DOCSLIB.ORG

Novel Microalgal Based Ingredients

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 08, 2021 Novel microalgal based ingredients Ljubic, Anita Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Ljubic, A. (2020). Novel microalgal based ingredients. Technical University of Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Novel microalgal based ingredients Ph.D Thesis by Anita Ljubic National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark November 2020, Kgs. Lyngby Preface This PhD project entitled “Novel microalgal based ingredients” was carried out at the National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, under the supervision of Professor Charlotte Jacobsen as main supervisor and three co-supervisors, associate professor Susan L. Holdt, senior researcher Jette Jakobsen and senior researcher Anette Bysted. The project started in December 2017 and ended in November 2020. The project was funded by the National Food Institute as a strategic Ph.D project, which aimed at further development of the research field within microalgal utilization and application. The project included internal collaboration within the research group by applying the expertise in the algae, lipid and vitamin teams. The aim of this Ph.D project was to optimize existing technologies and develop new technologies for the production of high value bioactive ingredients from microalgae. Employment of different abiotic factors on the production of lipids, carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins was studied in order to identify the tools for maximizing their production. Furthermore, optimization and evaluation of cell disruption and drying technologies for recovery of high value ingredients was carried out. Some of the novel findings of this Ph.D project were a base for building a start-up company Nordic Algae Nutrition in 2020, where I took a role as a co-founder. The company aims at commercializing microalgae as a new source of vegan vitamin D3. During the project, I have carried out a research stay at the Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of San Marcos, which was supported by a research grant from Otto Mønsted Foundation. During the last year of the Ph.D project, practical work was limited to a certain extent due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the limited number of performed experiments in the second part of the project was compensated by conducting a thorough literature review on the topic. Anita Ljubic 30th of November, 2020 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my appreciation to numerous people who contributed to the achievements of this project and who supported me on this journey. First, I wish to thank to my main supervisor Charlotte Jacobsen for her continuous support, encouragement and motivation during the project. I really appreciate your positive attitude, that you are easy to approach and willing to help in any situation. I would also like to thank to my co- supervisors, Susan L. Holdt, Jette Jakobsen and Anette Bysted for their support during the project. I appreciate you were able to find time whenever I needed and you were always ready to share your knowledge and experience. Moreover, I sincerely thank to all colleagues and friends who supported me during the project: Professor Betsy Read, for making my external stay at the California State University exciting and memorable. It was a pleasure learning from such an inspiring person. Claus Asperud Reesbøll, for sharing his technical expertise during the project. Without your help, it would be impossible to perform my experiments. Thanks to Jack Melbye from DTU Aqua for sharing some microalgae culture. Thanks to Eitan Solomon and Naama Segal for providing microalgae samples from the International Center for Mariculture in Israel. Heidi Jahn and Inge Holmberg, for sharing the office these years, for our fun office chats and always being ready to help in any situation. It feels amazing working in such a positive environment you create. Also, thank to all the trainees that were part of the Disco office, Marie, Claus and Emilie, it was a pleasure sharing the office with you. Hamed Safafar, thank you for introducing me to the world of microalgae and being ready to answer my questions any time during the project. To all my colleagues from the Bioactives group, I enjoyed being a part of such an amazing group of people. To all the students I had a chance to work with, Dona, Usman, Elisabeth, Rizwan and Kathrine, you were a great help during this project. Finally, I would like to thank to all my friends, especially to Dolores and Efthymios, for supporting me and making this period enjoyable. Big thank to my family in Croatia and in Denmark, especially to my iii sister and my parents for supporting me continuously throughout my life. Lastly, a special thanks to my amazing husband, without you this journey would be incomplete. Anita Ljubic iv Summary Microalgae are excellent sources of various bioactive compounds such as omega-3-fatty acids, carotenoids and vitamins. With greater consumer preferences toward naturally derived, non-animal ingredients over synthetically produced, it is expected that the market demand will continue to grow in the future. Microalgal based ingredients represent reliable and sustainable substitutes to high value bioactive ingredients from both animal and plant origin. However, for economically viable production of high value ingredients there are still challenges to be addressed in order to enhance the production of these ingredients. The nutritional quality of microalgae can be improved by optimizing abiotic factors such as irradiance, salinity, nutrient availability, pH or temperature, which may stimulate production of metabolites of interest. Besides maximizing the production of high value compounds, maintaining the functionality of compounds during the cell disruption, extraction and drying process, while obtaining high recoveries, is essential. The overall aim of this PhD study was to optimize existing technologies and develop new technologies for the production of high value ingredients from microalgae. Effect of the abiotic factors, including light intensity, spectral distribution, UVB radiation and salinity, on the production of bioactive ingredients in 8 selected microalgal species was evaluated. Furthermore, the aim was to identify tools that can be used for enhanced production of high-value lipophilic compounds - omega-3 fatty acids, various carotenoids, α-tocopherol, vitamin D and novel compounds, alkenones. Optimization of the downstream processing included optimizing the process parameters for an efficient cell disruption and metabolite extraction by high-pressure homogenization in combination with enzymatic treatment. Lastly, the effect of the novel swirl flash drying technology on the high value compounds present in the biomass was evaluated in order to assess the suitability of the novel drying technology for microalgae. Stimulating production of bioactive compounds by manipulating different abiotic factors was shown to be highly dependent on species and target compound. Different patterns were observed across the selected species and relatively weak correlation between the content of different metabolites was observed, which required selection of optimal stress tools for each individual species or individual compound. This research demonstrated that it was possible to manipulate different microalgae to produce various high value compounds by exposing them to different light treatments. Production of some of these compounds in microalgae had not been reported before. The most novel finding with the greatest potential was that exposing Nannochloropsis oceanica, N. limnetica and Dunaliella salina to artificial UVB radiation stimulated production of relatively high levels of the fat-soluble vitamin D3 v (up to 2.7 µg/g dry biomass), which is commonly found in foods of animal origin. UVB radiation was also shown to stimulate production of α-tocopherol in N. oceanica making this species an excellent alternative vegan source of vitamin D3, α-tocopherol and omega-3 fatty acids, ingredients commonly found in fish oil. Chlorella minutissima illuminated by green:red LED (50:50) was shown to contain up to 70% more lutein compared to control, making this species highly competitive to other lutein- rich sources. For Rhodomonas salina, a species rich in omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, illumination by red LED in combination with salt stress (40 ppt) resulted in an increase in the relative proportion of omega-3 by 40% (nearly doubled proportion of EPA). Similarly, illumination by green LED in combination with salt stress increased production of β-carotene in R. salina by 75% compared to the control, which indicates that interaction of different abiotic
Recommended publications
  • The Biosynthesis of Carotenoids

