ACTA GGM DEBRECINA Geology, Geomorphology, Physical Geography Series DEBRECEN Vol. 3, 133–139 2008

Anthropogenisation of the area of the Biala Przemsza catchment (the Silesian Upland) and regeneration of biogeocenoses A Biala Przemsza vízgy 9jt jének antropogenizációja és a biogeocönózisok regenerációja (Sziléziai-felföld) Oimahmad Rahmonov – Tadeusz Szczypek – Jolanta Pelka-Gosciniak

University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, BQdzi ska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland

Abstract – After organised human activity lasting for many centuries in the area of Biala Przemsza catchment since the 1980s, the distinct re-generation of biocenoses and the formation of new ecological niches for different, also new organisms have been observed. The example of this is the formation of typical ecological systems in river valleys together with characteristic elements entering into the composition of biocenoses. Due to improvement in the state of ecosystems these species, formerly being at the edge of total extinction, increased in number in their own populations. It is the example of spontaneous development of ecosystems once human pressure ceased.

Összefoglalás – Több évszázados emberi behatás után, melynek során a Biala Przemsza vízgy 9jt je sivataggá vált, az 1980-as évek óta megindult a terület regenerációja, mely nemcsak az eredeti biogeocönózisok helyreállítását eredményezte, mint az a m 9holdfelvételek is tanúsítják, de új társulások is megjelentek. A vízgy 9jt regenerációja kit 9n példa az emberi hatás alól felszabadult területek spontán újraéledésére.

Key words – human impact, Biala Przemsza catchment, Silesian Upland, re-generation of biogeocenoses Tárgyszavak – emberi behatás, Biala Przemsza vízgy 9jt , Sziléziai-felföld, a biogeocönózis regenerációja

Introduction rocks – within the borders of dry valleys – Pleistocene sandy-gravely river deposits lie. In the Late Pleistocene and One of the effects of anthropopression – ignoring its Holocene these deposits were wind-blown, forming usually negative influence on naturally functioning numerous dune landforms (S ZCZYPEK 1986). landscapes – is the formation of new habitats for the The western part of the catchment area of the river vegetation and animal worlds. Simultaneously, after discussed has the substratum built most of the Middle desistance from human activity, rather long-lasting process Triassic dolomites, and in the area of Sosnowiec and of environment re-generation takes place, during which neighbouring D Bbrowa Górnicza the Carboniferous biocenoses try to adapt to the former original conditions. deposits with beds of hard coal appear on the surface. In Such phenomena are observed not only in areas, which in this part of catchment, mainly in valley depressions fields the past underwent slight anthropopression, but also in of blown sands also exist. areas of old and new industry, i.e. in areas, which underwent and undergo strong influences of human Research methods activity. One of such areas is the catchment area of the Biala Przemsza river, which in the upper course flows Research methods consisted of field observations through the central part of the Cracow-Wielu  Upland, and (geological sections, geomorphological mapping, in the lower course, through the eastern part of the Silesian geobotanical mapping, analysis of botanical transects), Upland that has been industrialized for a long time ( Fig. 1 ). making and interpreting radiocarbon ( 14 C) analyses, Specific character of this catchment area is proved by determination of type and age of archaeological findings, among others the significant variety of geological interpretation of pollen diagrams, analysis of literature and formations and historical factors, which are partially cartographic materials, maps from different time periods connected to the geological framework. and aerial photos. This study focuses on the presentation of historical The influence of human activity on the landscape of and present-day aspects of anthropopression in the area the Bia a Przemsza catchment area in historical aspect was investigated (i.e. mainly in the central part of the catchment also investigated. The beginning of human impact on the area – at the borderland of Cracow-Wielu  Upland and the natural environment of this terrain can be detected in the Silesian Upland), caused mainly by lead, silver and zinc ore period, when pasturing-agricultural tribes came here to mining as well as the evaluation of natural re-generation settle. It started in the Atlantic period (the turn of processes of biogeocenoses. Mesolithic and Neolithic), what is betokened by the disturbance in forest cover at dunes and mobilisation of Study area aeolian processes (6670±150yr BP, 6630±75yr BP, 6070±130yr BP, 5990±150yr BP – Fig. 2 ; N OWACZYK et al. The Biala Przemsza river is 64km long, and its 1982, S ZCZYPEK 1988, S ZCZYPEK & WACH 1991, D ULIAS 2 catchment area amounts to 876.5km (C ZYLOK et al. 2006). 1997, D ULIAS et al. 2003, 2008). Archaeological findings In Sosnowiec it is connected with the Czarna Przemsza and (flint tools) from the area of present-day Bledow Desert farther, just as the Przemsza, it flows towards the south, and some neighbouring localities also refer to this period and then enters into the Vistula river. In general, the (K OZ OWSKI 1923, G INTER & KOWALSKI 1963). eastern part of the Biala Przemsza catchment area – within Fossil soils located inside dunes also prove the human the borders of the Cracow-Wielu  Upland – is built of soft interference into the natural environment. On them the and hard varieties of Upper Jurassic limestone. On these forest was disturbed in Sub-Boreal and older Sub-Atlantic

