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Substance Abuse and Dependence
9 Substance Abuse and Dependence CHAPTER CHAPTER OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 310–316 Residential Approaches DISORDERS 291–296 Biological Perspectives Psychodynamic Approaches Substance Abuse and Dependence Learning Perspectives Behavioral Approaches Addiction and Other Forms of Compulsive Cognitive Perspectives Relapse-Prevention Training Behavior Psychodynamic Perspectives SUMMING UP 325–326 Racial and Ethnic Differences in Substance Sociocultural Perspectives Use Disorders TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE Pathways to Drug Dependence AND DEPENDENCE 316–325 DRUGS OF ABUSE 296–310 Biological Approaches Depressants Culturally Sensitive Treatment Stimulants of Alcoholism Hallucinogens Nonprofessional Support Groups TRUTH or FICTION T❑ F❑ Heroin accounts for more deaths “Nothing and Nobody Comes Before than any other drug. (p. 291) T❑ F❑ You cannot be psychologically My Coke” dependent on a drug without also being She had just caught me with cocaine again after I had managed to convince her that physically dependent on it. (p. 295) I hadn’t used in over a month. Of course I had been tooting (snorting) almost every T❑ F❑ More teenagers and young adults die day, but I had managed to cover my tracks a little better than usual. So she said to from alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents me that I was going to have to make a choice—either cocaine or her. Before she than from any other cause. (p. 297) finished the sentence, I knew what was coming, so I told her to think carefully about what she was going to say. It was clear to me that there wasn’t a choice. I love my T❑ F❑ It is safe to let someone who has wife, but I’m not going to choose anything over cocaine. -
Adverse Reactions to Hallucinogenic Drugs. 1Rnstttutton National Test
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 034 696 SE 007 743 AUTROP Meyer, Roger E. , Fd. TITLE Adverse Reactions to Hallucinogenic Drugs. 1rNSTTTUTTON National Test. of Mental Health (DHEW), Bethesda, Md. PUB DATP Sep 67 NOTE 118p.; Conference held at the National Institute of Mental Health, Chevy Chase, Maryland, September 29, 1967 AVATLABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 ($1.25). FDPS PRICE FDPS Price MFc0.50 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCPTPTOPS Conference Reports, *Drug Abuse, Health Education, *Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, *Medical Research, *Mental Health IDENTIFIEPS Hallucinogenic Drugs ABSTPACT This reports a conference of psychologists, psychiatrists, geneticists and others concerned with the biological and psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and other hallucinogenic drugs. Clinical data are presented on adverse drug reactions. The difficulty of determining the causes of adverse reactions is discussed, as are different methods of therapy. Data are also presented on the psychological and physiolcgical effects of L.S.D. given as a treatment under controlled medical conditions. Possible genetic effects of L.S.D. and other drugs are discussed on the basis of data from laboratory animals and humans. Also discussed are needs for futher research. The necessity to aviod scare techniques in disseminating information about drugs is emphasized. An aprentlix includes seven background papers reprinted from professional journals, and a bibliography of current articles on the possible genetic effects of drugs. (EB) National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information VA-w. Alb alb !bAm I.S. MOMS Of NAM MON tMAN IONE Of NMI 105 NUNN NU IN WINES UAWAS RCM NIN 01 NUN N ONMININI 01011110 0. -
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (P.L) 1. Terminology “Hallucinogens
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.l) 1. Terminology “hallucinogens” – induce hallucinations, although sensory distortions are more common “psychotomimetics” – to minic psychotic states, although truly most drugs in this class do not do so “phantasticums”or “psychedelics” – alter sensory perception (Julien uses “psychedelics”) alterations in perception, cognition, and mood, in presence of otherwise clear ability to sense” may increase sensory awareness, increase clarity, decrease control over what is sensed/experienced “self-A” may feel a passive observer of what “self-B” is experiencing often accompanied by a sense of profound meaningfulness, of divine