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Home , Ainu languages, Andrew Dalby, Katharevousa, Koreanic languages, Lamang language, Minoan language

AUXILIARY SCHEDULE 3 :

(1) This separate schedule is an auxiliary to the enumerated classes 2/9, A/Z. The concepts in it are available only to qualify those classes, and their classmarks are not to be used on their own.

(2) These classmarks may be added to any class where the instruction appears to add letters from Schedule 3; e.g. in Class J Education, JV is special categories of educands, and at JVG Language groups, Non-English (or favoured language) speaking appears the instruction: Add to JVG letters C/Z from Schedule 3; so Education of Bantus would be JVG HN. Or, in Schedule 2, BQ is Linguistic group areas, and BQH N would be Bantu-speaking areas.

(3) A prominent use of the Schedule will be to specify translations, version, etc., of particular works in classes like Literature, Religion and Philosophy; e.g. PM6 Versions of the New Testament, has the instruction Add to PM6 letters C/Z from Schedule 3; so PM6 RF is Greek versions.

(4) Where no such special provision is made, the language of a document can be specified by adding Schedule 3 notation to 2X from Schedule 1, e.g. Encyclopaedia of economics, in French T3A 2XV.

(5) If a library wishes to give a preferred position with a short classmark to a particular language (e.g. that of the place where the library is situated) the letter F or Z may be used.

(6) Any language may be qualified by the preceding arrays C/E by direct retroactive synthesis; e.g. Commercial African , HCS.

(7) The order of classes is the same as in the Language and literature classes, X/Y, but the notation is different in order to allow addition of letters from this schedule to a single letter.

(8) This schedule consists of a substantial selection from the very detailed schedules of Class X/Y. Further details may be obtained from W/Y should the need arise.

SUMMARY OUTLINE

C Language varieties: by use, by speaker, by period, mixtures, E Artificial languages

G American aboriginal languages GB North and Central American languages GBK Meso American, Central American languages (alone) GQ South American languages

H African languages HAM Hamitic languages * Alternative (preferred) to collocating with at MR HAV Cushitic languages HAW languages HCY Meroitic languages HD Nilo- HF -Kordofanian languages HN Bantu HV Khoisan languages

J Australian languages JGB Non-Malayo-Polynesian languages of Oceania JGT Oriental, Asiatic languages JGX Malayo-Polynesian languages, JK Austro-Asiatic languages: Mon-Khmer, Munda … JP : Tamil, Telegu … JTB Sino-Tibetan languages: Chinese, Japanese … LP Ural-: Tungus, Mongolian, Turkic … MO Caucasian languages MQ Hamito-Semitic languages MR Hamitic languages * Alternative to collocating with African languages at HAM PB Indo-European languages PJ Hindustani languages PT PW Balto-Slavonic languages: Russian, Serbo-Croat, Polish, Czech … QW RB Classical Greek and SR : Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French WB WG Scandinavian languages X German, Dutch, English

FULL SCHEDULE OF LANGUAGE AUXILIARY

C Language varieties

(By medium) CD Spoken language CE Written language

(By special use) CG Literary language CH Ceremonial language CJ Formal, polite language CK Informal language CL Colloquial, vernacular CM Intimate language CN Slang CP Informative language CQ Jargon * In its broadest sense, this term also covers mixed languages but that use of

it is declining * See also Mixed languages DT CR Of special subjects CS Commercial language CT Technical language CV Others

(By speakers) DB Men, women DC Children DD Other ages DE By race, culture Add to DE letters A/Z from Schedule 3A DF By religion Add to DF letters G/W following P in PG/PW (By social groups) DH Class DJ School, university DK Urban language DL Rural language DM Nation

DN (By linguistic features) Add to DN letters A/G following W in WA/WG - e.g. languages DNB NN DP (By stage, period) Add to DP letters A/Z from Schedule 4 DPE Ancient, classical form of the language DPG Intermediate (e.g. Mediaeval) form DPK Modern language DQ Extinct, dead languages DR Dialects DS Patois DT Mixed, hybrid languages, contact vernaculars DV Lingua francas DW and creoles

E Artificial languages, international languages, constructed languages, conlangs EK Volapuk EL Basic English * Alternative to locating at Y EM EN Intergloss EP EQ Occidental ER Ro ET Tutonish EV EX Others, A/Z

