Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity Roy A

Cambridge University Press 0521228735 - Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity Roy A. Rappaport Index More information

INDEX

aborigines, Australian 29, 148, 199, 202, adornment in Maring ritual 80±1 206, 213±15, 460±1 Aeschylus 41 Abrahams, I. 190, 412 air as substance 163 Abrahams, R. 33, 34, 39, 47, 381 Akkad temples 37 Absolutizing the Relative MTillich) 443 alethia Mtruth) of Logos 349 acceptance 119±23, 134, 137, 201, 224 alienation 319, 448 audience 136 Altamira caves 258 and belief 395±6 alteration in consciousness 219, 220±2, 229, common acceptance of Ultimate Sacred 257, 258 Postulates 327±8, 339 alternatives, in language 17±22, 165, 321±2, coordination of individual acts of 226±7 415, 417 disparity between inward state and 121 Altman, S. 13 and the ground of sanctity 283±7 ambiguity 88±9, 91, 95, 102±3, 151, 279 and heuristic rules 291 amelioration of falsehood 15±17 intensi®cations of 339 Americans, liturgical basis of 284±5 Native 33±4, 92, 210±12, 298±9, 380 accuracy of sentences 280 see also names of groups Achehnese people 180 analogic processes, digital representation of acquaintance-knowledge 375 86±9 activities, temporal organization of 193±6, analysis versus performance 253±7 218 Ancient Tahitian Society MOliver) 433±4 actors versus celebrants 135±6 Andaman Islanders, The MRadcliffe-Brown) acts, 220, 226 and agents 145±7 animals, in ritual 241, 242, 249, 259±60 compared in drama and ritual 136 anticipation 174 and objects 147 Antigone MSophocles) 42, 44 adaptation 5±7, 7, 9, 408±10 apostasy 133, 327 adaptive systems, hierarchy of 7, 267±8 Apostolic Constitutions Mfourth century) 191, aspects of understandings 267±8 335 as maintenance of truth 410±11 Aranda people 148 maladaptation 441±3 architecture and ritual 258 religious conceptions in human 406±8, Arioi society of Society Islands 33±4 414±19 Aristotle 41, 177, 293 structural requirements of adaptiveness art and grace 384±8 422±5 articulation of unlike systems and ritual structure of adaptive processes 419±22 occurrence 97±101 truth and falsity 443±4 Ascher, R. 413 Adler, M. 203±4 Asha in Zoroastrian thought 356±60

519

520 Index

athletic contests as ritual 38, 43±4 concept of 119±20 Attwater, D. 162±3 statements of 290 audience versus congregation 39±41, Bell, C. 24, 28 135±7 belligerency see Maring ritual, warfare auguries 320 Benedict, Saint 200 Augustine of Hippo, Saint 13, 154, 170±1, Beni-Israel of India 334±5 176, 232, 258 Bergin, T. G. 20 Austin, J. L. 8, 21, 49, 51, 57, 114 Bergson, H. 311, 400 performatives 121±2, 124±5, 132±3, Berlin, I. 20 278 Bettleheim, B. 149 and constatives 279 Bickerton, D. 4 authority, Bierstadt, R. 446 of conventions 125 binary aspect of ritual occurrence 89±97 and ef®cacy 274±5 biography 233 and liturgical order 118±19 birth and death, representations of 230±1 sancti®cation of 324, 446 blessedness of giving 205 auto-communication 51 Blest, A. D. 24 axes in ritual see Maring ritual Bligh, Captain William 34 axioms, cosmological 263±5, 269±70, 273, Bloch, M. 27±8, 49, 77, 118, 124, 151, 303 320 chant/song and invariance 332 axioms and Ultimate Sacred Postulates features of juncture 252 287±90 blood in ritual 260±1 Axon, W. E. A. 315 bluf®ng 12 Aztec Mexico 29 Bochenski, J. 290±1, 297 Azura Mazdah see Zoroastrianism body, use in ritual 146±7, 164 Bok, S. 13 Babcock, B. 256±7, 263 Bonding strength and frequency of ritual Babel as vice of symbolic transmission 54 225±6 Babylonian myth of creation 156±7 bonds see obligations Baikie, J. 354 Bourdieu, P. 304, 306 Bali, time-reckoning in 179, 180 Bourguignon, E. 227 ball game in Sioux ritual 362 Boyce, M. 359 baptism 35, 154 brain and mechanisms of ritual 228±9 barometer as an index 63, 65 breath as symbol of spirit 163 Basic Dogma and heuristic rules 291±2 Brenner, C. 99 Bateson, G. 6, 39, 51, 99, 108±9, 110 Brown, J. E. 34, 147, 277, 278, 298±9, 361 adaptation 410 Brown, N. W. 133, 325, 359 categories 171±2 Bruner, J. 401 creation of matter 156, 164±5 Buber, M. 13, 232, 322, 403, 417, 443, 448 deutero-learning 304±5, 307 Buchbinder, G. 327, 240 grace 383±4 Buchler, J. 3, 54, 59, 64, 65 problem of rational consciousness 401, Buddha and Buddhism 333, 334, 336 402, 403 Budge, E. A. W. 353, 354 responses to perturbations 420 buffering against disruption 101±6 Bateson, M. C. 31, 151 buildings for ritual performance 144±5 Becker, J. 180 Bullough, S. 200 Bede, Venerable 337, 339, 340 bullroarers in Gadjari rituals 159, 213 behavior 33 Bultmann, R. 349 categories of formal 34±5 Burks, Arthur 54, 59, 473n15 frequency of ritual 202±4, 209 Burns, I. F. 158 genetic determination of patterns 321 Bushmen, Southern Africa 199 relationship of convention to 126±7 stylization of 332 Caka system of time reckoning 180 Being 393, 398±9, 403 calendars 179, 180, 181, 196 belief, liturgical calendrical/non-calendrical and acceptance 119±24, 291, 395±6 cycles 188±9, 196±7 common 122 calumets see pipes, sacred