    The Biosynthesis of Carotenoids

    THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS C. 0. CHICHESTER Department of Food Science and Technology, University of a4fornia, Davis, Galjf 95616, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION Considerable progress has been made in the field of carotenoid bio- chemistry in the last ten to fifteen years. Prior to that very little, if anything, was known about the units which formed the intermediates of the coloured 40—carbon pigments, or the structures of those that were proposed as intermediates. Like all fields of biochemistry, as knowledge is accumulated specific problems are crystallized. These generally concern key areas, which until an understanding is achieved can substantially hinder the unification of a field or problem. The biochemistry of the carotenoids has arrived at this point. INTERMEDIATE COMPOUNDS IN CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS There is general consensus as to the identity of the intermediate com- pounds which form the building blocks of the carotenoids. Studies in Phycornyces blakesleeanus, tomatoes, corn, carrots, Mucor hiemalis, spinach leaves, and bean leaves all coincide to indicate that the common building block of carotenoids is mevalonic acid'—7. Some experiments concerned with carotenoids, and many with sterols, have shown that /3-methyl-/3- hydroxyglutarate-CoA, and/or acetoacetic-CoA, are the normal sources of inevalonic acid" 8 In Phycomyces blalcesleeanus, as well as tomatoes, it has been shown rather unequivocally that the first steps in the conversion of meva- lonic acid to the C—40's are identical to those postulated for the formation of sterols911. The mevalonic acid is converted via the 5-phosphomevalonic acid to the 5-pyrophosphoryl mevalonic acid'2. This compound is then decarboxylated to form the z3-isopentenol pyrophosphate.
  • Synthetic Conversion of Leaf Chloroplasts Into Carotenoid-Rich Plastids Reveals Mechanistic Basis of Natural Chromoplast Development

    Synthetic Conversion of Leaf Chloroplasts Into Carotenoid-Rich Plastids Reveals Mechanistic Basis of Natural Chromoplast Development

