DOCSLIB.ORG

1741-1873 by Jason Allen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1741-1873 by Jason Allen An Account of the Origins of Christianity in the Fraser-Skeena Headwaters and North Pacific Littoral: 1741-1873 by Jason Allen Redden A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Religion University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2012 by Jason Redden Abstract This dissertation is an ethnohistorical account of the advent of Christianity, how it was taught and practiced, on the upper Fraser-Skeena watershed and adjacent North Pacific littoral between the years 1741 and 1873. The region was a focal point of sustained international colonial and commercial attention, and missionaries of various European Christianities played an important role in the introduction of Christianity in the vast socio-geographical space. However, they were not the only teachers and practitioners. Lay Christianities, that is, Christianity as practiced by the various workers in the maritime and continental fur trades, and later by Russian, Spanish, British, Canadian and American colonists were perspicuous features of the social field. While the presence of lay Christianities is often underdetermined in the North American historical and ethnographic records, I argue it figured significantly into the quality of social relations between newcomers and peoples Indigenous to the region. Indigenous peoples were initially interested in Christian form and content. Later those interests were augmented by Indigenous prophets interested in indigenizing Christianity; a task which entailed ensuring that Christianity originated locally. When the Hudson‘s Bay Company emerged as the chief commercial operator in the region at the close of the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Indigenous Christianity was mobilized as a religion of resistance against the Company‘s incursion into local social spaces and in the ensuing struggle with both the Company and Christian missionaries. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisors, Professors Dawne McCance and Chris Trott, as well as my committee members, Professors Kenneth MacKendrick, Lisa Alexandrin and Adele Perry, for their patience and valuable advice over the course of this project. I would also like to thank my external examiner, Professor Susan Neylan, for her gracious and helpful feedback in writing and at defence time. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support of the University of Manitoba through the University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship and the J. G. Fletcher Award. Special thanks are also due to a few others. Thanks to Nicole Goulet for her editorial assistance during the final stages of this thesis and for her good encouragement. Thanks to Rob Penner for all the coffee. Thanks to Ken MacKendrick for keeping me on the map. Thanks to Lisa for her patience and for about every other thing she did to help down that last leg. Thanks to my mom, Sally, for letting me go, as Ella used to say, with a couple of bucks now and again. And, one more thing, thanks for being out there, Thom Parkhill. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... ..iii Maps .....................................................................................................................................v Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2. Prophet Religion in the Ethnology and Ethnohistory of the Rocky Mountain West .................................................................................................11 Chapter 3. The Social Field and Inner Orbit: Fraser-Skeena Headwaters in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries .....................................................78 Chapter 4. Outer Orbit: Ocean and River (1707-1858) ...................................................120 Chapter 5. Outer Orbit: Prairie, Mountain and River (1731-1821) .................................183 Chapter 6. Christianity in the Inner Orbit: the Fraser-Skeena Headwaters (1821-1873)....................................................................................................226 Chapter 7. The Bini Traditions: Prophet Movements, Myth and the Indigenization of Christianity ......................................................................................................292 Chapter 8. Bini, Prophet Movements, Ritual and Social Formation ...............................364 Chapter 9. Conclusion ......................................................................................................426 Appendix ..........................................................................................................................433 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................437 iv Maps Map 1. Inner Orbit: Fraser-Skeena Headwaters ………..……………………………… 89 Map 2. Outer Orbit: North Pacific Littoral ..………………………………………….. 134 Map 3. Outer Orbit: Mountain, Prairie and River ………………..…………………… 216 Map 4. Inner Orbit with Fur Trade Posts .………..