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periods [4810±140yr BP, 4100±110yr BP (additionally in to develop intensely. The development of industry in this fossil soil of this age grains of pollen Secale and Centaurea area was related to construction of a railway line between cyanus , Plantago lanceolata , Artemisia , Chenopodiaceae were Warsaw and Vienna in 1848. It enabled food import as well stated , i.e. plants connected with the human industrial as export of local industrial goods, mainly to the territory activity, and in the composition of forest cover deciduous of the Russian empire at those days. species: beech ( Fagus ), oak ( Quercus ), linden ( Tilia ) and The rapid development of coal mining, metallurgical hornbeam ( Carpinus ) predominated (L ATA OWA 1976, and cement industries, accompanied by the mass inflow of OKUNIEWSKA -N OWACZYK 2006), 3790±120yr BP, population from other regions, caused the intense 3790±120yr BP, 3470±130yr BP, 3130±120yr BP, transformation of the natural environment. At places, 2500±130yr BP ( Fig. 2 ; D ULIAS 2000b; P EKA -G O&CINIAK where coal occurred near surface the relief was drastically 2000), and also in the middle and younger Atlantic period transformed by opencast mining. After exhaustion of (1590±60yr BP, 1360±65yr BP – N OWACZYK et al. 1982, surface resources, shafts were drilled, among which SZCZYPEK 1986). industrial buildings were built. The necessity to fill the The intensified anthropic interference is observed in underground works by sand to protect them before the historical times – since the 10 th century till the 20 th century. formation of post-mining subsidences caused further In the area discussed, it was related to medieval ore mining devastation of the primary relief and landscape in large in the area located from D Bbrowa Górnicza to Olkusz. It is areas through the formation of widespread sand proved by the discovery in D Bbrowa Górnicza of the excavations, e.g. Jaworzno Szczakowa–Bukowno near oldest metallurgical furnace from the 10 th /11 th centuries Olkusz ( Fig. 2 ; A BT 1957, S ZCZYPEK et al. 1995). The (early Middle Ages). In the neighbourhood of Olkusz application of electric energy in industry and later in family archaeological sites from this period are covered by aeolian households caused the appearance of the tangle of power sands (D ULIAS et al. 2003, 2008). Since that time more and transmission lines in landscapes (C ZAJA 2001). more intensive disturbance of forest surfaces is started It is worth mentioning, that the part of population (800±65yr BP – N OWACZYK et al. 1982, and afterwards: which hitherto lived owing to agriculture has found 480±50yr BP, 430±55yr BP, 430±30yr BP, medieval employment in industry. Peripheral areas of industrial artifacts, historically documented fires – R OJECKI 1965, regions were surrounded by small farms producing food, NOWACZYK et al. 1982, S ENDOBRY & SZCZYPEK 1991, mainly for their own needs (D EJA 1998). Large number of DULIAS 2000a) owing to the demand for food, and most of balks, significant contribution of marshy meadows, which all for timber as the source of energy which is necessary to could not be mowed before their drying up in late summer, silver, lead and later zinc ore melting. Coniferous forests favoured the preservation of biological diversity in covering sandy areas also and probably most of all summer. Complexes of such unusually picturesque and underwent rooting out. Uncovered sands were wind-blown naturally valuable meadows remained in spring areas of and blown out, what caused the covering up of fertile some tributaries of the Biala Przemsza river. plough lands, human settlements, and even cities, e.g. The development of cement-lime industry favoured Olkusz (M OLENDA 1963 K IRYK & KOODZIEJCZYK the development of building from local limestone rocks. In 1978), located in the neighbourhood. Using the present day this period forests delivered mainly timber, serving as the terminology it is possible to state that this area in the Late lining material in mining works. In relation to common Middle Ages was affected with large ecological calamity, pine applying to this aim, this species was especially which reason was the concentration of the Medieval ore favoured during forest restocking. The pine was planted industry. That remained from this period is the so-called even at fertile habitats instead of deciduous forests. Similar Bledow Desert and smaller and slightly less known, to natural fragments of forests remained only in seepage presently almost completely fixed by forest – Starczynow zones of the Jurassic karst waters, which were numerous in Desert ( Fig. 2 ). One reason for this industry decline, apart this area. These terrains did not freeze even in winters, from difficult environmental conditions, flooding of works what made impossible the exportation of timber. by underground waters, was the lack of energy for ore Fragments of such forests, even with the contribution of melting (Z IENTARA 1954, M OLENDA 1963, 1972). fir, remained till now at south-western edges of remnant in The proper development of the region as an industrial Niegowonice (W IKA 1983). area happened in the period of exploitation of black coal, One should add that the relieving of forest from the which in the south-western part of the catchment area function of energy supplier to melt and the replacing of occurred almost at the surface. The exploitation of coal on wood by other materials, in spite of pinch by contaminated a wider scale, by means of opencast mines, was started at air, became the reason of its rapid renewal. the end of the 19 th century in the area of D Bbrowa Górnicza city. Soon after, iron and zinc metallurgy started

