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The Structures of Kora
2. CHAPTER 4 THE STRUCTURES OF KORA The contrastive sounds (phonemes) of any given language are combined to form the small units of meaning (morphemes) that are its building blocks, where some of these, such as nouns and verbs, are lexical, and others, such as markers of number, or tense and aspect, are grammatical. The morphology of Kora and the ways in which its morphemes are used in turn to compose phrases, full length clauses and longer stretches of connected discourse (or in other words, the syntax of the language) will be the focus of this chapter.1 The intention is to provide a short reference grammar for Kora, mainly to facilitate the study of the heritage texts in the original language, and chiefly with a non-specialist (though dedicated) reader in mind. For this reason, what the chapter offers is a primary description of the language, rather than a secondary linguistic modelling. (This is of course by no means to say that the description is ‘atheoretical’. It will quickly become apparent that there are several aspects of the language that are not easily explained, even in the most basic descriptive terms, without some degree of linguistic analysis.) While we have tried as far as possible to avoid terminology that is associated with any specific linguistic framework2 or else has become outdated jargon, it would have been difficult to proceed without drawing on at least some of the well-accepted and relatively transparent concepts that have come to form the received core of general linguistic description. The meanings of any mildly technical terms introduced in the course of the chapter will, it is hoped, become clear from the context. -
The Production of Lexical Tone in Croatian
The production of lexical tone in Croatian Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität zu Frankfurt am Main vorgelegt von Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina aus Kiew 2018 (Einreichungsjahr) 2019 (Erscheinungsjahr) 1. Gutacher: Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.11.2018 ABSTRACT Jevgenij Zintchenko Jurlina: The production of lexical tone in Croatian (Under the direction of Prof. Dr. Henning Reetz and Prof. Dr. Sven Grawunder) This dissertation is an investigation of pitch accent, or lexical tone, in standard Croatian. The first chapter presents an in-depth overview of the history of the Croatian language, its relationship to Serbo-Croatian, its dialect groups and pronunciation variants, and general phonology. The second chapter explains the difference between various types of prosodic prominence and describes systems of pitch accent in various languages from different parts of the world: Yucatec Maya, Lithuanian and Limburgian. Following is a detailed account of the history of tone in Serbo-Croatian and Croatian, the specifics of its tonal system, intonational phonology and finally, a review of the most prominent phonetic investigations of tone in that language. The focal point of this dissertation is a production experiment, in which ten native speakers of Croatian from the region of Slavonia were recorded. The material recorded included a diverse selection of monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words, containing all four accents of standard Croatian: short falling, long falling, short rising and long rising. Each target word was spoken in initial, medial and final positions of natural Croatian sentences. -
The Sound Patterns of Camuno: Description and Explanation in Evolutionary Phonology
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2014 The Sound Patterns Of Camuno: Description And Explanation In Evolutionary Phonology Michela Cresci Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/191 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] THE SOUND PATTERNS OF CAMUNO: DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION IN EVOLUTIONARY PHONOLOGY by MICHELA CRESCI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City Universtiy of New York 2014 i 2014 MICHELA CRESCI All rights reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. JULIETTE BLEVINS ____________________ __________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee GITA MARTOHARDJONO ____________________ ___________________________________ Date Executive Officer KATHLEEN CURRIE HALL DOUGLAS H. WHALEN GIOVANNI BONFADINI Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract THE SOUND PATTERNS OF CAMUNO: DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION IN EVOLUTIONARY PHONOLOGY By Michela Cresci Advisor: Professor Juliette Blevins This dissertation presents a linguistic study of the sound patterns of Camuno framed within Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins, 2004, 2006, to appear). Camuno is a variety of Eastern Lombard, a Romance language of northern Italy, spoken in Valcamonica. Camuno is not a local variety of Italian, but a sister of Italian, a local divergent development of the Latin originally spoken in Italy (Maiden & Perry, 1997, p. -
The Compound Noun in Northern Sotho