or cosmic importance (limbic system?) these drugs can be classified by what NT they mimic: anti-ACh, agonists for NE, 5HT, or glutamate (See p. 332, Table 12.l in Julien, 9th Ed.) 2. The Anti-ACh Psychedelics e.g. scopolamine (classified as an ACh blocker) high affinity, no efficacy plant product: Belladonna or “deadly nightshade” (Atropa belladonna) Datura stramonium (jimson weed, stinkweed) Mandragora officinarum (mandrake plant) pupillary dilation (2nd to atropine) PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS (p.2) 2. Anti-ACh Psychedelics (cont.) pharmacological effects: e.g. scopolamine (Donnatal) clinically used to tx motion sickness, relax smooth muscles (gastric cramping), mild sedation/anesthetic effect PNS effects --- dry mouth relaxation of smooth muscles decreased sweating increased body temperature blurred vision dry skin pupillary dilation tachycardia, increased BP CNS effects --- drowsiness, mild euphoria profound amnesia fatigue decreased attention, focus delirium, mental confusion decreased REM sleep no increase in sensory awareness as dose increases --- restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, euphoria, disorientation at toxic dose levels --- “psychotic delirium”, confusion, stupor, coma, respiratory depression so drug is really an intoxicant, amnestic, and deliriant 3. -
References to Argentina
References to Argentina Part 1 RECENT STATISTICS AND TREND ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUG MARKETS A. EXTENT OF ILLICIT DRUG USE AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES The Americas (pages 12 to 14 WDR 13) In the Americas, a high prevalence of most illicit drugs, essentially driven by estimates in North America, was observed, with the prevalence of cannabis (7.9 per cent) and cocaine (1.3 per cent) being particularly high in the region. South America, Central America and the Caribbean The annual prevalence of cocaine use in South America (1.3 per cent of the adult population) is comparable to levels in North America, while it remains much higher than the global average in Central America (0.6 per cent) and the Caribbean (0.7 per cent). Cocaine use has increased significantly in Brazil, Costa Rica and, to lesser extent, Peru while no change in its use was reported in Argentina. The use of cannabis in South America is higher (5.7 per cent) than the global average, but lower in Central America and Caribbean (2.6 and 2.8 per cent respectively). In South America and Central America the use of opioids (0.3 and 0.2 per cent, respectively) and Ecstasy (0.1 per cent each) also remain well below the global average. While opiates use remains low, countries such as Colombia report that heroin use is becoming increasingly common among certain age groups and socio-economic classes.30 Part 2 NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES C. THE RECENT EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES (page 67 WDR 13) Spread at the global level Number of countries reporting the emergence of new psychoactive substances Pursuant to Commission on Narcotic Drugs resolution 55/1, entitled “Promoting international cooperation in responding to the challenges posed by new psychoactive substances”, in 2012 UNODC sent a questionnaire on NPS to all Member States, to which 80 countries and territories replied. -
Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanismss
Supplemental Material can be found at: /content/suppl/2020/12/18/73.1.202.DC1.html 1521-0081/73/1/202–277$35.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056 PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS Pharmacol Rev 73:202–277, January 2021 Copyright © 2020 by The Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC Attribution 4.0 International license. ASSOCIATE EDITOR: MICHAEL NADER Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanismss Antonio Inserra, Danilo De Gregorio, and Gabriella Gobbi Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Abstract ...................................................................................205 Significance Statement. ..................................................................205 I. Introduction . ..............................................................................205 A. Review Outline ........................................................................205 B. Psychiatric Disorders and the Need for Novel Pharmacotherapies .......................206 C. Psychedelic Compounds as Novel Therapeutics in Psychiatry: Overview and Comparison with Current Available Treatments . .....................................206 D. Classical or Serotonergic Psychedelics versus Nonclassical Psychedelics: Definition ......208 Downloaded from E. Dissociative Anesthetics................................................................209 F. Empathogens-Entactogens . ............................................................209 -
