Asia Centre 231 Park Place Building climate & 9th Floor, Sarasin Road Lumpini, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand energy Tel+66 2 254 22605

Oxford Centre & Suite 193 policy 266 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DL UK institutions Tel+44 1865 426316

Stockholm Centre atmospheric Kräftriket 2B SE -106 91 Stockholm Sweden Tel+46 8 674 7070 environment

Tallinn Centre Lai 34, Box 160 future EE-10502, Tallinn Estonia Tel+372 6 276 100 sustainability

U.S. Centre Tufts University 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144 resources USA water & Tel+1 617 627-3786 sanitation

York Centre University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK Tel+44 1904 43 2897 risk, livelihoods & vulnerability

Annual Report www.sei.se 2006 Stockholm Environment Institute Annual Report 2006

1 Report from the Director and Board Chairman 2 SEI history and structure

THE PROGRAMMES 4 Climate and Energy 6 Risk, Livelihoods and Vulnerability 8 Future Sustainability 10 Policy and Institutions 12 Atmospheric Environment 14 Water Resources and Sanitation

FEATURES 16 ECOLOGICAL SANITATION 18 BUILDING INSIGHTS INTO KNOWLEDGE AND POLICY 20 THE STOCKHOLM RESILIENCE CENTRE 22 POVERTY REDUCTION AND WATER MANAGEMENT

24 Selected publications 26 SEI staff 27 Main funders and clients 28 SEI board members 29 SEI funding

SEI’s mission is to support decision-making and induce change towards sustainable development around the world by providing integrative knowledge that bridges science and policy in the field of environment and development.

www.sei.se

Report design and layout: SEI-York Photos: Anders Arvidson, Howard Cambridge, Matt Chadwick, Steve Cinderby, Kevin Hicks, Peter Morgan, Arno Rosemarin, John Soussan, Harry Valack. Report from the Director and Board Chairman

Johan Rockström Lars Anell

Executive Director Chair SEI board

The 1987 Brundtland Commission report sparked not only an intense pursuit of sustainable development but also the establishment of the Stockholm Envi- ronment Institute. Now, twenty years on, we may be sising SEI’s role as an independent research institute with an approaching a new era of sustainable development. institutional relationship to Sida and other government agencies 2006 may prove to have been the year when human in Sweden. responsibility for climate change was finally accepted. A second major institutional development is the initiative by SEI, he “hockey-stick” pattern of green-house gas emissions, the International Beijer Institute on Ecological Economics at the with its exponential branch taking off some 50 years ago, Swedish Royal Academy of Science, and Stockholm University, Tapplies to virtually all environmental sustainability indica- to establish a world-leading research centre on sustainable gov- tors - decline in biodiversity, fish catches, rate of deforestation, ernance and the management of social-ecological systems at land and water degradation. With increased observational evi- Stockholm University. This new centre - the Stockholm Resil- dence, the negative social and environmental impacts of human ience Centre – has been established through a major research induced climate change are more severe than were anticipated. grant from Mistra, the Foundation for Strategic Environmental There is growing concern that impacts are hitting earlier and with Research in Sweden. To establish the new centre we will relo- larger amplitude, manifested through accelerated glacial melting, cate SEI headquarters to Stockholm University, and create a new heat waves, extreme inundations, and declining rainfall in dry inter-disciplinary platform on sustainability research in Sweden, regions. These research warnings, serious as they are, still do with some 100 researchers from the outset and planned to grow not capture the full complex social-ecological reality as they tend to some 150 researchers over the coming five years. This will to focus on thematic or disciplinary lines – climate, ecosystems, strengthen SEI, raising our profile in Sweden and internation- water, air, etc. Human and ecological resilience and vulnerability ally. do not respect sectoral or disciplinary divides. Instead, inter- and transdisciplinary systems analyses are required to fully appre- 2006 was a year of institutional transition for SEI, but was also ciate the complex relations between environment and develop- a year characterised by profound achievements across SEI’s six ment, sustainability and livelihoods. For example, there is a con- research programmes by our 125 staff at six research centres cern that social vulnerability, related to ecosystem degradation around the world, as reflected in this Annual Report. It is also a at the local community scale, will amplify the impacts of climate year of strengthened human resource capacity, with, for exam- change, further threatening the livelihoods of poor people and, ple, our two new deputy directors, Dr Li Lailai and Professor Ka- as a consequence, undermine the ability to reach the Millennium tarina Eckerberg, taking office during the second half of 2006. Development Goals. The strengthening of SEI’s research and institutional capacity The year 2006 was a year that turned a page for SEI as an insti- has occured simultaneously with a sea-change in the attention tution. SEI received new strategic institutional support from the given to environmental issues in the media and policy debates, Ministry of Foreign Affairs through Sida, the Swedish Internation- driven by evidence of climate change. True, this may prove to al Development Cooperation Agency. The purpose is to further be just a seasonal aberration, but it may also be a prelude to a raise SEI’s capacity to be an agenda setter and to advance new social tipping-point, where societies across the world realise the and policy relevant knowledge on critical issues related to envi- massive environmental challenges facing humanity and the ma- ronment and development. It is also an opportunity to strengthen jor changes in governance and management required for a true SEI’s outreach capacity, particularly in bridging research to pol- transition towards sustainability. Providing knowledge to support icy. This support also clarifies SEI’s institutional profile, empha- this transition is at the heart of SEI’s mandate.

 SEI History and Structure

The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) was founded by the Swedish govern- ment in 1988 as a non-profit, independent and international research institute. SEI was established as a Swedish contribution to the advancement of policy relevant knowledge on transitions to sustainable development, following the Brundtland Com- mission report that lay the foundation for the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. SEI builds it legacy from the 1972 UN Stockholm Conference on Human Environment, from which it derives its name. SEI has been engaged since then in major environment and development issues, active at global, national and local levels to advance understanding on the role of the environment for development, and to clarify the requirements, strategies and policies needed for local, regional and global transitions to sustainability. It aims to bridge science and policy in the field of environment for development across the globe.

SEI mission Support decision-making and induce change towards sustainable development around the world by providing integrative knowledge that bridges science and policy in the field of environment and development. We achieve our mission by carrying out innovative, integrated and applied systems research, which forms the basis for policy advice, capacity building, decision support and policy implementation.

A global research institute SEI is a globally distributed institute with research centers and offices in Sweden, Estonia, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States, with an international board overseeing the strategic direction of the institute.

A partnership Based Institute SEI carries out its research and policy impact work in close partnership with stakeholders around the world. A key feature of SEI is its capacity to carry out participatory and demand driven applied research at community level linked to policy research from local to global scales.

Research SEI seeks to be a leader in advancing sustainability science aimed at under- standing the development and policy implications of interactions between nature and society, and in providing policy relevant knowledge guiding tran- sitions to more sustainable futures.

Dedicated to Development SEI re- search is focused on environment for development, linking ecosystem management with human wellbeing.

 SEI has a strong commitment to development, with 60% of planning model) in over 100 countries around the its research carried out in Africa, South and Southeast Asia world; and China. • Transfer of methodologies and analytical tools us- ing GIS in various regions of the world; SEI is organized through the six research programmes outlined in this report that are linked across our centres. • Training on Biodiversity and Sustainable Manage- ment of Forests; SEI’s approach to research is to involve partners with local • Training and seminars on Ecological Sanitation; knowledge. SEI strives to develop alliances with knowledge • Biotechnology and biosafety for researchers and institutions, civil society organizations and government in- stitutions. decision makers in East Africa. SEI supports the academic community through intern- SEI has attracted a world-class staff of international envi- ships, masters and PhD supervision and international ex- ronment and development professionals who work in multi- changes. disciplinary teams tackling broad-based environment and development topics. This requires a mixture of broad and Policy dialogues, policy support and specialist knowledge. communications SEI bridges science to society through policy dialogues and policy support. SEI has an internationally recognized SEI Centres convening power, as a credible and independent platform to • Stockholm (HQ), Sweden discuss complex and contentious environment and develop- • Bangkok, Thailand ment challenges. SEI gives policy advice to governments • Oxford, UK and policy processes, e.g. to the UN Commission for Sus- • Tallinn, Estonia tainable Development and the UNEP Global Environment • Boston, US Outlook process. Examples of policy processes where SEI is involved include: • York, UK • Environmental Sustainability and the Millennium Development Goals; Capacity building SEI’s collaborative research approach is also aimed toward • Lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel for building regional capacities and strengthening partner in- Climate Change (IPCC); stitutions. Running through SEI programmes is an uncom- • Sulphur and nitrogen protocols for Europe; promising commitment to high ethical standards for the con- • Atmospheric pollution in South Asia and control of duct of research and the provision of policy advice. stratospheric ozone-depleting substances; SEI capacity building and training activities cover a wide • Agro-biotechnology risk assessments feeding into array of topics. Some examples are: the Convention on Biological Diversity; • Renewable energy systems and rural electrification • Training and application of LEAP (energy resourc- studies leading to regional development in sub-Sa- es planning model) and WEAP (water resources haran Africa.