THE COMPOUND NOUN IN NORTHERN SOTHO BY LEKAU ELEAZAR MPHASHA Dissertation presented for the Degree of Doctor of Literature at the University of Stellenbosch. PROMOTOR: PROF. M. V. VISSER DECEMBER 2006 http://scholar.sun.ac.za i DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. -------------------------------- ---------------------------- Signature Date http://scholar.sun.ac.za ii ABSTRACT This study explores the various elements which appear in compound nouns in Northern Sotho. The purpose of this study fill in an important gap in the Northern Sotho language studies as regards the morphological structure of compound nouns in Northern Sotho. This study is organized as follows: CHAPTER ONE presents an introduction to the study. The introductory sections which appear in this chapter include the aim of the study, the methodology and different views of researchers of other languages on compound nouns. Different categories which appear with the noun in the Northern Sotho compound are identified. CHAPTER TWO deals with the different features of the noun in Northern Sotho. It examines the various class prefixes, nominal stems/roots and nominal suffixes which form nouns. Nouns appear in classes according to the form of their prefixes. The morphological structures of the nouns have been presented. It also reviews the meanings, sound/phonological changes and origins of nouns. CHAPTER THREE is concerned with the nominal heads of compound nouns. It examines compounds that are formed through a combination of nouns, and compounds that are formed from nouns together with other syntactic categories. -
A Case Study in Language Change
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Honors Theses Lee Honors College 4-17-2013 Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change Ian Hollenbaugh Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses Part of the Other English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hollenbaugh, Ian, "Glottopoeia: A Case Study in Language Change" (2013). Honors Theses. 2243. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/2243 This Honors Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Lee Honors College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Elementary Ghau Aethauic Grammar By Ian Hollenbaugh 1 i. Foreword This is an essential grammar for any serious student of Ghau Aethau. Mr. Hollenbaugh has done an excellent job in cataloguing and explaining the many grammatical features of one of the most complex language systems ever spoken. Now published for the first time with an introduction by my former colleague and premier Ghau Aethauic scholar, Philip Logos, who has worked closely with young Hollenbaugh as both mentor and editor, this is sure to be the definitive grammar for students and teachers alike in the field of New Classics for many years to come. John Townsend, Ph.D Professor Emeritus University of Nunavut 2 ii. Author’s Preface This grammar, though as yet incomplete, serves as my confession to what J.R.R. Tolkien once called “a secret vice.” History has proven Professor Tolkien right in thinking that this is not a bizarre or freak occurrence, undergone by only the very whimsical, but rather a common “hobby,” one which many partake in, and have partaken in since at least the time of Hildegard of Bingen in the twelfth century C.E. -
The Rhaeto-Romance Languages
Romance Linguistics Editorial Statement Routledge publish the Romance Linguistics series under the editorship of Martin Harris (University of Essex) and Nigel Vincent (University of Manchester). Romance Philogy and General Linguistics have followed sometimes converging sometimes diverging paths over the last century and a half. With the present series we wish to recognise and promote the mutual interaction of the two disciplines. The focus is deliberately wide, seeking to encompass not only work in the phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexis of the Romance languages, but also studies in the history of Romance linguistics and linguistic thought in the Romance cultural area. Some of the volumes will be devoted to particular aspects of individual languages, some will be comparative in nature; some will adopt a synchronic and some a diachronic slant; some will concentrate on linguistic structures, and some will investigate the sociocultural dimensions of language and language use in the Romance-speaking territories. Yet all will endorse the view that a General Linguistics that ignores the always rich and often unique data of Romance is as impoverished as a Romance Philogy that turns its back on the insights of linguistics theory. Other books in the Romance Linguistics series include: Structures and Transformations Christopher J. Pountain Studies in the Romance Verb eds Nigel Vincent and Martin Harris Weakening Processes in the History of Spanish Consonants Raymond Harris-N orthall Spanish Word Formation M.F. Lang Tense and Text -
Diminutive and Augmentative Functions of Some Luganda Noun Class Markers Samuel Namugala MA Thesis in Linguistics Norwegian Un