…………………………………… 229 v Chapter 1 Introduction In nineteenth century North America, Indigenous emergent religions, sometimes termed prophet religions, with clear Christian influences blossomed on the edges and in the corners of the geo-political map. In the Northwest, on the North Pacific littoral and at the headwaters of the major rivers that drained into the Pacific, the Fraser, the Columbia, and the Skeena, such religions emerged only after a long history with Christianity.1 The presence of Christianity among the peoples Indigenous to those spaces is not traced to the missionary vanguard but to a long history of relations with near neighbours and newcomers that stretched back to at least the seventeenth century (prior to the first quarter of the nineteenth century, with few exceptions, the newcomers were engaged in some capacity with the either the maritime or continental fur trade). There were lay or folk versions of Christianity in the Northwest that piqued the interest of the Indigenous inhabitants in the social identities of the newcomers to the land. Thus, when the nineteenth-century prophet religions emerged, the leaders of those movements addressed a local audience that was already familiar with Christianity. The prophet religions were in the most general way an indigenization of Christianity; they were an effort to give Christianity a local origin. The process of indigenization can also be appreciated as an attempt at social formation, or the construction of group boundaries within a changing social field. Boundaries were altered 1 Often times such religions are represented as coalescing around individuals variously termed as prophets, visionaries, or shamans. With all respects to ethnographic difference there remains a family resemblance among such figures, they are harbingers of change recognized within a community as possessing a privileged capacity for anticipating the future. 1 as the prophets reached out to their neighbours uniting them as a group under the banner of an Indigenous Christianity. Their reach was assisted by a radically equalizing motif that the prophets perceived within Christianity. The leaders of the movements proclaimed that Christianity was not exogenous and that the foreigners did not have special rights to the gospel. The prophets rejected European notions of history, religion and justice without rejecting Christian morality and the Christian ecstatic experience. By centering Christianity in a social field, making it the hub of all social orbits, participants in the emergent religious movements stitched together the local Indigenous residents (the Babine, Sekani, Witsuwit‘en, Dakelh and Gitksan) and European newcomers in a meaningful way that preserved the priority of their own local versions of Christianity. When the missionaries came and told their story of Christian origins, a story that harked back to the time of Jesus and the apostles, the people responded with their own story of Christian origins that did not look to the Jesus of the past but to their prophets of the present. It follows from what I have just written that my view of prophet religions is basically consistent with what Vittorio Lanternari had termed almost half a century ago the ―religions of the oppressed.‖2 The notion of a religion of the oppressed is a major achievement of religion‘s documentary record.3 In such treatments, where religious discourse and practice are said to serve as effective rallying points against schemes of domination, the tensions among groups are often depicted in terms of a struggle over 2 Vittorio Lanternari, Religions of the Oppressed: A Study of Modern Messianic Cults, trans. Lisa Sergio (Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965). 3 See Peter Worsley, The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of “Cargo” Cults in Melanesia (New York: Shocken Books, 1968); Anthony F.C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Vintage Books, 1969); and Kenelm Burridge, New Heaven, New Earth: a Study of Millenarian Activities (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1969). 2 material resources. In that depiction, non-material resources are often undervalued not necessarily because they are less relevant but because they are harder to quantify.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Colonial Study of Indigenous Women Writers in Canada, the United States, and the Caribbean
    ABSTRACT NATIVE AMERICAS: A TRANSNATIONAL AND (POST)COLONIAL STUDY OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN WRITERS IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE CARIBBEAN Elizabeth M. A. Lamszus, PhD Department of English Northern Illinois University, 2015 Dr. Kathleen J. Renk, Director In the current age of globalization, scholars have become interested in literary transnationalism, but the implications of transnationalism for American Indian studies have yet to be adequately explored. Although some anthologies and scholarly studies have begun to collect and examine texts from Canada and the United States together to ascertain what similarities exist between the different tribal groups, there has not yet been any significant collection of work that also includes fiction by indigenous people south of the U.S. border. I argue that ongoing colonization is the central link that binds these distinct groups together. Thus, drawing heavily on postcolonial literary theory, I isolate the role of displacement and mapping; language and storytelling; and cultural memory and female community in the fiction of women writers such as Leslie Marmon Silko, Pauline Melville, and Eden Robinson, among others. Their distinctive treatment of these common themes offers greater depth and complexity to postcolonial literature and theory, even though independence from settler colonizers has yet to occur. Similarly, the transnational study of these authors contributes to American Indian literature and theory, not by erasing what makes tribes distinct, but by offering a more diverse understanding of what it means to be a Native in the Americas in the face of ongoing colonization. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2015 NATIVE AMERICAS: A TRANSNATIONAL AND (POST)COLONIAL STUDY OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN WRITERS IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE CARIBBEAN BY ELIZABETH M.