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Figure 1 Catchment of the Biala Przemsza, 1 – Early medieval archaeological finds (remains of old metallurgical furnace) in the neighbourhood of DBbrowa Górnicza, 2 – site of pollen diagram – peat bog near Wolbrom, 3 – compare to Fig. 2 1. ábra A Biala Przemsza vízgy 9jt je, 1 – kora középkori régészeti lel helyek (régi fémolvasztók maradványai) D Bbrowa Górnicza szomszédságában, 2 – pollendiagram helye – t zeg Wolbrom közelében, 3 – v.ö. 2. ábra

Figure 2 Location of traces of human stay in the area investigated (compare to Fig. 1), 1 – site of polled diagram – fossil soil, 2 – archaeological finds of different age, 3 – remains after medieval surface exploitation of zinc and lead ores in Stary Olkusz 2. ábra Emberi megtelepedés nyomai a vizsgált területen (v.ö. 1. ábra), 1 – pollendiagram helye – fosszilis talaj, 2 – régészeti lel helyek, 3 – középkori, felszíni cink és ólomérc-bánya nyomai Stary Olkusz-ban

Pollution of surface and underground waters, heavy metal rich post-washing wastes in river channels, was changes in hydrographic net not high. The formation of local depression cones resulting from the later drilling of adits could be of essential Contamination of waters in the period of medieval importance for the environment. It could also cause development of ore industry, apart from the deposition of changes in the local hydrographic net. The disappearance

