabulary lists for the four languages, a map showing previously assumed language boundaries separating Sundanese, Jakarta Malay, v VI Javanese, and Madurese and a revised map showing language boundaries as revealed in the course of this research as well as Sundanese dialect maps. An index of the Proto­ Malayo-Javanic reconstructions follows. The word index and the section entitled "Additional notes on the *S : *b distinction and new hypotheses re­ garding the reflexes of *w and *S" were added to the original text in 1974. The topic of the dissertation was suggested to me by Professor Isidore Dyen. I wish to thank him for his constant and patient guidance of my ana1ysis. I wou1d 1ike to thank Vale University, the Nationa1 Science Foundation, the Conci1ium on International and Area Studies of Ya1e University, and the project "The Genetic C1assification of Languages-Austronesian" directed by Professor Dyen and supported by the Nationa1 Science Foundation, for their support of my graduate work and research. I am grateful to my fellow-student Curtis D. McFar1and for all tangib1e and intangib1e support he has given me. I have profited from discussions with Shigeru Tsuchida. Fina11y, I wou1d 1ike to thank the Indonesian peop1e, particu1ar1y my friend and assistant Adang Affandi from Sandung, for making my field work in West Java such a fruitfu1 experience. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Abbrev;at;ons ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XI 11. Bib1iography ••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• XV 1. Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• The four 1 anguages •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Sundanese ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Javanese •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 8 01 d Javanese •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Ma1ay ••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Madurese •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 Convent i ons ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 2. Reconstruction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 Methodo1ogica1 princip1es ••••••••••••••••••••••• 36 The PMJ morpheme structure •••••••••••••••••••••• 45 Madurese double consonants •••.•••••••••••••••••• 47 The PMJ vowe1s ••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 PMJ a ••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 PMJ i ......................................... 52 PMJ u ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 63 PMJ il ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 72 The PMJ semivowe1s •••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• 82 PMJ w ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 83 PMJ y ••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89 The PMJ consonants ••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••• 95 PMJ m, n, n, 1), 1, 1. r. and 5 •••••••••••••••• 95 VIII Page PMJ m••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95 PMJ n......................................... 96 PMJ n..........•..•.....•....................• 98 PMJ !J ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 99 PMJ 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 101 PMJ 1......................................... 102 PMJ r ......................................... 1 04 PMJ s ......................................... 105 PMJ d, j, z, and g •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 107 PMJ d ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 07 PMJ j ......................................... 108 PMJ z ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 109 PMJ g .•.••.•.••...•...•.•....•....••.•••....•. 111 PMJ c, p, t, and k •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 113 PMJ c ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 3 PMJ p, t, and k ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 113 PMJ p ••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••• 116 PMJ t ...................................... 117 PMJ k •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 119 PMJ t ............................................. 