    [Show full text]
  • Babine Lake Region and Covers the Central Part of the Babine Porphyry Belt
    T L a a k ke la M o r r is o n L a k e H a La u k te e te Hearne Hill East Hautete Lake H a tc h e r y A r m Natowite B a Old Fort Lake L b a in Mountain ke e Smithers Landing Nizik McKendrick Lake Island Ba b in e L H a a g a k n e A r m Ministry of Employment and Investment Energy and Minerals Division Geological Survey Branch TILL GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE OLD FORT MOUNTAIN MAP AREA, CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA (NTS 93Ml1) By Victor M. Levson, Stephen J. Cook, Jennifer Hobday, Dave H. Huntley, Erin K. O'Brien, Andrew J. Stumpf and Gordon Weary OPEN FILE 1997- 1Oa INTRODUCTION - - - - This paper describes selected results of a till in low-lying drift-covered regions of the northern Interior geochemical sampling program conducted in the Old Fort Plateau. For example, prior till and lake sediment Mountain map area (NTS 93 M/1) by the British geochemistry surveys in the Nechako River map ania Columbia Geological Survey as part of a comprehensive (NTS 93F) to the south were successful in delineating survey of the entire Babine copper porphyry belt. The several areas of known mineralization (Cook et al., 1995; results of complimentary lake sediment geochemistry ad Levson and Giles, 1997) and in revealing locations of new bedrock geology mapping progms are presented by Cook mineralized zones. For this reason, till geochemical et al. (1997%b) and MacIntyre et al. (1997%b in pocket), studies in the Babine porphyry belt have been conducted in respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • TREATY 8: a British Columbian Anomaly
    TREATY 8: A British Columbian Anomaly ARTHUR J. RAY N THE ANNALS OF NATIVE BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1999 undoubtedly will be remembered as the year when, in a swirl of controversy, Ithe provincial legislature passed the Nisga'a Agreement. The media promptly heralded the agreement as the province's first modern Indian treaty. Unmentioned, because it has been largely forgotten, was the fact that the last major "pre-modern" agreement affecting British Columbia -Treaty 8 - had been signed 100 years earlier. This treaty encompasses a sprawling 160,900-square-kilometre area of northeastern British Columbia (Map 1), which is a territory that is nearly twenty times larger than that covered by the Nisga'a Agreement. In addition, Treaty 8 includes the adjoining portions of Alberta and the Northwest Territories. Treaty 8 was negotiated at a time when British Columbia vehemently denied the existence of Aboriginal title or self-governing rights. It therefore raises two central questions. First, why, in 1899, was it ne­ cessary to bring northeastern British Columbia under treaty? Second, given the contemporary Indian policies of the provincial government, how was it possible to do so? The latter question raises two other related issues, both of which resurfaced during negotiations for the modern Nisga'a Agreement. The first concerned how the two levels of government would share the costs of making a treaty. (I will show that attempts to avoid straining federal-provincial relations over this issue in 1899 created troublesome ambiguities in Treaty 8.) The second concerned how much BC territory had to be included within the treaty area.
    [Show full text]
  • Scissor Dance: the Danzaq of Southern Peru in New York
    Spring–Summer 2015 Volume 41: 1–2 The Journal of New York Folklore Scissor Dance: The Danzaq of Southern Peru in New York Stephen Alcorn on Drawing by Hand in a Digital Age Craft Revisited: A Consumer Revolution In Memoriam: Hilt Kelly, Catskills Fiddler and Caller From the Director From the Editor In the past few weeks, Addy had played in the lives of his family and An explosion of pol- I have been strongly band members. As the family patriarch, Yacub len sent us to the hospi- reminded of the value Addy was the senior “tradition bearer” of a tal one May morning. A of traditional arts and family legacy of the renowned Addy family seemingly extraordinarily culture and their im- of drummers, singers, and dancers from the long winter ended sud- portance to the fabric Avenor neighborhood in Accra, Ghana. This denly with 80-degree of our everyday life. role as the elder statesman of the tradition temperatures and soak- As executive direc- of drumming by the Ga people held great ing showers! Spring flow- tor of the New York cultural importance. However, it was also ers responded immedi- Folklore Society, I consider traditional arts important from an economic viewpoint. ately, enthusiastically casting pollen into the and culture to be an important aspect of Throughout the decades of his involvement air, covering porches and cars in a fine yel- one’s sense of self, and a source of pride with Ghanaian drumming, (from before the low dust. Heaven for those awaiting spring. for a community. It seems to me, without independence of Ghana in 1957 to the pres- Hell for those suffering from allergies and question, that one’s knowledge of one’s own ent), Yacub Addy involved at least 62 band asthma.