    Synthetic conversion of leaf chloroplasts into carotenoid-rich plastids reveals mechanistic basis of natural chromoplast development Briardo Llorentea,b,c,1, Salvador Torres-Montillaa, Luca Morellia, Igor Florez-Sarasaa, José Tomás Matusa,d, Miguel Ezquerroa, Lucio D’Andreaa,e, Fakhreddine Houhouf, Eszter Majerf, Belén Picóg, Jaime Cebollag, Adrian Troncosoh, Alisdair R. Ferniee, José-Antonio Daròsf, and Manuel Rodriguez-Concepciona,f,1 aCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; bARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia; cCSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia; dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, 46908 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; eMax-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; fInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; gInstituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; and hSorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR-CNRS 7025, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France Edited by Krishna K. Niyogi, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved July 29, 2020 (received for review March 9, 2020) Plastids, the defining organelles of plant cells, undergo physiological chromoplasts but into a completely different type of plastids and morphological changes to fulfill distinct biological functions. In named gerontoplasts (1, 2). particular, the differentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts The most prominent changes during chloroplast-to-chromo- results in an enhanced storage capacity for carotenoids with indus- plast differentiation are the reorganization of the internal plastid trial and nutritional value such as beta-carotene (provitamin A).
  • Genetic Modification of Tomato with the Tobacco Lycopene Β-Cyclase Gene Produces High Β-Carotene and Lycopene Fruit

    Genetic Modification of Tomato with the Tobacco Lycopene Β-Cyclase Gene Produces High Β-Carotene and Lycopene Fruit

    Z. Naturforsch. 2016; 71(9-10)c: 295–301 Louise Ralley, Wolfgang Schucha, Paul D. Fraser and Peter M. Bramley* Genetic modification of tomato with the tobacco lycopene β-cyclase gene produces high β-carotene and lycopene fruit DOI 10.1515/znc-2016-0102 and alleviation of vitamin A deficiency by β-carotene, Received May 18, 2016; revised July 4, 2016; accepted July 6, 2016 which is pro-vitamin A [4]. Deficiency of vitamin A causes xerophthalmia, blindness and premature death, espe- Abstract: Transgenic Solanum lycopersicum plants cially in children aged 1–4 [5]. Since humans cannot expressing an additional copy of the lycopene β-cyclase synthesise carotenoids de novo, these health-promoting gene (LCYB) from Nicotiana tabacum, under the control compounds must be taken in sufficient quantities in the of the Arabidopsis polyubiquitin promoter (UBQ3), have diet. Consequently, increasing their levels in fruit and been generated. Expression of LCYB was increased some vegetables is beneficial to health. Tomato products are 10-fold in ripening fruit compared to vegetative tissues. the most common source of dietary lycopene. Although The ripe fruit showed an orange pigmentation, due to ripe tomato fruit contains β-carotene, the amount is rela- increased levels (up to 5-fold) of β-carotene, with negli- tively low [1]. Therefore, approaches to elevate β-carotene gible changes to other carotenoids, including lycopene. levels, with no reduction in lycopene, are a goal of Phenotypic changes in carotenoids were found in vegeta- plant breeders. One strategy that has been employed to tive tissues, but levels of biosynthetically related isopre- increase levels of health promoting carotenoids in fruits noids such as tocopherols, ubiquinone and plastoquinone and vegetables for human and animal consumption is were barely altered.
  • Direct Regulation of Phytoene Synthase Gene Expression and Carotenoid Biosynthesis by Phytochrome-Interacting Factors

    Direct Regulation of Phytoene Synthase Gene Expression and Carotenoid Biosynthesis by Phytochrome-Interacting Factors

    Direct regulation of phytoene synthase gene expression and carotenoid biosynthesis by phytochrome-interacting factors Gabriela Toledo-Ortiza, Enamul Huqb, and Manuel Rodríguez-Concepcióna,1 aCentre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; and bSection of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 Edited* by Peter H. Quail, University of California, Albany, CA, and approved May 14, 2010 (received for review December 15, 2009) Carotenoids are key for plants to optimize carbon fixing using the known about the specific factors involved in this coordinated energy of sunlight. They contribute to light harvesting but also control, however. channel energy away from chlorophylls to protect the photosyn- Although the main pathway for carotenoid biosynthesis in plants thetic apparatus from excess light. Phytochrome-mediated light has been elucidated (9, 10), we still lack fundamental knowledge of signals are major cues regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in plants, the regulation of carotenogenesis in plant cells (11). In fact, to date but we still lack fundamental knowledge on the components of this no regulatory genes directly controlling carotenoid biosynthetic signaling pathway. Here we show that phytochrome-interacting gene expression have been isolated. Nonetheless, it is known that factor 1 (PIF1) and other transcription factors of the phytochrome- a major driving force for carotenoid production in different plant interacting factor (PIF) family down-regulate the accumulation of species is the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding phy- carotenoids by specifically repressing the gene encoding phytoene toene synthase (PSY), the first and main rate-determining enzyme synthase (PSY), the main rate-determining enzyme of the pathway.
  • Multiplicity of Carotene Patterns Derives from Competition Between