F Preferred language * This position I reserved for libraries wishing to assign a special classmark to a particular language G American languages * The classification of North and Central American languages is based on C. F. and F. M. Voegelin’s Map of North American Indian languages, Washington, 1966. The classification of South American languages is based on that of J. Greenberg in Encyclopedia Britannica (1973), supplemented by McQuown’s “Indigenous languages of Latin America”, American anthropological journal, June 1955. * Use intercalator ‘A’ when adding letters C/E; e.g. American Indian commercial languages GAC S

G American indigenous languages

GB North and Central American languages * Use as the general class for North American languages alone

GBK Central American (Meso-American) languages alone

GBN American Arctic Palaeosiberian GBP Eskimo-Aleut GBV Chukchi-Kamchatlan * Alternative to LN GC NaDene GCK Athapaskan GCM Chipewyan GCQ Apachean GCS Navaho GCX Tlingit GCY Haida GD Macro-Algonquian GDB Algonquian GDC Delaware GDL Ojibway GDO Cree GDX Yurok GDY Wiyot GE Muskogean GEJ Choctaw GEN Creek GEP Natchez GEQ Atakapa GER Chitimacha GES Tunica GET Tonkawa GF Macro-Siouan GFJ Siouan GFW Catawba GG Iroquoian GGP Cherokee GGQ Caddoan GGY Yuchi GH Hokan GHJ Yuman GHK Seri GHL Pomo GHM Palaihnihan GHN Shastan GHP Yanan GHQ Chimariko GHR Washo GHS Salinan GHT Karok GHV Chumashan GHW Comecrudan GHX Coahuiltecan GHY Esselen GJ Meso-American languages GK Penutian GKJ Yokutsan GKK Maiduan GKL Wintun GKM Miwok-Costanoan GKN Klamath-Madoc GKO Sahaptian GKQ Cayuse GKR Molale GKS Coos GKT Yakonan GKU Takelma GKV Kalapuya GKW Chinookan GKX Tsimshian GKY Zuni GL Meso-American branches GLD M Mixe GLN Maya GLU Q Quiche GM Aztec-Tanoan GMB Kiowa Tanoan GMT Uto-Aztecan GN Macro-Oto-Manguean GNJ Oto-Manguean GNL Popolocan GNQ Manguean GNR Mixtecan GNS Mixteco GNT Chinateco GNV Zapotecan GNW Zapoteco GNY Tarascan

GP Unclassified languages GPJ Keresan GPL Yukian GPM Beothuk GPN Kutenai GPP Karankawa GPQ Chimakuan GPS Salish GPW Wakashan GPW N Nootka GPY Timucua

GQ South American languages

GR Macro-Chibchan GRJ Misumalpan GRK Miskitoan GRM Sumoan GRV Matagalpan GS Chibchan GSB Pacific Chibchan GSG Talamanca GSJ Interandean-Barbacoan GSN Eastern Chibchan GSR Y Yunca-Puruhan GSS Yuncan GST Atalan GSU Jirjaran GSU N Xaguan GSW Chirianan GSW N Guahariban GSY Muran

GT Ge-Pano-Carib GTB Macro-Carib GTB K Cariban GTH Pebol Yaguan GTK M Macro-Ge GTK N Ge GTN Caigangan GTP Camacanian GTP Q Machacalian GTQ Purian GTR P Chiquito GTS Borotuque GTS J Boroan GTS M Otuquean GTS R Carajan GTS S Caraja GTT Macro-Panoan GTT K Panoan GTV Tacanan GTW Macro-Guaycuruan GTX Nhambicuran GTX N Nhambicuran GTX T Psuedo-Nhambicuara GTY Huarpean

GV Andean-Equatorial GVB Andean GVB R Araucanian-Chon GVG Z Zaparoan GVK M Cahuapanan GVKQ Quechu-Maran GVM Z II A-4 (Greenberg) GVP II B (Greenberg) GVP K Jivaroan GVP T Macro-Tucanoan GVP V Catuquinean-Tucanoan GVV Simacu GVW Puinavean GW Equatorial GWB Arawakan GX Tupi-Guarani GXB Tupi GXD Guarani GXG Cuaca-Timote GXG P Caririan GXG T Zamucoan GXL Mocoa GXM Salivan GXN Guahibo-Pamiguan GXR Otomaco-Taparita GXW Yuracarean GXY Cayuvava