    [Show full text]
  • Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests & Use Study On
    Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests & Use Study on the Enbridge Gateway Pipeline An Assessment of the Impacts of the Proposed Enbridge Gateway Pipeline on the Carrier Sekani First Nations May 2006 Carrier Sekani Tribal Council i Aboriginal Interests & Use Study on the Proposed Gateway Pipeline ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Carrier Sekani Tribal Council Aboriginal Interests & Use Study was carried out under the direction of, and by many members of the Carrier Sekani First Nations. This work was possible because of the many people who have over the years established the written records of the history, territories, and governance of the Carrier Sekani. Without this foundation, this study would have been difficult if not impossible. This study involved many community members in various capacities including: Community Coordinators/Liaisons Ryan Tibbetts, Burns Lake Band Bev Ketlo, Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Sara Sam, Nak’azdli First Nation Rosa McIntosh, Saik’uz First Nation Bev Bird & Ron Winser, Tl’azt’en Nation Michael Teegee & Terry Teegee, Takla Lake First Nation Viola Turner, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Elders, Trapline & Keyoh Holders Interviewed Dick A’huille, Nak’azdli First Nation Moise and Mary Antwoine, Saik’uz First Nation George George, Sr. Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Rita George, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Patrick Isaac, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Peter John, Burns Lake Band Alma Larson, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Betsy and Carl Leon, Nak’azdli First Nation Bernadette McQuarry, Nadleh Whut’en First Nation Aileen Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Donald Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Guy Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Vince Prince, Nak’azdli First Nation Kenny Sam, Burns Lake Band Lillian Sam, Nak’azdli First Nation Ruth Tibbetts, Burns Lake Band Ryan Tibbetts, Burns Lake Band Joseph Tom, Wet’suwet’en First Nation Translation services provided by Lillian Morris, Wet’suwet’en First Nation.
    [Show full text]
  • FANR Booklet November 2020
    LAKE BABINE NATION Foundation Agreement & Natural Resources Team Update November 2020 Team Updates… Lake Babine Nation Natural Resources Portfolio Verna Power Foundation Agreement Implementation Project Manager Verna Power & Betty Patrick Referral Officer Georgina West Natural Resource Sector Liaison Officer Murphy Patrick Sr. Lake Babine Nation Forestry Services Ltd. Operations Manager Duane Crouse Labour Market Strategy Project Evelyn George Governance Research Team Darcy Dennis, Marvin Williams, Barbara Adam-Williams & Dr. Alan Hanna Indigenous Skills Training Development (ISTD) BC Ministry of Advanced Education Deanna Brown-Nolan Verna Power Natural Resources Portfolio Exploration and Mining in Lake Babine Nation Territory Greetings and Blessings to the community and citizens of Old Fort who I represent at the Council table. First of all I would like to send prayers to those that have lost a loved one, those that may be dealing with health issues and ask the Lord to bless the entire Nation. It has been a full and busy year even with the pandemic, which is priority for Lake Babine as the safety and wellness of all member is important to us. You will notice the Foundation update that was submitted as a team providing information on the recently signed Foundation Agreement, in addition to the Foundation work LBN has continued to work on other Natural Resource developments. I am happy to report that LBN has finally recruited a Director for Natural Resources and will be introduced at the AGA. There is also a briefing that gives a summary of the mining and exploration development that is happening within the territory. Major resource development projects require approval from BC through an environmental assessment (“EA”) in order to happen.
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonizing the Colonial Mind: a Personal Journey of Intercultural
    Decolonizing the Colonial Mind: A Personal Journey of Intercultural Understanding, Empathy, and Mutual Respect by Gregory W.A. Saar A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Religion & Culture University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2020 by Gregory W.A. Saar Saar 1 Dedication To my wife, Joyce, whose confidence in me, encouragement, and support, have always been important in everything I choose to do. To my Granddaughter, Rebekah, who, while in her first year at the University of Manitoba, uttered the words: “Grandpa, why don’t you take a class too?” To my other grandchildren Kaleb, Quintin, Alexis, and Clark, for the many ways in which they enhance my life. I hope I can play some small part in ensuring the five of you have the bright and fulfilling future you all deserve. I am confident that each one of you is capable of realising your dreams. In Memory of our daughter, Heather, who met the difficulties she faced with fortitude, courage, and determination, all the while retaining her sense of humour; an inspiration to all who were privileged to know her. Saar 2 Acknowledgements I want to express my appreciation to those without whose mentorship and assistance this theses would still be confined to the recesses of my mind. I begin with my appreciation of Dr. Renate Eigenbrod, (1944-2014) who, as Department Head of Native Studies at the University of Manitoba, took the time to interview me.
