30. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, et al: 2007 annual report of the American CHAPTER Hallucinogens Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46: 927, 2008. [PMID: 19065310] Utsha Khatri 31. Carstairs SD, Cantrell FL: Peyote and mescaline exposures: a 12-year review of a state- 188 wide poison center database. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 48: 350, 2010. [PMID: 20170392] David H. Jang 32. CDC: Ecstasy overdoses at a New Year’s Eve rave—Los Angeles, California, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 677, 2010. [PMID: 20535091] 33. Capela JP, Carmo H, Remiao F, Bastos ML, Meisel A, Carvalho F: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity: an overview. Mol Neurobiol 39: 210, 2009. REFERENCES [PMID: 19373443] 34. Jansen KL, Theron L: Ecstasy (MDMA), methamphetamine, and date rape (drug- 1. Krebs TS, Johansen PØ: Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States [version 1; facilitated sexual assault): a consideration of the issues. J Psychoactive Drugs 38: 1, 2006. referees: 2 approved]. F1000 Res 2: 98, 2013. [PMID: 16681170] 2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Drug Abuse Warning 35. Kaye S, Darke S, Duflou J: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-related fatali- Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. ties in Australia: demographics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760, DAWN Series D-39. Rockville, MD: Substance Drug Alcohol Depend 104: 254, 2009. [PMID: 19604654] Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013. 36. Shenouda SK, Carvalho F, Varner KJ: The cardiovascular and cardiac actions of ecstasy 3. Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE: Monitoring the Future and its metabolites. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 11: 470, 2010. [PMID: 20420571] national survey results on drug use, 1975-2010. Volume I: secondary school students. 37. Sarkar S, Schmued L: Neurotoxicity of ecstasy (MDMA): an overview. Curr Pharm Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2011. Biotechnol 11: 460, 2010. [PMID: 20420572] 4. Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE: Monitoring the Future national 38. Chang SH, Lai TI, Chen WJ, Fang CC: MDMA-induced acute pulmonary edema in a survey results on drug use, 1975-2010. Volume II: college students and adults ages 19-50. patient without other organ dysfunction. Am J Emerg Med 24: 734, 2006. [PMID: 16984847] Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2011. 39. Campbell GA, Rosner MH: The agony of ecstasy: MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymeth- 5. Milroy CM: “Ecstasy” associated deaths: what is a fatal concentration? Analysis of a case amphetamine) and the kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 1852, 2008. [PMID: 18684895] series. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 7: 248, 2011. [PMID: 21264549] 40. Rosenson J, Smollin C, Sporer KA, Blanc P, Olson KR: Patterns of ecstasy-associated 6. Hill SL, Thomas SH: Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clin Toxicol hyponatremia in California. Ann Emerg Med 49: 164, 2007. [PMID: 17084942] (Phila) 49: 705, 2011. [PMID: 21970769] 41. Patel MM, Belson MG, Longwater AB, Olson KR, Miller MA: Methylenedioxymetham- 7. Nichols DE, Johnson MW, Nichols CD: Psychedelics as medicines: an emerging new phetamine (ecstasy)-related hyperthermia. J Emerg Med 29: 451, 2005. [PMID: 16243206] paradigm. Clin Pharmacol Ther 101: 209, 2017. [PMID: 28019026] 42. Ben-Abraham R, Szold O, Rudick V, Weinbroum AA: “Ecstasy” intoxication: life- 8. Peet M, Peters S: Drug-induced mania. Drug Saf 12: 146, 1995. [PMID: 7766338] threatening manifestations and resuscitative measures in the intensive care setting. Eur 9. Cole C, Jones L, McVeigh J, Kicman A, Syed Q, Bellis M: Adulterants in illicit drugs: a J Emerg Med 10: 309, 2003. [PMID: 14676510] review of empirical evidence. Drug Test Anal 3: 89, 2011. [PMID: 21322119] 43. Turillazzi E, Riezzo I, Neri M, Bello S, Fineschi V: MDMA toxicity and pathological 10. Tanner-Smith EE: Pharmacological content of tablets sold as “ecstasy”: results from an consequences: a review about experimental data and autopsy findings. Curr Pharm online testing service. Drug Alcohol Depend 83: 247, 2006. [PMID: 16364567] Biotechnol 11: 500, 2010. 