Report of the Preparatory Technical Meeting on Propulsion in Fishing Canoes in West Africa

IDAF / WP 117 March 1987

REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY TECHNICAL MEETING ON PROPULSION IN FISHING CANOES IN WEST AFRICA

FAO! DANNDALNOWAY

IDAF/WP/17 March 1987

REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY TECHNICAL MEETING ON PROPULSION IN FISHING CANOES IN WEST AFRICA

Freetown, Sierra Leone 15-JO November, 1986

R 3. Campbell

Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de 1Ouest -DIPA Programme for integrated Development. of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa lOAF Gcp/RAF/192/DE:N Gcp/RAF/198/DE:N GCP/RAF/19 7/NOR With financial assistance from Denmark and Norway, and in collaboration with the Peoples Republic of Benin, the Fisheries Depart- ment of FAO is implementing in West Africa a programme of small scale fisheries development, commonly called the IDAF Project. This programme is based upon an integrated approach, involving production, processing and marketing of fish, and related activities ; it also involves, in particular, an active and full participation of the target fishing comrnu- nities,

IDAF Project Boite Postale 1369 Cotonou, RP. du Bénin Télex 5291 F000AGRI Tél. 330925/330624

Mr R. J. Campbell is on the staff of MacAlister Elliott and Partners Ltd, and was an IDAF Consultant when he prepared for the Mee- ting and wrote up the report. The lOAF Consultant Mr, AD R. Coackley also contributed greatly to preparations.

The Meeting was an informal discussion between FAO staff, tecft- nical personnel from a range of development projects in the region and representatives of several marine engine manufacturers. It was aimed at generating an exchange of information, experiences ad ideas between projects and of identifying ways of improving communications and coordi-. nation in the future.

The Meeting was informally structured and consisted of field excursions, vessel triais and round-.tabie discussions. Perhaps the most useful lessons learned were during the evenings when participants with common problems identified during the day, discussed ideas in more detail. This format for discussion proved extremely productive and much ground was covered in the few days It does not, however, easily lend itself to a sequential record of the points covered. This report, therefore, is aimed at recording the spirit of the discussions over the period and although adhering broadly to the order in which they occured, is more concerned with the relevance of discussIon to one another than to their timing. C0NTENT

Introduction

Participants 7 4eeting Organisation anc Agenda lo Field Excursion to Goderich 15th November 11

Round Tb1e Discussion 16th November 13 5.1. Introduction to IDAF 13 5.2. introduction to the concept of the meeting 1 5.3. The dìvcrsity and scope of canoe propulsionprojects 15 5.4. The Benin Model Project 5.5. The Integruted Development of Rural Fishing Villages1 Thenge Region 20 5.6. The Tambia Fisheries ieve1opment Project 21 5.7. The Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo 22 5.8. Relance de la Peche Artisanal a Ojifere 24 5.9. Discussion of project diversity 25 5.10. TechMcal innovations in Senegsi 2B 5.l1.Technjcal innovations in Benin 30 5.12.Techriicai innovations in Kambia, Sierra Leone 5.13.Technical innovatìona in Tombe, Sierra Leoue 34 5.14.Discussion of 'Technical innovations 36

6 Field Excursion to Tombe - 17th November 39

7. Round Table Piscusion - lth November 411 7.1. introduction to the broader issues ofpropulsion development 41 7.2. fliscusion on the hroarlei' aspocts ofpropulsion 43 7.3. Past and present use ofaii in WestAfrica 52 7.4. The Sheage Project sail t'iaJs 53 7.5. Generni Discussion on sail 54 7.8. The future activities of West Africanprepuls ieri deve1opnent. 56 8. A preliminary list of refereflces concerning fishing canoe propulsion in West Africa. 61

Appendix Experi.enees at Tombo 74

* TNTRODUCTIOI

Research ed developntt Ï oto improved fishing canoe propulsion systens plays a role in many smali-acale fisheries projects in West Afrtct The importance of the canoe propulsion cosponent relative toother activities within specific projects varies considerably. Projects do however, sharencc'mon growth urgency to find solutions to the problei of high fuel consurnption within the 9rtisanal fleet artd the resultant drain of foreign e,change and the declining economic viability of fishing communities

In his .IDAF Working Paper of 19i5 eat:itled "A preliminary account of attempts to introduce alternative types of small craft intoWest Africa", Oyvi ud (ulbrnndsen identified t enty-four distinct triaLs with modified motori sat i or systems almud at the ortisarial sector. In addition to the, there have been numerous sai1 trialsthroughout West Afrie4 and an uxpansì.on in diec1 motorLit1ou since the t985 euve This multiplicity of research effort must.,to nu extent,reflectthe diversityoflocal roiuirement.s caused by variations Ñfl traditonni vesseldesigni operatingsurfconditions,availabilityoflocal materials and the demands ofch local fishery Itislikely1however,thnt much research effort is wostudinthe region through the needless duplication of tri als r ulting frompoor communication b etween projects and poor coordinat ionofact ivi t les.

Realising the need for urgent solutions to the problems of canoe propulsion in West Africa and recognìnì.ng the paucity of successful large-'scaiu innovations in ttis field, IDF ac1noledged clear need to sscss the past, present and future directions offishing canoe propulsionand to promote aninformalforumaìmedatimproving communications and coordination within the region.

As a consequence, terhnicnl personnel from a range of projects in West Africa were iuvited to join FAO staff in an informal discuss-ion session in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in November iE6. A selection of marine engine manufacturers, currently involved wìth projects in theregion, were also invited to send technical representatives.

