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Central Chadic Reconstructions

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Central Chadic Reconstructions Central Chadic Reconstructions Richard Gravina 2014 © 2014 Richard Gravina Foreword This document is a presentation of a reconstruction of the Proto-Central Chadic lexicon, along with full supporting data. These reconstructions are presented in conjunction with my PhD dissertation on the reconstruction of the phonology of Proto-Central Chadic (University of Leiden). You can view the data at http://centralchadic.webonary.org, and also view a summary dictionary of Proto- Central Chadic at http://protocentralchadic.webonary.org. The Central Chadic languages are spoken in north-east Nigeria, northern Cameroon, and western Chad. The Ethnologue lists 79 Central Chadic languages. Data comes from 59 of these languages, along with a number of dialects. Classification The classification used here results from the identification of regular changes in the consonantal phonemes amongst groups of Central Chadic languages. Full evidence is given in the dissertation. The summary classification is as follows (dialects are in parentheses; languages not cited in the data are in italics): Bata group: Bachama, Bata, Fali, Gude, Gudu, Holma, Jimi, Ngwaba, Nzanyi, Sharwa, Tsuvan, Zizilivakan Daba group: Buwal, Daba, Gavar, Mazagway, Mbudum, Mina Mafa group: Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele Tera group: Boga, Ga’anda, Hwana, Jara, Tera (Nyimatli) Sukur group: Sukur Hurza group: Mbuko, Vame Margi group: Bura, Cibak, Kilba, Kofa, Margi, Margi South, Nggwahyi, Putai Mandara group: Cineni, Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Gvoko, Mandara (Malgwa), Matal, Podoko Mofu group: Dugwor, Mada, Merey, Mofu-gudur, Mofu North, Moloko, Muyang, Ouldeme, Zulgo (Gemzek) Maroua group: Giziga Marva, Giziga Moutourwa, Mbazla Lamang group: Hdi, Lamang, Mabas Higi group: Bana, Hya, Kamwe (Futu, Nkafa), Kirya, Psikye Kotoko Island group: Buduma Kotoko North group: Afade, Malgbe, Maltan, Mpade Kotoko Centre group: Lagwan, Mser Kotoko South group: Mazera, Zina Musgum group: Mbara, Musgum (Mulwi, Munjuk, Vulum), Muskum Gidar group: Gidar In some cases, comparative data is given from languages of wider communication, such as Adamawa Fulfulde, Kanuri and Hausa. Map The following map shows the locations of the languages of each of the eighteen groups within Central Chadic. Reconstructions Not all of the reconstructions given can be attributed to Proto-Central Chadic. The data includes several alternate isoglosses for common roots, and also several widespread loan words that entered into Central Chadic at an early stage in its history. The commentary on each entry will indicate how the reconstruction should be treated if it is not attributable to Proto-Central Chadic. For some nouns, the gender is included. Gender is a feature in a minority of Central Chadic languages, but when the gender of a noun is consistent across these languages, that gender is given as the gender of the reconstructed form. These attributions cannot be treated as reliable. Dictionary Entries explained The first part of the entry gives the headword in bold, the part of speech, and the gloss in English and French (in italic). Following this, figures are given in parentheses for the number of present-day languages where reflexes of the reconstructed form have been attested, and the number of groups within Central Chadic represented by these languages. There are eighteen groups in total. After the language statistics, there is an indication of the reliability of the reconstruction. This takes the form of a letter from A to E, with A being the most reliable. The level is determined according to the consistency of the data, the difficulty of the reconstruction, and the quantity of data available. There then follows a commentary on the reconstruction, indicating where sound changes have taken place, how the reconstruction has been determined, and whether the word has come from Proto-Central Chadic, a later neologism, or is borrowed. Sound changes are categorised as ‘regular’ if they follow an established rule, ‘irregular’ if they go against an established rule, ‘sporadic’ if the change is common but not predictable (e.g. loss of *h), and ‘unestablished’ if the change has not been researched and it is not yet known if it is regular or not. Beneath the header part of the entry there is a numbered paragraph for each group within Central Chadic where reflexes of the reconstructed form are attested. The proto-language for the group is given in bold, followed by the reconstructed form and its gloss in English and French. The proto-form is followed by the data from each individual language, numbered 1.1, 1.2 etc. The language name is given in bold, followed by the author of the data source. Then the word form is given, along with the definition in English, French