11. Mathias S, Lubman DI, Hides L: Substance-induced psychosis: a diagnostic conun- 44. Oesterheld JR, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL: Ecstasy: pharmacodynamic and pharmacoki- drum. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 358, 2008. [PMID: 18278990] netic interactions. Psychosomatics 45: 84, 2004. [PMID: 14709765] 12. Caton CL, Drake RE, Hasin DS, et al: Differences between early-phase primary psy- 45. Kahn DE, Ferraro N, Benveniste RJ: Three cases of primary intracranial hemorrhage chotic disorders with concurrent substance use and substance-induced psychoses. Arch associated with “Molly,” a purified form of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine Gen Psychiatry 62: 137, 2005. [PMID: 15699290] (MDMA). J Neurol Sci 323: 257, 2012. [PMID: 22998806] 13. Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS: The cardiovascular effects of cocaine. Ann Emerg Med 20: 46. McCann UD, Szabo Z, Scheffel U, et al: Positron emission tomographic evidence of 165, 1991. [PMID: 1996800] toxic effect of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) on brain serotonin neurons in human beings. Lancet 14. Grunau BE, Wiens MO, Brubacher JR: Dantrolene in the treatment of MDMA-related 352: 1433, 1998. [PMID: 9807990] hyperpyrexia: a systematic review. CJEM 12: 435, 2010. [PMID: 20880437] 47. Halpern JH, Sherwood AR, Hudson JI, Gruber S, Kozin D, Pope HG Jr: Residual neu- 15. Gable RS: Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive sub- rocognitive features of long-term ecstasy users with minimal exposure to other drugs. stances. Addiction 99: 686, 2004. [PMID: 15139867] Addiction 106: 777, 2011. [PMID: 21205042] 16. Abraham HD, Aldridge AM, Gogia P: The psychopharmacology of hallucinogens. 48. Hall AP, Henry JA: Acute toxic effects of “Ecstasy” (MDMA) and related compounds: Neuropsychopharmacology 14: 285, 1996. [PMID: 8924196] overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth 96: 678, 2006. 17. Passie T, Halpern JH, Stichtenoth DO, Emrich HM, Hintzen A: The pharmacology of [PMID: 16595612] lysergic acid diethylamide: a review. CNS Neurosci Ther 14: 295, 2008. [PMID: 19040555] 49. Bordo DJ, Dorfman MA: Ecstasy overdose: rapid cooling leads to successful outcome. 18. Blaho K, Merigian K, Winbery S, Geraci SA, Smartt C: Clinical pharmacology of lyser- Am J Emerg Med 22: 326, 2004. [PMID: 15258886] gic acid diethylamide: case reports and review of the treatment of intoxication. Am J 50. Mugele J, Nanagas KA, Tormoehlen LM: Serotonin syndrome associated with MDPV Ther 4: 211, 1997. [PMID: 10423613] use: a case report. Ann Emerg Med 60: 100, 2012. [PMID: 22237165] 19. Berrens Z, Lammers J, White C: Rhabdomyolysis after LSD ingestion. Psychosomatics 51. Weinstein AM, Rosca P, Fattore L, London ED: Synthetic cathinone and cannabinoid 51: 356.e3, 2010. [PMID: 20587768] designer drugs pose a major risk for public health. Front Psychiatry 8: 156, 2017. [PMID: 20. Klock JC, Boerner U, Becker CE: Coma, hyperthermia, and bleeding associated with 28878698] massive LSD overdose, a report of eight cases. Clin Toxicol 8: 191, 1975. [PMID: 1149410] 52. Karch SB: Cathinone neurotoxicity (the “3Ms”). Curr Neuropharmacol 13: 21, 2015. 