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McCarron MM, Schulze BW, Thompson GA, Conder MC, Goetz WA: Acute phency- exposures in Texas requiring hospitalization, 2005-2006. J Med Toxicol 5: 59, 2009. clidine intoxication: incidence of clinical findings in 1,000 cases. Ann Emerg Med 10: 19. Hasler F, Grimberg U, Benz MA, Huber T, Vollenweider FX: Acute psychological and 237, 1981. physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo- 55. McCarron MM, Schulze BW, Thompson GA, Conder MC, Goetz WA: Acute phency- controlled dose-effect study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 172: 145, 2004. clidine intoxication: clinical patterns, complications, and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 20. Bickel M, Ditting T, Watz H, et al: Severe rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure and pos- 10: 290, 1981. terior encephalopathy after ‘magic mushroom’ abuse. Eur J Emerg Med 12: 306, 2005. 56. Milhorn HT Jr: Diagnosis and management of phencyclidine intoxication. Am Fam 21. Frank H, Zilker T, Kirchmair M, et al: Acute renal failure by ingestion of Cortinarius Physician 43: 1293, 1991. species confounded with psychoactive mushrooms: a case series and literature survey. 57. Eastman JW, Cohen SN: Hypertensive crisis and death associated with phencyclidine Clin Nephrol 71: 557, 2009. poisoning. JAMA 231: 1270, 1975. 22. Halpern JH: Hallucinogens and agents naturally growing in the United 58. Stein GY, Fradin Z, Ori Y, Singer P, Korobko Y, Zeidman A: Phencyclidine-induced States. Pharmacol Ther 102: 131, 2004. multi-organ failure. Is Med Assoc J 7: 535, 2005. 23. Carstairs SD, Cantrell FL: Peyote and exposures: a 12-year review of a 59. Simpson GM, Khajawall AM, Alatorre E, Staples FR: Urinary phencyclidine excretion ­statewide poison center database. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 48: 350, 2010. in chronic abusers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 19: 1051, 1982. 24. CDC: Ecstasy overdoses at a New Year’s Eve rave—Los Angeles, California, 2010. 60. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, et al: Isolation and structure of a brain constituent MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 677, 2010. that binds to the . Science 258: 1946, 1992. 25. Capela JP, Carmo H, Remiao F, Bastos ML, Meisel A, Carvalho F: Molecular and ­cellular 61. Sinclair CF, Foushee HR, Pevear JS 3rd, Scarinci IC, Carroll WR: Patterns of blunt use mechanisms of ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity: an overview. Mol Neurobiol 39: 210, 2009. among rural young adult African-American men. Am J Prev Med 42: 61, 2012. 26. Jansen KL, Theron L: Ecstasy (MDMA), , and date rape (drug- 62. Kalant H: Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. facilitated sexual assault): a consideration of the issues. J Psychoactive Drugs 38: 1, 2006. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28: 849, 2004. 27. Kaye S, Darke S, Duflou J: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-related fatali- 63. Aryana A, Williams MA: Marijuana as a trigger of cardiovascular events: speculation ties in Australia: demographics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology. or scientific certainty? Int J Cardiol 118: 141, 2007. Drug Alcohol Depend 104: 254, 2009. 64. Pratap B, Korniyenko A: Toxic effects of marijuana on the cardiovascular system. 28. Shenouda SK, Carvalho F, Varner KJ: The cardiovascular and cardiac actions of ecstasy ­Cardiovasc Toxicol December 23, 2011. [Epub ahead of print] and its metabolites. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 11: 470, 2010. 65. McGuinness TM: Update on marijuana. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 47: 19, 29. Sarkar S, Schmued L: Neurotoxicity of ecstasy (MDMA): an overview. Curr Pharm 2009. Biotechnol 11: 460, 2010. 66. Reece AS: Chronic toxicology of cannabis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47: 517, 2009. 30. Chang SH, Lai TI, Chen WJ, Fang CC: MDMA-induced acute pulmonary edema in a 67. Sontineni SP, Chaudhary S, Sontineni V, Lanspa SJ: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syn- patient without other organ dysfunction. Am J Emerg Med 24: 734, 2006. drome: clinical diagnosis of an underrecognised manifestation of chronic cannabis 31. Campbell GA, Rosner MH: The agony of ecstasy: MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymeth- abuse. World J Gastroenterol 15: 1264, 2009. ) and the kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 1852, 2008. 68. Wallace EA, Andrews SE, Garmany CL, Jelley MJ: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syn- 32. Rosenson J, Smollin C, Sporer KA, Blanc P, Olson KR: Patterns of ecstasy-associated drome: literature review and proposed diagnosis and treatment algorithm. South Med hyponatremia in California. Ann Emerg Med 49: 164, 2007. J 104: 659, 2011. 33. Patel MM, Belson MG, Longwater AB, Olson KR, Miller MA: Methylenedioxymeth- 69. Dackis CA, Pottash AL, Annitto W, Gold MS: Persistence of urinary marijuana levels amphetamine (ecstasy)-related hyperthermia. J Emerg Med 29: 451, 2005. after supervised abstinence. Am J Psychiatry 139: 1196, 1982.