Index 521

Calverly, E. E. 333 and numinous experience 380±1, 404 Campbell, J. 111, 148, 254±5 community, communication and sanctity canon, 326±8 de®nition of 224 compass and interpretant 62 and term/form de®ning performer's state complexity Msocial) and ethics 204±5 105±6 compliance with order accepted 201 Carleton, J. G. 192 comprehension, holistic 229 carnival 38, 46, 218, 257, 381 computation, Carnoy, A. V. 357, 358 analogic and digital 87 Carrington, R. S. 261 liturgical orders and time 216±17 Cartesian method see Descartes, ReneÂ and rituals 96±7 categories, social processes in establishment concepts, cultural 10 of 174±5 conceptual, existence of the 397 categories of human understanding 172±5 conceptual capacity 3 Catholic ritual 200 conceptual power 5 see also Mass, Roman Catholic concrete, transcendence of the 5 Catlin, G. 300 Confessions MSt Augustine) 171, 176 cave paintings see paintings, paleolithic congregation versus audience 39±41, 135±7, celebrants versus actors 135±6 224 centers, signi®cance of 209±10, 212, 362 consciousness 172±3, 402 ceremony 34±5, 38±9 alteration in ritual 219, 229, 257, 258, certainty 21, 285±6, 291±2, 373, 451 386±8 see also unquestionableness God's 20 certum 20, 296 and religious experience 375±6 Chadwick, H. M. 337 and tempo 220±2 Chamula people 210±12 see also reason, conscious Chaney, W. A. 193, 339, 340, 435 constatives 279, 280, 344, 368 changelessness, absolute see eternity constraints in ritual 128, 331 changing and unchanging 176, 187±8, 225, Constructed Indices 63 269±70 contextualization of athletic contests and Ultimate Sacred Postulates 342±3 theatre 45 chanting 227, 259 contingency, relations of 270±2 Chapple, E. D. 228 contingent and fundamental elements charcoal used in ritual see Maring ritual distinguished 271±2 charity 205 continuity/discontinuity in liturgy 341 China, time-reckoning in ancient 177 control transduction 101 Christ, Jesus 162±3 convention, chronicles 233 acceptance of 137±8, 395±6 circumcision 92±3, 147, 148, 262 establishment of 22, 124±6, 205, 323 clay in ritual dancing see Maring ritual ritual and daily practice 126±31 clocks and sundials analogy 60±1 and formality 131 cloistered communities 199, 200 naturalization of 164±8 clowns 33 and ordinary usage 128±9 code, concept of 127±8, 251±2 political 38 Codere, H. 84 in ritual utterances and acts 114 coherence 102 violation of 129±31 commandments 318, 319 Coolidge, Calvin 443, 455 commissives 318, 320, 321 coordination, neurophysiology and communication, communitas 226±30 community and sanctity 326±8 Corballis, M. C. 463n3 non-verbal 139±40 correctness of performative enactment 116 ritual as 50±2 cosmogonies 158, 160±1 communicational capacity 3, 140 see also creation myths communion and substantiation 142, 154 cosmology and conduct 266 communitas 216, 219±20, 221, 257 cosmos, coordination and neurophysiology cosmic order and Logoi 359±60 226±30 and postmodern science 457

522 Index

cosmos Mcont.) digital circuits and ritual occurrence 96±7 structure of 264±5, 268 digital representation of analogic processes see also axioms, cosmological 86±9, 340 Council of Nicea MAD 325) 192 digitalization 88, 101 Council of Trent 154 dimensions of liturgical orders 170 Crane, J. 25 direction and time 211±12 creation myths 155±60 directives 273±4 ancient Egyptian 157, 158 hierarchical organization of 425 Babylonian 156±7 and liturgical order 118±19 Greek 158 sancti®ed 318±19, 320 Jewish 161±2 of sancti®ed authorities 321 Mesopotamian 157 disconsonance between law and meaning and ritual 164±8 453±6 see also cosmogonies discontinuity in liturgy 341±2 creditability and the lie 15, 83 discourse, Creeds, Christian 263, 269, 277, 288, 289 analysis of religious 292 cricket as ritual display 45 sacred 282±3 Croon, J. H. 46 and sanctity 281±2, 345 Cross as Christian symbol 254, 299 disorder and alternative 17±18, 418 Cullen, J. M. 24, 50 display, cults 436±7 epideictic 83±4 culture, uniqueness of human 9 physical 24, 25, 50, 55, 81, 139±41, 332 Curran, C. 441 advantages over verbal 142±4 cybernetics of the holy 429±37, 446, 448 disruption, buffering against 101±6 Cyprian, Saint 154 distinction in meaning 70±1 distribution and prestige 85±6 daily practice and establishment of divinations 320 convention 126±31 divine, Dakota people 298 concept of the 1, 3, 25, 290, 304, 378 dancing 57±8, 220±1, 227, 228 distinguished from the sacred 282, 303 Daniel, E. V. 262 ®ve features of the 396±7 d'Aquili, E. 113, 201, 226, 226±7, 229 objective presence of the 398±9 de Rougemont, D. 448 Divine Of®ce 198±9, 200 de Vaux, R. 336 divinity, truth and order 297±304 death, division, succession, period and interval and compensation rituals 206±7 Mtime) 177±81 representations of birth and 230±1 divisive consequences of religious and signs 260 conception and practice 439±40 Debrunner, A. 347 Dobson, R. B. 435 deceit 11, 55, 122, 447 Does God Exist? MKung) 21 see also deception; lies dogma Mbasic) and heuristic rules 290±2 deception 12±15, 349, 465n9, 466n10 Dorsey, J. O. 147 decision-making process, public 77, doubt and acceptance 120, 283 103±4 Douglas, M. 123, 219, 248, 447 decorum in ritual 33±6 drama and ritual 38, 39, 41±6, 134±7 decrees 323, 383 Dreamtime/the Dreaming 36, 159, 162, demonstration 55, 56, 141 213±15, 287, 301 demonstrations as ritual 38 Australian Logos 366±7, 461 desancti®cation 432 drumming in ritual 221, 225, 227, 250 Descartes, ReneÂ 19, 20, 456±7 Duchesne-Guillemin, J. 133, 356, 357, 358 Deshpande, M. 282 Ducker, P. 84 deutero-learning 304±5, 306±7 Duncan, Isadora 386 and self-interest 310±11 duration and intervals 217 deutero-truth 304±12 Durhin, 463n3 characteristics of 306±7 Durkheim, Emile 170±5, 199, 282, 331 individual variation problems 308±9 religious experience 378±81, 400 modi®cation of 307±8 Durocher, L. 308