“...the communication of scientific knowledge and the use of different channels and methods for informing stakeholders is an integral part of SEI’s mission...”

 for Development newsletter concluded its 18th year of publication.

and Latin America at levels ranging from The programme of the Cane Resources local village-scale activities, to regional Network for Southern Africa (CARENSA) initiatives, to national analyses, and up to ended in 2006, with the completion of a global regimes. series of five reports on how this bioenergy resource can be harnessed in support of Achievements in 2006 sustainable development in southern Af- 2006 has been a very active year for the rica. SEI was scientific coordinator for the hile fossil fuels are still acting as C&E Programme and there is only room to four-year EC-funded thematic research

an engine for today’s economic mention a selection of this year’s activities. network, which included 13 partners from Wgrowth, the threat of global cli- Tiempo (our global publication on climate 10 countries. mate disruption and the lack of basic change and developing country issues) energy services for billions of people in enters its 10th year of publication, in our The EC funded ENABLE project is a testi- poverty calls for an energy transition to collaboration with IIED and University of mony to the success of SEI’s strong part- environmentally sustainable and equi- East Anglia. Tiempo’s southern perspec- nerships in Africa. A major outcome of the tably accessible energy services. We tive will be expanded to include regional project is the elaboration and adoption of believe that policy and institutional in- publications in Francophone Africa, the 14 policy recommendations by the East novations or changes can bring such Mekong region and the South Pacific. African Community Council of Ministers services to the market. SEI Climate and Under the umbrella programme entitled and Heads of State, relating to the design Energy Programme (C&E) addresses Information Dissemination on Energy of a regional energy access work plan and these challenges in collaboration with and Environment in Developing Coun- investment programmes to support the global partners in Africa, Asia, Europe, tries (IDE-EDC), the Renewable Energy achievement of the MDGs. SEI Programme - Director Sivan Kartha  RIsk Screening Tool - Adaptation & Liveli- SEI works with OLADE, the Latin Ameri- hoods) is being developed in collaboration can Energy Agency, to rebuild its capacity for energy planning and re-establish itself SEI’s work with CASES (Cost Assessment with IISD, IUCN and Intercooperation. As as an agency that can assist other institu- for Sustainable Energy Systems), aims to a climate risk screening tool, it provides tions in the region with energy planning. compile coherent and detailed estimates of a basis for improving community- and both external and internal costs of energy project-based decision-making in the face In Hydrogen in the Sahel, we studied the production for different energy sources at of climate change. potential for countries in the Sahel, by vir- the national level for the EU-25 Countries LEAP, the scenario-based tue of their vast and underutilized solar and some non-EU Countries under energy energy-environment and wind energy resources, to become scenarios to 2030. We took part in the an- modeling tool developed a major global source of sustainably-pro- nual COP12 in Nairobi, where the publi- by SEI is widely used in government agen- duced hydrogen. cation of the Climate Atlas co-authored by cies, research institutes and academia with over 2000 users in 146 countries to do long- Dr Thomas E. Downing, Director of SEI range energy planning and climate mitigation Through Carbon Financing and Expanding Oxford Centre was launched. assessment. The UN has recently announced Energy Access for the Poor, SEI has been that more than 85 countries have chosen to SEI continues developing, disseminating use LEAP to conduct their mitigation assess- providing assistance to the Sustainable and supporting the world-wide application ments as part of their commitment to report on Energy Program of the UNDP to convene of LEAP, an energy planning tool for sus- climate change to the UNFCCC. experts in rural development and carbon tainable energy use (www.energycommu- finance to examine the potential for carbon nity.org). NAPAssess (www.napassess. SEI is coordinating COMMEND (COM- finance (such as the CDM) contributing to org) is a new software tool, helping stake- Munity for ENergy environment & Devel- sustainable development by providing re- holders to identify vulnerable populations opment), the five year international col- sources for expanding the access of poor and potential climate adaptation initia- laborative effort with leading international communities to energy services. tives, and has been tested in the Yemen institutions working on sustainable energy and Sudan. CRISTAL (Community-based development.

“...the threat of global climate disruption and the lack of basic energy services for billions of people in poverty calls for an energy transition to environmentally sustainable and equitably accessible energy services...”

 EI has been a pioneer in developing to understand broadly, and in fundamental development of collaborative projects in- and applying risk analysis methods terms, the interactions between nature and volving scientists, practitioners, and civil Sand approaches, from early studies society. This understanding encompasses society; the role of institutions and how of the sensitivity of ecosystems to acid the processes that link society and ecol- people cope with uncertainties and com- precipitation, risk implications of alterna- ogy in particular regions and places. peting values; transitions and the means tive energy choices, hazards of regional to create more sustainable trajectories air pollution, and the health and envi- SEI seeks to be a leader in the develop- for regions and places; and place-based ronmental risks associated with climate ment and applications of sustainability and field-oriented understanding of local change. More significantly, SEI’s risk work science to complex environmental and vulnerabilities in the context of risk proc- emphasizes the situation of highly vulner- technological problems. Much of SEI’s esses at regional to global scales. able groups as well as ecosystems, bring- work is with scientists, policy makers, and ing within its purview an understanding the public in developing countries, aimed Achievements in 2006 of the sources of vulnerability, especially at sharing experience and collaborative Over the course of 2006, we identified four poverty, institutional weaknesses, globali- analysis. The approach of the SEI Risk, priorities within the Programme: sation, and marginality and discrimination. Livelihood and Vulnerability Programme emphasises: sustainability science and a. Multiple stresses. Scales and regional The approach of the SEI Risk, Livelihood the interactions between nature and so- partnerships, addressing multiple stresses and Vulnerability Programme is consistent ciety as embedded in dynamic, coupled (rather than climate change on its own, for with the more general notion of sustaina- socio-ecological systems; integration instance) based on enduring and produc- bility science. Sustainability science seeks of different types of knowledge and the tive partnerships at the regional to local