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of water in Stary Olkusz was probably the reason for the In connection with the extensive meadow use sites of new location of the city. Most likely the flooding of Colchicum autumnale , Gentiana pneumonanthe , Gladiolus exploitation fields became the reason for the down-fall of imbricatus , Iris sibirica , Platanthera bifolia , Trollius europaeus were primary ore mining. The exploitation of galena lying in preserved, and at inner-forest water-logged meadows site greater depths in the terrain of Olkusz Basin was not which was considered to be as extinct species Gladiolus felicis possible before applying new techniques of bed draining was again found. It is already the last known in the world (electric pumps) (M OLENDA 1972). It caused the essential site of this plant species (C ELI SKI et al. 1996, C ZYLOK et disturbing of the hydrographic net of the catchment area al. 2003). and a huge depressive cone had originated. Water in wells The specific paradox is the fact, that some species and many springs, including the springs of the Bia a river occur already only at anthropogenic substitute habitats. with the natural site of the endemic plant Cochlearia polonica The example can be the earlier mentioned Cochlearia disappeared (C ELI SKI & WIKA 1981). Strongly polonica , which today grows at artificial site at the Centuria contaminated by cellulose industry in Klucze waters of the springs. In areas of older, medieval shafts, being the Bia a Przemsza river and subsurface waters have mixed remains after the shallow exploitation of ores in Stary with lying lower waters. Discharges of mining waters and Olkusz, Pulsatilla patens grows (W IKA & SZCZYPEK 1991). additionally industrial ones to the former channel of the In waterlogged parts of excavations after sand exploitation Biala river, flowing to the Biala Przemsza, became the near Jaworzno and S awków Malaxis monophyllos commonly reason of its drastic contamination. The delivering of occurs, it is accompanied by Epipactis palustris and Drosera additional load of lignosulfonates and other unusually rotundifolia , and in waterlogged valley of the Bobrek – concentrated, rich in heavy metals sewage made the sewer Pinguicula vulgaris subsp. bicolour is observed. At waterlogged from formerly pure Biala Przemsza (W ILK & MOTYKA bottoms of excavations plant communities, which 1977, R AHMONOW 1999). physiognomy is determined by Equisetum variegatum – Building in the 1970s in the watershed area of Arctic-mountainous species are shaped (C ZYLOK & catchment of large metallurgical combine “Katowice” RAHMONOW 1996). Small water reservoirs at excavation Ironworks and large coke plant, was also a cause of change bottoms make places, where rare toad Bufo calamita and of the Bobrek stream – the tributary of the Biala Przemsza, equally rare noble crayfish Astacus astacus occur, and in into stinking sewer. canals draining excavations salmon Salmo trutta m. fario lives The essential role in the contamination of waters in (C ELI SKI et al. 1996 ). the catchment is played by the development of water-pipe The following example of biogeocenoses regeneration network at the lack of sewerage network and effective is the unique on the scale of Poland Bledow Desert. The sewage treatment plants. It became the cause of total regeneration processes at wind-blown and still already pollution of surface and ground waters. Only rivers and blown sands (A LEXANDROWICZOWA 1962, S ZCZYPEK et al. streams flowing through weakly inhabited areas still have 1994) happen here in the considerable majority in a natural moderately pure waters (J ANKOWSKI & WACH 1984, J AGU & way. The modelled course of succession of vegetation of & RZPTA A 1997). psammosera type (initial primary and secondary), intensified by air pollution by dust, nitrogen and sulphur compounds Natural peculiarities in the area of the Biala Przemsza (R AHMONOV et al. 2007) and the development of initial catchment soils of arenosols type is here observed. But these processes for a dozen or so years are monitored (S ZCZYPEK et al. The area of the Biala Przemsza catchment, despite of 1994, R AHMONOW 1999, R AHMONOV 2007). Initially the many-centuries lasting intensive human pressure, swarms results indicate that in spite of anthropogenic character of with sites of rare plant and animal species, and even „desert” landscape, processes occurring here do not stray enclaves of almost natural character. Among the largest from natural sandy landscapes of such type at all. But the values, which presence has the connection with the essential difference consist in this, that these processes preserved natural biocenotic systems, one should mention have short-lasting character, what is conditioned by the among others: spring areas of the Centuria, B Q dowski lack of factors keeping these processes. In the years 1950– Potok, Kozi Bród together with the fragments of valley and 1970s this area was a widespread deflation field, but natural channel, forests at G. Che mska, D Qbowa Góra in actually it is almost completely overgrown by arborescent- Sawków, limestone rocks in Pazurek, at Januszkowa Góra bushy vegetation, developing towards the direction of pine and Góra Sto owa (near Klucze and Olkusz), meadows and coniferous forests ( photos 1, 2 ). At small fragments, where small forest surfaces in the neighbourhood of Rudy, the phenomenon of anthropopression still occurs, deflation Sawków, the Bia a Przemsza valley in the neighbourhood fields still remained ( photos 3, 4 ). The whole area of Bledow of Bledow and Okradzionów (M ICHALIK 1979) Desert together with the Biala Przemsza valley is placed at At above-mentioned points and in other sites refuges NATURA 2000 list. of interesting and rare animal species ( Phoxinus phoxinus , Triturus alpestris , Castor fiber , Alces alces , Crex crex ) and plants (Aconitum variegatum , Carex pendula , C. strigosa , Dentaria enneaphyllos, Doronicum austriacum , Drosera longifolia , Epipactis purpurata, Lilium martagon , Nymphaea candida ) still remained.