121 PMJ 8 and b ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 123 PMJ 8 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 124 PMJ b •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 136 PMJ 0 and d. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 145 PMJ 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 147 PMJ ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 153 IX Page PMJ R.•••••••.•.•..•.••.•••..••••..•....•...•.•.• 160 The laryngeals ..••.•..•..•••..••...........•....• 166 PMJ h •.••••.••...••••••..•••.•.•.••.••.•.•.•• 168 PMJ q .....•....•.•••.....••.•••.•••••..••••.• 178 PMJ hiatus .•.....••...•..•.•••••.••••.•••••.. 181 PMJ double consonants af ter vowels other than ·a.184 The i nfi xed nasa 1 •..••.•.••..•.•••.•••••••••••••• 188 PMJ doubled monosyllables ...•........•••.....•..• 194 3. Conclusion ..••.••.•.•.........•.......•.••••.•••... 201 Footnotes ••••.•.•••••.•...•....••••••••••••••.•.•.•.•• 211 Appendix I: The 200-word lists ••.••..•...•...••....•.• 226 Appendix 11: Maps .••.••...........•..•••.•..••....•••. 235 Index of PMJ reconstructions ...•.......•.....••..•••.. 244 Word index .•.•..••..•..•.••••••..•••.•••..•...•.•.•••. 260 Additional notes on the ·S :·b distinction and new hypotheses regarding the reflexes of ·w and ·S •••.•••• 289 Addenda et Corri genda •.........••.••.••••••••.•••....• 314 I. Abbreviations B. = Bangkalan (Mad. d.) Bad. = Baduy (Snd. d.) Band. = Bandung (Snd. d.) Bant. = Banten (Snd. d.) Baw. = Bawean (Mad. d.) Bijd. = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië. The Hague. Bog. = Bogor (Snd. d.) Bug. = Buginese Cian. = Cianjur (Snd. d.) Cir. = Cirebon (Snd. d.) Fi. = Fiji Fu. = Futuna (H) = High (SS) 10 = Isidore Dyen (only used in the citation of reconstructions) Ind. = Indramayu IPLS = Indo-Pacific Linguistic Studies, Part I (=Lingua 14) Jak. = Jakarta (Mal. d.) Kad. = Kadipaten (Snd. d.) Kang. = Kangean (Mad. d.) Ked. = Kedah (Mal. d.) Kel. = Kelantan (Mal. d.) (L) = Low (SS) XI XII Lg. = Language. Baltimore. (M) = Mid (SS) Mad. = Madurese Mad. d. = Madurese dialect Mak. = Makassarese Mal. = Malay Mal. d. = Malay dialect Mer. = Merina Mlc. = Malacca NgO. = Ngaju-Oayak NJv. = New Javanese NJv. (B) = literary NJv. (0) = dialectal NJv. (0) = archaic N.S. = Negri Sembilan (Mal. d.) 00 = Otto Oempwolff (only used in the citation of reconstructions) OJv. = Old Javanese P. = Pamekasan (Mad. d.) Pal. = Palembang PAN = Proto-Austronesian Pen. = Penang (Mal. d.) PHN = Proto-Hesperonesian PMJ = Proto-Malayo-Javanic Pur. = Purwakarta (Snd. d.) PWI = Proto-West-Indonesian S. = Sumenep (Mad. d.) XIII Sa. = Saa S.-B. = Southern Banten (Snd. d.) Sm. = Samoan Snd. = Sundanese Snd. d. = Sundanese dialect S.P. = Southern Peninsula (Mal. d.) Sp. = Singapore (Mal. d.) SS = status-style Su. = Sumatra (Mal. d.) Sumo = Sumedang (Snd. d.) Tag. = Tagalog TBt. = Toba-Batak Tijd. = Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde, iutgegeven door het Bataviaasch Genootschap. Batavia. To. = Tonga U. = Ulawa (VH) = Very High (SS) (VL) = Very Low (SS) ZES = Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen. derlin. 11. Bibliography All works consulted are listed below. Works referred to in the text are assigned abbreviations for convenience; the full biblio­ graphical reference follows the abbreviation after the colon: Bergsland and Vogt: Bergsland, Knut and Vogt, Hans. 1962. On the validity of glottochronology. Current Anthropology, vol. 3, 2.115-129. Brandes, J.L.A. 1884. Bijdrage tot de vergelijkende klankleer der westersche afdeeling van de Maleisch-Polynesische taalfamilie. Utrecht. Brandstetter, Renward. 1911. Gemeinindonesisch and Urindonesisch. Renward Brandstetter's Monographien zur Indonesischen Sprachforschung. Luzern. Coolsma 1904: Coolsma, S. 1904. Soendeneesche spraakkunst. Leiden. Coolsma 1913: Coolsma, S. 1913. Soendaneesch-Hollandsch woordenboek. Leiden 2nd ed. Dempwolff: Dempwolff, Otto. 1934-38. Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes: 1. Induktiver Aufbau einer indonesischen Ursprache, ZES 15 (1934); 2. Deduktive Anwendung des Urindonesischen auf austronesische Einzelsprachen. ZES 17 (1937); 3. Austronesisches Wörterverzeichnis. ZES 19 (1938). Barlin. Dyen 1945: Dyen. Isidore. 1945. Spoken Malay. New Vork. Dyen 1947: Dyen.
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