The discussion sess:i.ont.00lthe fornì of a preparatory technical meeting involving both fieldexcursions nd a round--table exchange of information and ideas. The meeting's success hinged, very much, on the informality of its organisation and the willingness of participants to candid].y discuss their experiences and to learn fromeach other's success and failures. Sierra Leone w*oa most s cite verme mrthe reeting es itsstatus asa least: developed net i on und ite eurrent economic problenissharply focussedthoettex,tionof part: cipoots on theproblemsofforeign eehage shortages and of poor loglet le support Au underetmding of theseproblemsisltlto thereessofanyprojectsimedat transferring techriologj peoisi .ly those involving engines andspare parts Sierre Leone is fortusat e in huvi.ng three rete fisheriesprojects funded by three spiate açjeocíes ailnvoived in vriow aspectsof fishingcuneepropulolen. iLrnssththeirdesign, funcUng, irplemontaUonend object ivegivesowe t cation of the copieity of the o opul si cm p oblew e iet 'hdiv ity uf pet eTvedolutons The history of' Sierra beone canoe fleet cen also be viewed es prophetic intheeuse that the country s past lad nf irge treest'ord'ugouls and the subsequent avolut ion of the large planked veseJ.s representsa develp»tentphese wk ohmay affect the whole ofWestAfrica. The olutiou found for euch country mayot te the some nnSierraLeone buttudy of the process may provide useful indicators fordevelepmeut planning.

Theselection of p rtic pents for e niceting of this kìnd isaiwsysa difficult task.The moetiuwes intended to conform in practice to its t it le and prepare tho t. chnícel groundwork fr possible futureact i on. As Buch, itwasdecided. to limitdevelopmentpersonneltothose activelyinvolved in cunee propulsion triaIs and Luinvih?e limited nwber of manufacturersho were current i y working in conjunct ionwIth Iest African canoe propulsion projects

Thedecisiontoconduct the meeting inthe.Englishlanguagemust obviouslylimitits scope in a region which not only hasmnny ocal langudg sbuihs mcin3 of i unen t ddml u tst dtns per dt throughthe medium of French. The. me&.ing wus fortunateinhav:tng seine French spe&cinig representatives-xo were equally fluent in English nd t itcì tbt i . xpcn i c'nc e' in the g oui c i pt eutcd na balanced way. Themeeting began on the ith N'ember with en excur ionto ode.ricb fishìnvi linse where pert icipant a were able to study a range of veosel types end observe the selling of fishn the beach undl so ti'ntditionn.l fi.h process inpractices. The trip ppied much informal discussion ofcomparati vevessel construction methods endsIwre-liiieoperating conditions. 5

The followingday started with an introduction to the evolution of existing propulsion systems in West Africa and to the dîversity of the various development projects in the region, Thi.s was followed by each major project being describedin detail in termsof theirohjectives duration, size, scope, ìnfr'astructure, achievements and constraints. Thiswas designed to piace in context the different environments in which. various technical innovations in rropuisionhave evolved andto emphasise the influence of policy and planning cm achievements.

After lunch, the technical developments achieved within each project werediscussedindetail and comparisons madebetween respective projects. Emphasis was placed on the need to consider the effect of local demands of the envìronment traditional vessel design end fishthg techniques in engineering innovations. Projects discussed the evolution of particular technical developments and theirrelationship to local behavioural practices.

On the 17th November a second excursion was arranged, this time to the Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo. Participants were ahle to see diesel inboardpowered canoesunder construction and to discuss specific installations in more practical, terms. The group later travelled to the fishing grounds outside of YawnBay and observed various ringoet fishingactivitieswhich highlighted the importance of speedand manoeuvrability in the design of vessels and the choice and installation of engines.

The FAO/UNDP ShengeProject also gave a demonstration of. its experimental sail and four-stroke outboard powered canoe. The canoe design represented several innovations for the region, particularly in the adoption of an outrigger for increased stability and the use of a crab-claw sail.

The morning of llth November began with an introduction to thebroader elements of propulsiondevelopment including long term technical support, commercial involvement in motorisation, and the social acceptabilityof technology transfer. This was followed by an qpen discussion of the various paints, aimed at identifying development bottlenecks and determining the importance of thesefactors relative both to eachother and to the problems of straight engineering innovation. in particular, the engine manufacturers were encouraged to voicetheir attitudes to the cojmnercial involvement in the development of new propulsion systems.

The discussion was continued in the afternoon to cover the econoenic and financial factors involved in changing technology, both at the village and national, levels. Emphasis was placed on the availability of foreign exchange for spare part support and the provision of village level credit systems necessary where capital costs are increased. This was followed by an introduction to the use of sail in WestAfrica andtheattemptsofvarious deve1opnentaeneiestoencouragea reintroductionofwidespreadsailuses Theexperiencesofthe FAO/UNDP ShengeProject were described indetailparticularlythe recenttriaisusingsailinconjunctionwithfour-strokepetrol. outboards. TheforthcomingODA s:il trainingmanualwasbriefly outlined and discussed. Themeetingwas concluded with a discussion oftheproposedfuture activitiesofeachproject and how besttoimprovecommunications betweenprojects in the future. The usefulne.s of themeetingwas considered along with suggestions for future action. Thefollowing report records the spirit of the discussionsheldover thefour days as outlined above. it is hoped that this reportwill providen foundationfromwhich can evolveamoreinformedand eoordi.nated approach to canoe propulsionsan approach which is capable of providing vilioge fishing communities ìn west Africa with longterm viable and acceptable solutions to their current propulsion problems. 7

P1UTlGIPNTS The fol iowìng i ìjt records the. part.icipnts their tti emd contact addresses. Those who attertded as observers have not been recorded but their contributions are none the less appreciated.

Jtis regrLt E cl thdt nehoMi Jhu m UN MrOyvi ad'Julbi ìnthe cou]d aHend the metin1 duc. to pr.iornmihntq Thpìy LOfltl ibuion intheformof documentedxperieoce wa mostappreciated bythe meeting and fonued the basi.fromhi ch much of the drusoion evo ved. Mr Fysan's kind assistance and g idane.. in the meetings preparationis also much appreciated.