H African languages * This classification is based on a modification by Andrew Dalby of J. Greenberg’s classification in , 2nd ed. 1966, together with material from a checklist of Nigerian languages by C. Hoffman. This has been supplemented (for Bantu)

by M. Guthrie’s Comparative Bantu, 1947. * Use intercalator ‘A’ when adding letters C/E; e.g. African commercial languages HAC S

HAM Hamitic languages * Alternative to collocating with Semitic languages at MR HAR Egyptian HAU Berber

HAV Cushitic languages HAV H Northern Cushitic languages HAV J Beja, Bisharin HAV K Eastern Cushitic languages HAV L Somali HAV M Saho HAV N Afar HAV P Galla HAV Q Sidamo HAV R Western Cushitic languages HAV T Southern Cushitic languages

HAW Chad languages HAX West HB group HBL Sura-Gerka language group HBQ Angas HBR group HBS Bole-Tangle language group HBT Northern Bauchi language group HBU Southern Bauchi language group HBY group HC Central Chadic, Biu-Mandara HCH group HCJ Bura language group HCK Higi language group HCL Bata- group HCM group HCN group HCP Mandara language group HCQ Matakam language group HCR Kotoko language group HCS Other Chadic languages

HCY Meroitic language

HD Nilo-Saharan languages HDS Chari-Nile languages, Macro-, Sudanic languages HE Eastern Sudanic languages HEH HEJ Murle languages group (Didinga-Murle) HEK Barea languages group HEL HEL H Western Nilotic languages HEN Nilo-Hamitic HEO Southern Nilotic languages HEP Eastern Nilotic languages HER Central Sudanic languages HES Kunama HET Berta HEU Coman languages, Koman languages HEV Fur languages HEW Maban languages HEX Saharan languages HEY Songhai languages, HF Niger-Kordofanian languages, Congo-Kordofanian languages HFK Kordofanian languages HG Niger-Congo languages, Nigritic languages HGH Adamawa-Eastern languages, Adamawa- HGJ HH Eastern languages group HHJ Gbaya languages, Baya languages HHP Sango, Sangho HHQ H HJ HJH Group a languages, group (Greenberg) HJJ Group b languages (Greenberg) HJK Ewe HJL Akan languages group (Greenberg) HJM Akan, Twi HJO Group c languages (Greenberg) HJP Yoruba HJQ Group d languages (Greenberg) HJR Group e languages, Edo languages group (Greenberg) HJS J Bini HJU Group f languages, Idoma languages group (Greenberg) HJV Group g languages, Ibo languages group, Igbo languages group (Greenberg) HJX Group h languages, Ijo languages group (Greenberg) HKB West Atlantic languages HKC Southern languages group HKD Northern languages group HKE Serer-Sine, Serer HKF Serer-Nono HKG Wolof HKH Fulani, Fula HKM , Mandingo languages HKN Eastern languages group HKP Western languages group HKQ Bamabara HKR Malinke HKT Kpelle-Mende languages group HL , Voltaic languages HLH group HLJ Seme HLK Lobi- group HLL Bwamu HLM Kirma HLN Tyurama HLO Win HLP Grusi languages group HLQ Gurma-Moore languages group HLT Moore-Dagbani languages group HLV Moore, Mossi HM Benue-Congo languages, Benue-Niger languages, Benue-Cross languages, Semi- HMH group HMK Jukunoid languages group HMO Cross-River languages group HMS Efik HMV group HMW Non-Bantu languages HMX Tiv (Munshi) HN Bantu languages HNJ Zone A languages (Guthrie) HNR Zone B languages (Guthrie) HOB Zone C languages (Guthrie) HOL Zone D languages (Guthrie) HPB Zone E languages (Guthrie) HPL Zone F languages (Guthrie) HPQ Zone G languages (Guthrie) HPU Swahili HQB Zone H languages (Guthrie) HQG Zone K languages (Guthrie) HQM Zone L languages (Guthrie) HQT Zone M languages (Guthrie) HRB Zone N languages (Guthrie) HRG Zone P languages (Guthrie) HRL Zone R languages (Guthrie) HRQ Zone S languages (Guthrie) HRV Xhosa, Kosa HRW Zulu HS North Western Sub-Bantu languages

HV Khoisan languages. Unclassified click languages HVH Hadzapi, Hadzabe, Hadza (no longer recognised as a Khoisan language) HVJ Sandawe HVK Hottentot, Khoekhoe (preferred term) HVR Bushman