The Experience Elicited by Hallucinogens Presents the Highest Similarity to Dreaming Within a Large Database of Psychoactive Substance Reports
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 22 January 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00007 The Experience Elicited by Hallucinogens Presents the Highest Similarity to Dreaming within a Large Database of Psychoactive Substance Reports Camila Sanz 1, Federico Zamberlan 1, Earth Erowid 2, Fire Erowid 2 and Enzo Tagliazucchi 1,3* 1 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2 Erowid Center, Grass Valley, CA, United States, 3 Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France Ever since the modern rediscovery of psychedelic substances by Western society, Edited by: several authors have independently proposed that their effects bear a high resemblance Rick Strassman, to the dreams and dreamlike experiences occurring naturally during the sleep-wake University of New Mexico School of cycle. Recent studies in humans have provided neurophysiological evidence supporting Medicine, United States this hypothesis. However, a rigorous comparative analysis of the phenomenology (“what Reviewed by: Matthias E. Liechti, it feels like” to experience these states) is currently lacking. We investigated the semantic University Hospital Basel, Switzerland similarity between a large number of subjective reports of psychoactive substances and Michael Kometer, University of Zurich, Switzerland reports of high/low lucidity dreams, and found that the highest-ranking substance in *Correspondence: terms of the similarity to high lucidity dreams was the serotonergic psychedelic lysergic Enzo Tagliazucchi acid diethylamide (LSD), whereas the highest-ranking in terms of the similarity to dreams [email protected] of low lucidity were plants of the Datura genus, rich in deliriant tropane alkaloids. Specialty section: Conversely, sedatives, stimulants, antipsychotics, and antidepressants comprised most This article was submitted to of the lowest-ranking substances. -
Exploring Hallucinogen Pharmacology and Psychedelic Medicine with Zebrafish Models
ZEBRAFISH Volume 13, Number 5, 2016 Review Articles ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1251 Exploring Hallucinogen Pharmacology and Psychedelic Medicine with Zebrafish Models Evan J. Kyzar1 and Allan V. Kalueff2–6 Abstract After decades of sociopolitical obstacles, the field of psychiatry is experiencing a revived interest in the use of hallucinogenic agents to treat brain disorders. Along with the use of ketamine for depression, recent pilot studies have highlighted the efficacy of classic serotonergic hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin, in treating addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety. However, many basic phar- macological and toxicological questions remain unanswered with regard to these compounds. In this study, we discuss psychedelic medicine as well as the behavioral and toxicological effects of hallucinogenic drugs in zebrafish. We emphasize this aquatic organism as a model ideally suited to assess both the potential toxic and therapeutic effects of major known classes of hallucinogenic compounds. In addition, novel drugs with hal- lucinogenic properties can be efficiently screened using zebrafish models. Well-designed preclinical studies utilizing zebrafish can contribute to the reemerging treatment paradigm of psychedelic medicine, leading to new avenues of clinical exploration for psychiatric disorders. Introduction requiring the use of both traditional (rodent) and novel model species.6 In this study, we briefly review the history of psy- allucinogenic drugs have been used by humans for chedelic medicine and the pharmacology of these drugs and centuries, exerting potent effects on thought, cognition, H discuss the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on larval and adult and behavior with little propensity for habit formation and zebrafish (Danio rerio). -
Dextromethorphan and Memantine After Ketamine Analgesia: a Randomized Control Trial