1 2 SECTION 15: Toxicology

70. Atwood BK, Huffman J, Straiker A, Mackie K: JWH018, a common constituent of 85. Dalgarno P: Subjective effects of Salvia divinorum. J Psychoactive Drugs 39: 143, 2007. ‘Spice’ herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB receptor . Br J 86. Vohra R, Seefeld A, Cantrell FL, Clark RF: Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a Pharmacol 160: 585, 2010. statewide poison control system over 10 years. J Emerg Med 40: 643, 2011. 71. Schneir AB, Cullen J, Ly BT: “Spice” girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. J Emerg 87. Hitt M, Ettinger DD: Toad toxicity. N Engl J Med 314: 1517, 1986. Med 40: 296, 2011. 88. Gowda RM, Cohen RA, Khan IA: Toad venom poisoning: resemblance to digoxin 72. Hudson S, Ramsey J: The emergence and analysis of . Drug Test toxicity and therapeutic implications. Heart 89: e14, 2003. Anal 3: 466, 2011. 89. Kostakis C, Byard RW: Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad 73. Wells DL, Ott CA: The “new” marijuana. Ann Pharmacother 45: 414, 2011. extract. Forensic Sci Int 188: e1, 2009. 74. Every-Palmer S: Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. 90. Kuo HY, Hsu CW, Chen JH, Wu YL, Shen YS: Life-threatening episode after ingestion Drug Alcohol Depend 117: 152, 2011. of toad eggs: a case report with literature review. BMJ Case Rep May 10, 2009. [Epub 75. Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of five synthetic cannabi- ahead of print] noids into schedule I. Fed Regist 76: 11075, 2011. 91. Brubacher JR, Ravikumar PR, Bania T, Heller MB, Hoffman RS: Treatment of toad 76. Corazza O, Schifano F, Farre M, et al: Designer drugs on the internet: a phenomenon venom poisoning with digoxin-specific Fab fragments. Chest 110: 1282, 1996. out-of-control? The emergence of hallucinogenic drug Bromo-Dragonfly. Curr Clin 92. Brubacher JR, Lachmanen D, Ravikumar PR, Hoffman RS: Efficacy of digoxin specific Pharmacol 6: 125, 2011. Fab fragments (Digibind) in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. Toxicon 37: 931, 77. Wood DM, Looker JJ, Shaikh L, et al: Delayed onset of seizures and toxicity associated 1999. with recreational use of Bromo-dragonFLY. J Med Toxicol 5: 226, 2009. 93. Demetriades AK, Wallman PD, McGuiness A, Gavalas MC: Low cost, high risk: 78. Andreasen MF, Telving R, Birkler RI, Schumacher B, Johannsen M: A fatal poisoning ­accidental nutmeg intoxication. Emerg Med J Mar 22: 223, 2005. involving Bromo-Dragonfly. Forensic Sci Int 183: 91, 2009. 94. Vearrier D, Greenberg MI: delirium following stramonium 79. Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Beasley DM, Gee P: The clinical toxicology of the ingestion: implications for the Internet age. J Emerg Trauma Shock 3: 303, 2010. designer “party pills” and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine. Clin 95. Glatstein MM, Alabdulrazzaq F, Garcia-Bournissen F, Scolnik D: Use of physostigmine Toxicol (Phila) 49: 131, 2011. for hallucinogenic plant poisoning in a teenager: case report and review of the litera- 80. Wood DM, Button J, Lidder S, Ramsey J, Holt DW, Dargan PI: Dissociative and sym- ture. Am J Ther September 21, 2010 [Epub ahead of print] pathomimetic toxicity associated with recreational use of 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) 96. Wolff K, Winstock AR: Ketamine: from medicine to misuse. CNS Drugs 20: 199, 2006. (TFMPP) and 1-benzylpiperzine (BZP). J Med Toxicol 4: 254, 2008. 97. Jansen KL: A review of the nonmedical use of ketamine: use, users and consequences. 81. Elliott S, Smith C: Investigation of the first deaths in the United Kingdom involving the J Psychoactive Drugs 32: 419, 2000. detection and quantitation of the piperazines BZP and 3-TFMPP. J Anal Toxicol 32: 98. Weiner AL, Vieira L, McKay CA, Bayer MJ: Ketamine abusers presenting to the emer- 172, 2008. gency department: a case series. J Emerg Med 18: 447, 2000. 82. Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr: Hallucinogens on the Internet: a vast new source of under- 99. Boyer EW: abuse. Pediat Emer Care 20: 858, 2004. ground drug information. Am J Psychiatry 158: 481, 2001. 100. Wilson MD, Ferguson RW, Mazer ME, Litovitz TL: Monitoring trends in dextro- 83. Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW: receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum abuse using the National Poison Data System: 2000–2010. Clin Toxicol and Kratom. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46: 146, 2008. (Phila) 49: 409, 2011. 84. Prisinzano TE: Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum. Life Sci 78: 527, 2005.