J Australian languages

JF (Prefixing languages) JFF Multiple classifying languages (e.g. Janjula) JFG Dual classifying languages (e.g. Djerag) JFH Non-classifying languages (e.g. Jiwadja) JFJ (Suffixing languages) JFK Barkly Tableland languages group (e.g. Wagaja) JFL Wulamba languages group JFM Western desert languages group (e.g. Andagaringa) JFN South West Peripheral languages group (e.g. Inggada) JFP Aranda languages group (e.g. Iliaura) JFQ Victorian languages group (e.g. Jaralde) JFR Mixed languages JFS South Central languages (e.g. Pangkala) JFT North Central languages JFU New South Wales languages (e.g. Kamilaroi) JFV Cape York and North East Arnhem Land languages (e.g. Wik)

JGB Non-Malayo-Polynesian languages of Oceania and Australasia

JGB G , Palawa languages JGB J Negrito languages JGL Halmahera languages JGM Alor-Pantar languages JGM R Alor languges JGM T Pantar languages JGN Timor languages JGP New Guinea languages JGQ

JGT Asiatic, Oriental languages in general

JGV * Postulated family comprising the Malayo-Polynesian languages and the JGX Malayo-Polynesian languages, Austronesian languages JHB Malayan languages JHD Malay JHE Indonesian JHF Balinese JHG Javanese JHJ Maduran JHK Philippine languages JHK G Bisaya JHK K Cebuano JHK N Tagalog JHL Samoan JHM Chamorra (Guam) JHN Palau Islands JHP Achinese JHQ Minangkabau JHR Batak JHS Sundanese JHT Malagasy JHV Cham languages (South ) * Alternative to locating with Mon-Khmer languages at JMK JHX Formosan JJB Melanesian languages JJJ Polynesian languages JJQ Micronesian languages JJX Maori

JK Austroasiatic languages JL Mon-Khmer languages JLM Mon JM Khmer, Cambodian See also Annamese JWX JMK Cham languages * Alternative to locating under Malayan languages at JHV JML Other Mon-Khmer languages JN Annam-Muong JO Munda languages JOH Northern Munda languages group, Kherwari JOJ Southern Munda languages group JOK Western Munda languages group

JP Dravidian languages

JPX Southern Dravidian languages group JQ Tamil JR Malayalam JRN Nilgiri languages JRR Kodagu JRT Betta Kurumba JRV Kanarese (Kannada) JRY Tulu JSB Central Dravidian languages group JSD Telegu JSE Kolami JSF Naiki JSG Parji JSH Gadaba JSK Gondi JSL Dialects (e.g. Konda) JSN Northern Dravidian languages group

JSV Andamanese (isolate language)

JTB Sino-Tibetan languages, Indo-Chinese languages JTD Tibeto-Burman languages JTF Tibetan languages, JTG rGyalrong-Mishmi languages JTH Bodo-Tangsa-Kachin JTJ Naga-Chin languages, Kuki-Chin-Naga languages JU Burmese-Lolo languages, Lolo-Burmese languages JUT Karen languages JV Tai languages, Zhuang-Tai languages JVX Tai language JW Central Thai, Siamese JWT Laotian language, Isan language JWX Annamese languages, Annamese-Muong languages, Vietnamuong languages, Vietic languages JX JY Chinese languages K Chinese KH Mandarin KJ Kuo-yu, ‘National tongue’ KK Pekingese, Beijing KL Kiangsi KM Hweichow KN Min KO Foochow KP Amoy KQ Kam-Chakka, Hakka KR Hsiang, Hunan KS Yueh, KT Chuang-thai group KU T’ung-shui group KV Li KW Yi KX Miao-Yao languages, Hmong-Mien languages KXM Man KXO Miao KXQ Yao

KY Northeast and Northern Asian languages

L Japanese LK Korean * Alternative (preferred) to collocating with Mongolian at LSK LL LM Palaeo-Asiatic languages, Palaeo-Siberian languages LN Chukchean languages, Hyperborean languages LNH See also American Arctic Palaeo-Siberian languages GBN LNK Kamchatkan, Kamchadal language LNO LNR , Yakaghir languages LNT Gilyak language, Guilyak language, Nivkh language