FIlO Siaff i. Mr OcorgeRvereli; Prograîmim forthe integratedI)evelopmeutof A lfldl FqhLre n West Afi )tPPostale i (.otonou 1.P.B. du}3en:in. 529t FO0DMT?t Tel : 330925/330624 2 I'r Gordcm eves Chief Technical Adviser BEthin Model. Project :1 PAF Programme. 3 Mr Ned Coacldey Coitaut flont3uiider e/o IINDP Giinet Ri sau Tl>c 2b1 UNDEVP}O 4. Mr J ed Campbell Devtonwn. Consul tant MacAlister Fiiiot.t & Partners 56 fligh Street, Lymingion, Hontn SO41 9AH UJ. Tix 4770321ACE:L.L O Tel 0590 7.i973

Manufacturers prentatives 5. Mr Christian Pereira Lcsnbardi ai tranr.c Zone instriche d Arnas Rue de Ni.eran, 69400 Vi i lefranchesur SaoneFrance Tix 340411 F Tel 74 5 37 O R

6. f4r Jen Claude fleroujon EortMajar,Lumhrdini, Frasce 7. Mr tiJì.sr Suies A Volvo Penta S-705WtGothenburg, eden T Ix 20755 Tel 31 235760 8. Mr Akì.y eko Mr iso Project Over MrJet.thg J)ivi.ri.on Mari ne Operations M(,t.orC. ,L:d 250() Shingal, lwatì-ShL ken 43ß .Japau TJ.x 359645 VAMIIA 3 Tel. 07-4185

FiheriePi. .1st Project Toï»bo Mr 1he Ikxk Fh.erics Pilot Prcjecl Toiibo P.O. Box 72 Freetown ierrn Leone T J x: 324R Di .PGER S L Tel O242O2

IO. Mr Peler Jrchau Mo (ter i I MrI aus;ange Nava.l irchiteet

12 Mr Kiius Rube 8!1en

Rwvbi u h:k -Pi1 13.llr Tony Seyrour ag e/o Nt o.d. uthori.i ng Offi ce PO Box 1402, Tower Il i. i. I Free f:own ,S i erro Leone Tix 245 FCSC SL 14.Mr Oeoz'ge Noble Mas ter ioathui ider 15.Mr Rod Beare 9

jenJ{e Proct lG t'Yr obert Lee Tern 1ader c/cl FM) P.O.llo 71 Freetown Sierranone Ti x 3377 FM)ll)'P SL Tel 24713 17. 4r DwUel Davy Sa .1 Cuau.itm1 MacAl iter Ei hoLt R Pïtnnrs 56, High Street,yiington flan t.s 504 :1 9u, u T1.x : 4779fl2 '1AGELL G Tel 0590 75973

!LU j(jt

1.13. Mi- David Wihon $)irc;eur Adjoint Urojet de Djifere PO 3ox 32.15, Dtkar, Senegal Tel : 211.462

Mauri trniaLiOPA 19.Mr I'uul Knooj Nval ArhiLcL o/o (01A nsuiLnt ud Farnberg, Federa' Repuh in of Geriany Tel: 6) 72 32004

N.f3 : hr. Jan 3ohnson, Senior Advisor of the lOAF Project., attended the whole meetinq, whereas Mr. Georqe Everett only attended for the first day. o

3 ?.JEETÈN( OGELN1S'tTi.ON ÍNU ¿'ßNUA

Theprepdret.ory teehn:i col neeting on no'.ropul sien inWest/efri n scorened byMr George Everett,i1rogrnmeCoordinatorforthe Ft ogi: aüueforlnthgrot;ed )evoiopnieot of'tiemai Fìher:tesinWest Africa (fl)AF)

d1ru-ion C chai red by Mr Gordon SLven ,FAO ChiefThchni rai Adviset to the-ik ni o nodal Project tacd in Cotonou

Tbe gani.sat i on of' theorkshop was car'ri cd ou t by Mr'Joe1 (ipboi L. (FAO Sinai 1-Scale Fìherica Devel.opmeot ConuÏtnnt ) and Mr Ned Coackley (FAO Cwmni tmt Mnst.r ¡iuotbui.i der) who wereii.so ispon:ìJ o fort.hr preparo t ionof backrnundmaterial andforguidingthetectince1. di.csions of t..hoetng. The agenda of the meetingas afollowa FridHy1.4th Noveiber /r'r.i,vuJut' participan Ls Saturday, 15th November fegi.trtt iou of parti.cipants Fi eid eciirsi on to .der:ich Sunday, 16th November Opening. 9. (n) 13r:i.eJ' description nf' proptd ni orict i vite in projects along West African cuan t 14MO Cc 11 ari.on of teciuti cui ex:'eri caceewi th variuupt'o.min ion methods Monday, 17th November g. o o Fbi ri excurn on to visu: F'isher:i enPi I ni Project, Tomboy includingfishingand sai .1tri als. Tusday, 18th November 9., 00 introduction anddiscussion of' Ehe broader ciernen is o f procml s ion devel orirnen t;.

14. 00 0 i.scuss iono 'ecnemi,cand. f mann al factors affeeLi.rig techoole gy i introductionto the use nf sei i andthe eper:ienccs of the Shcmgo Project: Introduci ion ut' the 01M ai 1. ur:iui.l and generai sail dìc'.ussi on, Future art ivities of projcct:s aun pr'oponai.s for irprovod conumuni cationand ce- operai ion FlEco GODjíUi ithorJ.986

Gtaeri.chi a Ii shi ng vi. linge si 1:uated 14. kii uiweotofFreet:on with a good rued link to the cep ±1 The cnïrnuni. ty .ni;ts of eoe I ar lo8 r op , mo t elho e]y dir J ly o inloct lycii means o y y n Fìsh ngat: iit i en:knthe vii lege cover the fu:1 Irongeofcatching techniques use4, on Lhe Sierra Leone coast.Methocts tocade r-i ng netting anddrift.gli I not t ing f or herring;beachsei ni ng;droplinthgand longithing for snaper end trolling for large pethgics