    [Show full text]
  • Lt. Aemilius Simpson's Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society August 2014 Lt. Aemilius Simpson’s Survey from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1826 Edited by William Barr1 and Larry Green CONTENTS PREFACE The journal 2 Editorial practices 3 INTRODUCTION The man, the project, its background and its implementation 4 JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA IN 1826 York Factory to Norway House 11 Norway House to Carlton House 19 Carlton House to Fort Edmonton 27 Fort Edmonton to Boat Encampment, Columbia River 42 Boat Encampment to Fort Vancouver 62 AFTERWORD Aemilius Simpson and the Northwest coast 1826–1831 81 APPENDIX I Biographical sketches 90 APPENDIX II Table of distances in statute miles from York Factory 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. George Simpson, 1857 3 Fig. 2. York Factory 1853 4 Fig. 3. Artist’s impression of George Simpson, approaching a post in his personal North canoe 5 Fig. 4. Fort Vancouver ca.1854 78 LIST OF MAPS Map 1. York Factory to the Forks of the Saskatchewan River 7 Map 2. Carlton House to Boat Encampment 27 Map 3. Jasper to Fort Vancouver 65 1 Senior Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada. 2 PREFACE The Journal The journal presented here2 is transcribed from the original manuscript written in Aemilius Simpson’s hand. It is fifty folios in length in a bound volume of ninety folios, the final forty folios being blank. Each page measures 12.8 inches by seven inches and is lined with thirty- five faint, horizontal blue-grey lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity Roy A
    Cambridge University Press 0521228735 - Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity Roy A. Rappaport Index More information INDEX aborigines, Australian 29, 148, 199, 202, adornment in Maring ritual 80±1 206, 213±15, 460±1 Aeschylus 41 Abrahams, I. 190, 412 air as substance 163 Abrahams, R. 33, 34, 39, 47, 381 Akkad temples 37 Absolutizing the Relative MTillich) 443 alethia Mtruth) of Logos 349 acceptance 119±23, 134, 137, 201, 224 alienation 319, 448 audience 136 Altamira caves 258 and belief 395±6 alteration in consciousness 219, 220±2, 229, common acceptance of Ultimate Sacred 257, 258 Postulates 327±8, 339 alternatives, in language 17±22, 165, 321±2, coordination of individual acts of 226±7 415, 417 disparity between inward state and 121 Altman, S. 13 and the ground of sanctity 283±7 ambiguity 88±9, 91, 95, 102±3, 151, 279 and heuristic rules 291 amelioration of falsehood 15±17 intensi®cations of 339 Americans, liturgical basis of 284±5 Native 33±4, 92, 210±12, 298±9, 380 accuracy of sentences 280 see also names of groups Achehnese people 180 analogic processes, digital representation of acquaintance-knowledge 375 86±9 activities, temporal organization of 193±6, analysis versus performance 253±7 218 Ancient Tahitian Society MOliver) 433±4 actors versus celebrants 135±6 Andaman Islanders, The MRadcliffe-Brown) acts, 220, 226 and agents 145±7 animals, in ritual 241, 242, 249, 259±60 compared in drama and ritual 136 anticipation 174 and objects 147 Antigone MSophocles) 42, 44 adaptation 5±7, 7, 9, 408±10 apostasy 133, 327 adaptive systems, hierarchy of 7, 267±8 Apostolic Constitutions Mfourth century) 191, aspects of understandings 267±8 335 as maintenance of truth 410±11 Aranda people 148 maladaptation 441±3 architecture and ritual 258 religious conceptions in human 406±8, Arioi society of Society Islands 33±4 414±19 Aristotle 41, 177, 293 structural requirements of adaptiveness art and grace 384±8 422±5 articulation of unlike systems and ritual structure of adaptive processes 419±22 occurrence 97±101 truth and falsity 443±4 Ascher, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright (C) Queen's Printer, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