Drug Design, Development and Therapy Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Dextromethorphan and memantine after ketamine analgesia: a randomized control trial This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy Elodie Martin,1 Marc Sorel,2 Purpose: Intravenous ketamine is often prescribed in severe neuropathic pain. Oral N- 3 Véronique Morel, Fabienne methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists might prolong pain relief, reducing the 4 4 Marcaillou, Pascale Picard, frequency of ketamine infusions and hospital admissions. This clinical trial aimed at asses- Noémie Delage,4 Florence sing whether oral dextromethorphan or memantine might prolong pain relief after intrave- Tiberghien,5 Marie-Christine 6 6 nous ketamine. Crosmary, Mitra Najjar, Renato Colamarino,6 Christelle Créach,7,8 Patients and methods: A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial included 60 Béatrice Lietar,7 Géraldine Brumauld patients after ketamine infusion for refractory neuropathic pain. Dextromethorphan (90 mg/ de Montgazon,9 Anne Margot- day), memantine (20 mg/day) or placebo was given for 12 weeks (n=20 each) after ketamine 10 11,12 Duclot, Marie-Anne Loriot, infusion. The primary endpoint was pain intensity at one month. Secondary endpoints 11,12 13 Céline Narjoz, Céline Lambert, included pain, sleep, anxiety, depression, cognitive function and quality of life evaluations 13 1,3 Bruno Pereira, Gisèle Pickering up to 12 weeks. 1Université Clermont Auvergne, Pharmacologie Results: At 1 month, dextromethorphan maintained ketamine pain relief (Numeric Pain Fondamentale Et Clinique de la Douleur, Neuro- Dol, Inserm 1107, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, Scale: 4.01±1.87 to 4.05±2.61, p=0.53) and diminished pain paroxysms (p=0.03) while pain France; 2Centre D’evaluation et de Traitement de intensity increased significantly with memantine and placebo (p=0.04). -
Reversible Worsening of Psychosis Due to Benzydamine in a Schizoaffective Young Girl Who Is Already Under Treatment with Antipsychotics
Olgu Sunumlar› / Case Reports Reversible Worsening of Psychosis Due to Benzydamine in a Schizoaffective Young Girl Who is Already under Treatment with Antipsychotics Mehmet Kerem Doksat ÖZET: ABSTRACT: Antipsikotiklerle tedavi alt›nda olan flizoaffek- Reversible worsening of psychosis due to tif bir genç k›zda benzidamin kullan›lmas›na benzydamine in a schizoaffective young girl ba¤l› olarak geliflen reversibl psikoz kötülefl- who is already under treatment with mesi antipsychotics Ülkemizde Tantum, Tanflex, Benzidan gibi isimlerle sat›lan Benzydamine, available as the hydrochloride form, is an benzidamid hidroklorid, antienflamatuar ve analjezik ola- anti-inflammatory drug providing both rapid and rak s›kl›kla kullan›lan bir ilâçt›r. 500 ilâ 3000 mg gibi oral extended pain relief in many painful inflammatory dozlarda “deliran” (kafa bulucu) etkisi görülür; yarat›c›l›¤› conditions. In oral dosages of 500 mg to 3000 mg it is a artt›r›c› hallüsinozise (ego-distonik hallüsinasyonlara) ve “deliriant” and CNS stimulant, popular in Poland and Brazil. öforiye yol açt›¤› için, Polonya ve Brezilya’da s›kl›kla kulla- In Brazil it is so popular that many people use it for n›lmaktad›r. Yüksek dozlarda panoya, a¤›z kurulu¤u ve recreational purposes. A person in a “benzydamine trip” konvülsiyonlar görülebilir ve 2000–3000 mg dozlar›nda may experience a feeling of well-being, euphoria and in merkezî sinir sistemini uyar›c› etkisi belirginleflir. Bu “trip- higher doses hallucinations, paranoia, dry mouth and ler” bilerek veya kazaen al›nan yüksek dozlardan sonra or- convulsions may also be experienced. In dosages of 750 taya ç›k›p, ilâç kesilince 2 ilâ 3 günde kendili¤inden düzelir. -
Hallucinogens As Treatment? Preliminary Data with Ketamine
Hallucinogens as Treatment? Preliminary Data with Ketamine Elias Dakwar, MD Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons 19 October, 2017 Disclosures Elias Dakwar has received funding from NIDA and NIAAA. He has no conflicts of interest to report. Overview How might hallucinogens work as treatment? Why might ketamine work as a treatment? By any other name Deliriant Entheogen Hallucinogen Imaginant Oneirogen Phanarothyme Phantasticant Psychedelic Psychotomimetic A diverse group Indoles - d-lysergic-acid (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), harmaline, ibogaine, psilocybin, Dissociative Anesthetics - ketamine, PCP Phenethylamines -mescaline, 