Fishareei thor nioked in. the vi .1. lage for later.mnrketi rig freeb to Fn cetown Saine of the snnpper f isbn einen use ice for oo haced prenerva L ionhut this ia i i ini ted development which i ndependent.on the vagen en of Freetown ie production. Theoder-idi fl eeL coris:ists crf appr'chmrLc1:30 (3hanrì p],nnk canoes smallstandard 3-5 cencas,mid 15 snapper vessels, flic Ghane.plank canons are tpi.ca]Jy 11 - 2metros inrrigth,carry - f :s 20 people and operate end rei ing gi ii. netn to eatch herring. Propul ion is by s Ido moon ted petrol, out hoard motormainly of 4Qhp Snapperboatsare 7 - i). metre,piaiiked cinoes whicharetypically piopel i odby9. hhp potro .1outhorird motors mount od onthetransom. Snapj.erboat;s carry- a fishftg team of up io ni ne peroris but may workinconjunct..on wi 1h two or three snal.1 dugout canoeswhichare canrioctout: t o the grounds curi then launched asi.nde.eiiden tfish ing platforms Fishing consists of bottom hand lining anr.i trolling.

Sinai istandard 3--fiMin& canoes nro ril plankedandcarry9 lThp petro outboards iiiouìi t:eon the transom. The vessais aretypically 5-10 metres in length und narrower in the beam t:han thesnnpperheats 'Minc (i11Oe5 U5( drift. gli .1oats to cut eh ainight,landing their rvich early i.n Iba more tag. Approxtirmiely 25 sinai i dugouts aiso operate 'from Guder ch beach. The inspection al'eacibed vessels :leerl y demons tented the11ml itins of ex in t: log veel construct. ionmethods for inboard diesel iirsia.i itioïi. The vese1s areI. igbt.iy binit; to accept. outboard motors andthe coni i nuous bui i Leakage is not seen an a problem as themotor i.n removed all-er each trip.

Gaciorichbench ha-s vi dually vio wave arti on and no surf. Thebeach e is reasonably shallow and boats are eus uy hauled up forrepair. Innovativehauling aids are to be eecm i n the i'oim of rollers sucha section of cyl ladri ca]. wo ter- pipe. 12

At thetimeof Ihe viit most: of the tr plank armen had junk: rcturiicd from very suenfui dny of :i n rmt Un np, for herri ag. The beach was .Uittered wih pi.ì os of fish irg norted into ckzenfor na.e towiv md cuntomars F'nìne.rmenee oolrot: Ing outtheirnhare jthorfor their faì.I y s conuwp t ion or for t hei. r w vea tomoko snd eii. Theinter rìv1 of sì owor heats or Uhone del .ìyod because of' greater di tnrcetrave I ie&nl showed the iportence of vesoi speed Thei.arge landingsmadeeur.t ni orn o thday were sold mid ware nov:i ngofffar smokingorfortnrnsportto Freetown. Thalatererr i vaiswould expon enceanhortnge of fnislï buying cash onci asubsetuen Utal iin prices odenich highLights the way u fishing conunun:i tv can succi-ssfutJyadapt tosuit the environuiant: . A range nf plonked vesselshavereplaced i wge cl outcin the absence of sani tabi ruloc:'ntrees andcreuitruciion techniquesre flectt heshe I tered beachlaud ingcoud i ti nos . This s i tun t ion cant rustsdrosa tnt ca I I y with the1 arge dugout,surf i ormchi n g canoesof1eni nandGhanaand inphoi sentheneedtoomis Idar propulsion st.en very much nm the I ocal context. The divc'raityof beatdes ignand f ishi ng nia t. orlo 1.s found j n Goder ichdoeshowever eniphusi nethedaiierof general i si ng outhenui tubi ni ini tyofbrood categories of vessel/engine cornbiiaatn ions for specific vi i. lagen. 13

5. OiTh1TM3L1 D1:SCUSSIDN 1$T NOVE 1.96 51, :ttrcductîon to :um 4r (orge Everett. Progruft1e Coircli notor forI)PF oene he waeting by forrca11.ye].coInì ng the partí. cipon:s 3Oc. introducing I)AF sregion1 niai i-scnie fisberien incnt. Afr:icn The Frogriie for the Tniegrated eIn nient of Art: sanol Fishor es West Africa i s n CooperEit. ive ven tuse betecn the Go\?erentn oÇ Pemari and !orwaynd the Fisheries Department of FAO The Programme becaie operational in 19R3 and the regí onaJeadTwrters are based in ot.onnu in Benin. Theprimaryobjectiveof' the Prgran', l:oassist West. African nationsin the improvement of the social and, economic benefitstohe derived from the integrated development of small scale fisheries The integratedapproachof the Programme refiectauunderstandingthat fishi ngactivi 'ties are part of aeb of commuli nter''relationshiPS within i h vil lege F'ch1I1d ii h pi or"s'- ng boat'in ln

TheProgramme bus organised several wodshops andtechnicalmeel:i ngs whichareaimedat improving both the exchangeofinformationand experiences and of' training staff in new techniques mid concepts. 1.4

The Pr.rato VeohnicaÏ. Meeit.& on Proiu1 ion in.hieg C.noe in r We L M n unc k c1 ig t hfdt htiii1.S 1) C UO i opu j on zyternsuainìot be :ieved o.eIy by teuhtìiet iinnovat hrn. Tecim ftiì imge inf: g hi]x iï bend with o L.hor Oi'iCflt i i) thef:L))i ng com.ty and with the aet:ve pnrtíci pat ion of thiarget group Past studi rried out by : DM' highil gh.ed the 1 ck nf cmm cuti on und coord thai ion between projeutalmen at i.mprovìtìg propu i ion t urns end, although agn1:i ng the need tu nde'n' urnprohJ orns wi libI on I suint ions t hey have iden t i f led coiwnun eons t rai nts wb ich woe d benefit from improved coupera tri on

iA2

Mr Jock(mL...... i, (Ftt() SmmaI...... Sen J- Fihu:ri plvHupmerm t unì bn efly it odcod tie concept ut' the mneat ing,its ohJeeti.veendthe egende