Index 523

Dyak people 180 evolution of humanity 3±5, 6±7, 10, Dyirbal case 67±8 408±10, 456 exegeses, privileged 320 Easter 192, 198, 336, 337, 338±9 Existential Game 420, 442, 443 ecosystem, concept of the 458±61 experience, ecstatic states 229, 379±80 aesthetic 385±7 ef®cacy, mystical 71 differences between physical and quality of 218±19 meaningful 108±10 religious 375±6, 384, 386 general principles 107, 108±13 meaning of 391±5 of the non-material 397±8 meaningfulness of 391 occult 149±50 explicitness of performative enactment 116 of performance 274 expression, versus formality 46±50 comparative invariance of 328±43 Egypt, thought in ancient 353±6 establishing authorities 320±1 elaboration of movements and objects, sancti®ed 317±19 ritualized 50 ubiquity of 333±4 Elementary Forms of the Religious Life MDurkheim) 171, 175, 378 fabrications 21 Eliade, M. 97, 135, 177, 209±10, 230, 231, see also falsehood; lie 235 factives 133, 167, 295, 320 Ellis, W. 34 facts and theories 450±1 Emet MHebrew ``truth'') 298 faith 120, 283±4 emotion in ritual 49, 258±9, 387±8 see also belief; doubt emptiness see vacuity Falasha people of Ethiopia 335 Enchiridon, The MAugustine of Hippo) 13 falsehood, encoding of messages 32±3, 52±3 ameliorated by ritual 15±17, 55, 83, 319, Encyclopedia Judaica 445 415 Enlightenment 449 facilitation of 319±20 entailments of ritual form, logical 26±7 see also lie entertainment 44 falsi®cation of indices 55±6 enthusiasm, religious 377, 383 falsity and adaptive truth 443±4 Enuma Elish MBabylonian) account of features of juncture 151 creation 156±7 Feeley-Harnick, G. 445 environment, relations and understandings Fenichel, O. 72, 99, 375 266±7 Fernandez, J. 49, 141, 148, 246 Eorcenbert, king of Kent 339 festivals 38, 96 epistemology, Figan Mchimpanzee) 13±15, 55 of discovery 452 Finkelstein, L. 333 of money 454±6 Finnegan, R. 49, 51, 117, 141±2 Erikson, E. 24, 111, 390 Fiore, Q. 38 establishment of new rituals 32±3 Firth, R. 24, 38±9, 47, 148 eternity 185, 222, 225, 230±4 Fisch, M. H. 20 the innumerable versus the eternal ¯exibility, 234±5 and disorder 17±18, 165±6, 418 ethics 204±5, 325 and language 252, 414±15 ethos of society and deutero-truths 305±6 football as ritual 45 Etkin, W. 24 Ford, R. I. 193 Etoro people 441 form, Eucharist 53, 277, 278, 299, 330 association of word and 162±3 antiquity of 335 structure and ritual 26±7 Sanctus 336, 338 and substance 29±32 Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 149, 162, 444 dichotomy of 164±5 principles in construction of time 182±5, reunion of 152±5 223 union as creation 155±64, 164±6 event, interpretation of the term 89±90 formal, meaning of term 46 evil, alternative as ground of human 18 formal cause and ritual 27±8

524 Index

formal characteristics of ritual 115±16 Gould, R. A. 367 formality, grace 377, 382±4 Mas decorum) in ritual 33±6 and art 384±8 conjunction with performance 118 grammar, continuum of MAbrahams) 39 and conception of alternatives 5, 17, 165 and convention 131 as meta-level of language 172 not necessarily ritual 37 gravity of ritual 31 profound importance of 126 Greece, versus physical ef®cacy 46±50 drama in ancient 41±2, 44, 45±6, 137 forms, mixed 66±8 dynamic of time in ancient 185±6 Fortes, M. 48, 52 Gregorian chant 258 Fortescue, A. 330 Gregory the Great, Pope 192, 335, 339 foundations of humanity 404±5 Griaule, M. 162 Frake, C. 127, 251 Grim, P. 19 Frankfort, H. 157, 354, 355 Grimes, R. 24 Frazer, J. T. 174, 177 group selection 10 Freedman, D. N. 298, 336 gymnastics 45 frequency of rituals 198±201, 202±4, 208±9 and bounding strength 225±6 Hall, E. T. 176 ethics and social complexity 204±5 Hall, R. 300±1 and invariance 333 Hallo, W. W. 37 and restraint 205±8 Handsome Lake MSeneca prophet) 336 Freud, S. 24, 203, 207, 400, 447 Harlow, H. E. 304 Friday as Muslim day of assembly 191±2 harmony of Logos 349 Frisancho, R. 420 Harrison, Jane 41, 47, 135, 137 Frost, Robert 148 Hawking, S. W. 233 function and ritual 28 Heidegger, M. 347, 348, 349, 350, 352 fundamentalism 44±5 Heidel, A. 156 Heidiger, H. 14 Gadjari people 158, 213±15 Heisenberg's principle of indeterminancy 456 Gahuku-Gama people 45 Heraclitus 347±8, 368, 400, 461 games and ritual 43±4, 45 Herdt, G. 260, 261 Gardiner, A. H. 355 heretics, 327 Geertz, C. 129, 179±80, 332 Hesiod 158 Genesis, hierarchies, regulatory 423±4, 425±7, 430±2 M1:26±31) 453 hierarchy of liturgical orders 22, 170, creation in 155±6, 162 263±76 George III, king of England 435 high-diving 45 gestures, ritual see display Hinde, R. 24 ghost dance prophetic movement 436 Hippolytus 121±2 Gifford Lectures MEdinburgh 1901±2) 374 history, Glazebrook, M. G. 191 and myth 233±4 Gluckman, M. and M. 38, 42, 43, 130, 381 and temporal experience 186±7, 234±5 God, Hobbes, Thomas 13 names of 163 Hockett, C. F. 13, 413 unitary nature of 10 holy, Goffman, E. 24, 31 breaking the 447±9 golden rule 205 concept of the 1, 3, 22, 24, 230, 290, 437 Goldman, S. 101 cybernetics of the 429±37 golem concept 161±2 numinous as part of the 377±8, 384 Good and Evil MBuber) 13 holy days 190±3 Goodenough, E. R. 111 Homans,G.C.46 Goodenough Islanders 56, 84, 85, 88 homeostasis 410, 411 Goodman, F. 228 Homer, meaning of word ``Logos'' in 347 Goody, E. 24 homicide and ¯ood taboos 206 Goody, J. 24, 47, 343 homilies as sacti®ed expressions 318 Gossen, G. 211 Hooke, S. H. 156