    B.C. Reg. 38/2016 O.C. 112/2016 Deposited February 29, 2016 effective February 29, 2016 Water Sustainability Act WATER DISTRICTS REGULATION Note: Check the Cumulative Regulation Bulletin 2015 and 2016 for any non-consolidated amendments to this regulation that may be in effect. Water districts 1 British Columbia is divided into the water districts named and described in the Schedule. Schedule Water Districts Alberni Water District That part of Vancouver Island together with adjacent islands lying southwest of a line commencing at the northwest corner of Fractional Township 42, Rupert Land District, being a point on the natural boundary of Fisherman Bay; thence in a general southeasterly direction along the southwesterly boundaries of the watersheds of Dakota Creek, Laura Creek, Stranby River, Nahwitti River, Quatse River, Keogh River, Cluxewe River and Nimpkish River to the southeasterly boundary of the watershed of Nimpkish River; thence in a general northeasterly direction along the southeasterly boundary of the watershed of Nimpkish River to the southerly boundary of the watershed of Salmon River; thence in a general easterly direction along the southerly boundary of the watershed of Salmon River to the southwesterly boundary thereof; thence in a general southeasterly direction along the southwesterly boundaries of the watersheds of Salmon River and Campbell River to the southerly boundary of the watershed of Campbell River; thence in a general easterly direction along the southerly boundaries of the watersheds of Campbell River and
    [Show full text]
  • County Forest Trust Lands
    Columbia County FY2016-2017 Proposed Budget Photo Credits (top clockwise): Dustin Hald, Ryan Dews , Tristan Wood, Glen Crinklaw and Stacia Tyacke Columbia County FY2016‐17 Proposed Budget Cover Photographs Columbia County staff are incredibly talented and generous; they provided many photographs to choose from for the cover art in this year’s budget book. The photos selected are the following: 1. Columbia River wildlife and boating safety equipment come together, photographed while on Marine Patrol the spring of 2016 by Dustin Hald, Columbia County Sheriff Lieutenant. 2. Lars, Columbia County Sheriff’s newest recruit, at rest after working with his handler in April 2016, Ryan Dews, Columbia County Sheriff Deputy. 3. Coon Creek Bridge replacement completed summer of 2015 on Pebble Creek Road, shot by Tristan Wood, Columbia County Road Department Engineering Project Coordinator. 4. Dibblee Beach County Park in Rainier, captured by Glen Crinklaw, Assistant Public Works Director, on a morning this spring. 5. Columbia County Old Courthouse, constructed in 1906 in St Helens, Oregon, is a historic building with façade stones from a local basalt quarry; photographed in winter by Stacia Tyacke, Columbia County Community Justice, Juvenile Division Supervisor. Columbia County FY17 Proposed Budget Table of Contents I. Columbia County: County‐Wide Analysis and Community Background FY17 Columbia County Budget Message p. 1 GFOA Budget Presentation Award for FY16 p. 5 Columbia County Overview – Goals, Strategies, Short Term Factors, Priorities p. 6 Columbia County County‐wide FY17 Proposed Budget Summary p. 8 Columbia County Funds Summary, Budget Basis and Appropriations p. 9 Columbia County Funds and Spending by Function p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bishop, the Coach & the Mayor
    Saint Mary's College of California Saint Mary's Digital Commons Scholarship, Research, Creative Activities, and Interdisciplinary Works Community Engagement Spring 2014 The Bishop, The Coach & The Mayor: Three Characters in College History L. Raphael Patton FSC Saint Mary's College of California, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.stmarys-ca.edu/collaborative-works Repository Citation Patton, L. Raphael FSC. The Bishop, The Coach & The Mayor: Three Characters in College History (2014). [article]. https://digitalcommons.stmarys-ca.edu/collaborative-works/49 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship, Research, Creative Activities, and Community Engagement at Saint Mary's Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Interdisciplinary Works by an authorized administrator of Saint Mary's Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 The Bishop, The Coach & The Mayor Three characters in College history Saint Mary’s College 2 3 The Bishop: Alemany and his college Preface 5 Introduction 7 1 California 9 2 Spain 17 3 Church 21 4 San Francisco 27 5 The Vicar General 33 6 Italy 41 7 Later Years 45 8 The end 49 Appendices 55 Saint Mary’s College 4 5 Preface The history of the Church in California, the history of Saint Mary’s College and the story of the Dominicans on the West Coast have each been written and rewritten, supported by impressive scholarship. Archives, newspaper morgues and libraries have been mined for material.
    [Show full text]