21. Raval MV, Gaba RC, Brown K, et al: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treat- [PMID: 26074741] ment of extensive LSD-induced lower extremity vasospasm refractory to pharmacologic 53. Prosser JM, Nelson LS: The toxicology of bath salts: a review of synthetic cathinones. J therapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 19: 1227, 2008. [PMID: 18656018] Med Toxicol 8: 33, 2012. [PMID: 22108839] 22. Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr: Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we 54. Penders TM, Gestring RE, Vilensky DA: Excited delirium following use of synthetic know after 50 years? Drug Alcohol Depend 69: 109, 2003. [PMID: 12609692] cathinones (bath salts). Gen Hosp Psychiatry 34: 647, 2012. [PMID: 22898445] 23. Nikolaou P, Papoutsis I, Stefanidou M, et al: 2C-I-NBOMe, an “N-bomb” that kills with 55. Hoiseth G, Hjelmeland K, Bachs L: [Phencyclidine—angel dust]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen “smiles.” Toxicological and legislative aspects. Drug Chem Toxicol 38: 113, 2015. [PMID: 125: 2775, 2005. [PMID: 16244678] 24785196] 56. O’Shea B: Phencyclidine, ketamine, and khat phencyclidine (PCP, DOA, ‘angel dust’, 24. Tebo C, Mazer-Amirshahi M, DeGeorge L, et al: Suspected synthetic cannabinoid ‘crystal’, ‘hog’). Ir Med J 93: 185, 2005. [PMID: 11105446] receptor agonist intoxication: Does analysis of samples reflect the presence of suspected 57. McCarron MM, Schulze BW, Thompson GA, Conder MC, Goetz WA: Acute phencycli- agents? Am J Emerg Med Epub ahead of print, 24 Dec 2018. DOI 10.1016/j.ajem dine intoxication: incidence of clinical findings in 1,000 cases. Ann Emerg Med 10: 237, .2018.12.044. 1981. 25. Barbee G, Berry-Caban C, Barry J, Borys D, Ward J, Salyer S: Analysis of mushroom 58. McCarron MM, Schulze BW, Thompson GA, Conder MC, Goetz WA: Acute phencycli- exposures in Texas requiring hospitalization, 2005-2006. J Med Toxicol 5: 59, 2009. dine intoxication: clinical patterns, complications, and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 10: 19415588] 290, 1981. 26. Hasler F, Grimberg U, Benz MA, Huber T, Vollenweider FX: Acute psychological and 59. Milhorn HT Jr: Diagnosis and management of phencyclidine intoxication. Am Fam physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled Physician 43: 1293, 1991. [PMID: 2008817] dose-effect study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 172: 145, 2004. [PMID: 14615876] 60. Eastman JW, Cohen SN: Hypertensive crisis and death associated with phencyclidine 27. Bickel M, Ditting T, Watz H, et al: Severe rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure and poisoning. JAMA 231: 1270, 1975. [PMID: 1172955] posterior encephalopathy after “magic mushroom” abuse. Eur J Emerg Med 12: 306, 61. Stein GY, Fradin Z, Ori Y, Singer P, Korobko Y, Zeidman A: Phencyclidine-induced 2005. [PMID: 16276262] multi-organ failure. Is Med Assoc J 7: 535, 2005. [PMID: 16106785] 28. Frank H, Zilker T, Kirchmair M, et al: Acute renal failure by ingestion of Cortinarius 62. Simpson GM, Khajawall AM, Alatorre E, Staples FR: Urinary phencyclidine excretion species confounded with psychoactive mushrooms: a case series and literature survey. in chronic abusers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 19: 1051, 1982. [PMID: 7184997] Clin Nephrol 71: 557, 2009. [PMID: 19473617] 63. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, et al: Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that 29. Halpern JH: Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258: 1946, 1992. [PMID: 1470919] States. Pharmacol Ther 102: 131, 2004. [PMID: 15163594]

1

Tintinalli_Ch188_References.indd 1 7/30/19 11:02 AM 2 SECTION 15: Toxicology