Index 525

Hoopes, J. 261 transduction 97±8 Hopi people 210, 211 innumerable versus the eternal 234±5 hozho of the Navajo 364±6 insincerity 16, 121±2 humanity, instrumentality 272±3 foundations of 404±5 insulation mechanism 411±12 fundamental contradiction of 451±3 integration and meaningfulness 73 nature of 406±7 intensity of ritual state 202 Huxley, A. 383±4 intentionality and deceit 12 Huxley, J. 24 interactions and variation, social 102 hypercoherence 102 internalization of distinctiveness 204 hyperreality and ritual representations interpretant, meaning of term 61±2 257±62 interpretation and inference 64±5 hypocrisy 123, 447±8 interval, succession, division and period Mtime) 177±81, 233±4 Iatmul people, Naven rituals of 39 see also duration and intervals icons 54, 66, 140, 213 invariance 36±7, 42 and animal communication 66 canonical 373 in Maring ritual cycle 77±80 comparative 328±43 idea of the Holy, The MOtto) 377 differential 334±6 Idelsohn, A. Z. 53, 331, 334, 335, 336 profound importance of 126, 291 identity destructured in ritual 219 sanctity and comparative invariance identity and meaning 72 328±43 idolatry 441±3, 444±5 and unquestionableness 285±6 Iliad MHomer) 158 of written texts 444 illocutionary acts 114, 117, 295 invention of new ritual 32±3 illusion and truth 399±404 inversion, immorality, in adaptation 9±11 and breach of obligation 132 in the order of knowledge 449±51 and performatives 121±2, 128±30 Iran, revolution in 435 immortality 185, 225, 230, 231, 232, 235 irreversibility, imperfection in rituals, tolerance of 329 and life change 186±7 incorporeal aspects of social life 84±6 without end 235 index/indices 54±68 see also eternity characterization of 58±60 Isidore of Seville 316 Constructed Indices 63 Islam, Kalimat al Shahada 277, 288, 333 in Maring ritual cycle 77±80 Isthmian games at Corinth 46 Natural Indices 63, 65 in Maring cycle 80±2 Jacobson, T. 37 second order index 81 Jacques, E. 174 True Indices 63, 65±6, 67 Jakobson, R. 54, 67 indexicality, James, William 25, 258, 374±7, 383, 400, 443 feigned 14, 415 Java, time reckoning in 180 in Maring ritual cycle 74±7 John's Gospel M17.11. 14) 200 of self-referential messages 108 Jones, A. H. M. 192, 337 India, Jorgensen, J. 34 time-reckoning in ancient 177 Judaism 120, 200, 203±4, 209, 298 ``Vedic lies'' 297 Amida benedictions 335 individual, concern with the 374±5, 378 antiquity of liturgy 336±7 Indonesia, time-reckoning in 179, 180 dietary laws 445 inference and interpretation 64±5 Halakha practice 203±4, 209 in®dels 327 Kashrut, laws of 16 information 70, 372±3, 402±3 Kedusha 336, 338 capacity for receiving 110±11 Passover MPesach) 337, 338±9 as enemy of meaningfulness 73 Shema 53, 263, 269, 277, 279, 288, 330 and matter-energy 109±10, 111±13 antiquity of 334±5 meaningful 100±1 ubiquity of 333 problems of speci®c 16±17 Talmud 298

526 Index

Kabbalah 161, 448 and the symbol 7±9 Kachin ritual 46, 47 versatility 322 Kalmus, H. 422 vices of 10±22, 54 Kapferer, B. 26, 27, 33, 40 words and postures 143±4 Katz, R. 199 Lappenberg, J. M. 340 Kelly, R. 260, 441 Lascaux caves 258 Kernan, 127 Laughlin, C. D. 113, 201, 226, 226±7, 229 Kertzer, D. I. 24 law and meaning, disconsonance between Khomeini, Ayatollah 435 453±6 killing and signs 260 Leach, E. R. 24, 30, 38, 128, 129 kinesics 140 dynamic of time in ancient Greece 185±6 King's Evil Mscrofula) 270±1, 314±15, 318, myth and ritual 151 319 reiteration of messages 77 kingship 34±5, 39, 315±17, 332±3, 340, 435 ritual as communication 52, 251 Kirk, G. S. 347, 348, 351, 380 ritual's lack of material ef®cacy 46±7 Kittel, G. 298 temporal experience 175, 181, 230 Kleinknecht, H. 347, 348, 350, 352, 373, 461 learning, Kluckhohn, C. 278, 364 deautero- 304±5, 306±7, 310±11 kneeling in ritual 142 ritual 388±90 knighthood, transformation and convention legitimacy of liturgical order 131 112, 125 length of rituals 201±2, 208±9 knowledge, Leon-Portilla, M. 301, 303 and aesthetic experience of art 385±6 Leslau, W. 335 inversion in order of 449±51 LeÂvi-Strauss, C. 28, 44±5, 187, 190 per causas 20 Levy, R. 91, 305, 307 reordering of 451 Lewis, C. T. 406 represented in language 160±1 Lewis, G. 261 Kung, Hans 21, 440, 441, 451 Lex, B. 113, 201, 227, 228 Lichtheim, M. 356 La Fontaine, J. S. 24, 30, 134 lies 11±17, 21, 54, 133±4, 297, 443±4 Lacey, T. A. 154 common 297 Lakota people 320 concept of 11±13 Lane-Poole, S. 277 diabolical 447±9 Langer, S. K. 72, 385±6 Gnostic 455±6 language, of oppression 446±7 alternatives 17±22, 165, 321±2, 417±18 problem of 15, 415±16, 417 body language 252 proto-lying 15 canonical signs and ordinary language symbolically transmitted 15 255±6 Vedic/Zoroastrian 133, 297, 298, 358 and concept of the sacred 323±4, 418±19 see also deceit; deception and concepts 8±9 Limba people 141±2 and convention 166 Lipuma, E. 130 effects of 8±9 liturgical order, emergence of 4±5 acceptance of 119±23 emergence of religion with 16 adaptive characteristics 267±8 and evolution 10 de®nition and usage of term 169 features of juncture 252 dimensions 170, 188 ¯exibility 7, 17±18, 166, 252, 322±3 hierarchical 263±76, 346 in adaptive processes 414±15 grounds of recurrence 188±90 Hockett's design features 13 records of 37 and human mode of adaptation 9±11 regularity and regulation 196±8 lies 11±17, 448±9 simultaneous dimension of synchronic 236 see also lies as main heading temporal entailments of 269 linguistic ability 3±4 True Order 345±6 and liturgy 251±2 liturgy, and the occult 49 meaning of term 47, 118, 350 private and public systems 99 and performance 118±19