LP Ural-Altaic languages

LQ Altaic languages LR , Tungus languages , Tungus-Manchu languages LRJ North Tungus languages, Northern Tungusic languages LRK North Western, Evenki LRN North Eastern, Lamut LRP South Tungus languages, Southern Tungusic languages LRQ Dzurcen (Nu-chen) LRR Manchu LRT Goldi (Nanay), Olcha and Orok LRU Udehe (Udekhe) and Orochi LS Mongolian languages, LSK , Korean * Alternative to locating with Japanese at LK LSL Literary Mongolian, East Mongolian languages LSP West Mongolian languages, Kalmuck LSQ Northern Mongolian languages, Buryat LST Diaspora languages LSU Monguor LSV Tunghsiang LSW Dagur LSX Mogul LT , Turko-Tartaric languages LTJ LTL Orkhon and Uighur LTP Middle Turkish languages LTQ Western languages group LTR Kuman, Kipchak LTS Eastern languages group LTT Karakhanid, Khwarezmian, Chagatai LUC Modern Turkic languages LUD Central Asiatic LUF New Uighur LUG Uzbek group LUH Chagatai LUJ City Ozbek, Uzbek LUK Qyrghyz, Kirghiz LUL Other Central Asiatic languages LUT South West Turkic languages LUX Pre-Ottoman language LV Ottoman Turkish LVJ Crimean Ottoman LVK Anatolian and Balkan dialects LVM Gagauz Turkish () LVO Osmanli Turkish LVP Azerbaijanian LVR Kashgai LVS Ainalu LVT Baharlu LVU Turkmen LWB North West Turkic languages LWN South Siberian Turkic languages LX North East Siberian languages, Yakut LY Chuvash

MB , Uralian languages MC Samoyedic languages MCJ North Samoyedic languages MCK Yurak (Nenec) MCL Tavgy (Nganasan) MCM Yenisey-Samoyedic (Enec) MCP South Samoyedic languages MCQ Ostyak-Samoyedic MCR Selqup MCS Sayan-Samoyedic languages MCT Kamassinic MD Finno-Ugric languages MDJ Ugric languages MDL Ostyak (Xanty) MDV Vogul (Mansi) ME Hungarian (Magyar) MF Finnic languages MFJ Permian languages, Permic languages MFK Votyak (Udmurt) MFL Zyrian. Zyrenian (Komi) MFM Volga Finnic MFN Cheremiss (Mari) MFP Hill Cheremiss MFQ Meadow Cheremiss MFT Mordvinian MFV Erza MFW Moksha MG Baltic Sea Finnic languages, Baltic Fiinic languages MH Livian. Livonian MJ Estonian MJL Votic. Vetish MJN Veps MJP Ludic, Lydi MJR Ingrian MJT Olonecian MK Karelian ML Suomi, Finnish MM Lappic. Sami languages

MO Caucasian languages MOL South Caucasian languages MON Georgian MOP Mingrelian and Laz, Latvian MOR Svanetian MP North Caucasian languages MPJ Eastern group. North East Caucasian languages MPK Chechen MPL Western group. North West Caucasian languages MPM Kiakh, Cherkess, Circassian

(Unaffiliated languages, isolate languages) MPN Etruscan MPQ Basque MPS Sumerian MPT Elamite

MQ Hamito-Semitic languages

MR Hamitic languages * Alternative to locating with African languages at HAM (which is preferred) MS Egyptian MT Ancient Egyptian MU Coptic MV MW Libyan MWL Tuareg MWP Guanche MX Cushite, Cushitic languages * For details see under African languages HAV MY Chad languages * For details see under African languages HAW

NB Semitic languages NC Proto-Semitic ND North Semitic languages NDX North East Semitic languages. [Modern = East Semitic] NE Akkadian, Assyro-Babylonian NET Eblaite NEV Central Semitic languages NEX North West Semitic languages NF Canaanite languages NFM Moabite NFP Phoenician, Punic (Hebrew) See NT NG Ugaritic NH Amorite NJ Aramaic, Aramaic languages NJJ East Aramaic languages NJK Syriac NJL Talmudic Aramaic NJM Mandaic NJN East Neo-Aramaic NJP West Aramaic languages NJQ Judaeo-Aramaic NJS Samaritan NJT Palestinian-Christian NJU Nabataean NJV Palmyrene NJW West Neo-Aramaic (South Semitic languages)  NN NKX South West Semitic NL NM By country (as Schedule 2) NN South Semitic languages [formerly South East Semitic] NP South Arabic, South Arabian NQ Epigraphic South Arabic, Himyaritic NRB Sabaean NRD Minaean NRF Modern South Arabian dialects (e.g. Mahri) NS Ethiopic languages NSJ North Ethiopic languages NSL Geez, Ancient Ethiopic NSN Tigre NSP Tigrinya NSQ South Ethiopic languages NSR Amharic NSS Argobba NST Harari NSU Gurage NSY Gafat NT Hebrew

