Dissertation Master Document-1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
French Grammar Basics and Beyond
French Grammar Basics and Beyond Easy explanations in English of French Grammar with more than 200 exercises, and solutions! This grammar book is for students of the A1 levels (total beginners) to B1 level (intermediate level). Click here to order this e-book at Special Price Only $24.50/ 21.90 € / £18.99! Paperback and Kindle version also available – Details here French Grammar Basics and Beyond ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ©ȱ2020ȱbyȱLearn French at Home.ȱAllȱrightsȱreserved.ȱ NoȱpartȱofȱthisȱeȬbookȱmayȱbeȱreproducedȱinȱanyȱwriĴen,ȱelectronic,ȱrecording,ȱorȱphotocopyingȱwithȬ outȱwriĴenȱpermissionȱofȱtheȱpublisherȱorȱauthors.ȱȱ ȱ Publishedȱby:ȱLearn French at Home www.learnfrenchathome.comȱ Authors:ȱCélineȱVanȱLoanȱandȱAnnickȱStevensonȱ 3rdȱedition.ȱ1stȱeditionȱpublishedȱinȱ2011.ȱ ȱ DateȱofȱPublication:ȱ2020.ȱ ISBN:ȱ9798664830743ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Coverȱphoto:ȱȱ Paris,ȱtheȱRodinȱMuseumȱ©ȱCélineȱVanȱLoanȱ Backȱcoverȱphoto:ȱ CélineȱVanȱLoanȱ©ȱMartyȱVanȱLoanȱ 2 French Grammar Basics and Beyond AboutLearn French at Home Learn French at Home,ȱ createdȱ inȱ 2004ȱ byȱ Célineȱ andȱ Vincentȱ Anthonioz, hasȱ helpedȱ thousandsȱ ofȱ Frenchȱlearners,ȱeachȱwithȱveryȱdiěerentȱlearningȱgoals.ȱTheȱmainȱingredientȱofȱourȱsuccessȱliesȱinȱourȱ teamȱofȱprofessionalȱandȱfriendlyȱnativeȱFrenchȱteachersȱwhoȱtakeȱtheȱtimeȱtoȱpersonalizeȱeveryȱsingle lessonȱaccordingȱtoȱtheȱstudentȇsȱpersonalȱandȱprofessionalȱgoal.ȱOurȱmainȱpurposeȱisȱtoȱdeliverȱtrueȱ qualityȱserviceȱtoȱeachȱstudent.ȱ ȱ Sinceȱtheȱlessonsȱtakeȱplaceȱinȱtheȱstudentȇsȱhomeȱorȱworkplace,ȱitȱdoesnȇtȱmaĴerȱwhereȱyouȱlive.ȱ -
The Production of Lexical Tone in Croatian
The production of lexical tone in Croatian Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina aus Kiew 2018 (Einreichungsjahr) 2019 (Erscheinungsjahr) 1. Gutacher: Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.11.2018 ABSTRACT Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina: The production of lexical tone in Croatian (Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz and Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder) This dissertation is an investigation of pitch accent, or lexical tone, in standard Croatian. The first chapter presents an in-depth overview of the history of the Croatian language, its relationship to Serbo-Croatian, its dialect groups and pronunciation variants, and general phonology. The second chapter explains the difference between various types of prosodic prominence and describes systems of pitch accent in various languages from different parts of the world: Yucatec Maya, Lithuanian and Limburgian. Following is a detailed account of the history of tone in Serbo-Croatian and Croatian, the specifics of its tonal system, intonational phonology and finally, a review of the most prominent phonetic investigations of tone in that language. The focal point of this dissertation is a production experiment, in which ten native speakers of Croatian from the region of Slavonia were recorded. The material recorded included a diverse selection of monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words, containing all four accents of standard Croatian: short falling, long falling, short rising and long rising. Each target word was spoken in initial, medial and final positions of natural Croatian sentences. -
Understanding Core French Grammar
Understanding Core French Grammar Andrew Betts Lancing College, England Vernon Series in Language and Linguistics Copyright © 2016 Vernon Press, an imprint of Vernon Art and Science Inc, on behalf of the author. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Ascience Inc. www.vernonpress.com In the Americas: In the rest of the world: Vernon Press Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Suite 1200, Wilmington, Malaga, 29006 Delaware 19801 Spain United States Vernon Series in Language and Linguistics Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947126 ISBN: 978-1-62273-068-1 Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respec- tive owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the authors nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. Table of Contents Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Tense Formation 15 1.0 Tenses – Summary 15 1.1 Simple (One-Word) Tenses: 15 1.2 Compound (Two-word) Tenses: 17 2.0 Present Tense 18 2.1 Regular Verbs 18 2.2 Irregular verbs 19 2.3 Difficulties with the Present Tense 19 3.0 Imperfect Tense 20 4.0 Future Tense and Conditional Tense 21 5.0 Perfect Tense 24 6.0 Compound Tense Past Participle Agreement 28 6.1 -
INTERSECTING CONSTRAINT FAMILIES: an ARGUMENT for HARMONIC GRAMMAR KIE Zuraw BRUCE HAYES University of California, Los Angeles U