64. Sinclair CF, Foushee HR, Pevear JS 3rd, Scarinci IC, Carroll WR: Patterns of blunt use 87. Andreasen MF, Telving R, Birkler RI, Schumacher B, Johannsen M: A fatal poisoning among rural young adult African-American men. Am J Prev Med 42: 61, 2012. [PMID: involving Bromo-Dragonfly. Forensic Sci Int 183: 91, 2009. [PMID: 19091499] 22176848] 88. Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Beasley DM, Gee P: The clinical toxicology of the designer 65. Kalant H: Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. “party pills” benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28: 849, 2004. [PMID: 15363608] 49: 131, 2011. [PMID: 21495881] 66. Aryana A, Williams MA: Marijuana as a trigger of cardiovascular events: speculation or 89. Wood DM, Button J, Lidder S, Ramsey J, Holt DW, Dargan PI: Dissociative and sympa- scientific certainty? Int J Cardiol 118: 141, 2007. [PMID: 17005273] thomimetic toxicity associated with recreational use of 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) 67. Pratap B, Korniyenko A: Toxic effects of marijuana on the cardiovascular system. Car- piperazine (TFMPP) and 1-benzylpiperzine (BZP). J Med Toxicol 4: 254, 2008. diovasc Toxicol 12: 143, 2012. [PMID: 22194141] 90. Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr: Hallucinogens on the Internet: a vast new source of under- 68. Maxwell JC, Mendelson B: What do we know about the impact of the laws related to ground drug information. Am J Psychiatry 158: 481, 2001. [PMID: 11229993] marijuana? J Addict Med 10: 3, 2016. [PMID: 26818826] 91. Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW: Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum 69. Wang GS, Le Lait M, Deakyne SJ, Bronstein AC, Bajaj L, Roosevelt G: Unintentional pediat- and kratom. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46: 146, 2008. [PMID: 18259963] ric exposures to marijuana in Colorado, 2009-2015. JAMA Pediatr 170: e160971, 2016. 92. Prisinzano TE: Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum. Life [PMID: 27454910] Sci 78: 527, 2005. [PMID: 16213533] 70. McGuinness TM: Update on marijuana. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 47: 19, 2009. 93. Dalgarno P: Subjective effects of Salvia divinorum. J Psychoactive Drugs 39: 143, 2007. [PMID: 19835316] [PMID: 17703708] 71. Reece AS: Chronic toxicology of cannabis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47: 517, 2009. [PMID: 94. Vohra R, Seefeld A, Cantrell FL, Clark RF: Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a 19586351] statewide poison control system over 10 years. J Emerg Med 40: 643, 2011. [PMID: 72. Sontineni SP, Chaudhary S, Sontineni V, Lanspa SJ: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syn- 19765944] drome: clinical diagnosis of an underrecognised manifestation of chronic cannabis 95. Hitt M, Ettinger DD: Toad toxicity. N Engl J Med 314: 1517, 1986. [PMID: 3702971] abuse. World J Gastroenterol 15: 1264, 2009. [PMID: 19291829] 96. Gowda RM, Cohen RA, Khan IA: Toad venom poisoning: resemblance to digoxin toxic- 73. Wallace EA, Andrews SE, Garmany CL, Jelley MJ: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: ity and therapeutic implications. Heart 89: e14, 2003. [PMID: 12639891] literature review and proposed diagnosis and treatment algorithm. South Med J 104: 97. Kostakis C, Byard RW: Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad 659, 2011. [PMID: 21886087] extract. Forensic Sci Int 188: e1, 2009. [PMID: 19303230] 74. Dezieck L, Hafez Z, Conicella A, et al: Resolution of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome 98. Kuo HY, Hsu CW, Chen JH, Wu YL, Shen YS: Life-threatening episode after ingestion with topical capsaicin in the emergency department: a case series. Clin Toxicol (Phila) of toad eggs: a case report with literature review. BMJ Case Rep pii: bcr11.2008.1241, 55: 908, 2017. [PMID: 28494183] 2009. [PMID: 21686394] 75. Lapoint J, Meyer S, Yu CK, et al: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: public health 99. Brubacher JR, Ravikumar PR, Bania T, Heller MB, Hoffman RS: Treatment of toad implications and a novel model treatment guideline. West J Emerg Med 19: 380, 2018. venom poisoning with digoxin-specific Fab fragments. Chest 110: 1282, 1996. [PMID: [PMID: 29560069] 8915235] 76. Dackis CA, Pottash AL, Annitto W, Gold MS: Persistence of urinary marijuana levels 100. Brubacher JR, Lachmanen D, Ravikumar PR, Hoffman RS: Efficacy of digoxin specific after supervised abstinence. Am J Psychiatry 139: 1196, 1982. [PMID: 6287871] Fab fragments (Digibind) in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. Toxicon 37: 931, 77. Atwood BK, Huffman J, Straiker A, Mackie K: JWH018, a common constituent of 1999. [PMID: 10340832] “spice” herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB receptor agonist. Br J 101. Demetriades AK, Wallman PD, McGuiness A, Gavalas MC: Low cost, high risk: acci- Pharmacol 160: 585, 2010. [PMID: 20100276] dental nutmeg intoxication. Emerg Med J 22: 223, 2005. [PMID: 15735280] 78. Dresen S, Ferreiros N, Putz M, et al: Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially contain- 102. Ehrenpreis JE, DesLauriers C, Lank P, et al: Nutmeg poisonings: a retrospective review ing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds. J Mass Spectrom 45: 1186, 2010. of 10 years experience from the Illinois poison center, 2001–2011. J Med Toxicol 10: 148, [PMID: 20857386] 2014. [PMID: 24452991] 79. Rosenbaum CD, Carreiro SP, Babu KM: Here today, gone tomorrow…and back again? 103. Vearrier D, Greenberg MI: Anticholinergic delirium following Datura stramonium A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), ingestion: implications for the Internet age. J Emerg Trauma Shock 3: 303, 2010. [PMID: kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines. J Med Toxicol 8: 15, 2012. 20930988] [PMID: 22271566] 104. Glatstein MM, Alabdulrazzaq F, Garcia-Bournissen F, Scolnik D: Use of physostigmine 80. Hudson S, Ramsey J: The emergence and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Drug Test for hallucinogenic plant poisoning in a teenager: case report and review of the literature. Anal 3: 466, 2011. [PMID: 21337724] Am J Ther 19: 384, 2012. [PMID: 20861718] 81. Wells DL, Ott CA: The “new” marijuana. Ann Pharmacother 45: 414, 2011. [PMID: 105. Wolff K, Winstock AR: Ketamine: from medicine to misuse. CNS Drugs 20: 199, 2006. 21325097] [PMID: 16529526] 82. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/chemicals/sc/default.html (Centers for Disease Control 106. Jansen KL: A review of the nonmedical use of ketamine: use, users and consequences. J and Prevention: Synthetic cannabinoids: what are they? What are their effects?) Psychoactive Drugs 32: 419, 2000. [PMID: 11210204] Accessed March 16, 2019. 107. Weiner AL, Vieira L, McKay CA, Bayer MJ: Ketamine abusers presenting to the emer- 83. Every-Palmer S: Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. gency department: a case series. J Emerg Med 18: 447, 2000. [PMID: 10802423] Drug Alcohol Depend 117: 152, 2011. 21316162] 108. Bokor G, Anderson PD: Ketamine: an update on its abuse. J Pharm Practice 27: 582, 84. Corazza O, Schifano F, Farre M, et al: Designer drugs on the internet: a phenomenon 2014. [PMID: 24651639] out-of-control? The emergence of hallucinogenic drug Bromo-Dragonfly. Curr Clin 109. Boyer EW: Dextromethorphan abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care 20: 858, 2004. [PMID: Pharmacol 6: 125, 2011. [PMID: 21592070] 15572980] 85. Corazza O, Schifano F, Farre M, et al: Designer drugs on the internet: a phenomenon 110. Wilson MD, Ferguson RW, Mazer ME, Litovitz TL: Monitoring trends in dextro- out-of-control? The emergence of hallucinogenic drug Bromo-Dragonfly. Curr Clin methorphan abuse using the National Poison Data System: 2000–2010. Clin Toxicol Pharmacol 6: 125, 2011. [PMID: 21592070] (Phila) 49: 409, 2011. [PMID: 21740139] 86. Wood DM, Looker JJ, Shaikh L, et al: Delayed onset of seizures and toxicity associated with recreational use of Bromo-dragonFLY. J Med Toxicol 5: 226, 2009. [PMID: 19876858]

Tintinalli_Ch188_References.indd 2 7/30/19 11:02 AM