NTD PE Classical Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew NTD PG Mishnaic Hebrew, Rabbinic Hebrew NTD PK Modern Hebrew

NTK Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation NTM Sephardi Hebrew pronunciation ( in Spain) NTP Judaeo-Spanish, Ladino * Alternative to collocating with Spanish UL (Hebrew language in Germany) NTR * Alternative to collocating with German XM

PB Indo-European languages

PBF PBK Hittite PBL Palaic languages Luwic languages Lycian Carian Lydian

PBM Phrygian PBP Armenian PBT . Turfanian languages PBU Tocharian A, Turfanian, Agnean PBV Tocharian B, Kuchean

PC Indo-Iranian languages PD Indic languages, Indo- languages PDY Ancient Indo-Aryan languages PE Vedic PF PFT PFX Middle Indo-Aryan languages PG Pali

PGY Modern Indo-Aryan languages PHB North West group, Dardic languages PHD Kashmiri PHF Shina PHG Gypsy, Romany, Romani PHL Lahnda dialects (some consider dialects of Punjabi) PHS Sindhi PHT Kohistani * Originally at PRV PHY Central group. languages, Madhya languages Western Hindi PJ Hindustani PK Hindi PL Urdu (a standardized register of Hindustani) PM Panjabi Punjabi, Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi PN Gujurati PP Rajasthani PPQ Bhili PPS East Central group. Eastern Hindi PPV [East Hindi] PPX Eastern Indo-Aryan languages [group] PQ Bengali PRB Oriya PRD Assamese PRF Bihari PRG Bhojpuri PRH Maithili PRJ Magahi PRL Pahari group PRM East Pahari PRN Nepali, Gorkhali PRP Garwhali PRQ Kumaoni PRS Southern group PRT Marathi Konkani PS Insular Indic. Sinhalese, [Ceylon], Maldivian [PRV Kohistani]

PT Iranic, Iranian languages, Irano-Aryan languages Proto-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian PTK Ancient Iranian languages. Old Iranian languages PTL PTM Avestan PTP Middle Iranian languages PTQ Parthian. Pahlavi PTR Middle Persian PTS Bactrian PTT Khorezmian PTU Sogdian Old Ossetic Sakan. Scythian languages. Scytho-Sarmatian languages Scythian Sarmatian Alanian PTV . Scytho-Sakanese PTV K Khotanese. Khotan PTV T Tumshuq. PTW Modern Iranian languages. New Iranian languages PTX Western Iranian languages PTX S Southern group languages PTY Literary Persian PU Modern Persian. Fars PUH Lur. Luristan PUJ Khurusan PUK Kerman PUL Caspian languages PUM Mazanderani Gilaki [currently at PUT] PUN North Western PUP Bakhtiari PUQ Kurdish PUS Balochi. Baluchi PUT Gilak PUV Talysh PUW Scythian PV Eastern Iranian PVJ Pushtu PVL Pamimr group, Galcha, Mountain Tadzhik PVN Shugni PVP Wakhi PVQ Munjani PVS Yaghnobi PVT Ossetic

PW Balto-Slavonic languages

PWJ PWK Western Baltic PWN Eastern Baltic PWT Lithuanian PWV Latvian

PX Slavonic languages, PY East Slavic languages Q Russian QH Old Ruthenian QJ Ukrainian QK Belorussian, Belarusian QKK Rusyn, Ruthene, Ruthenian QL South Slavic languages QM Slovene, Slovenian QN Serbo-Croatian QP Macedonian QQ Bulgarian QQK Church Slavonic QR West Slavic languages QRL Lechitic languages QRT Polabian [from QVT] QRV Pomeranian, Kashubian [from QVV] QS Polish QST Silesian QSV Czech-Slovak QT Slovak QV Czech QVH Bohemian QVM Moravian * This is one of a number of dialects of Czech QVN Sorbian languages, Lusatian languages, Wendish languages QVP High Sorbian. Upper Sorbian QVR Low Sorbian, Lower Sorbian QVT QVV