INTERSECTING CONSTRAINT FAMILIES: AN ARGUMENT FOR HARMONIC GRAMMAR Kie Zuraw Bruce Hayes University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Los Angeles In the analysis of free variation in phonology, we often encounter the effects of intersecting constraint families: there are two independent families of constraints, each of which has a quantifiable effect on the outcome. A challenge for theories is to account for the patterns that emerge from such intersection. We address three cases: Tagalog nasal substitution, French liai- son/elision, and Hungarian vowel harmony, using corpus data. We characterize the patterns we find as across-the-board effects in both dimensions, restrained by floor and ceiling limits. We ana- lyze these patterns using several formal frameworks, and find that an accurate account is best based on harmonic grammar (in one of its two primary quantitative implementations). Our work also suggests that certain lexical distinctions treated as discrete by classical phonological theory (e.g. ‘h-aspiré’ vs. ordinary vowel-initial words of French) are in fact gradient and require quanti- tative treatment.* Keywords: harmonic grammar, noisy harmonic grammar, maximum entropy grammars, Tagalog, French, Hungarian, intersecting constraint families 1. Introduction. A key debate in constraint-based linguistic frameworks concerns ranking versus weighting. Optimality theory (OT; Prince & Smolensky 2004 [1993]) uses strict ranking: candidate A is preferred to candidate B if the highest-ranked constraint that distinguishes between them prefers A. In harmonic grammar (Le- gendre et al. 1990, Legendre et al. 2006, Potts et al. 2010, and others), the constraints bear numeric weights, and the winner is the candidate with the best harmony value (a weighted sum of constraint violations). -
PART I: HOMEWORK 1: GRAMMAR from the Book. 2: EXERCISES
1 Winter Semester 2015/2016 Handout 2 PART I: HOMEWORK 1: GRAMMAR from the book. To be prepared for the Lesson 2 you are expected: to read the following material from the book Unit 1: Pronunciation and accent in Latin, p. 1-2; Grammatical categories, p. 3-5; 2: EXERCISES 1. Read aloud: • vertebra, ante, palpebra, medulla, vēna, trachēa, venēnum (2) • sine, pilula, vitrum, inter, spīna, rīma, vīnum, salīva (3) • post, anodus, oleum, prostata, bōlus, prō, prōcessus, dolorōsus (4) • apud, gutta, glandula, uterus, ūrīna, rūptūra, nātūra (5) • aegrōtus, praemātūrus, lagoena, foetor, aër, dyspnoē, diploē, proerythroblastos, coenzymum (6) • felleus, balneum, āreola, aorta, interosseae, pleura, pӯogenēs, euryōpia (9) • celulla, cibus, caecum, cystis, costa, cutis, fasciculus, clāvicula, frāctūra (11) • coccӯgeus, occipitālis, ōscilococcinum, accessōrius, saccus, saccī, vaccīna (12) • caecum, caecī, bucca, buccae, verrūca, verrūcae, thōrācica, thōrācicae, saccus, saccī, coenzymum (13) • digitus, tībia, destillāta, hernia, tunica, audītus (15) • fūnctiō, articulātiō, vitium, īnsufficientia, sānātiō, ōstium, testium, mixtiō, combustiō (16) • aqua, liquor, quadrātus, lingua, sanguis, unguentum, unguis, unguium, inguinālis (17) • resistentia, incīsūra, spongiōsus, basis, crisis, nasālis, pulsus, morsus, mēnsis, plasma (18) • comissūra, prōcessus, scissus, accessōrius, ossa, ossium, hypoglōssus, tussis, pertussis (19) 2. Read aloud the nominative and genitive forms of the nouns. Write down the number of the declension; follow the example: ex: caput, -
The Sound Patterns of Camuno: Description and Explanation in Evolutionary Phonology
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2014 The Sound Patterns Of Camuno: Description And Explanation In Evolutionary Phonology Michela Cresci Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/191 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] THE SOUND PATTERNS OF CAMUNO: DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION IN EVOLUTIONARY PHONOLOGY by MICHELA CRESCI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City Universtiy of New York 2014 i 2014 MICHELA CRESCI All rights reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. JULIETTE BLEVINS ____________________ __________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee GITA MARTOHARDJONO ____________________ ___________________________________ Date Executive Officer KATHLEEN CURRIE HALL DOUGLAS H. WHALEN GIOVANNI BONFADINI Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract THE SOUND PATTERNS OF CAMUNO: DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION IN EVOLUTIONARY PHONOLOGY By Michela Cresci Advisor: Professor Juliette Blevins This dissertation presents a linguistic study of the sound patterns of Camuno framed within Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins, 2004, 2006, to appear). Camuno is a variety of Eastern Lombard, a Romance language of northern Italy, spoken in Valcamonica. Camuno is not a local variety of Italian, but a sister of Italian, a local divergent development of the Latin originally spoken in Italy (Maiden & Perry, 1997, p. -
A Case Study in Language Change