Index 527

principles in construction of time 183 food 79, 82, 241, 250, 259 Logic of Religion, The MBochenski) 290 kaiko festival 53, 77±8, 84, 190, 193 logical entailments of ritual form 26±7 marriage patterns 206 Logoi 27 misunderstanding of author's analysis ancient Egyptian 353±6 27±8 Australian aboriginal 366±7 ngimbai 201±2 Maring nomane 367±8 nomane 367±8 Native American 360±6 pandanus fruit 241, 259, 329 Vedic 359±60 pouches Mmbamp yuk)78±9 Zoroastrian 356±9 rumbim, Logos 22, 162±3, 196, 369±70, 450 planting 16, 75±6, 93±4, 103, 190, 193 comprehensiveness and pervasiveness of spatial aspect 212±13, 254 351 sexual symbolism 244±7, 254 concept of a new 459±61 signi®cata 253±4, 258 concept of 350±1 rumbin, uprooting 77, 94, 95, 98, 190 and liturgy 351±3 spirits 202, 237±9, 330 qualities of 349 succession of recurrent processes 185, 189 range of meanings 346±8 taboos 206, 207, 241, 249 violation of 350, 369±70 territoriality 243±4 Lommel, H. 357 time and space 212±13 Lord's Day, concept of 191, 196 variation and indexicality 74±7 loving neighbors 205 warfare 57, 75±6, 104, 112, 241, 267 yu min rumbim 237±51, 329 Ma'at in Egyptian thought 353±6 see also pigs MacDonnel, A. A. 334 markers in ritual acts 112 McKay, B. 420 marriage 34±5, 206 McKelway, A. J. 403 Maruyama, M. 324 MacKenzie, J. S. 177, 200 Marx, K. 400, 447 McKeon, R. 41, 177 Masani, R. 357, 358, 359 McLuhan, M. 38 Mass, McManus, J. 201, 226, 226±7, 229 Roman Catholic 25, 29, 36, 40, 44, 52±3 magic in ritual 117, 126, 149 antiquity of 335, 336 maladaptation 441±3 and convention 125±6 Malinowski, B. 50 signi®cata of 257, 315 Mammandabari people 159±60, 166, 213±14 and social order 270 Margoliouth, G. 191±2 material ef®cacy, lack in ritual 46±7 Maring people 36, 53, 57, 74 mating in Maring ritual 81 metrics of regional system 99±100 matter, relationships 75, 78, 130 creation of 155, 156 settlement patterns 94, 130 metaphor of 149 women 239±41 matter and form in sacraments 154±5 Maring ritual, matter-energy and information 109±10, addresses to ancestors 277 111±13 adornment Mpersonal) 80±1 Mauss, M. 12 amame planting 244±8, 254 meaning, amatory display 81 disconsonance between law and 453±6 animals 242, 249, 250, 259 and energy 111±13 axes 78, 79, 329 in religious experience 391±5 cassowaries 238, 249, 329 three levels of 70±4, 392±5 charcoal Mringi) 75, 76±7 meaning and meaningfulness of religious coordination of ritual performances 190 experience 391±5 cycle and rituals 74±7, 190, 194±5 meaningful and the physical, the 108±13 cosmological axioms 264 meaningfulness 71±3, 100±1, 111, 113 dancing and ®ghting 57, 78±80, 108 distinction in classi®cation 113±14, 394 death and compensation 206±7 and information 285±6 emotion in 259±60 liturgical representation 262 ®ghting stones 75, 240 and meaning 391±5

528 Index

Meggitt, M. J. 130, 159, 199, 213, 260, 287, muminai feasts 85, 88 461 Munn, N. D. 33 Melanesian millenarian movements 336 Murinbata people 366±7 membership in rituals 76±7, 83, 111 Murngin people 159 memory 174 music, religious 136 Memra Mutterance) 163 mysteries 154 mending the world 262±3 mystery and adaptiveness 428±9 messages 21, 112 mystery plays 41 canonical 52±4, 58, 107, 118, 328 mysti®cation of rituals 116±17 leading to action 114 myth 31, 38, 110, 134±7 multi-channel transmission 253 and history 233±4 ordinal and cardinal 82±4 naturalization of culture in 168 puri®cation of 103 and ritual 151±2 reliability of 15, 415 sancti®ed 317±18, 320 self-referential 52±4, 56, 58, 69, 107, 108, of tribal people 158±61, 213±15 118 and invariance 328±9 Nahuatl people and pantheon 301±2 in Maring ritual 78, 82±3, 85 names of things, learning 160±1, 213 simple informational 113±14 narrators and myth 134±5 symbolically encoded 16±17 Natural Indices 63, 65 transmitters and receivers of 51±2, natural processes, classes of 51±2 118±19, 145 natural and unnatural conventions 438±40 meta-factiveness of ritual 133 naturalization of convention 166±8, 279 metafunction 126 Navajo people 160±1, 163, 278, 329, 333, metamessages 31, 38 364±6 metaperformativeness 124±6, 279 Ndembu people 92, 218, 236 metaphor 140, 219, 246 Needham, J. 119, 177 cyclical metaphor for time 183±5 Needham, R. 173 and meaning 71±2, 393, 394 Nelli, Concept of 301±3, 345 and predication 147±50 neurophysiology, consequences of ritual sexual metaphor for time 186 participation 227±30 metrics of private and public systems 99 Niasese people 180 Mexico 211, 301±4 Nietzche, F. 231 Meyerhoff, B. 24, 26, 28 Nirvana 232 millenarian manifestations, Melanesian 436 noise, psychic 103 Miller, J. 112, 191, 277, 330, 335, 422 non-material, substantiating the 141±4 Milne, L. A. 176 Norbeck, E. 381 mind 402±3 North American Indians see Americans, see also reason, conscious Native and names of groups miracle plays 136 North Pole 60, 62 mirrors and truth 303 Nuer people 162, 182, 223, 444 Moglia, Peter 154 number, Mohammed, Prophet 336 concept of 174 Molina, A. de 302 in Maring ritual cycle 77±80 money, epistemology of 454±6 numbering and the eternal 234±5 Mooney, J. 33, 436 numinous, Moore, C. 359 concept of the 1, 3, 22, 219±20, 230, Moore, J. M. 374, 375, 385, 401 290 Moore, S. 24, 26, 28 and religious experience 377±81, 404 morality 22, 128±30 and accuracy in performatives 122, 123±4 oaths and swearing 57 intrinsic to ritual's structure 132±7 objectivity in meaning 74 and truth 18 objects, special and mundane 144±5, 147 movements, ritual 142±4 obligation 123±4, 132, 137, 142, 264 Mukanda rituals 92±3, 97 and liturgical acceptance 395±6 multivocality in ritual representation 254, in tribal society 325 258, 268 violations of 204