QW Celtic languages QWJ Gaulish, Gallic  QWX L QWK QWL Goedhelic, Gaelic, Erse, Goidelic languages QWM Irish Gaelic QWN Scottish Gaelic QWP Manx QWR Brythonic languages, Brittonic languages QWS Welsh, Cymric QWV Cornish QWX Breton QWX H Continental Celtic languages QWX L Gaulish, Gallic QWY Hispano-Celtic languages QWY L Celtiberian, Northeastern Hispano-Celtic QWY N Gallaecian, Northwestern Hispano-Celtic QWY R Ligurian QWY S Lusitanian

QXB Thraco-Illyrian [Hypothetical grouping] QXC Daco-Thracian QXD Thracian QXE Dacian QXF Illyrian

QXH Albanian, Albanese

RB Classical

RD . Graeco-Macedonian languages

RDG Proto- RDH Achaean  RDQ RDJ Macedonian * The ancient language; for the Slavic language see QP

RDM Minoan-Mycenaean RDN Cypriote Linear RDP Minoan, Language of script RDP T EteoCretan

RDQ . Greek of script (foundation language of the Greek dialects), Achaean Greek

RDV Greek dialects RDW Eastern group dialects RDX Ionic RE Attic, standard Greek, ‘classical’ Greek of ancient literature REG Central group dialects REJ Aeolic REK Arcado-Cypriot, Southern Achaean, Arcadian and Cyprian REK K Western group dialects REK N Northwest Doric REK N Achaean REL Doric Greek proper REM Sicilian REN Argolic REP Laconian REQ Corinthian

RF Koine, Hellenistic Greek, Alexandrian dialect, Common RG Byzantine Greek, Mediaeval Greek

RH , Neo-Hellenic, Romaic

RJ , Standard Modern Greek, ‘official’ Greek (the spoken language) RK Greek, Literary Greek * The written, official language of until 1976 RL Modern Greek dialects RLM Cappodocian Greek RLP RLS Italiot Greek, South Italian RLS L Calabrian dialect, Greek-Bovesian RLS R Griko, Grico, Grekanika RLT RLY Yevanic, Judaeo-Greek, Romaniyot

RM RN Venetic RP Osco-Umbrian RQ Umbrian RR Oscan RS Sabellian languages RT Volscian RV Latinian dialects RW Latin-Faliscan RY Faliscan S Latin SJ Pre-literary Latin SL Archaic Latin SN Classical Latin SP Vulgar Latin SQ Mediaeval Latin

SR Romance languages * Derivatives of Latin

SS Proto-Romance ST Raeto-Romance SV Romansch SVK Friulian SVL Ladin (Dolomite) SW Rumanian, Romanian SX Dalmatian (Vegliote) T Italian TJ Standard Italian TK Dialects TL Gallo-Italian TM Venetian TN Tuscan TP Corsican TQ Central Italian TS South Italian TT Ticino TV Sardinian

TY Ibero-Romance U Spanish UH Hispano-Roman dialects UJ Aragonese UK Literary Spanish, Castilian UL Ladino, Judaeo-Spaniolic * Alternative to NTP UM Modern dialects UN Andalusian UP Portuguese UQ Galician UR Provencal and Catalan US Catalan UV Provencal UY Gallo-Romance V French VP Franco-Provencal VR Languedoc, Provencal broadly See also Provencal proper, UV VS Auvergnat and Limousin VT Gascon

WB Germanic languages

WC Proto-Germanic

WD East Germanic WE Gothic WF Other WG North Germanic, Scandinavian languages WH Old Norse WJ West Norse WK Icelandic WL Norwegian WM Bokmaal WN Landsmaal, Nynorsk WO Faroese, Faerish WP East Norse WQ Danish WS Swedish WT Gutnish WY West Germanic X High German XH East High German XJ Lombardic XK Silesian XL Thuringian XM Yiddish * Alternative to NTR XN West High German, Upper German, Franconian XNK Upper Franconian XNR Rhenish Franconian XNT Bavarian XP Austrian XR Allemannic XRJ Swabian XRL Swiss German XRP Alsatian XRQ Pennsylvania German, Pennsylvania Dutch XRS Modern German, Standard German XT Low German, Plattdeutsch XTK Old Saxon, Old Low German XTL Low Saxon XTP Frisian XTR Low Franconian XU Netherlands XV Dutch XVP Pennsylvania Dutch  XRQ XW Flemish XY Afrikaans Y English YK Anglo-Saxon, YM Middle English YP Modern English