“...SEI seeks to be a leader in the development and applications of sustainability science to com- plex environmental and technological problems...” SEI Programme - Director Tom Downing Tom SEI Programme - Director  scale. Examples are the work in South rating programme with UNEP and tech- Africa and the High Risk Areas work in nical assistance provided through UNDP, Participatory Video the Mekong Region. We encourage, and UNITAR, UNEP and other projects. We “I vote for PV!” said Dago Tshering, Field Coordina- tor for the Royal Society for the Protection of Nature indeed rely on, groups who know the lo- are developing an exciting platform for in Bhutan. PV - Participatory Video - was developed cal area and issues, the contrasting per- addressing adaptation as a process of by SEI-Oxford. The camera is handed over to a group or a community to make their own films, tell- ceptions of vulnerability and how these social learning, including assessing roles ing something they feel is important and would want shape responses. and responsibilities in managing climate to change. risk, exploring how risk changes over Having participated in the PV training at the COP b. Complexes and transitions. The time and addressing complexity in policy 12 meeting in Nairobi and filmed his impressions background to this includes syndromes of the COP, Dago Tshering said, “I feel that PV is a formulation. great modern tool for spreading the message about and our contributions to the GEO assess- climate change issues faced by the vulnerable com- ment. We seek to characterise regions d. Social learning. Underpinning all of munities to policy makers, government, donors and using a set of conditions and indicators people all over the world since it is a picture telling our work are concepts related to how in- you the true stories...” to recognise patterns (what is locally spe- formation is shared, how learning occurs cific, what is regional risk, etc.), document within the process of adaptation, who sors; High Risk Areas II in the Mekong; the transitions from one complex to an- needs what information and in what form, Coastal Hazards in SE Asia; Food Secu- other, and draw lessons that are transfer- the relationship between learning and rity in Southern Africa; UNEP Collaborat- able and thus help to identify the types of change and how they can be facilitated, ing Centre/Programme; Global Environ- interventions that would be useful against and the role of influence and power. ment Outlook GEO-4; and Vulnerability the diverse conditions of vulnerability. mapping and handbook of vulnerability c. Climate risk management. This in- The suite of large projects include: Tsu- assessment. cludes the establishment of the collabo- nami VCA; South Africa Multiple Stres-

 he Future Sustainability Programme aims to explore the Sustainable consumption and production current state, future prospects and intervention strategies Sustainable consumption focuses on formulating equitable Tof socio-ecological systems at various spatial scales. With strategies that foster the highest quality of life, the efficient use its emphasis on whole systems, integration and the future, it of natural resources, and the effective satisfaction of human complements the thematic foci of SEI’s other programmes and needs while simultaneously promoting equitable social devel- projects. opment, economic competitiveness and technological innova- tion. An interdisciplinary approach has been taken to address Since the mid-1990s, SEI has developed a series of global and the issue of sustainable consumption and production combining regional scenarios that shed light on the scale of the sustainabil- environmental and economic sciences. The scientific basis of ity challenge and helped assess various development pathways this research has been environmental input-output analysis – in- that could address this challenge. More recently, the Programme cluding such hybrid techniques as economy-wide material flow has been examining the issue of sustainable consumption and analysis and ecological footprint analysis. The concepts and production, lifestyle and behavioural change. methodologies developed are applicable in different countries and at multiple scales, both for governmental policy makers and Global and regional scenarios businesses. The global scenario research is seen as a valuable quantitative building block and a unifying theme for all of SEI’s research pro- Lifestyle and behavioural change grammes, including Climate and Energy, Atmospheric Environ- Attitudinal and behavioural change is critical to achieving low ment, Water Resources and Sanitation, and Risks, Livelihoods carbon lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption. Day- and Vulnerability. The Programme developed the PoleStar soft- to-day lifestyle choices have direct and indirect impacts on the ware (www.PoleStarProject.org) and has undertaken a series of environment. The greatest impact is due to the consumption as- global sustainability assessments (Branch Points, Bending the sociated with housing, food, energy and personal travel such as Curve) and regional studies in the Baltic, West Africa, and Asia. car use and aviation. Such activities result in the generation of The Programme has also provided the backdrop for the work of waste and polluting emissions which are a major cause of envi- the Global Scenario Group (www.gsg.org) and the Great Tran- ronmental degradation and contribute to global climate change. sition Initiative (www.GTInitiative.org). SEI, through the Global Scenarios Group, also provided the majority of the scenarios for UNEP’s flagship publication, Global Environmental Outlook (GEO).

“...SEI has developed a series of global and regional scenarios that shed light on the scale of the sustainability challenge...” SEI Programme - Director Tariq Banuri Tariq SEI Programme - Director  SEI has undertaken research on communicating low carbon life- and social impacts embedded in the international trade of goods style choices aimed at fostering voluntary attitudinal and behav- and services. Finally, to complement the socio-economic analy- ioural change. This has involved using participatory techniques sis the Programme will in future examine ways of communicat- to engage the public in discussion and debate and providing ing lifestyle issues and supporting communities to achieve low personalised information on the impact of their current lifestyle carbon living. choices. We have been successfully collaborating with the media to communicate the issue to raise awareness and understanding Achievements in 2006 of low carbon living. • Training numerous policy decision makers to use REAP to assess the effectiveness of policy decisions. In 2006, over 100 Future directions policy makers were trained in the UK. The Programme will build upon the strong foundations laid by the earlier research on scenarios, sustainable consumption, lifestyle • Working closely with WWF, SEI published the “Counting and behavioural change. It will further explore the link between Consumption” report. The report provides a much needed evi- modelling, attitudes and behavioural change. In terms of analyti- dence base to better understand the important issues of Sustain- cal approaches, the previous research has a strong basis in the able Consumption and Production. It provides a statistical and input-output framework. However, the behavioural work is often scientific basis for SCP strategies in the UK at national and re- rooted in a different framework, which emphasizes awareness, gional levels. It shows the total global impact of UK consumption, attitudes and behaviour. The Programme will address the issue not only by accounting for direct resource flows and emissions of how to build a common vision and support a citizen’s move- within the UK, but also by including the manufacture of imported ment for sustainability and how to inform individuals and local products and materials. communities who wish to act collectively. • In 2006 SEI successfully gained funding from the UK Future plans include the building of capability to apply sustain- government to undertake a communication project on climate ability modelling to time use analysis, supply chain analysis as change. The project is aimed at raising awareness of climate well as hybrid life cycle and substance flow analysis. An ambi- change issues, working in close collaboration with the BBC and tious goal is to develop a full multi-region input-output (MRIO) Press to achieve sustained attitudinal and behavioural change. framework, which would allow for a robust, reliable and repro- ducible quantification and analysis of environmental, economic

 EI possesses a significant wealth of knowledge and experi- P&I research projects typically fall into one or several of the fol- ence in policy and institutional development across its pro- lowing three areas: Sgrammes. The Policy & Institutions (P&I) Programme was set up in 2004 to deal systematically with the “policy end of the a) Policy and planning. Analysing how policy and planning bridge” and how to develop institutional structures that enable decisions are made and how they may constrain or contribute policy decisions at various levels to move towards sustainable to sustainability, e.g. studies of the process of policy instrument development both in the North and in the South. choice, regional planning processes, aid programme develop- ment and investment decisions. P&I’s mission is to contribute to institutions that enable effective integration of sustainability knowledge and values into main- b) Integrated assessments. Adapting analytical and deliberative stream decision-making processes. It is set up to be a learning methods and tools to facilitate integration of sustainable develop- node that: a) raises SEI’s profile as an international research ment in policy-making, such as scenario methodology, material partner on sustainability policy and institutions; b) works across flows and resource analysis, participatory methods, strategic as- SEI with synthesis as well as original research to establish ge- sessments, and indicator systems. neric analytical models, empirical under- standing, and problem solutions; and c) Institutional capacities. Analysing and strengthening institu- c) provides analytical support for other tional capacities, mechanisms, and processes, including man- programmes across the institute. agement systems and arrangements for knowledge use and coordination in inter-governmental organizations, national policy agencies, regional and municipal planning, firms and develop- ment cooperation agencies. SEI Programme - Director Måns Nilsson 10 “...P&I focuses on applied research that taps existing theories and associated methodologies and adapts them to real-world policy and institutional issues...”

Achievements in 2006 been concluded for the Stockholm Region Planning Agency. Out At the SEI Stockholm Centre, P&I finalized the work on Policy of the “Sustainable Transport Futures for Stockholm” project, in Integration for Sustainability, with a book released by Earthscan: collaboration with KTH, a book has been prepared for publication “Environmental Policy Integration in Practice”. We also finalized during 2007. the EC funded Sustainability ATEST project; reports and aca- demic papers have been prepared, as well as a web-book for At SEI’s York and Oxford offices, P&I has focussed on the in- guidance on impact assessment tools. Work is continuing on terface between knowledge and policy and development of par- integrated assessment together with partners around Europe ticipatory approaches. We finished our contribution towards the through the MATISSE project. As an internal project, we have new report “Stakeholder Engagement and the Work of SEI”. This taken stock of experience gained during seven years of assisting report discusses the participation processes which form part of developing countries in implementing the Montreal Protocol in SEI’s mission across the world and places these in the context of the Swedish bilateral Ozone Layer Protection Programme. The wider participatory research. lessons learned about implementation are summarized in a new SEI report called “Multilateral At SEI-Tallinn, P&I has continued to build capacity among munic- environmental agreements ipalities and small businesses for Environmental Management, on the ground”. develop Strategic Environmental Assessment methods and ap- plications, and conduct policy analysis to support integrated poli- Several advisory projects cies for sustainable development. At the international level, we on regional planning have are also involved in the “Access Initiative” that promotes public access to information, participation and justice in environmental decision making.