2-CB, DOM, MDA, MDMA Others - nitrous oxide, salvia divinorum, THC, fly agaric mushroom Effects Produce in a time-limited manner non-ordinary experiences comparable to: trance psychosis ecstasy dreaming mystical experience Ancient Uses Ritual Divination Initiation Pleasure Healing Witchcraft Protection/fortification Modern Uses Classical hallucinogens were investigated in the 1950s through the early ’70s in various settings. psychiatric treatment quality of life improvement investigations of consciousness criminal justice warfare “Psychedelic” and “Psycholytic” treatment models Concern over recreational use obscured promising clinical data and clinical research was largely aborted due to criminalization in 1973. But has recently resumed via private foundation funding Set and Setting A valuable heuristic for optimizing benefits, minimizing risks Set: the recipient’s expectations, past experiences, -
ICE 2020/1 Seized Materials Test Group
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE EXERCISES (ICE) Summary Report ICE Round 2020/1 1 SEIZED MATERIALS / 20 ICE 20 International Collaborative Exercises (ICE) Summary report 2020/1-Seized Materials Final summary report for ICE 2020/1 Seized Materials Test Group Original language: English © United Nations, January 2021. All rights reserved, worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. ICE 2020/1-SM Copyright © 2021 UNODC Page 1 of 104 International Collaborative Exercises (ICE) Summary report 2020/1-Seized Materials Acknowledgements The Laboratory and Scientific Section (LSS) of the UNODC, headed by Dr. Justice Tettey, wishes to express its appreciation and thanks to all laboratories for participating in the International Collaborative Exercises (ICE) round 2020/1. The valuable comments and contribution from the following members of the International Panel of Forensic Experts are gratefully acknowledged: Mr. Benoit Archambault, Health Canada, Canada Mr. Elvio Dias Botelho, Brazilian Federal Police, Brazil Prof. Heesun Chung, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea Prof. Niamh Nic Daéid, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK Mr. Scott Oulton, Drug Enforcement Administration, USA Ms. Catherine Quinn, Victoria Police, Australia Prof. Franco Tagliaro, University of Verona, Italy Dr. Angeline Tiong Whei Yap, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore In addition, LSS would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution of the Chemical Metrology Laboratory of the Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, for the provision of specific software used for the quantitative statistical calculations in the ICE programme. -
Natural Psychodysleptic Compounds: Sources and Pharmacology
Online - 2455-3891 Vol 9, Issue 5, 2016 Print - 0974-2441 Review Article NATURAL PSYCHODYSLEPTIC COMPOUNDS: SOURCES AND PHARMACOLOGY SISIRA PADAVALA, EZHILARASAN D* Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 08 June 2016, Revised and Accepted: 23 June 2016 ABSTRACT Compounds in some plants have remarkable effects on the central nervous system. Plants containing those compounds are mind altering or psychoactive in nature. These are consumed in the form of simple or complex preparations to affect the mind or alter the state of consciousness. Psychoactivity may include sedative, stimulant, euphoric, deliriant, and hallucinogenic effects. Several hundred psychoactive plants are known. Some important examples of psychoactive plants include Datura, Salvia, and Cannabis. Psychoactive plants have been used ritually, medicinally, and recreationally for thousands of years. Hence, the sociocultural and economic significance of psychoactive plants is enormous. Keywords: Cannabis, Datura, Psychoactive plants, Euphoria, Hallucinogen. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.13345 INTRODUCTION negative thoughts about one’s own self and also through, a range of confusing anomalous experiences [1]. The phytochemical constituents Hallucinogenic plants have been used by man for thousands of years. obtained from Cannabis show diverse biological effects in almost all Many species of hallucinogenic (psychodysleptic) plants are used organ systems especially cardiac, respiratory and immune system. by humans worldwide to achieve states of mind distortions; among Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), THC are responsible for all the those, a few have been used for therapeutic purposes such as Cannabis effects of cannabis.