Themeet;in orgthisud on armn:1ny-nma1 buì, combi nhìr1di suss:ì,un with field vIsits,In order to generate an atmosphcre .couductve toan open change uI infornation. l'at-ti e:Lpmt.s were em uruged to sue thebro3dtop ica of the agende but to Fidopt afiexi b IC IppOOa.CiI to placing ephe: is where i t wes consi dered mot. uìprwriate. The objectives of the rneeting were identified as fol tows:

Tebegin t o underu land bolli the acepe orf' the prob 1.o,iicrí' improved fishingcanoe puputnionin the regionandthediversi. 131of perceived sol uti 01)3

Tu:irnprove c'ummimuni cat ionsbetweenrejoctsi n t horegi on and between projects and mw,uîecìurers;

Tuimprovecoordine t i on of fu lere act ivi. I i us inthepropul si on fiel J and to ayo ici twneeesuary duplice I: ion of effort.

Thenmeeting ni.rnud to achieve timese ohjeetivr.'s by centeringdiscussi on around the following areas: / ievim'w of ei sling and pas Iprujects Involvedi n t he deve I opeut. ofcanoepropulsionaya ternain termsofl:he i r tze,acope, objectives, ¶355C5 and fa i lures;

A review ofthevariousengineinstallation aoci vae1. construe t i on mue thuds íri current. use and arm cxc hange of cperi unces awl infurmnat ion; 19

it rv1ew ofthe use of sail ;tO a sicans ofpropulsionandtic suc'sseoondfui. lurcof the. varicue attooipt.etopromotethe improved use of sait in canoes;

A revi.*oi of the telai ive imorLtwce of other t ictorin volvedin thedeVe1UÇme t of propels t on systems ouch as thea ptnceof technol oy a the vil I aije vel J ong termtechnic support. commerci al turni vement in technology transfer and the social. und CÇOUOflHO & nSIJ il.LtV 0k tPdWiC$l iontïnn, Futureactivities in thn f-i cId of canoe rptlaion nd howthsn Couldhebettercoordirintvd throughimproved oeperattcmand communications. The roun(}-tubi.e discuss:i onu were f o be augmented by field visitsaimed ata more praci: ica.l demonstra.t ion of' technical innovations and of'the environment into which they may be transferred.

'.3. The )iversity and Scope of Canoe Propisioii Procts

Mr NedCoacki ey (FAO Boat Bui icier) ìntroduced the durs i.tyof b SLIt. designs propulsion systeuis, and attempts to introduce changes wíhirt the West African eion This was followed by a geucrul d;cuaion

The IDAI? Siorking raper 3 of' i95,entitled 'PreliminaryAccountof Atte,pt oIntroduceAitenînt i ve Types ofSmallCraftito West Africa'revi,osthe various attempts tomodifyeisti,ngpropuisìot systemsandbnief'l y analyses successes andfailures.. An ii.rtant initialconcept which the report brings out: is that canoedesignand construct iont erhni pms Vary alongt hn coast. nf West ACri ce as dothe mal:eriain used for constructìou. These differences reflect variations in the local operating cøndi.tio, suchastheexistenceandextentofbeachsurf, andof' the peculiarities nf local fishing techniques. There is littleclearly document edinformationon the eyelet, ion of' exist Ing canoetypeshut migrating fishermen have obviously corri ed modifi.r;atioriu ftr andwíde Introduced ideashavebeen assimilated andcombined thex:ist Ing practices to produce broad categories of' craft, with loci differences. Modern introduçtinsin vessel conat:ruct ionmaterialhaveinciurieri improvedfastenings the use of p.t anki ng to replace dugout. logs,the use of seasoned timbersFIP, aluminium and fer'rocement bitt le detail od ana] yoi.s or evaluation of these int:roduet.i ans hasbeen recorded and endors tanding the factors influencing thei r accept onceor' rejection becomes difficult, i A

Propulsion systems have also nidergons major chnge.s. Sa i. and a cites toa large eent , replaced in the lO 's and I!IGO sby two strokepetrol outboard mut ors lluch of the success of this transi t i on canheattributed t u t:he ent:Juis iasm of aid onsored equipment donations Collect (IDAF WP. 7, 1q86) discusses the use of kerosene fuel od outboards, particularly i n Gabun, recent. development. trends however are towards the introduction of inboard und outboar'd dies4s which offeisst: nt ni fuel savings t tempts are also heì ng macic' td udÌ c intc f 10tb OV (I 1P of SJII parti cul. riy in comhinatìon with motors, for both fuel iugand safety.

Many small eai e ftsheri es development pmojocie in West Africa i nu a canoe propuis too componen t either lu. the suppiyof eupi.pment., transfer of skills, or innovative research.

Muri.tania' a vessel development history has been greet I affectedby Japanesenid which has sappi :ied numerous FUP bel I ed crart throughthe Societe pour la Promotion do le Poche Artisanal e en i'tnuri tenie croft. now í.onstj tute 1.A?Ç o? the tetal. number of hI 2 pI rguea in the IO 15 metre class. The F'AO/IJNDP Project MAU/A't/012, hes alsobeen torking to p oduce mprovec ls on f dl o n hùro ns

Senegal has received considerable research ansia tance from FAO ta the devel uosìer,t of a fleet of wooden hand I i.ning boa t ai n the i 960' s und of the store recent beach Iticliagboats tEN-i end bN- T L The Projet de Dj ifers bas carried outt nuls with import ed dories with SiN--T and with Ruggenini outboard ciiesek Sosachim' , a commercial nuf'actvtrer, i s about to embark upon t he construction of an FlIP pirogue based on the SFN-i desigfl, tt in a lao planned for Senegal to recel ve 300 diesel. outboards through on it nl ianni cipackage -

Japanhas siso provided pet:rol outboardmutera and small fishing vessels in The Gambi a, and outboards through the Soci etc de Commercialisation et d' Appui aI a Peche Artisanale (SCAPA)i n the Cape Verde Iepubi i e.