Across all these activities, P&I focuses on applied research that taps existing theories and associated methodologies and adapts them to real-world policy and institutional issues. Our models are based on existing situations and examine the possibilities of mov- ing beyond them and making improvements towards sustain- ability.

11 he Atmospheric Environment Programme focuses on how models used in European assessments of crop yield loss sci- atmospheric pollution in combination with other stresses, entifically underpin the UN ECE Convention on LRTAP. SEI is Tparticularly climate change, affect people’s lives in differ- coordinating capacity building for biomonitoring and crop yield ent parts of the world. A major goal is to contribute to effectively reduction risk assessments in South Asia and southern Africa. reducing air pollution impacts as part of a transition to sustain- A global network on air pollution impacts on crops (APCEN) is ability. Programme activities focus on the developing countries of being coordinated by SEI. There is also a focus on air pollutant Asia and Africa, but there are also European-based projects and impacts on regional-scale ecosystem biodiversity and function global approaches. Programme activities link scientific under- caused by acidification and nutrient enrichment. The combined standing to specific policy processes and range from assessing impact of climate change and air pollution on these receptors is pollutant impacts on plants, through estimating the burden of air a current focus. pollution on health, developing regional cooperation to solve air pollution and implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agree- Urban air quality and human health ments. The work falls within the following inter-linked themes: This theme focuses on urban air quality management (AQM) in countries of Africa and Asia. This resulted in the publication of ‘Urban Air Pollution in Asian Cities’ in 2006 and the development Air pollution impacts on food production and of AQM training for the least developed Asian countries. CURB- ecosystem services AIR, which started in 2006, aims to improve air quality in Asian The programme assesses socio-economic impacts of elevated megacities while at the same time contributing to climate change ground-level ozone on crop yield in Europe, Asia and Africa. SEI mitigation, poverty alleviation and improving health conditions.

SEI Programme - Director Johan Kuylenstierna 12 In Africa, the ‘Better Air Quality for Sub-Saharan Africa 2006’ the global scale. Importantly, the Forum’s emission inventory ap- conference was jointly organised by SEI and others where forty- proach coordinated by SEI has already been officially recognised nine Sub-Saharan countries and thirty Ministers of Environment by the UNECE Convention on LRTAP. SEI has also led the de- were represented at an air quality policy session. velopment of the UNEP GEO4 Chapter on ‘Atmosphere’.

Global, regional and local integrated science- Implementing Multilateral Environmental Agree- for-policy programmes ments for atmospheric issues SEI supports development of regional science-policy networks: SEI coordinates the Sida-funded Swedish bilateral programme support for the Malé Declaration in South Asia and the Air Pol- for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. The work with- lution Information Network for Africa (APINA). The main focus of in the programme is carried out with an emphasis on capacity the aid to the Malé Declaration and APINA is capacity building building and on strategic planning for the phase–out of ozone to allow the countries to develop the information they need to depleting substances (ODS), as well as regional projects for the effectively tackle air pollution through regional cooperation. The prevention of illegal trade in ODS through networking and infor- Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum has recently been estab- mation exchange. SEI also works to improve the implementa- lished by SEI and IUAPPA who, together with UNEP, received a tion of multilateral environmental agreements through decision significant grant from Sida that will enable it to further establish analysis and support processes. itself as the entity that will coordinate air pollution research at

“...a major goal is to contribute to effectively re- ducing air pollution impacts as part of a transition to sustainability...”

13 he Water Resources and Sanitation Pro- Water and vulnerability gramme focuses on sustainable solutions The goal of this research is to reduce vulnera- Tthat will increase the contribution of wa- bilities and enhance the resilience of poor peo- ter management to sustainable development, ple and ecosystems impacted by water scarcity, poverty reduction and economic growth. The floods, and other water-related shocks. programme is characterized by a high level of engagement in policy and governance proc- Balancing human and ecosystem esses and by collaborative and participatory needs approaches which seek to ensure local knowl- SEI’s research in this area focuses on the role edge and values are mobilized and explicitly of ecosystem goods and services with an em- considered in regional and global policy proc- phasis on their potential in water and food se- esses. Our work falls within the following, inter- curity and in poverty reduction. It combines hy- related, thematic areas: drological analysis, the assessment of resource management practices, policy and institutional Sustainable sanitation analysis and the analysis of social and eco- SEI has a long record of promoting alterna- nomic factors. tive solutions to sanitation, including systems with or without water, to provide containment, Urban water treatment, and recycling of waste. We currently A new theme in the water programme is a fo- manage a programme on sustainable sanita- cus on urban water and sanitation. The theme tion, with networking, capacity building and pilot centres on community-level approaches, with projects in China, Africa, and Latin America. a particular focus on low-income areas, urban water markets and peri-urban development. The value of water One of SEI’s newer areas of research is on the The approach of SEI to all of these thematic ar- economics of water, including irrigation, water eas is collaborative and cross-cutting. Hydro- supply and sanitation, ecosystem, industrial logical analysis and modelling is combined with and others. This research aims to more accu- other areas of science such as environmental rately value the returns on water sector invest- chemistry and with social science analysis ments, and to use the evidence as an advocacy into the economic, social, political and institu- tool to encourage increased investment in the tional processes that govern the management sector. of water and sanitation. Across all areas, the underlying premise is that water and sanitation Water and livelihoods are not problems that limit sustainable develop- Our work in this area focuses on understanding ment and poverty reduction: they are solutions the role of water management in sustaining and to these challenges. diversifying livelihoods. The approach builds on livelihoods analysis to understand the role of water in all aspects of the lives and livelihoods of the poor, with a focus on rural areas. SEI Programme - Director John Soussan 14 “...the goal of this research is to re- duce vulnerabilities and enhance the resilience of poor people...”

15 The Sanitation Challenge

Sanitation is really the last chapter in human development. Why is it that Situation today lack of access to private and public toi- The mindset most people have is centred on flush or hide (in pit latrines) and forget. And most humans lets has not become a larger political know little about their own excreta, the quantities, issue? Has the fact that at least 5000 content and what the health and environmental ef- children die each day due to diarrhoea fects are if not properly managed. One person pro- caused by waterborne disease and duces ca. 1.5 L urine per day that contains enough that 1.3 billion people are parasitized nutrients to produce a kilo of carbohydrate in the due to exposure to contaminated food form of corn or wheat. One person produces only and water not yet created the political about 50 L of faeces per year. Most cities in devel- will? oping countries cannot afford the costs of advanced waterborne sanitation systems. Yet little innovation he Millennium Development Goal on sanitation has been seen to include more appropriate and af- is the largest of all MDGs and addresses the fordable alternatives. The health and environmental Tover 2.6 billion people in the world lacking basic costs of polluting surface and groundwater from sanitation services. The cost to meet the MDG on leaky septic tanks, pit latrines and untreated sewage sanitation to 2015, according to the UNDP, is in the are also not well documented. order of 10 billion USD per year or about 5 days of what the annual global military budget requires or Sustainable sanitation about half what the rich countries spend on mineral New approaches to sanitation are needed to find water each year. So this challenge isn’t really about more sustainable solutions that protect people’s money. It is a question of making this a public issue health and the environment, but that are also ap- and it centers squarely on getting the taboo-ridden pealing and socially acceptable. This can involve de- subject of human excreta “out of the closet” and into centralised systems with source separation of urine, the legislatures. This question is one of children’s faeces and greywater (from sinks, showers, laundry, rights, about access to clean, functional toilets in etc.). It also can include the source separation of schools, and of providing people sanitation with solid waste including kitchen organic wastes. The some level of basic dignity.