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Honors Theses Lee Honors College 4-17-2013 Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change Ian Hollenbaugh Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses Part of the Other English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hollenbaugh, Ian, "Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change" (2013). Honors Theses. 2243. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/2243 This Honors Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Lee Honors College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Elementary Ghau Aethauic Grammar By Ian Hollenbaugh 1 i. Foreword This is an essential grammar for any serious student of Ghau Aethau. Mr. Hollenbaugh has done an excellent job in cataloguing and explaining the many grammatical features of one of the most complex language systems ever spoken. Now published for the first time with an introduction by my former colleague and premier Ghau Aethauic scholar, Philip Logos, who has worked closely with young Hollenbaugh as both mentor and editor, this is sure to be the definitive grammar for students and teachers alike in the field of New Classics for many years to come. John Townsend, Ph.D Professor Emeritus University of Nunavut 2 ii. Author’s Preface This grammar, though as yet incomplete, serves as my confession to what J.R.R. Tolkien once called “a secret vice.” History has proven Professor Tolkien right in thinking that this is not a bizarre or freak occurrence, undergone by only the very whimsical, but rather a common “hobby,” one which many partake in, and have partaken in since at least the time of Hildegard of Bingen in the twelfth century C.E. -
The Rhaeto-Romance Languages
Romance Linguistics Editorial Statement Routledge publish the Romance Linguistics series under the editorship of Martin Harris (University of Essex) and Nigel Vincent (University of Manchester). Romance Philogy and General Linguistics have followed sometimes converging sometimes diverging paths over the last century and a half. With the present series we wish to recognise and promote the mutual interaction of the two disciplines. The focus is deliberately wide, seeking to encompass not only work in the phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexis of the Romance languages, but also studies in the history of Romance linguistics and linguistic thought in the Romance cultural area. Some of the volumes will be devoted to particular aspects of individual languages, some will be comparative in nature; some will adopt a synchronic and some a diachronic slant; some will concentrate on linguistic structures, and some will investigate the sociocultural dimensions of language and language use in the Romance-speaking territories. Yet all will endorse the view that a General Linguistics that ignores the always rich and often unique data of Romance is as impoverished as a Romance Philogy that turns its back on the insights of linguistics theory. Other books in the Romance Linguistics series include: Structures and Transformations Christopher J. Pountain Studies in the Romance Verb eds Nigel Vincent and Martin Harris Weakening Processes in the History of Spanish Consonants Raymond Harris-N orthall Spanish Word Formation M.F. Lang Tense and Text -
Fre 121 Course Material
FRE 121: FRENCH GRAMMAR 1 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COURSE CODE: FRE 121 COURSE TITLE: FRENCH GRAMMAR I COURSE GUIDE FRE 107 COURSE GUIDE FRE 121 FRENCH GRAMMAR I COURSE DEVELOPER LUCY JUMMAI JIBRIN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA LAGOS . UNIT WRITER LUCY JUMMAI JIBRIN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA LAGOS . COURSE EDITOR DR. OLU AKEUSOLA FRENCH DEPARTMENT ADENIRAN OGUNSANYA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION OTTO / IJANIKAN LAGOS . COURSE COORDINATOR LUCY JUMMAI JIBRIN NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA LAGOS . ii COURSE GUIDE FRE 107 NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA HEADQUARTERS 14/16 AHMADU BELLO WAY VICTORIA ISLAND LAGOS ABUJA ANNEX 245 SAMUEL ADESUJO ADEMULEGUN STREET CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OPPOSITE AREWA SUITES ABUJA E-MAIL : CENTRALINFO @NOU .EDU .NG URL: WWW .NOU .EDU .NG NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 2006 FIRST PRINTED 2006 ISBN: 978-058-519-2 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED BY …………….. FOR NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA iii COURSE GUIDE FRE 107 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1 COURSE OBJECTIVES .............................................................. 1 - 2 WORKING THROUGH THIS COURSE ............................................. 2 COURSE MATERIALS ................................................................ 2 STUDY UNITS ....................................................................... -
From Latin to Romance