Diminutive and Augmentative Functions of some Luganda Noun Class Markers Samuel Namugala MA Thesis in Linguistics Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Faculty of Humanities Department of Language and Literature Trondheim, April, 2014 To my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Wampamba, and my siblings, Polycarp, Lydia, Christine, Violet, and Joyce ii Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to The Norwegian Government for offering me a grant to pursue the master’s program at NTNU. Without this support, I would perhaps not have achieved my dream of pursuing the master’s degree in Norway. Special words of thanks go to my supervisors, Professor Kaja Borthen and Professor Assibi Amidu for guiding me in writing this thesis. Your scholarly guidance, constructive comments and critical revision of the drafts has made it possible for me to complete this thesis. I appreciate the support and the knowledge that you have shared with me. I look forward to learn more from you. My appreciation also goes to my lecturers and the entire staff at the Department of Language and Literature. I am grateful to Professor Lars Hellan, Assoc. Professor Dorothee Beermann, Professor Wim Van Dommelen, and Assoc. Professor Jardar Abrahamsen for the knowledge you have shared with me since I joined NTNU. You have made me the linguist that I desired to be. I also wish to thank the authors that didn’t mind to help me when contacted for possible relevant literature for my thesis. My appreciation goes to Prof. Nana Aba Appiah Amfo (University of Ghana), Assistant Prof. George J. Xydopoulos (Linguistics School of Philology, University of Patras, Greece), Prof. -
The Locative Preposition in Xitsonga Masonto Rivalani
THE LOCATIVE PREPOSITION IN XITSONGA by MASONTO RIVALANI XENON A research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS in TRANSLATION STUDIES AND LINGUISTICS in the FACULTY OF HUMANITIES (School of Languages and Communication Studies) at the UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO SUPERVISOR: PROF SJ KUBAYI 2019 DECLARATION I, Rivalani Xenon Masonto, declare that this research report entitled “THE LOCATIVE PREPOSITION IN XITSONGA” is my own work and that all the sources that I have used have been acknowledged by means of complete references. ………………………………… …………………………. R.X. Masonto (Ms.) Date DEDICATION To my younger self, I am proud you never gave up. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof S.J Kubayi, thank you for your support, kindness, guidance and your fatherly love. It is not every day where a student gets to be supervised by a Great Master like you. There is not even a single day where I felt lost in this study because you were always there. It is indeed true that “mutswari a hi wa wun’we”, thank you very much. May the Good Lord bless you. Secondly, I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to my mom, Rhungulani Mavis Mkhabele for her unwavering support and love. Himpela “ku veleka i vukosi”. Rirhandzu ra n’wina hi rona ri nga ndzi kotisa. Thirdly, I would like to thank my father, David Masonto, my little people, Bornwise, Best, Kalush and Benjamin for the smiles that gave me hope to never give up. Last but not least, I thank God for giving me the strength, mercy, wisdom and courage to continue with my studies even at a time of despair. -
AVAILABLE from 'Bookstore, ILC, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Rd
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 401 726 FL 024 212 AUTHOR Payne, David, Ed. TITLE Notes on Linguistics, 1996. INSTITUTION Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Dallas, Tex. REPORT NO ISSN-0736-0673 PUB DATE 96 NOTE 239p. AVAILABLE FROM 'Bookstore, ILC, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Rd., Dallas, TX 75236 (one year subscription: SIL members, $15.96 in the U.S., $19.16 foreign; non-SIL members, $19.95 in the U.S.; $23.95 foreign; prices include postage and handling). PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Notes on Linguistics; n72-75 1996 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Book Reviews; Computer Software; Conferences; Dialects; Doctoral Dissertations; Group Activities; *Language Patterns; *Language Research; *Linguistic Theory; Native Speakers; Phonology; Professional Associations; Publications; Research Methodology; *Syntax; Textbooks; Tone Languages; Workshops IDENTIFIERS 'Binding Theory ABSTRACT The four 1996 issues of this journal contain the following articles: "Sketch of Autosegmental Tonology" (H. Andrew Black); "System Relationships in Assessing Dialect Intelligibility" (Margaret Milliken, Stuart Milliken); "A Step-by-Step Introduction to Government and Binding Theory of Syntax" (Cheryl A. Black); "Participatory Research in Linguistics" (Constance Kutsch Lojenga); "Introduction to Government and Binding Theory II" (Cheryl A. Black); What To Do with CECIL?" (Joan Baart); "WINCECIL" (Jerold A. Edmondson); "Introduction to Government and Binding Theory III" (Cheryl A. Black); and "Mainland Southeast Asia: A Unique Linguistic Area" (Brian Migliazza). Each issue also contains notes from the SIL Linguistics Department coordinator, a number of reports on linguistics association conferences around the world, book and materials reviews, and professional announcements. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. -