16 The Sanitation Challenge

latter are composted with faecal material to produce compost for soil improvement. The urine is added to growing plants and vegetables as a prime ferti- liser source. The recent WHO guidelines from 2006 describe the methods prescribed to ensure proper handling and storage of faecal material.

EcoSanRes programme SEI has been involved in developing sustainable sanitation alternatives for urban and rural communi- ties since 2001. The EcoSanRes Programme now in its second phase and funded by Sida is a long- term capacity-building and R&D programme that has initiated several projects in China, India, West Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and Latin Amer- ica. Training modules, research studies, guidelines on health and agricultural reuse, and full-scale pilot projects have been carried out. A network of regional nodes around the world is presently being developed in order to build capacity and provide opportunities for implementation.

Further information: www.ecosanres.org

Closing the nutrient loop is a central approach to ecological san- itation. A range of different techniques can be used to achieve this goal (photos to the right):

• Urine-diverting dry toilet used in the multi-story apartment buildings in Dongsheng, Inner Mongolia, China.

• Double vault urine diverting dry toilet (CREPA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

• Culturing of edible cactus using urine, Tepoztlan, Mexico (SARAR Transformacion SC).

• One day of urine from an adult provides enough fertiliser to grow a kilo of corn.

• Double vault urine diverting dry toilet in Guangxi Province, China.

17 Building insights on the connection between knowledge and policy

To deliver sustainability we depend on study the role of knowledge for integrating environmental complex scientific as well as social-sci- concerns into sectoral policymaking at the national level. entific knowledge being taken on board In the UK-funded DISTILLATE (Design and Implementa- in policymaking processes. However, the tion Support Tools for Integrated Local Land use, Trans- impact that scientific knowledge has had port and the Environment) project we are looking at the way in which sustainable urban transport strategies are on policy has been very mixed. Although developed and delivered at the local level, focusing upon there are success stories when it comes knowledge barriers to the delivery of sustainable strate- to global assessments, evidence of knowl- gies; and collaborations between agencies, organisations edge use in routine policymaking, at for and individuals responsible for transport strategy devel- instance EU and national levels, can be opment. far less positive. What conditions provide for a more effective connection between Our research shows that there is a strikingly large gap knowledge and policy? What can really between how knowledge is intended to be used by its pro- be expected in terms of science informing viders – as neutral and rational input to improve the over- policy? all decision basis – and the way it is actually used, which is often as “strategic ammunition”, to defend pre-estab- lished positions, to render suspicious your opponents or EI’s Policy & Institutions Programme examines these to claim legislative turf. Very rarely does the knowledge questions in more detail at different levels in several provided play an instrumental role that helps improve de- Sresearch projects. In the European consortium MAT- cisions from a sustainability point of view. As students of ISSE (Methods and Tools for Integrated Sustainability As- policy we must first recognise that different actors have sessment) we examine the real uses of policy appraisal in many reasons for engaging with knowledge or ‘evidence’ Europe to inform the advancement of assessment meth- to inform policymaking. The policy process is often mess- odology from a user perspective. In the Swedish-based ier and much more incremental than the official rational project PIntS (Policy Integration for Sustainability) we model of policymaking has us believe.

18 Building insights on the connection between knowledge and policy

There is a deeply engrained scepticism amongst policy policy appraisals must be seen as a key strategic activity officials towards formal knowledge: it is seen by many in public office, and one which is supported by senior of- as being inferior to judgements based on expertise and ficers. There need to be clear signals from top manage- experience - including their own. There is a widespread ment, as well as incentive structures signalling that open unfamiliarity with knowledge-generating tools and their and critical thinking about policy is actively encouraged uses and scepticism about their ability to handle value- and supported. based judgements. Adding to this, organisational cultures act as barriers. In spite of relatively far-reaching inter-de- The term ‘evidence-based policy’ has come to mean using partmental coordination procedures, there are also strong primarily hard evaluations of past policies to revise and re- elements of “silo” cultures and overall there is a lot more visit policy decisions. From SEI’s horizon we will continue incentive to take new initiatives than to carefully analyse the exploration of methodologies for evidence-informed and re-evaluate existing ones. Today, gathering evidence policymaking, using new social and natural sciences (in- and coordinating with other agencies are often junior un- cluding decision support tools such as participatory proc- dertakings in the bureaucracy. esses, models and scenarios) to provide knowledge to policymakers. The SEI-core funded STEP (Shift Towards Although most countries in the world are supportive of Evidence-informed Policy) scoping study is examining the sustainable development in a very broad sense, high lev- epistemological basis of this and investigating the pros- el support for using assessment to deliver sustainability pects for underpinning decision making for sustainability remains weak. The dominant policy paradigm is one of with socially robust but also reliable knowledge. markets, jobs and competitiveness, and not sustainable Read more: development, and assessments are often set up to fit this MATISSE Work Package 2 at www.matisse-project.net agenda. Environmental Policy Integration in Practice at www.earthscan.co.uk To introduce a more effective and creative relationship DISTILLATE Project D Reports at between knowledge and policy really requires a new cul- http://www.distillate.ac.uk/reports/reports.php ture of public administration and policymaking. Integrated Contact: Måns Nilsson or John Forrester.

19 The Stockholm Resilience Centre

SEI, together with Stockholm University and the Beijer Inter- national Institute of Ecological Economics have established, a new international research centre for governance of social- ecological systems. Funded from a major long-term research grant from Mistra, the Centre aims to become a world-leader in inter-disciplinary research and policy support with regard to sustainable governance and management of social-eco- logical systems.

The research challenge The future challenges require that we truly integrate natural sciences, social sciences Humankind faces an unprecedented challenge and humanities and expand the analyses to change the course of world development into broad spatial (local to global) and tem- towards sustainable trajectories. Many terres- poral (historic trajectories to future scenar- trial and marine systems have shifted into less ios) scales. productive states in their capacity to generate ecosystem services to society. At the same Establishing a joint research time human societies and globally intercon- nected economies rely on ecosystem services centre In response to this challenge, together with and support, while the institutional capacities Stockholm University and the International to manage the earth’s ecosystems are evolv- Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics at the ing more slowly than humanity’s [over]use of Swedish Royal Academy of Science, SEI is es- the same systems. (Millennium Ecosystem tablishing a new international research centre, Assessment, 2005). the Stockholm Resilience Centre, on research for governance of social-ecological systems. e are at a cross-roads where drastic The new Centre (starting from 1st January changes in governance and manage- 2007) is supported by a major grant from the ment are needed over the next gen- W Swedish foundation for strategic environmental eration. We need approaches to governance research, Mistra, and will be located at Stock- and management of ecosystem dynamics from holm University. local to global scales, and new principles for re- source and environmental economics with far reaching implications for welfare theory. The research agenda The Centre will advance inter- and transdisci- Increasingly, we realize that systems that in plinary research, integrating natural and social the past we thought behaved in a linear and sciences with research on ecosystem services, predictable manner are, in fact, character- social and ecological resilience, vulnerability ized by non-linearity, uncertainty, and are and adaptive governance and management. prone to sudden surprise and regime shifts, Core features of the research will be to ap- for example the Baltic, the Sahel region in proach governance and management of rela- West Africa and recently, New Orleans. tions between humans and nature, as:

20 • inter-linked social-ecological systems; research centre. It will be jointly governed, with • complex systems characterised by non-lin- equal influence on strategic decisions between earities, abrupt change and uncertainties; Stockholm University, SEI and the Royal Acad- emy of Sciences. The centre will have an inter- • systems interacting across scales, from lo- national board governing its strategic direction. cal to global, and over time, from history, to present and future (scenarios); The Centre will have a joint leadership, shared • systems operating in a world in transition, between Johan Rockström (Director of the new where governance and management need Centre) and Carl Folke (Science Director). capacity to deal with change and surprise. Johan Rockström will continue as Executive The research will be problem-based with high Director of SEI on 50 % time. From Stockholm policy relevance, include both place-based University, two existing entities - CTM and the research and cross-scale links to the global Baltic NEST Institute (BNI) - will be integrated scale, and cover both theoretical and applied with the Resilience Centre. research, including participatory action re- search. Research approach and communications SEI in new offices – a new strong The Resilience Centre will establish a dynamic environment for sustainability research environment aimed at top-quality re- research search where problem solving rather than aca- demic discipline guides the thematic structure. SEI will co-locate its headquarters and Stock- Bridging science to policy will be a core objec- holm centre with the new Stockholm Resilience tive of the centre where the strategy is to pool Centre. Together with the staff from the Centre resources at SEI, the Beijer Institute and the for Trans-disciplinary Environmental Research CTM, to build a strong joint communications (CTM) at Stockholm University and parts of platform. It is thus a broad joint platform we the Beijer Institute, SEI will move into a new are creating where the whole is more than the building at Stockholm University from the end sum of the parts. This will enable SEI to con- of February 2007. tribute even further to substantially advancing the generation of new theories and methods in Organisation and leadership the forefront of interdisciplinary work for sus- The Stockholm Resilience Centre will be a part tainability. of Stockholm University, formally placed direct- ly under the Vice-chancellor as a cross-faculty

Vision and mission of the Stockholm Resilience Centre A world where social-ecological systems are understood, governed and managed, to enhance human well-being and the capacity to deal with complexity and change, for the sustainable co-evolution of human civilizations with the biosphere. High-quality research, science to policy bridging, and communications as the core strategies. The understanding of complex social-ecological systems, and the generation of new and elaborated insights and means for the development of management and gov- ernance practices, - through world leading inter- and transdisciplinary research that integrates social science, the humanities and natural sciences - by fostering an international arena for science to policy dialogue, and - through strategic communication for improved policy and decision support, which secures ecosystem services for human wellbeing and builds resilience for long-term sustainability.

21 Poverty Reduction and Water Management

he management of water resources capabilities to make a living in conditions Reduced vulnerability: the reduction of is a key challenge in the global bat- of greater security and sustainability. Wa- threats from environmental, economic Ttle to reduce poverty. The potential ter is both a key input to many types of and political hazards, including sudden role of water in poverty reduction is well livelihood activity and a determinant of the impact shocks and long-term trends. Wa- recognised in some areas, such as im- health and productivity of ecosystems on ter-related disasters such as droughts, proved water supply, but less known in which the poor depend. floods and major storms undermine- de others and we have only recently seen the emergence of an integrated approach to understanding the links between poverty reduction and water management. SEI has taken the lead in developing interna- tional approaches to the analysis of these links through the production of some key papers for leading international institu- tions. The latest of these, the PEP paper on Poverty Reduction and Water Manage- ment, provides a framework that looks at water’s potential contribution to all of the MDGs, not just those that refer explicitly to water. The basic contention is that wa- ter management is a good investment: not only can it contribute to poverty reduction, but it can do so in ways that are afford- able and, in many cases, generate wealth. This potential is often not understood: the political prominence of water issues is all too often not translated into investment priorities by governments, donors or the Reduced health risks: the mitigation of private sector. environmental and social determinants velopment and destroy livelihoods, often that put the poor and most vulnerable throwing people into poverty. Actions to The paper builds on the conceptual frame- (especially women and children) at risk both reduce these risks and increase the work developed in earlier PEP papers from different diseases, disabilities, poor resilience of the poor and of ecosystems through the analysis of the contribution of nutrition and premature death. Providing should be an integral part of any poverty different aspects of water management to access to safe and sufficient water and reduction strategy. four key dimensions of poverty reduction: improved sanitation is the most effective way to improve health, and also provides Pro-poor economic growth: enhanced Enhanced livelihoods security: the abil- substantial economic benefits to both indi- economic growth is essential for poverty ity of poor people to use their assets and viduals and nations. reduction in most parts of the world, but

22 “...water management is a good investment: not only can it contribute to poverty reduction, but it can do so in ways that are affordable and, in many cases, generate wealth...”

the quality of growth, and in particular on poverty (and, consequently, on health) of structural and non-structural measures the extent to which it creates new oppor- and are beneficial in social, environmental that includes social, environmental and tunities for the poor, also matter. Water and economic terms. health safeguards. management can be a catalyst for such growth, for both small local entrepreneurs Investing in water (and sanitation) is an Finding the finance: innovations in fi- who service local needs and large-scale economically sound decision, whether in nancing the water sector are essential if infrastructure investments that, if done large-scale infrastructure or in small local the potential of water in poverty reduction right, can transform the economies of developments. Investments can generate is to be realised. This includes both in- whole regions. rapid returns that make them competitive creased financial flows from the interna- with investments in other sectors and are tional community and, more importantly, actions to enhance levels of internal capi- tal generation in developing countries, including from the private sector and the poor themselves.

Achieving the sanitation targets: for many countries there is little prospect of reaching the sanitation MDG without ma- jor changes in their approach and alloca- tion of resources. Innovations in technical choices, financial mechanisms, informa- tion and awareness raising and institu- tional responsibilities are needed if this challenge is to be met.

Taken together, these areas of action have beneficial in wider development terms, the potential to ensure that the potential tackling fundamental causes of poverty. of water as a key factor in poverty reduc- Water management needs to be linked The potential of encouraging local en- tion becomes a reality. Ensuring that this to wider poverty reduction processes at trepreneurs in particular needs to be ex- happens needs good analysis and strong national and local levels: this is the key plored. evidence to demonstrate to policy makers approach to integrated water resources that investments in water are a good idea. management, and part of a wider proc- Getting infrastructure right: substan- It also needs an active engagement in the ess of poverty reduction and sustainable tial new investments in water control in- policy process, both internationally and in development. Water management can frastructure are needed, including major individual countries, so as to ensure that impact on poverty reduction in a variety water control structures to increase stor- the evidence and analysis is understood of ways, and increased resource flows to age capacity and regulate water flows, by policy makers and that actions follow water management have positive impacts but these need to be part of a package the analysis.