From Latin to Romance: Computational Modeling of Syncretism Tyler Lau∗, Maria Polinsky†, and Jake Seaton† ∗Department of Linguistics, University of California at Berkeley, USA †Deparment of Linguistics, Harvard University, USA Overview Structure of the Connectionist Model Discussion • What factors in Late Latin led to the heavy reshaping of • With phonology, frequency,& human semantics /kanis/ ‘dog’ Corpus the nominal system? 454 Latin Vulgate nouns in 6 forms (3 cases 2 numbers) = 2724 total forms • Declensions IV & V fall out in every simulation Phonology Semantics # times each form introduced = log(freq(form))× relative freq(case & num combination) • What minimal information does a connectionist model In training, input of each token (phonology and semantics)× and expected output given to model • With case hierarchy added, final forms converge more a ... and hidden layer adjusts connection weights accordingly need to predict syncretism in the correct direction? k Phonology (396 nodes = 6 6 11) Human Semantics (8 nodes) • Genitive singular drops out completely [-human] × × Analogy driven by factors such as frequency, [-vd] [+C] ... [+vd] [-C] ... ... Each word maximally 6 syllables Nouns coded as: • Genitive plural hardly survives (only example in • Each syllable maximally 6 phonemes (CCVVCC) Male human: first 4 nodes activated Each phoneme coded for 11 features markedness, and morpheme length. (Kuryłowicz 1947, -1 1 ... 1 -1 ... ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Female human: final 4 nodes activated history is oblique 3PL pronoun–Fr. leur, It. loro) Bybee 1985, Albright 2008) Non-human: 0 nodes activated • Forms remaining in ≥90% of simulations Hidden Layer (30 nodes): -am > -a F.SG ending in all Romance (> -e in Fr.) Learning takes place in the hidden layer (Goldsmith & O’Brien 1995) • • Changes in Romance have been attributed not only to .. -
Diminutive and Augmentative Functions of Some Luganda Noun Class Markers Samuel Namugala MA Thesis in Linguistics Norwegian Un
Diminutive and Augmentative Functions of some Luganda Noun Class Markers Samuel Namugala MA Thesis in Linguistics Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Faculty of Humanities Department of Language and Literature Trondheim, April, 2014 To my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Wampamba, and my siblings, Polycarp, Lydia, Christine, Violet, and Joyce ii Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to The Norwegian Government for offering me a grant to pursue the master’s program at NTNU. Without this support, I would perhaps not have achieved my dream of pursuing the master’s degree in Norway. Special words of thanks go to my supervisors, Professor Kaja Borthen and Professor Assibi Amidu for guiding me in writing this thesis. Your scholarly guidance, constructive comments and critical revision of the drafts has made it possible for me to complete this thesis. I appreciate the support and the knowledge that you have shared with me. I look forward to learn more from you. My appreciation also goes to my lecturers and the entire staff at the Department of Language and Literature. I am grateful to Professor Lars Hellan, Assoc. Professor Dorothee Beermann, Professor Wim Van Dommelen, and Assoc. Professor Jardar Abrahamsen for the knowledge you have shared with me since I joined NTNU. You have made me the linguist that I desired to be. I also wish to thank the authors that didn’t mind to help me when contacted for possible relevant literature for my thesis. My appreciation goes to Prof. Nana Aba Appiah Amfo (University of Ghana), Assistant Prof. George J. Xydopoulos (Linguistics School of Philology, University of Patras, Greece), Prof. -
Old French and Romanian Declensions from a Word and Paradigm Perspective and the Notion of “Default Syncretism”
OLD FRENCH AND ROMANIAN DECLENSIONS FROM A WORD AND PARADIGM PERSPECTIVE AND THE NOTION OF “DEFAULT SYNCRETISM” ALAIN KIHM1 Abstract. Old French and Romanian nominal inflections or declensions share the property of being apparently uncomplicated as their paradigms consist in only two forms at most: a base form and an inflected form. This outward simplicity, however, results from complex syncretisms. In Old French masculine nouns, the singular subject case and the plural object case are identically inflected, whereas the singular object and the plural subject cases are identical base forms; in Romanian feminine nouns, the singular genitive-dative and the two plural case forms are the same. Such syncretisms raise a descriptive and theoretical issue as they appear to be neither semantically motivated nor fully arbitrary. Drawing on the conceptual and formalizing resources of Word and Paradigm (WP) theory and Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM), the present essay attempts to solve the issue by assuming a third kind of syncretism that involves not the meaningful content of features, but their DEFAULT value. At the same time, it proposes a nearly full treatment of Old French and Romanian declensions in PFM terms. Keywords: case, default, declension, gender, number, paradigm, syncretism. 1. INTRODUCTION As is well-known, only Old French and Romanian among Romance languages kept something of the Latin rich nominal inflection for case and number or DECLENSION. The present study aims to provide a synchronic account of this phenomenon in a Word and Paradigm (WP) framework (Blevins 2006), using the formal apparatus of Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM – Stump 2001; Bonami, Stump to appear).