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Photo 1 Bledow „Desert” at aerial photograph from the 1950s 1. kép A Bledow-„sivatag“ egy 1950-es évekb l való légifényképen

Photo 2 Bledow „Desert” at satellite image from 2008 year (source: internet) 2. kép A Bledow-„sivatag” 2008-ban, m 9holdfelvétel (internet)

Photo 3 Sandy deflation field surrounded by bushes overgrowing Bledow „Desert” – 1999 year (photo by T. Szczypek) 3. kép Homokos deflációs mez bokrokkal határolva amelyek benövik a Bledow-„sivatagot”

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Photo 4 Sandy deflation field covered with algal-mossy soil crust – 2008 year (photo by O. Rahmonov) 4. kép Homokos deflációs mez algás-mohás talajkéreggel (fotó O. Rahmonov) - 2008

Recapitulation CELINSKI , F., WIKA , S. 1981: Influence de l’industrie sur le developpement de la vegetation de source. L`example Following centuries of organised human activity in the du Cochlearietum polonicae. Colloques Phytosociologiques , area of Biala Przemsza catchment since the 1980s, the 10, 457–470 distinct re-generation of biocenoses and the formation of CZAJA , S. 2001: Mining and hydrological transformations in new ecological niches for different and new organisms Upper Silesia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth have been observed. The example for this is the formation century. The Geographical Journal , 167(1), 57–71 of typical ecological systems in river valleys together with CZYLOK , A., NIEWDANA , J., TYC , A. (ed.) 2006: Kraina characteristic elements entering into the composition of Bia ej Przemszy. – Przyroda i cz owiek. biocenoses. As a result of improvement in the state of Stowarzyszenie „Szansa Bia ej Przemszy”, Olkusz, 120 ecosystems, species threatened by extinction earlier, p. increase in numbers. It is the example of spontaneous CZYLOK , A., RAHMONOW , O. 1996: Unikatowe uk ady development of ecosystems released from human pressure. fitocenotyczne w wyrobiskach wschodniej cz Q' ci In general, one should state that preservation and województwa katowickiego. Kszta towanie 'rodowiska shaping of transformed terrains of the Biala Przemsza geograficznego i ochrona przyrody na obszarach biocenotic systems help the development of specific uprzemys owionych i zurbanizowanych , 23, 27–31 biodiversity. In formation of this biodiversity, relict and CZYLOK , A., SZCZYPEK , T., WIKA , S. 2003: Ostoje endemic species as well as rare species take part, they create naturalnej przyrody na obszarach uprzemys owionych island sites beyond the borders of compact range. i zurbanizowanych na przyk adzie Potoku To preserve the natural heritage, the most valuable BQ dowskiego. Problemy Ekologii , 1(37), 40–46 fragments of the catchment area discussed should be DEJA , I. 1998: Formowanie si Q biocenoz w wyniku designated to effective protection to enable further uCytkowania doliny Bia ej Przemszy w okolicy existence of populations of living organisms. BQ dowa. – Manuscript, WNoZ U &, Sosnowiec DULIAS , R. 1997: Pó Anoglacjalny i holoce ski rozwój References pokryw py owo-piaszczystych w po udniowej cz Q' ci Wy Cyny Cz Qstochowskiej. Geographia, studia et ABT , E.L.G. 1957: Memoria  w sprawie kopalnictwa rud o owiu dissertationes , 21, 7–100 i srebra na Górnym &lBsku. Katowice., 283 p. DULIAS , R. 2000a: Procesy eoliczne na Wy Cynie &lBsko- ALEXANDROWICZOWA , Z. 1962: Piaski i formy wydmowe Krakowskiej w pó Anym 'redniowieczu. – In: Sbornik Pustyni B Q dowskiej. Ochrona Przyrody , 28, 227–253 referát 7 z mezinárodního seminá %e „Sou 7asný stav CELINSKI , F., CZYLOK , A., KUBAJAK , A. 1996: Przewodnik geomorfologických výzkum 7”. – OU, 6AG, Ostrava po D Bbrowie Górniczej. – Wyd. Planta, Kraków, 72 p.

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