23 Selected Publications A small selection from the more than 150 books and papers published by SEI staff in 2006

Ashmore, M.R., Toet, S., Forrester, J., Gerger Swartling, Kartha, S., Bioenergy and Miller, F., with contributions Emberson, L.D., Ozone – a Å., Lonsdale, K., Forslund, H., Agriculture: Promises and Chal- from Thomalla, F., Down- significant threat to future world Lindskog, E., Miller, F., Snell, lenges ? Environmental Effects ing, T.E., and Chadwick, M., food production? New Phytolo- C., Stakeholder Engagement and of Bioenergy, Focus 14, Brief Resilient Ecosystems, Healthy gist 170, 201-204. the work of SEI. SEI, Stockholm. 4, International Food Policy Communities: Human Health and Research Institute. Sustainable Ecosystems after the Heinemeyer, A., Ineson, P., Tsunami. Oceanography, 19, 2. Brody, J., Aschengrau, A., Ostle N., and Fitter A.H., Res- Klein, R.J.T., Alam, M., Burton, McKelvey, W., Swartz, C., piration of the external mycelium I., Dougherty, W., Ebi, K.L., Nilsson, M., The role of assess- Kennedy, T., and Rudel R., in the arbuscular mycorrhizal Fernandes, M., Huber-Lee, ments and institutions for policy Breast cancer risk and drinking symbiosis shows strong depend- A., Rahman, A.A., Swartz, C., learning: a study on Swedish water contaminated by waste- ence on recent photosynthates Applications of Environmen- climate and nuclear policy water: a case control study. and acclimation to temperature. tally Sound Technologies for formation. Policy Sciences, 38, Environmental Health, 5(28). New Phytologist 171: 159-170. Adaptation to Climate Change. 225-249. Johnson, F. X., and Matsika, Technical Paper for the UNFCCC E., Bio-energy Trade and Re- Secretariat. Persson, Å., Characterizing Dougherty, W., Bailie, A., the policy instrument mixes for gional Development: the case of Marsden, G., Kelly, C., and Kartha, S., Lazarus, M., Rajan, municipal waste in Sweden and bio-ethanol in southern Africa, Snell, C., ‘Selecting indica- C., and Runkle, B., Hydrogen England. European Environment Energy for Sustainable Develop- tors for strategic performance Transitions in a Greenhouse Gas ment. March, Vol. X, No. 1. 16(4): pp 213-231. Constrained World. A study for management’. In Transporta- the National Renewable Energy Johnson, F. X.,‑ and Rosillo- tion Research Record Vol.156, Phoenix, G.K., Hicks, W.K., pp21-29. Laboratory, Volumes I, II, III, and Calle, F., Biomass, Sustainable Cinderby, S., Kuylenstierna, IV. Livelihoods, and International Miller, F., Thomalla, F., and J.C.I., Stock, W.D., Dentener, Trade. SEI Climate and Energy Chadwick M., Approaches for F.J., Giller, K.E., Austin, A.T., Report 2006-02, Stockholm En- Lefroy, R.D.B., Gimeno, B.S., Dow, R.E. Kasperson, and Assessing Disaster Vulnerability vironment Institute: Stockholm, and Building Sustainable Liveli- Ashmore, M.R., Ineson, P., Bohn, M., Exploring the Social Sweden. hoods: Insights from Sri Lanka Atmospheric nitrogen deposition Justice Implications of Adaptation one Year after the Tsunami. in world biodiversity hotspots: and Vulnerability. pp. 79-96 in Kartha S., Lazarus M., LeFranc, Proceedings of the International the need for a greater global Adger, W.N. et al., eds. Fairness M., Market Penetration Metrics: Tools for Additionality Assess- Conference on Adaptation to perspective in assessing N in Adaptation to Climate Change. ment? In: Climate Policy, 5(2), Climate Variability and Change, deposition impacts. Global Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp.147-165. India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, Change Biology 12, 1-7. India, 5-7 January 2006.

Urban Air Pollution in Asian Cities: Status Challenge and Management Schwela, D., Haq, G., Huizenga, C., Han, W., Fabian, H., and Ajero, M.

• Hundreds of millions of city dwellers breathe air so polluted with chemicals, smoke and particles that it dramatically exceeds World Health Organization limits with major impacts on health and the environment; • The most authoritative assessment of air pollution and urban air quality management, prac- tice and capability, covering 20 major Asian cities with easy-to-read city profiles, tables and graphs; • Presents the latest strategies for managing and improving urban air quality in cities in Asia and across our rapidly urbanizing world. This volume is the most current and comprehensive assessment and comparison of the status and drivers of urban air pollution in 20 Asian cities and the Asian region, covering the effects on the environment, human health, agriculture and cultural heritage and the future implications for planning, transport and energy industries. National and local governments have begun to develop air quality management strategies to address the deterioration in urban air quality, however the scope and effectiveness of such strategies varies widely. This book benchmarks these air quality management strategies, looks at successes and failures in these cities and presents strategies for improving air quality management in cities across Asia and the rest of our rapidly urbanizing world.

24 The Atlas of Climate Change: Mapping the World’s Greatest Challenge Dow, K., and Downing, T.E.

Today’s headlines and recent events reflect the seriousness of climate change. Heatwaves, droughts and flooding are driving people from their homes, destroying livelihoods and causing death among vulnerable populations. Rigorous in its science and insightful in its message, this at- las examines the possible impact of climate change on our ability to feed the world’s people, avoid water shortages, conserve biodiversity, improve health, and preserve cities and cultural treasures. It also reviews historical contributions to greenhouse gas levels, progress in meeting Kyoto com- mitments and local efforts to meet the challenge of climate change. The atlas covers a wide range of topics, including warning signals, future scenarios, vulnerable populations, health impacts, re- newable energy and emissions reduction. With more than 50 full colour maps and graphics, this is an essential resource for policy-makers, environmentalists, students and everyone concerned with this pressing subject.

Soussan, J., and Chadwick, M., Asia Waterwatch 2015 - Are Environmental Policy Integration Countries in Asia on Track to policy research for sustainable development Meet Target 10 of the Millennium in Practice: Shaping Institutions at its very Swedish best.’ William M. Lafferty, Development Goals? ADB/WHO/ for Learning Project Director of ProSus at the University of UNDP, Manila. Nilsson, M and Eckerberg, K. (Eds) Oslo and Professor of Strategic Research for Thomalla, F., Downing, T., Sustainable Development at CSTM, University Spanger-Siegfried, E., Han, G., ‘Environmental of Twente, the Netherlands. Rockstrom, J., Reducing hazard policy integra- vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk tion (EPI) is a Environmental values and concerns are meant reduction and climate adaptation. vital ingredient to be reflected through environmental policy, In: Disasters, Volume vol. 30, No. of the sustain- which is then integrated into mainstream eco- no. 1 pp 39-48. ability equation nomic and social policy that serves to govern Todd, D., Soussan, J., and and an important society and the economy in different sectors. Risby, L., Local Benefits in Glo- policy principle Yet effective environmental policy integration bal Environmental Programmes. in its own right, has proven to be very difficult in actual practice Global Environment Facility, Washington D.C. but there are and it remains largely an elusive aspiration. precious few Tol, R.J.S., Bohn, M., Down- detailed analy- This groundbreaking volume presents the first ing, T.E., Guillerminet, M-L., Hizsnyik, E., Kasperson, ses of the extent ever detailed examination of EPI at the nation- R., Lonsdale, K,. Mays, C., to which it has been translated into concrete al policy level, focusing on the key sectors of Nicholls, R.J., Olsthoorn, A.A., change on the ground within member states energy and agriculture within Sweden, a coun- Pfeile, G., Poumadere, M., of the European Union. This very timely and try that is widely recognized as a front runner Toth, F.L., Vafeidis, A.T., van engagingly written book helps to plug a yawn- in environmental management in Europe and der Werff P.E., and Yetkiner, I.H., Adaptation to five metres ing gap in the existing literature by addressing world-wide. In doing so, the authors unpack of sea level rise. Journal of Risk the puzzle of why EPI has proved so difficult EPI, look at what it means in policy formation Research, Vol 9 No 467-482, to implement even in a country like Sweden, and examine how environmental priorities are July 2006. which has traditionally championed very high treated in relation to other political priorities. Vallack, H. W., and Rypdal, K., environmental standards.’ Dr Andrew Jordan, The final section of the book lays out the major The Global Atmospheric Pollution Philip Leverhume prize fellow, University of findings and presents key lessons for interna- Forum Air Pollutant Emissions East Anglia, Norwich, UK. tional application including institutional recom- Inventory Manual. Stockholm Environment Institute at York, mendations on how to enhance the potential University of York, York, UK. ‘This excellent work provides detailed results for EPI. Most fundamentally the book answers from a leading-edge Swedish project on EPI. the questions of what works and why for EPI, van Tienhoven, M., Zunckel, M., Emberson, L., Koosailee, The study focuses on how environmental and how it can be achieved in practice across A., Otter, L., Preliminary assess- concerns are being integrated into the en- sectors. The result is a rich and indispensable ment of risk of ozone impacts to ergy and agricultural sectors in Sweden, and guide for all those involved in environmental maize (Zea mays) in southern offers insightful analyses of both theoretical and and sustainable development policy is- Africa. Environmental Pollution and practical importance. This is strategic sues. 140 (2), 220-230.