    Multiplicity of Carotene Patterns Derives from Competition Between

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Multiplicity of carotene patterns derives from competition between phytoene desaturase diversifcation and biological environments Mathieu Fournié1,2,3 & Gilles Truan1* Phytoene desaturases catalyse from two to six desaturation reactions on phytoene, generating a large diversity of molecules that can then be cyclised and produce, depending on the organism, many diferent carotenoids. We constructed a phylogenetic tree of a subset of phytoene desaturases from the CrtI family for which functional data was available. We expressed in a bacterial system eight codon optimized CrtI enzymes from diferent clades. Analysis of the phytoene desaturation reactions on crude extracts showed that three CrtI enzymes can catalyse up to six desaturations, forming tetradehydrolycopene. Kinetic data generated using a subset of fve purifed enzymes demonstrate the existence of characteristic patterns of desaturated molecules associated with various CrtI clades. The kinetic data was also analysed using a classical Michaelis–Menten kinetic model, showing that variations in the reaction rates and binding constants could explain the various carotene patterns observed. Competition between lycopene cyclase and the phytoene desaturases modifed the distribution between carotene intermediates when expressed in yeast in the context of the full β-carotene production pathway. Our results demonstrate that the desaturation patterns of carotene molecules in various biological environments cannot be fully inferred from phytoene desaturases classifcation but is governed both by evolutionary-linked variations in the desaturation rates and competition between desaturation and cyclisation steps. Carotenoids are organic pigments produced by plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria and can be subdivided into two families of molecules, carotenes and their oxidised counterparts, xanthophylls 1.
  • Chemical Inhibition of Lycopene Β-Cyclases Unmask Operation of Phytoene Synthase 2 in 4 Ripening Tomato Fruits

    Chemical Inhibition of Lycopene Β-Cyclases Unmask Operation of Phytoene Synthase 2 in 4 Ripening Tomato Fruits

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.19.452896; this version posted July 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Rameshwar Sharma (orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-8986) 2 Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi (orcid.org/0000-0003-3468-9136) 3 Chemical inhibition of lycopene β-cyclases unmask operation of phytoene synthase 2 in 4 ripening tomato fruits 5 Prateek Gupta1, Marta Rodriguez‐Franco2, Reddaiah Bodanapu1,#, Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi1*, 6 and Rameshwar Sharma1* 7 1Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of 8 Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India 9 2Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D‐79104, 10 Germany 11 *Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] 12 Short title: Role of PSY2 in tomato fruit carotenogenesis. 13 *Author for Correspondence 14 # Deceased 15 E-mails authors: [email protected] (PG), [email protected] 16 freiburg.de (MR), [email protected] (YS), [email protected] (RS) 17 Date of Submission: July 2021 18 Tables: Nil. 19 Figures: Six. 20 Supplementary figures: Nine. 21 Supplementary tables: Two. 22 Word count: 5602. 23 Highlight: 24 In tomato phytoene synthase 1 mutant fruit, which is bereft of lycopene, the chemical 25 inhibition of lycopene β-cyclases triggers lycopene accumulation. Above lycopene is likely 26 derived from phytoene synthase 2, which is hitherto presumed to be idle in tomato fruits.
  • Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0

    Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0

    77:222 Spring 2005 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2005) offered by the Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program B-180 Med Labs The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242-1181 Spring 2005 Term Instructors: GARRY R. BUETTNER, Ph.D. LARRY W. OBERLEY, Ph.D. with guest lectures from: Drs. Freya Q . Schafer, Douglas R. Spitz, and Frederick E. Domann The Fine Print: Because this is a paper written by a beginning student as an assignment, there are no guarantees that everything is absolutely correct and accurate. In view of the possibility of human error or changes in our knowledge due to continued research, neither the author nor The University of Iowa nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such information. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. All material contained in this paper is copyright of the author, or the owner of the source that the material was taken from. This work is not intended as a threat to the ownership of said copyrights. S. Jetawattana Lycopene, a powerful antioxidant 1 Lycopene, a powerful antioxidant by Suwimol Jetawattana Department of Radiation Oncology Free Radical and Radiation Biology The University
  • Enzymatic Synthesis of Carotenes and Related Compounds

    Enzymatic Synthesis of Carotenes and Related Compounds

    ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF CAROTENES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS JOHN W. PORTER Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Veterans Administration Hospital and the Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Data are presented in this paper which establish many of the reactions involved in the biosynthesis of carotenes. Studies have shown that all of the enzymes required for the synthesis of acyclic and cyclic carotenes from mevalonic acid are present in plastids of tomato fruits. Thus, it has been demonstrated that a soluble extract of an acetone powder of tomato fruits converts mevalonic acid to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate to phytoene, phytofluene, neurosporene and lycopene. Finally, it has been demonstrated that lycopene is converted into mono- and dicyclic carotenes by soluble extracts of plastids of tomato fruits. Whether the enzymes for the conversion of acetyl-CoA to mevalonic acid are also present in tomato fruit plastids has not yet been determined. INTRODUCTION Studies on the enzymatic synthesis of carotenes were, until very recently, plagued by a number of problems. One of these was the fact that the enzymes for the synthesis of carotenes are located in a particulate body, namely chromoplasts or chloroplasts. Hence, a method of solubilization of the enzymes without appreciable loss of enzyme activity was needed. A second problem was concerned with the commercial unavailability of labelled substrate other than mevalonic acid. Thus it became necessary to synthesize other substrates either chemically or enzymatically and then to purify these compounds. Thirdly, the reactions in the synthesis of carotenes appear to proceed much more slowly than many other biochemical reactions.
  • Engineering of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Levels And

    Engineering of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Levels And

    Engineering of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase levels and physiological conditions for enhanced carotenoid and astaxanthin synthesis in Jürgen Breitenbach, Hans Visser, Jan C. Verdoes, Albert J. J. Ooyen, Gerhard Sandmann To cite this version: Jürgen Breitenbach, Hans Visser, Jan C. Verdoes, Albert J. J. Ooyen, Gerhard Sandmann. En- gineering of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase levels and physiological conditions for enhanced carotenoid and astaxanthin synthesis in. Biotechnology Letters, Springer Verlag, 2010, 33 (4), pp.755- 761. 10.1007/s10529-010-0495-2. hal-00653064 HAL Id: hal-00653064 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00653064 Submitted on 17 Dec 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Section: Microbial and Enzyme Technology Engineering of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase levels and physiological conditions for enhanced carotenoid and astaxanthin synthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Jürgen Breitenbach, Hans Visser, Jan C. Verdoes, Albert J.J. van Ooyen, Gerhard Sandmann J. Breitenbach, G. Sandmann* J.W. Goethe Universität, Molecular Biosciences 213, P.O. Box 111932, 60054 Frankfurt, Germany; E-mail:[email protected] Tel.:+49-69-79824746 Fax:+49-69-79824822 J.C. Verdoes** Division of Industrial Microbiology Wageningen University, P.O.
  • Sulfur-Containing Compounds: Natural Potential Catalyst for the Isomerization of Phytofluene, Phytoene and Lycopene in Tomato Pulp

    Sulfur-Containing Compounds: Natural Potential Catalyst for the Isomerization of Phytofluene, Phytoene and Lycopene in Tomato Pulp