Collaboration i)OtweentheBe.i glum NAO, lles da Poi and the Project. GS/8í/OOÎ on the island nÍ Bolonia in Guinea fliasou, is aimed at the production of' four SFNi vessels in the near 'future. An FAO, Vhfl-- 3, with inboarddiesel and a saili ng vet-s ion of the vessel TV(L4 are also envisaged, P1)11 P (Prc, jet: pourie DeveluOpmeni. in egte deslies de Bijagos) is currently operai: thg a tunei stern SEN-t and i he FAO project: at. Biombo 'is to afurt. further vessel construction in thenear future.. The SIDA funded L'OJCtat Jiuhaque has produced a .2 metre clinker canoe based on truth t:ionul designs antI 4 ferrocemont: pi rogues. Guinea,with funds Çrcnh.Àfri can v1pnant:-ink and tha Arab Bank f'orAir i ranfle'iopmtat ear i ng upnn a kug her:ies cleveìopmriìtproject involving !uie estabi isimierit of a boatyard andthe contruction c:f nu oï un :iii:oved caíoen- Th project aI.su env iaagea the c r c wo o in ng TT)AF -u - errent :tnes:i ting the (nvernmonti n the i dent:i.fì cati on of a sitefor proposed integrated fisheries development project.whoseactivities -i1iincludethe provision of engine iiaint.enance facH it andthe u.ppiy of spares-.

Si erraLeonebrrìefi tofrom e Goveramealownedboatyardwhichh receivedFAG training assistance in the past The nbia ±sheries Deveiopmenl:Project ,bnredonYe ibuu is] and, i a fundedbythe Europa Deve lopient Fund.The Proj ect is research i ng ways of reducing propid siencentsin fishing canoes includi ng the use ofinboardand outboard diesel engines. Th Fisheries Pi. lot ProjectTomboy i a (GermanTechn-icnl Ass t s tance) funded project ai med atthei ntegrat:ed deve1opwo:nt of t he fishing commuai. tv. Part of itsct iv t ii:i udc vessc motorivati ont ria lo and ass itnuce tovii logehc.:i itdiesel poweredvessels. The FAO/UNDPShengeProjert:ìsaaintegrated fi.sheri es cveioii.ent projectaimedatass:istiitg the. overuil developmenof the Sheage fishing commun it y. The project sact i-vit Les include trials wi. th four-stroke petrol outboards arid bnproved nail usc. The French assistance through OCCE (Caisse Centra e do Co--opEconouis) to the South West of' Cote d ]Tvo:i i-e ban resuT t ed--i n the cons tr act i onof four FR? super Pirogues'which, can be used with outboard orlabor rd notors. The lEAD findeci IPAF associated project otLagoon Abyi s currently reviewing the poosib le introduction of Iceroserie outboards and iearr 3ng out t rial w h Riign n u el outbn u The Gluma i an inshore fleet has the greatest di.vet-sity La vesseldesign i_n Wen t Air i ca al bough the eauoc' fi shery n ti. i icentresaroundthe outboard oworeddugeu Thefir-nt andsecondI inesofcredi t providedby the African I)eveloprnen tBrw!c both includeprovini urnsfor outboard mcito-o an does rin EEC funded project: operated through the I3ank of Ghiaia. The EEC Li ne of Credi-i through the !gricul turai Developmen t Ban1. aimsto re--engine the inshore trawler fleet Prototypesof ci planhed cauioe and catamaran have also been tried. Togo is des-t limed to receive 40 tip outbuai-d motors through Joïerieno andt ri aiswi. tb plywoodn1 EPP cons t. ruct.ioci me t hock', for-an POweredcraft are believed to be going ahead in thelate 19GtY s workwi th FAt) plywood beach J nodi ng b oats succeeded inoperati ng t:lw vessel si n surf conditions on the Penin coast. ìenin in now hostto the IPAFProgramme and to the Mode] Project. The Mode] prr,j octin experiment ing with tunnel bull od dugout canoes and a lift: ingpropel ter shaftarrangement. - The Project aloe nuppor-ts atrainingprogramme aimedin partat improved engine operati ion and nmaintena!lce, Nigeriah a d.vese h:itoryofboatda.gn oontrkctior compresí iugthe evoluti ou fron canor3 tomo1 it r10 tnt o u hort ipaceof' t line FAQ is ourreot ly involved i n the developinen t ofFiP bon t s and surf imdinc'aooes The N garlanInst i tntoof O 'ednogl and iu. on h TO U 1. idinl netreressei powered by a 25hp lnbord tinsel onine endpasttri ei havebeen carried outon a IO 9 netraiuïuiniuxncatennran withtwin 3Ohp diesel. engines. The above incomplete i tn t;gI ves no i urti ostion of the diversification of projects influencing propulsion in West: Africa. ThIs influence varies fromthebasi oprovisionofenginesand pare.sthrough vessel 'ons run ror dnd rpa tn fl tug, O L rea' ch dflt dv ïn utr jn t ithnew vessel designs and experimental eng:ìneinstallations The mainsuccesseswith.innc,vt ive cies i gas ha etendedtobei shore trawlers The reasons for ick of FJ(C5S5 ny projectsore probablyvariedbut.includelac:k rrfthwv:,e poorturni ng, and inadequnt:e project. fo ì.oupnocessnryleenoUre designs ero appropriateandlocal skills developed Thone is arealneedto evaluate and document nest prujcct performance end to learn fromthane experiences.