25 Exec.Dir - Executive Director Dep. Dir - Deputy Director C.Dir - Centre Director SEI Staff - 2006 C.Dep. Dir - Centre Deputy Director P.Dir - Programme Director

Bangkok Axelsson, Katarina Kuldna, Piret Banuri, Tariq (C.Dir/P.Dir) Bohn, Maria Kullerkupp, Aile Chadwick, Matthew (C.Dep. Dir) Brattberg, Gunilla Laur, Anton Chiang, Kai Kim Caldwell, Ian Luig, Jaan de la Rosa, Elnora Chen, Yong Menert, Anne Juntopas, Muanpong Dagerskog, Linus Michelis, Merje Krittasudthacheewa, Chayanis Droogers, Peter Moora, Harri Kunjara Na Ayudhya, Noraset Forslund, Helena Oinus, Raimo Liengwattanakul, Sommai Forsman, Benita Oja, Ahto Lindskog, Eva Gerger Swartling, Åsa Peterson, Kaja Mathur, Vikrom Gordon, Line Poltimäe, Helen Pimanmas, Papassara Hallding, Karl Smirnova, Olga Weerapong, Dararat Han, Guoyi Ulman, Kaire Hoff, Holger Urbel-Piirsalu, Evelin US Johnson, Francis Uustal, Meelis Heaps, Charles (Acting C.Dir) Jönsson, Håkan Viss, Viire Dougherty, William Karlberg, Louise Fernandes, Martha Kjellén, Bo York Joyce, Brian Kjellén, Marianne Kuylenstierna, Johan (C.Dir/P.Dir) Kartha, Sivan (P.Dir) Klein, Richard Cinderby, Steve (C.Dep. Dir) Kemp-Benedict, Eric Kvarnström, Elisabeth Ashmore, Mike Lazarus, Michael Maltais, Aaron Barrett, John Purkey, David Miller, Fiona Barron, Jennie Shaknis, Kim Morales, Maria Büker, Patrick Sieber, Jack Nilsson, Måns (P.Dir) Cambridge, Howard Swartz, Christopher Nilsson, Solveig Chadwick, Michael Young, Chuck Nordström, Mattias Clay, Richard Nykvist, Björn Duckmanton, Jenny Oxford Ogenstad, Teresa Emberson, Lisa Downing, Thomas (C.Dir/P.Dir) Olofsson, Gunnel Forrester, John Bharwani, Sukaina Persson, Åsa Frey, Sibylle Butterfield, Ruth Persson, Linn Haq, Gary Hamza, Mohamed Poutiainen, Charmaine Heinemeyer, Andreas Lonsdale, Kate Powell, Neil Hicks, Kevin Müller, Benito Rosemarin, Arno Ineson, Phil Ratajczak, Izabela Ruben, Cecilia Matin, Neela Savage, Matthew Ryberg, Britta Minx, Jan Shale, Moliehi Segnestam, Lisa Morrissey, Tim Stephen, Linda Stenström, Thor Axel Noel, Stacey Takama, Takeshi Stetina, Bohumil Owen, Anne Taylor, Anna Thomalla, Frank Paul, Alistair Tellam, Ian Virgin, Ivar Regis, Adam Watkiss, Paul Wallgren, Oskar Rosen, Paul Ziervogel, Gina Åkesson, Agneta Schwela, Dieter Snell, Carolyn Stockholm Tallinn Soussan, John (P.Dir) Rockström, Johan (Exec.Dir.) Lahtvee, Valdur (C.Dir) Subke, Jens-Arne Eckerberg, Katarina (Dep. Dir) Jürna, Vivika Vallack, Harry Li, Lailai (Dep. Dir) Jüssi, Mari Wang, Isabel Alshammar, Birgitta Kallaste, Tiit Whitelegg, John Arvidson, Anders Kareda, Enn Wiedmann, Thomas Axberg, Göran Nilsson Koval, Margus Willis, Erik

26 List of Main Funders and Clients - 2006

1. Bilateral agencies 3. Foundations Friedrich Ebert Foundation Deutsche Gesellschaft for Technische American Water Works Association Re- International Institute for Education (IIE) Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) search Foundation International Water Management Institute Canadian International Development BOC Foundation International Institute for Environment and Agency (CIDA) Energy Foundation Development (IIED) Government of Switzerland (Swiss Devel- ETC Foundation International Union of Air Pollution opment Agency) FORMAS (Forskningsrådet Miljö Areel) Prevention and Environmental Protection Danish International Development Agency Associations (IUAPPA) MacArthur Foundation (DANIDA) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory MISTRA (The Swedish Foundation for UK Department For International Develop- (LBNL, US-DOE) Strategic Environmental Research) ment (DFID) National Renewable Energy Laboratory Rockefeller Foundation Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Nether- (NREL, US-DOE) Sumitomo Foundation lands (DGIS) The Nature Conservancy Tällberg Foundation Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland Natural Environment Research Council (FINNIDA) (NERC) Swedish International Development Coop- 4. Governments Silent Spring Institute eration Agency (Sida) Bridgend Borough Council Union of Concerned Scientists California Environmental Protection World Resource Institute 2. Multilateral agencies Agency (Climate Action Team) World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Challenge Program on Water and Food Estonian Government EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sci- EU Commission The French Energy Management Agency ences Research Council) Food and Agriculture Organization of the (ADEME:) Greater London Authority United Nations (FAO) 6. Universities Government of South Korea Global Environment Facility (GEF) University of East Anglia Puget Sound Clean Air Agency International Energy Agency (IEA) Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam Selby District Council International Fund for Agricultural Devel- Massachusetts Institute of Technology opment (IFAD) Shetlands Isles Council Lund University International Water Management Institute Swedish Government （Kammarkollegiet） Tallinn Technical University (IWMI) U.S. Agency for International Develop- Türi Kollege OLADE: The Latin America Energy ment (US-AID) Uppsala University Agency UK Department for Environment, Food Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Rural Affairs and Development (OECD) UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office 7. Private sector UNECE ICP on Vegetation Rhode Island Dept of Environmental ARUP United Nations Development Programme Management Bureau Veritas (UNDP) Sustainable Development Commission UK Eesti Energia United Nations Environment Programme Schools Carbon Footprint Steiger Inseneribüroo (UNEP) City of York Council Viru Õlitööstus United Nations Framework Convention on VKG Energia OÜ Climate Change (UNFCCC) 5. Research Institutes and NGOs United Nations Industrial Development American Council for an Energy Efficient 8. Banks Organization (UNIDO) Economy (ACEEE) World Bank Group United Nations National Communications Asia Pacific Energy Research Center Support Programme (NCSP) Asian Development Bank EKO Sihtkapital United Nations Institute for Training and European Investment Bank Estonian Association for Environmental Research (UNITAR) Management World Commission on Dams

27 SEI Board Members - 2006

Lars Anell Angela Cropper Youba Sokona Sweden Cofounder and Mali Senior vicepresi- President of The Executive secre- dent at AB Volvo, Cropper Founda- tary, Sahara and involved in policy tion. Sahel Observatory, and environment. OSS.

AnnMari Jansson Eva Lindskog Carl Folke Sweden Sweden, SEI Sweden Professor, Systems staff representa- Professor, Systems Ecology, Stock- tive. Research Ecology, Stockholm holm University. on social impact University assessments.

Johan Jim Skea Elinor Ostrom Rockström UK USA Sweden Research director, Professor, Political Executive director, UK Energy Re- Science, Indiana Stockholm Envi- search Centre. University. ronment Institute.

Matthew Birgitta Dahl Monthip Chadwick Sweden Tabucanon UK, SEI staff Former Minister Thailand representative. of Environment Inspector General, Research on water and Speaker of Ministry of Natural resources and live- the Parliament, Resources and lihoods. Sweden. Environment, Thailand.

John Giuseppe Locati Schellnhuber Italy Germany Vice president Tyndall Centre Corporate Health Headquarters, UK. and Environment, Pirelli.

Professor AnnMari Jansson sadly died of cancer in January 2007. AnnMari - one of the founders of the field of ecological economics - was a genuine friend of SEI, serving with devotion on the SEI board.

28 SEI Research Volume in 2006

The global SEI organization has generated research volume (measured in money terms), of about SEK 130 million during the year 2006. The proportions of sources of financing, and of targeted geographical and research areas, are shown on the diagrams.

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