Index 529

occult, Partridge, E. 24, 41 concept of the 1, 3 Passion plays 41, 46, 136 ef®cacy 50, 113, 319 Passover and Easter 192, 337, 338±9 and language 49 patent and the occult, the 48±9 and the patent 48±9 Pattee, H. H. 422 occurrence, patterns of marriage 206 binary aspect of ritual 89±97 Paul VI, Pope 433, 440 and content 104 peace pipes see pipes, sacred opposition to non-occurrence 95±6 Peirce, C. S. 3, 26, 54±5, 261, 262 in rites of passage 91±3 and indices 58±67, 72 signi®cance of ritual 90 perception 171±2 O'Connell, J. B. 330 perdurance of liturgical elements, O'Doherty, E. F. 51, 114, 120 differential 334±5, 337, 342 offering and substantiation 142 performance, Ogotemmeli MDogon theologican) 162 aesthetic experience in 388 Oliver, D. 56, 88, 433±4 conditions for success 124±5 Olympic Games 46 ef®cacy of 274 On Human Life encyclical MPope Paul VI) essential to ritual 37 433, 440 interstitial forms of 41 On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians primary function 123 MVico) 20 punctiliousness of 178, 330±1 Operations mechanism 412 ritual and other performance forms oppositions of cosmological level 266 37±46 oracles 320 versus analysis 253±7 order, performativeness 49, 118, 124±6, 149 disorder and transcendence 381±2 metaperformativeness 279 divinity and truth 297±304 relationship between rituals and 115±17 ordination 154 performatives 114±15, 278±80, 368 organisms and adaptation 408±9 association of sacred and occult with origins, religious 2 117±19 Orlin, L. L. 133, 357, 358 factives 133, 167, 295 Ornstein, R. E. 174, 176, 223 faulty 115±16 Ortiz, A. 33, 47, 193, 197, 211 relationship to states of affairs 132±3 Ortner, S. 245±6, 255, 299 ritual's ®rst fundamental of®ce 117±19 Osage people 299 as sancti®ed expressions 318 Otto, R. 219, 377±9, 385, 395 performers, oversancti®cation of the speci®c 440±4 authorized people 116, 124, 331 variation in 36 pain in ritual acts 112 see also acts and agents paintings, paleolithic 147, 258, 385 period, succession, division and inteval Palmer, L. M. 19, 20 Mtime) 177±81, 182 Papua New Guinea 441 periodicity in liturgical orders 196±8 see also Maring people; Maring ritual perjury 415 paralinguistics 140 perlocutionary force 116±17, 135, 136, 148, Parsee faith 356, 357 149 Parsons, E. 174, 176 perturbations, adaptive responses to 6±7, Parsons, R. G. 154 420±2, 432±6 participation 36±40, 107, 119 Peters, E. 326 biological/neurological effects of Petrie, W. M. F. 157, 355 227±30 Pettitt, G. 92 boundary between private and public phenomena, discontinuous Mand digital 121 representation) 87 differential 331 Pherecydes 158 indicating membership 76 Philosophy of Religion Based on Kant and and obligation 123 Fries MOtto) 385 self-informativeness of 104±6, 320 physical and the meaningful, the 108±13 withdrawal from 433±4 Piaget, J. 412, 422

530 Index

pigs, public and private systems, information pork distribution 76, 82±3, 213, 250±1 between 97±9, 122±3 rewarding ancestors 94±5, 101, 243, Pythian games at Delphi 46 248±9 sacri®ce of 36, 53, 69, 75, 81±2, 94, 242±3 quali®cations of performers 331 and intensi®cation of emotion 259 quanti®cation 84±5 as sign of prestige and wealth 56±7, 64 Quartodeciman heresy 192 and time reckoning 182, 194 Qur'an Miv. 50) 192 Pigs for the Ancestors MRappaport) 27±8 pipe, sacred 145, 277, 298±300, 330, 362 Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 220±1, 226, 387 Pitjandjara people 215 Radhakrishnan, S. 359 place and time in ritual performance 50±1, Radin, P. 34, 92 139, 144±5, 257±8 Rappaport, R. 5, 6, 28, 51 Plains Indian Sundance 29, 40 adaptation 409 Planck's Law 225, 226 adaptiveness 422 Plato 13 hypercoherence 102 play as synonym for drama 42±3 levels of meaning 71 pledging to ®ght 57, 81 Maring ritual plumb-line as index 60, 63, 64 coordination of cycles 190 Poetics MAristotle) 41 rumbin planting 94, 237, 240 point in time, concept of 181 variation and indexicality 74 Pole Star 60, 62 self-regulation 412 Polynesian people 223, 332±3, 433±4 Read, K. 45 Pond, G. H. 363 reality 18±19 pork in ritual distribution see pigs reason, conscious 400±4 postulates 278±9 rebellion, rituals of 381 see also Ultimate Sacred Postulates receivers and transmitters of messages posture 50, 142±4, 146±7, 164, 332 51±2, 118±19, 145 see also display reception of information in ritual 110±11 potlatches 85 reciprocity 204±5, 243, 264, 325 pouches used in ®ghting and dancing see recurrence, Maring ritual grounds of 188±90 power 22, 108, 117, 446±7 and non-recurrence in temporal Powers, W. K. 360, 361, 362, 363 experience 184±8, 222 practice of ritual, daily Mquotidian) 126±31 Redwald, king of East Anglia 339 praxis and theory 457 Reed, F. 361, 363 prayer and ef®cacy 113 Reeves, C. M. 96, 216 pre-Christian gods and usage 339±40 referents of self-referential messages 53 predicate±subject relationship 165 regularity and regulation in liturgical orders predication and metaphor 147±50 196±8, 208±9 preordination of rituals 44 regulators in human social systems 424±5 prescriptions, ethical 203 Reichard, G. 329, 364 presence of the divine, objective 398±9 rei®cation of concepts through language 9 priests 200±1, 203 relations between general-purpose and primary process thinking 99 special-purpose systems 423±4 Primitive Classi®cation MDurkheim and religion, Mauss) 173 and art 384±8 printing press image of eternity 233 critics of 399±400 private and public systems, information and human adaptation 414±19 between 97±9, 122±3 institutionalized vs. personal 374 promising and dancing 57±8 and language 116 promulgation of conventions 131 and postmodern science 456±61 prophesy 320, 335±6, 434±5 role in nature 407±8 prostration 142 repetition, ceaseless see eternity Protestantism 341 repetitiveness 50 proto-language 3±4, 8 representations, psuedo-infancy in some rituals 390 complex/simple 254±7