Thepartic.tpan tefol t the t tho expeot.at i os ofdevoloprneoi.aenoi es regardingthe euccess of propulsion projects maydifferdramatic.ai,hy from t:he expee tat i, ens of the target groups Proj ceta wh:tch appear to failmay provim vi lingers with valuable lessons,lteexperienceof which íu b nr orpot d un ofut ni ndr epmcd whiLh t t heinsel.vesìnitIteiti sprohabi ethatIkeprimarymoti vat ion necessary...... rompt e drainai i e chungo in exi. st: trig 'opn.is i oneye t:nms will Lnnv.i 0m w thin the li hiricomnieti u reth i Fr ont 'rnid If innovations are to he anceptod, must. be nie aviiab]c to coimnuni.ty when i t a] one, perceives the need for chenge. i:t was notnd that.Toiriho vii lago ini erra Leone accopl;ed the i neroed use ofsell duringa period of extreme fuel shortage. its use i.nìtially ed rapidlytheri di suppeared if[ naco again became available, Tambo vii ]agex s i l\ poi ceicr the need to oua?iP IL orn j P11It)uienl hoc nun n i n' d nrea'c n t n and uni -d Clit Iv. willingnessofli shermen to accept Ud e radical changeisadirect result of their understooding of outside economic Developmentpro.jeçtsvary in their sio,scope,funding, uetion s t:affi ng,objectives f'] ex;ihi. i:ityand degrees of realistic piunning Allof these factors can have a dramatic influence on how andwhata project achieves. Mr (:jï-ç.Io ShCVt3S (Ch1.t.rr cn:c kdv iser )hod a y ìdo :i 1of IED.\1' oiie1 P jrct ii ì Mddi s th ;; 1. i i ()I)ject.veïûri :ipieìntat;ion.

The ogri. for the thtegrat d Development of ArtíswrJ f'trios i a West Afri ca has, as mentioned previously, both a reium:.ì. advìsery role a ,, treininnnd a deve opmont rol. o which itdemonstrates through the Model Project. based. in Cotoaou ieni.n. TheProgrhwme S S rUt egyforproject. irp.pl omen tat: ioncentresaroundthreephases Phase is thej dent.ificat.ìon of appropriate projectite Phase Twoisthu fi nei. sotect.iori of the si te [md the fnnnnt on ofai eT project.p}anni.nteam t; o wodri n conjunct ion wit-h IDAF s t aifendthe vi llego cosmrun,ity. Uur;i.nPi-inse Three, which ithereject. exet.uton phaae a Fìsberies Devc4opmoni: Unit (FDU) is formed.The FDfl causis of' nati neal., reg:ioeal ciadi et ny-na ti nani expertsimsaspecie iec. i our conform t n the needs of t he Proj ect Wor kplan, The heni n M.rIel Project is we] iint:o Phase Three wit h n nei i d FfUbase anda team uf specialists oorkiag in conjunction ni th thecosimunit: ten of ninc fis hi ng villages The int;cract:ion with the vili ager is aimed atassin t Ing t:he coswun ii y t o ident i fy its major prob leer and toseek v:Lable ol u t i one- Theproblem areas are notrest ri oienttothose associatedsolelywi. th fishing and fish process i ng act: Ivi, t i esbuta isoi. e hai i -t v'i . w 'i t ¿ike t e ci cwn e o. c al I nmìun 'i t i op e u t Areas of act ivity within the fisheries context have includedlauer-hin g andretri creisystems for cd rognes; fuel, equipment. araisporepar-t nup Iie t i i nrsfi shui t uniques p oL c' pa i al I a ofiii r sI ir coe' .tng ne",end t honppI y e rfirt r fi f1 T1i}iflC fl Act ii t'i.c t d n thiider mmwui t '- c'ds urI udo p' osi on e wells end ti.-rulef.ng i.e first aid. Other pilori ti. no cktnriincI..nei ode healthcare,improvement of coude the provì e inri o f' orvd:. tandthe supply of Iceríene,

Thersource < ri haModel Prejeot n:ei lait tedandait e;npte d broadeningthescope of commun it y development r im toÑob limeot her developmentagenciesund îiu'id;ing enei-cee to ass lt thecoîvnunityi e luiplement Ing identified microproject, The perticipation of viliagois in the .i.deni;í ficatton of coast. reluis s'ri ways of overc'om i ng -them,greatly euhimcr-i; the vthbi i it.y of dïve topnt efforts. The integrated opproach to prob.l em i.denLi 'Ci ein; i anincreaser the ovel t e; ha Ion Of thO ()HUT1U 131 md ci nn'LL lui I .Mflo' atcii to occur with aimJ taneous aoci ai adapi ati cm'. 20

(rLc,l)ertI:e(Teau leader) intrluccdthe:1 aegted ve nient Pr,F.Ct LaS enge, in Sierra Leone.

The P'Lojeu t:is ded by UNUP and e>ecu t:ed. by FAO. The Project's a un associateproject of the IJÌAF ograane which has providedass is tance. through :biit:i al planning and the prov.i.s:i.on of consul tancy inputs The project is sistad at the southern cud of' Ynwrì ìay' and can be reached from Freetown by boat or a seven hour road journey The Project was started in February 19P5 and, Ls currently sci'deletl for ct.wpJ.et i on in March 1 9U8. Theìa'ia objeti vea of t:he Project aret:o increase the fi ah producti on capacity of the region arid to increase the 5OC 'COU&fllfl ( wel ...... being of the villager s ìn the Shengeer 'Flic' Project i.sattemptingtoachieve thesetw)objectivesusingt he integrated part;:ic:i potory approach descx'ibed previ ousy

Ach.ieveme_nk:s te date include the construct ion of afisheriescomplex wi tu offices fishing gear store, worcshop, freezer room anditeiside shed. Experimental fishing triais have identified the sasonc' i i, ly of' specific catches and the useful riensC improved gear.