or both. This part of the data is as presented by the original author, except that the word forms have been normalised into IPA, and there has been some editing of the definitions. In some cases there is more than one reflex in a particular language, or there is more than one source, or more than one sense for the word. These additional forms are given as third level entries, e.g. 1.1.1 etc. The Proto-Central Chadic Alphabet All the reconstructed data is given in IPA. There are the following 35 phonemes: a b ɓ d dz ɗ f g gʷ ɣ ɣʷ h hʷ i ɨ j k kʷ ɬ ɮ m ᵐb n ⁿd ⁿdz ᵑg ᵑgʷ p r s t ts v w z The reconstructions are arranged alphabetically according to the above order. A raised ʸ after the word indicates that the word carries the palatalization prosody. Abbreviations adj. – adjective cf. – compare n. – noun nf. – feminine noun nm. – masculine noun num. – numeral rel. to – related to syn. – synonym v. – verb Phonology The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic consists of 31 consonants, three vowels and a morpheme-level palatalization prosody. The three vowel phonemes are /a/, /i/ and /ɨ/. In present day Central Chadic languages, the palatalization prosody has two basic types. The first is the vowel palatalization prosody, which fronts the vowels in the morpheme. The second is the consonant palatalization prosody, which palatalizes one or more consonants in the morpheme, primarily the laminal consonants. There is considerable variation in how the palatalization prosody is realised between different languages. In many cases there are elements of both the vowel prosody and consonant prosody types. In Proto-Central Chadic, the palatalization prosody was probably of mixed type. The following map shows the distribution of the different phonological types: The consonant phonemes include a set of labialized velar consonants. In many of the present day languages which have the consonant palatalization prosody, the labialization component has transferred from a velar to a labial consonant in several words, leading to the creation of a set of labialized labial consonants. Likewise, in present day languages which have the vowel palatalization prosody, the labialization component has been reanalysed as a vowel labialization prosody, causing the back-rounding of the vowels in the morpheme. The consonantal system of Proto-Central Chadic is as follows: Labial Alveolar Laminal Velar Labialized Velar p t ts k kʷ Plosive (b) d dz g gʷ Implosive ɓ ɗ ɬ s x xʷ Fricative v ɮ z ɣ ɣʷ Nasal m n Pre-nasalized ᵐb ⁿd ⁿdz (ᵑg) (ᵑgʷ) Liquid r Approximant j w Data Sources The data sources cited are as follows: Language [code] Group Source Type Afade [aal] Kotoko North (Allison n.d.) Word list (unpublished) Bachama [bcy] Bata (Seibert n.d.) Word list (unpublished) Bana [bcw] Higi (Lienhard and Giger 1989) Lexicon (unpublished) Bata [bta] Bata (Boyd 2005) Lexicon (unpublished) (Pweddon and Skinner 2001) Dictionary Boga [bvw] Tera none Buduma [bdm] Kotoko Island (McKone 2009) Lexicon (unpublished) Bura [bwr] Margi (Blench 2009a) Dictionary (unpublished) (Schuh n.d.) Word list (unpublished) Buwal [bhs] Daba (Viljoen and Viljoen in progress) Lexicon (unpublished) Cibak [ckl] Margi (Hoffmann 1955) Linguistic article Cineni [cie] Mandara none Cuvok [cuv] Mafa (Ndokobaï in progress) Lexicon (unpublished) Daba [dbq] Daba (Lienhard and Giger 1982) Dictionary Dghwede [dgh] Mandara (Frick 1977) Linguistic article Dugwor [dme] Mofu (Gravina and Jubumna 2004) Word list (unpublished) Fali [fli] Bata none Ga’anda [gqa] Tera (Newman 1978) Word list (unpublished) Gavar [gou] Daba (Viljoen and Viljoen in progress) Word list (unpublished) Gemzek [gnd] Mofu (Gravina, Sabathaï, and Gwala-Madang n.d.) Word list (unpublished) Gidar [gid] Gidar (Schuh 1982) Word list (Hungerford n.d.) Word list (unpublished) (Noukeu 2002) Linguistic article Giziga North [gis] Maroua (Gravina 2004) Word list (unpublished) Giziga South [giz] Maroua (Michielan and Jaouen in progress) Dictionary (unpublished) Glavda [glw] Mandara (Rapp and Benzing 1968; Rapp and Muehle 1969) Dictionary (Owens n.d.) Word list (unpublished) (Nghagyiva n.d.) Database Gude [gde] Bata (Hoskison 1983) PhD Thesis (Schuh n.d.) Word list (unpublished) Gudu [gdu] Bata none Guduf-Gava [gdf] Mandara none Gvoko [ngs] Mandara none Hdi [xed] Lamang (Bramlett 1996) Lexicon Language [code] Group Source Type (Eguchi 1971) Lexicon Higi [hig] Higi (Mohrlang 1972) Phonology Holma [hod] Bata none Hwana [hwo] Tera (Harley n.d.) Word list (unpublished) Hya [hya] Higi none Jara [jaf] Tera none Jilbe [jie] Kotoko none Jimi [jim] Bata (Djibi n.d.) Dictionary (locally published) Kamwe Futu [hig] Higi (Harley 2009a) Word list (unpublished) Kamwe Nkafa [hig] Higi (Harley 2009b) Word list (unpublished) Kilba [hbb] Margi (Schuh n.d.) Word list (unpublished) Kirya [hig] Higi (Blench and Ndamsai 2009a) Dictionary (unpublished)
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