Index 531

complexity of liturgical 262±3 the sancti®ed and comparative invariance and hyperreality 257±62 328±43 Republic, The MPlato) 13 sacri®ce, Return to Cosmology, The MToulmin) 456 human 29 Revolution, American 435 and substantiation 142 Rho sentences MUltimate Sacred Postulates) Sahlins, M. 433 290±2, 297 St Patrick's Purgatory, Donegal MIreland) rhythm in ritual 227±8 218 see also tempo and consciousness Samuel M4:4, II; 6:2) 336 ringi Mcharcoal) in Maring ritual 75, 76±7 sancti®cation 313±17 ringworm cure and metaphoric desancti®cation 432 manipulation 149±50 in different societies 325±6 rites of passage 29, 96 of human authorities 324, 429±30 birth and death 230±1 major variations in 324±6 Eucharist 105 natural and the unnatural 439±40 identity of novices in 219 orderliness of adaptive response marriage 105 sequences 432±3 puberty 91±2, 103, 104 oversancti®cation of the speci®c 440±3 rites of separation 140±1, 148 problems inherent in 438±40 ritual, of versatility 322±3 de®nition of term 24±6, 26±7, 38, 46 sanctions, legal 205 religious distinguished from other types 25 sanctity, and temporal regions 224±5 community and communication 326±8 words 141±4, 151±2 de®nition of 277±81, 289±90 Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice MBell) 28 and deutero-truths 311±12 ritualization 39, 111 dissonance between speci®city and 440±1 rituals, expressions, sancti®ed 317±19 binary aspects of occurrence 94±7 falsehood, alienation and adaptation distinction between human and animal 319±24, 416 52±3, 58 ground of 283±7 distinction between ritual and rituals heuristic rules and the basic dogma 35±6, 47 290±3 frequency and length of 198±204 hierarchical organization of 426±7 and states of society 218±19 hierarchy of 314 temporal organization of activities and invariance of expressions 328±43 193±6, 218 power and lies of oppression 446±7 Roheim, G. 148 as property of discourse 281±3 Roman Catholic Church, sentences, sancti®ed 314, 427 disaffection within 433, 440±1 and speci®city 440±1 see also Eucharist; Mass, Roman and subclass of the sacred 313 Catholic truths of 304±12, 310±11, 344, 416±17 Romer, A. S. MRomer's Rule) 6, 413, 416, unquestionableness and truth of things 423, 428 293±7 rules, heuristic 290±3, 320 vacuity, mystery and adaptiveness 427±9 rumbin planting/uprooting see Maring ritual Savage Mind, The MLeÂvi-Strauss) 44±5 Ruppel, Von G. 13 ``saying'' and ``doing'' in ritual performance Russell, B. 172, 287 47±8, 51, 107, 137 scari®cation 147, 262 Sabbath observance 190±1, 196 Schechner, R. 41 sacra, manipulation of 144±5 schedules and societies 190±3 sacraments 154±5 Schliermacher, 378 sacred, Schneider, D. 254 concept of the 1, 3, 22, 24, 190, 209, 286 Scholem, G. 161±2, 282, 298, 391, 444, 448 effect upon language 323±4, 418±19 science and natural religion, postmodern degradation of the 22, 326 456±61 distinguished from the divine 282, 303, Searle, J. R. 21, 51, 114, 117, 123, 124, 295 371 seasons and rituals 193

532 Index

secondary process thought 99 social distinctions ahd liturgical calendars Se®r Yetsirah MBook of Creation/ 190±2 Formation) 161±2 societies, self, order and disorder of 129±30 the accepting 146 tribal vs. state-organized 325 and other in communitas 380 Society Islands 33±4, 91, 433±4 self-informativeness of ritual participation Soebardi, 180 104±6 Soleveitchik, Rabbi J. B. 203 self-regulation 411±14 solitude, ritual conducted in 51, 139 semen in ritual 260±1 songlines see Dreamtime sentences, sorcery 113 expressing belief 290±3 soul Mheart, mind) 146 involved in liturgy 273 space, septum piercing 262 concept of 174 sequence and space in liturgical order as factor in ritual performances 45±6 209±15 in liturgical order 209±15 sequential dimension of liturgical orders 22, social dynamics of 214±15 170 Spain, kingship in Visigothic 316, 340 serial arrangement of rituals 96 speci®city and sanctity, dissonance between set-learning 304 440±1 Shahada see Islam, Kalimat al Shahada spectators at games 43±4 Shannon, C. 70 speech 151, 160±1, 163 sign-images on inchoate subjects 148 Speech Act Theory 21 signals, speech acts 113±15 analogic and digital 140 Speiser, E. A. 155 effectiveness of 50 spirits 202, 237±9, 263±4, 268 non-linguistic 140 Spiro, M. 333, 334 signi®cata 53, 236±7, 269 Sri Lanka 33, 40 in analysis 253±7 Stanner, W. E. H. 199, 260, 287, 366, 367 distribution of 254±5 statements and performatives 132±3 signs, states of affairs and performatives 132±3 aspects of 66, 254±7 statistical averages 128±30 death and killing 260 status 82±3, 85±6, 87±8, 103 Pierce's classi®cation of 72 of children and youths 91±3 relationship with signi®cata 21±2, 56, 67, taure'are'a 91±2, 103 72, 108, 254±7 stereotypes and deutero-truths 307±8 inversion of 141 stereotypy 49 speci®c to area of performance 111 Strizower, S. 335 see also index/indices structure, Silverstein, M. 51, 54, 65, 67 morality intrinsic to ritual 132±7 similarity and meaning 72, 73 social 217±18 Simon, H. 222±3, 225, 226, 422 style in ritual 49±50 simultaneity, perception of 176 subincision 11, 147, 148±9, 150, 254, 262 simultaneous dimension of ritual 22 subjectivity and meaningfulness 72±3 simultaneous or synchronic dimension of substance, liturgical orders 170 concept of 174 singing 227 and form 29±32, 152±5, 155±64 singing places into being MAustralian origin of 155, 156 aboriginal) 213±15 and representation of the incorporeal Sioux people 277, 298, 299±301, 330, 333 84±6 see also Wakan-Tanka substantiating the non-material 141±4 Siuai people of Guadalcanal 56, 84 succession, division, period and interval Skorupski, J. 51, 386, 400 Mtime) 177±81 Slobodkin, L. 6, 409 Sumerian temples 37 Smith, J. Z. 210 sun as deity 211±12, 362 smoking as ritual 277±8, 298±301 Sundance lodge MSioux) 147, 362 social act, ritual as basic 137±8 Sunday observance 191