The Semantic Organization of the Serbo-Croatian Verb
Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 214 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Radmila J. Gorup The Semantic Organization of the Serbo-Croatian Verb Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbHRadmila. J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access S l a v i s t i c h e B e it r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH KUNSTMANN PETER REHDER • JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 214 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 RADMILA JOVANOVIC GORUP THE SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE SERBOCROATIAN VERB VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1987 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access f Sayertoan« ' etaatsblbllofbM ( K l Û псп en ISBN 3-87690-382-3 © Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1987 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, München Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 000Б0459 FOREWORD This work presents a re-analysis of a major segment of the para- dlgm of the Serbo-Croatiam verb. It concentrates chiefly on the perfective and imperfective morphology, but treats this classic problem in Slavic scholarship from a поп-aspectual point of view. -
The Structured Compact Tag-Set for Luganda
International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 5, No.4, August 2016 THE STRUCTURED COMPACT TAG -SET FOR LUGANDA Robert Ssali Balagadde 1 and Parvataneni Premchand 2 1, 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India ABSTRACT A tag-set for tagging Luganda words has been in absence for quite a long time leading to absence of Luganda Language resources used in Computational Linguistic (CL) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). As a result, this research paper proposes and presents a Structured Compact Tag-set for Luganda (SCTL) in a bid to address this gap, and emphasis has been directed towards presenting the structures. SCTL incorporates a number of new concepts aimed at reducing redundancy in an annotated corpus. In line with this, Tag Length Minimization Strategies (TLMS) have been proposed and implemented in SCTL. The morpho-syntactic properties captured in SCTL were identified through conducting a morphological analysis and word categorization along the various parts of speeches (POS) of Luganda. To demonstrate the suitability of SCTL to tag Luganda text, a sample text extracted from Bukedde, an online Luganda news paper, has been tagged and presented; however, identification and validation of the various tags of SCTL is proposed as a component of continuity of this research work. This paper demonstrates how Concord Number (CN) captured in SCTL can be used to check conventional agreement between words. Storage Efficiencies, namely, ηt (individual) and ηat (batch) are novel metrics proposed in this research work, which can be used in evaluating how a particular tag-set is performing in terms of efficient storage usage at tag level and corpus (or batch) level respectively. -
Encoding Morphemic Units of Two South African Bantu Languages
Nordic Journal of African Studies 21(3): 118–140 (2012) Towards a Part-of-Speech Ontology: Encoding Morphemic Units of Two South African Bantu Languages Gertrud FAAß University of South Africa, South Africa & Sonja BOSCH University of South Africa, South Africa & Elsabé TALJARD University of Pretoria, South Africa ABSTRACT This article describes the design of an electronic knowledge base, namely a morpho-syntactic database structured as an ontology of linguistic categories, containing linguistic units of two related languages of the South African Bantu group: Northern Sotho and Zulu. These languages differ significantly in their surface orthographies, but are very similar on the lexical and sub-lexical levels. It is therefore our goal to describe the morphemes of these languages in a single common database in order to outline and interpret commonalities and differences in more detail. Moreover, the relational database which is developed defines the underlying morphemic units (morphs) for both languages. It will be shown that the electronic part-of- speech ontology goes hand in hand with part-of-speech tagsets that label morphemic units. This database is designed as part of a forthcoming system providing lexicographic and linguistic knowledge on the official South African Bantu languages. Keywords: part-of-speech ontology, morpho-syntactic database, tagging, Northern Sotho, Zulu. 1. INTRODUCTION The aim of this article is to describe the design of an electronic knowledge base, namely a morpho-syntactic database structured as an ontology of linguistic categories, containing linguistic units of two Bantu languages. It will be argued that the electronic part-of-speech (POS) ontology goes hand in hand with POS tagsets.