    foods Article Sulfur-Containing Compounds: Natural Potential Catalyst for the Isomerization of Phytofluene, Phytoene and Lycopene in Tomato Pulp Lulu Ma 1, Cheng Yang 1, Xin Jiang 1, Qun Wang 1, Jian Zhang 1,2 and Lianfu Zhang 1,2,* 1 School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (C.Y.); [email protected] (X.J.); [email protected] (Q.W.); [email protected] (J.Z.) 2 The Food College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-510-85917025; Fax: +86-510-85917025 Abstract: The effects of some sulfur-containing compounds on the isomerization and degradation of lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene under different thermal treatment conditions were studied in detail. Isothiocyanates such as allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and polysulfides like dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) had the effect on the configuration of PTF (phytofluene), PT (phytoene), and lycopene. The proportion of their naturally occurring Z-isomers (Z1,2-PTF and 15-Z-PT) decreased and transformed into other isomers including all-trans configuration, while Z-lycopene increased significantly after thermal treatment, especially for 5-Z-lycopene. The results showed that increase in heating temper- ature, time, and the concentration of DMTS and AITC could promote the isomerization reaction effectively to some extent. In addition, 15-Z-PT and the newly formed Z4-PTF were the predominant Citation: Ma, L.; Yang, C.; Jiang, X.; isomers in tomato at the equilibrium. Unlike the lycopene, which degraded significantly during Wang, Q.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.
  • Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate Is Not the Committed Precursor of Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate During Terpenoid Biosynthesis from 1-Deoxyxylulose in Higher Plants

    Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate Is Not the Committed Precursor of Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate During Terpenoid Biosynthesis from 1-Deoxyxylulose in Higher Plants

    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 1309–1314, February 1999 Biochemistry Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate is not the committed precursor of isopentenyl pyrophosphate during terpenoid biosynthesis from 1-deoxyxylulose in higher plants DUILIO ARIGONI*†,WOLFGANG EISENREICH‡,CHRISTOPH LATZEL§,SILVIA SAGNER§,TANJA RADYKEWICZ‡, MEINHART H. ZENK§, AND ADELBERT BACHER‡ *Laboratorium fu¨r Organische Chemie, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische Hochschule, Universita¨tsstrasse16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; §Lehrstuhl fu¨r Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Karlstrasse 29, D-80333 Munich, Germany; and ‡Lehrstuhl fu¨r Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany Contributed by Duilio Arigoni, December 18, 1998 ABSTRACT Cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus were way to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) (5) and dimethylallyl supplied with [2-13C,3-2H]-deoxyxylulose or [2-13C,4-2H]1- pyrophosphate (DMAPP) (6) have been identified. deoxyxylulose. Lutein and chlorophylls were isolated from the Phytol (7, Fig. 2), b-carotene, and lutein (8) are biosynthe- cell mass, and hydrolysis of the chlorophyll mixtures afforded sized in Catharanthus roseus from DMAPP and IPP stemming phytol. Isotope labeling patterns of phytol and lutein were largely, if not exclusively, from deoxyxylulose (9). Specifically, determined by 2H NMR and 1H,2H-decoupled 13C NMR. From DMAPP serves as a starter unit, which is converted into the the data it must be concluded that the deuterium atom in common precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate by sequen- position 3 of deoxyxylulose was incorporated into both iso- tial reactions with three IPP units. To obtain information on pentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophos- the nature and sequence of the unknown steps that lead from 13 phate with a rate of 75% (with respect to the internal C 1-deoxyxylulose to the two C5 building blocks of terpene label).
  • The Damage and Tolerance Mechanisms of Pha a Rhodozyma Mutant Strain MK19 Grown at 28 °C

    The Damage and Tolerance Mechanisms of Pha a Rhodozyma Mutant Strain MK19 Grown at 28 °C

    The damage and tolerance mechanisms of Phaa rhodozyma mutant strain MK19 grown at 28 °C Lili Miao ( [email protected] ) Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8620-2161 Shuang Chi China Agricultural University Ting-Ting Hou Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhi-Pei Liu Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Ying Li China Agricultural University Research Keywords: Phaa rhodozyma, moderate-temperature strain, astaxanthin, fatty acid, mevalonate pathway Posted Date: November 13th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-48016/v3 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published on January 7th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01479-x. Page 1/31 Abstract Background: Phaa rhodozyma has many desirable properties for astaxanthin production, including rapid heterotrophic metabolism and high cell densities in fermenter culture. The low optimal temperature range (17-21 °C) for cell growth and astaxanthin synthesis in this species presents an obstacle to ecient industrial-scale astaxanthin production. The inhibition mechanism of cell growth at > 21 °C in P. rhodozyma have not been investigated. Results: MK19, a mutant P. rhodozyma strain grows well at moderate temperatures, its cell growth was also inhibited at 28 °C, but such inhibition was mitigated, and low biomass 6 g/L was obtained after 100 h culture. Transcriptome analysis indicated that low biomass at 28 °C resulted from strong suppression of DNA and RNA synthesis in MK19.