Index 533

sundials and clocks analogy 60±1 sequence and space 209±15 supercision 91±2, 97, 103, 107 and space in liturgical order 209±15 supernatural, use of term 48 succession, division, period and internal swearing and oaths 57 177±81 symbol 3, 7±9, 26, 54±8, 254, 485±4n3 temporal experience and public order symbol, 175±7 and aesthetic experience 386 temporal organization of activities 193±6 referential meaning of 67 temporal principles 181±8 symbolic transmission 3 time dependence in regularity of liturgical tripartite classi®cation of 462n sequence 197±8, 208 truth of 21±2, 416 time out of time 97, 181, 216±20, 222±5 syncretism 339 time and place in ritual performance syntax and alternatives 165 50±1, 139 systems, unlike 97±8 timing in ritual performances 45±6, 183 and words of liturgy 152 taboos 34, 67, 75, 144, 206±8, 241, 249, 268 time-dependent regulation mechanism 412 as sancti®ed expressions 317±18 Titiev, M. 210 Tahiti 92, 97 tolerance of imperfection in rituals 329 Tambiah, S. J. 26, 28, 29±30, 45 Toradja people 180 metaphor 49, 141, 149±50 Torah 36, 282, 298, 330±1, 444 tau'rho sentences 292 torture in rituals 34 taxonomy 71±2, 320, 393±4, 465±6n9 Toulmin, S. 456 technique of ritual 47, 108 tragedies, ancient Greek 41±2, 44, 45±6 Teit, J. 92 trance 219 tempo, transcendence, order and disorder 381±2 and consciousness 220±2, 227 transduction 97±8, 101, 102±3 temporal regions and time out of time transmission, multi-channel 252, 256 222±5 transmitters and receivers of messages temporal principles 181±8 51±2, 118±19, 145 terms used, de®nition of 23±4 tree-planting ritual see Maring ritual, territoriality and Maring ritual 243 rumbim planting Tertullian 154 Trobriander people 45 testimony 318, 320 Trojan Horse as deception 12 Tewa people 33, 47, 193, 197, 211 True Indices 63, 65±6, 67 theatre as ritual 38, 39 True Word, The 21 Thomas, O. 148 trust 12, 13 Thompson River Indians 92 and the lie 15 Thorpe, W. M. 13 truth 11±12, 18±22 thought 8, 99, 175 and absolute changelessness 232 Thurndahl, Margaritha 14 adaptation as maintenance of 410±11 Tikopean society 47 adaptive 443±4 Tillich, P. 120, 283±4, 403, 443, 455 alethia of Logos 349 time, concept of Nelli 301±3 category of 174±5 contingent 294 celestial 182±3 correspondence theory of 293±5, 344±5 concept of the point 181 de®nitions of 294 and direction 211 divine 298, 345 frequency and length of rituals 198±204 divinity and order 297±304 grounds of recurrence 188±90 and illusion 399±404 liturgical construction of 183, 188 and mathematics 19±20 mundane 217±18 natural versus fabricated 296 oecological and structural 182 sanctity and deutero-truth 304±12 periodicity in liturgical orders 196±8 sanctity and unquestionableness 293±7, reckoning of 177±81 344, 416 recurrence and non-recurrence 184±8 of sentences 280 grounds of recurrence 188±90 truth value of propositions 6 schedules and societies 190±3 Tuchman, B. 435

534 Index

Tumarkin 1 rectilinear liturgical orders 188, 231 Turner V. 32, 92, 97, 111, 170, 181 sequential dimension of liturgical orders communitas 216±19, 257, 380 170 distribution of signi®cata 254±5 time intervals 181, 218 Mudyi Tree of Ndembu 236±7, 253, 254, Van Lawick-Goodall, Jane 13, 14 258 Van Neumann, 112 Tyler, Wat 274, 435 variable dependence in regularity of liturgical sequence 197±8, 208±9, 412 ubiquity, of ritual 31 variation, ubiquity of expression 333±4 in liturgical orders 36, 69±70 Ullman, W. 326 in Maring ritual cycle 74±7 Ultimate Sacred Postulates 263±5, 266, 268, numerical 83 269±70, 271 Vayda, A. P. 420 antiquity of Christian and Jewish 336±7 Vedas 133, 359±60 and axioms 287±90 verdictives 132 changes in 342±3 versatility and language 322, 417±18 common acceptance of 327±8 verum 20, 296 in de®nition of communities 326±7 vices of language 10±22, 54 as directives 273±4, 425 Vickers, G. 102 and extraordinary experience 309±10 Vico, Giambattista 19±20, 295±6, 407 falsi®cation and veri®cation 280±1 Victor, Bishop of Rome 192 invariance of 275 violations of obligation 204 and meaning 391±2 vision quests 92 and new liturgical orders 338±9 vocabulary, special 67 replacement of 435±6 von Simpson, O. 258 Rho sentences 290±2 voodoo 113 and the sacred 277±81 and ultimate goals 272±3 Waddington, C. H. 415 unquestionableness of 283±7, 371±2, Wakan-Tanka and Logos, Sioux concept of 419 360±4 unconcealment 349±50 Walbiri people 158±9, 213, 214, 367, 460±1 unction MLast Sacrament) 154 Walker, J. R. 361 understanding, Wallace, A. F. C. 34, 111, 181, 218, 285±6, concerning spirits see Ultimate Sacred 336 Postulates origins of religion 375 fundamental and contingent 271±2 phases of ritual learning 388±9 hierarchies of 263±7, 275, 394 Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 316, 340 unity of integrity of 276 warfare see Maring ritual, warfare uni®cation and meaning 72 Warner, W. L. 159 unio mystico 72 water, holy 147 unison, sense of 220 Wawilak sisters myth 159±60, 166 unlike systems, transmission of information weathercock as index 62, 63, 64 between 97±101 Weaver, W. 70 unquestionableness 281, 282±7, 319, 371±2 weirdness 50 and belief 396 Welsford, E. 337 sanctity and truth of things 293±7 Wensinck, A. J. L. 157±8, 354 usage, ordinary 126, 128±30, 164 White, A. R. 293±4 utterances, factitive, operative, White Jr., Lynn 453 performative 114 White, L. 7±8, 211, 411 Whitehead, A. N. 172, 177, 287 vacuity 427±8 Whitrow, G. J. 176 vagueness 88±9, 91, 116, 340 Wiedemann, A. 354 Valeri, V. 333 Wilden, A. 51, 95, 101 value, hierarchical organization of 425±6 William of Auxerre 154 Van Baal, J. 260 Williams, F. E. 436 Van Dyjik, J. J. A. 37 Wilson, J. A. 353, 354, 356 Van Gennep, A. 34, 35, 91, 97, 140 wind as symbol of spirit 163

Index 535

Windfuhr, G. L. 357 writings as sancti®ed expressions 319 wine representing blood 260±1 written texts and idolatory 444±5 Winnebago American Indians 92 Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 24, 83±4 Witherspoon, G. 160, 161, 163, 278, 333, 364±6 Yengoyan, A. 214, 215 Word, Young, M. 56, 84, 88±9 The 303±4, 322, 324 see also Logos Zaehner, R. C. 358, 359 words, Zande people 149 naming and symbols 160±3 ``Zoroastrian lies'' 297 ritual 141±4, 151±2 Zoroastrianism 133, 254, 356±60 Worsley, P. J. 332, 436 pantheon of 357±8