TheProjectworks with 13 vii lages lu theregion Thea evillages operate Ghana Plank, Standard-5 and Pugout oes - Moni vessels are powered by sail and paddies end the Project has aimedat improvi.ngthe stnbii:i ty of ex:i sting craft and inereesi ng t:he use ofimprovedsa:i i i ng techniques. Triaishavealsobeen carriedoutus Ingmorefuel efficient 4-stroke petrol outboard motors TheProject adesire to prov ide vi.!. lagers with themeanstobecome independent,ofoutsidesupport aridtoperpetuateimprovements. s reflected in the assistance to the Rarghoro Central Coopera t ive. Thi s will. assc.ime respona ib i 't :ity for the provi s i on at' gear and credit arid the. estab 1. ishment of a cent rai workhoo.

'l'ha rojnct has ei so assinted the fish smoking women in the reg:iO) by demonstrating Checker smokers. The. project is also work i ng with other agenei.eto improve road communient ions and rural water supply aya tema 21

5.6, The Kab la ?ieheriei »ve1cmient PrujectSierra Lne.

Mr Jock (pbei. igave nintroduction 1.o theItambin tiherien Deve1opient Project. TheiÇimbi n Fi1ieiesi)eeiopmentrojecr't is jointlyîu.idedbythe end the Oover nt of Sta Leone and hasa tot1 budget of0U 1. U m:í TU on. The Project coumïencedinOctc,ber 1982and is a research. project aimed aï dermintug caysofreducIng the propulsion costs of the fishermen in. the northern iegíon of ie rre Leone. The Project is baerJ on Yclthuva Tslaud some 20 miles north e-1 rreeth and i iaed by Meir A} it er r 11 i etmd Par tnc d j the UK.

Theini t:LnI concept of the Project revolvedround the iinportat ionof rnboarl power c_dvtscTwhi eh had beco ti ] Pd' d tet intrï'noar of the world. These veuscis were tundergo trin3 s.n SierraLeone, and the mes tipLI opr i e.d s goo i d hr.e ccl md it crep cO iI t detec on iic'ctby fi einLri i1 hox t erI heomm' rçriní n oft he Fojeet it wan decided that ïbi.s approach was not: appropri ate asthe existing veeis were we! ited to t local cond:tt : ens andfishing operot ions. Theprojec i:was roan minted to adopt a miene fi ei bionpprouc.hwith gr eatr part ir pat i on bthe n T e p opi he ma i cl te ha o ofresearch were to test. the use of i riboerd and outboarddieseisin existing designs of croft;t:o assess the potent al for improved use of .ci i and t n drtt r mine Iicpci'-sibi 'ei i dii oc I uìfh usc hei t to mere .ai r ihi ng t.ch i i cjus Diesel inboards anni outhoards wure tofpi in modified exist i ri vessc1 e and improved vessels. of tredjt ionn3. dcci go.The present r eseFfich phase rk ing ci with. vil loge fishermen end boat but idemto :ideiilify the most. appropria t: e end accep tab I e vesset /engine combinat loris andthe Ways they cou succecsfT ly !ie introduced. Intheearly stages of the Project:i t was ree.iiscdthatthefuttre iatr-oduct i on of inure eìpeasive ezig non wool d inocì:i fy the cash and credi t requirementsof the villages,arid possibly lead toincreasedsocial strati fi cati The Project thun; exLarlded its rieti vi. Lies to i Qoli miera çloseiyat. the socio-ecoeoinic aspects of the communityonYel.thuyc, Thes f. rang economi. e :1 Inks between bust oiiarn nod fi oh sìicoi ng wuen were recognised and the Project: studied ways of ii;prov ing fi ohsmoking profi tubil.ity through the use of Altanaud tThorher smokers. 22

'TheProjectis due tc finish its teearch pinse in lui y1987, after whicha i onterm devolopmen i:proposuit'ori mprovi ng ct-moepropulsion will be prepared for the northern gioii. Thi s proposal willcentre onprcrd n dcvi tprc ncpion' orn uhi h i hc cnmuni t ymu' according to thai r needs and capab i i t Lies Theropnsa.i wi]. 3.airn at:a fully tht egroted iproach to the deve] opmeut. uf the regimi pl nnni ng t;be ¿leve] op w nl a d mawgernen I.ut 11at I iv i w i I hi n Lh on t'il inne

5.7The 'isherieEPulotProjacI,Toinbo

Mr Uwe tieck (Project Manager) ini: r-.cad the Fisheries Pilot;Project; Tombeendd;iscused the evolution nf vessel propulsion intheTambo region

TheFisheri as PI lot: Project; ,Tambo (FItti)i s based i Tambovil Iga si thatedOn the sou t; barn end u f Freetown pen insu lar inS terraleone TheProject s operational.. ares covers the was tern eran and 1.heBon the U' jet. TheProjectbegaii in Sep t: ember 1.980 andispresent y pl arm dtocentr uun ti iAugu tJ JU7 , t hough aneL w on un ti i August 1989 iunder review.

ThePrejeci. is ,joi,nti y f'uiided by the. Gçrvernman t of Si aia1cone(1 8 ini. 11 iou ILmas ) , nd the Federal Republic of arrnny(12. i.tnt. ii. ion J)eut.schamrks) The ruacut.ing agencies are the Si erra Leone Fiharies i)xv i ion n f'1 he fu T i t.y o f Agr i roil in etnd Ni t nr 'i iProur ces rind t he

PautscIi('e' a J I' hd tJ er E lei s br' Zu' urnn i nn hai t(,1/,t.;ijihul

Theprimaryobjerti veofthe projecta toprovidea modelfor' ommun t i tt she, ydc w I opira nt wi ir h wi I Eprtpur e t h i ni t b long terni dev topaient of r an1 fisheries Iha uUuwil go J is t.o in re ee thc supply etnexpans r, c Ii h t o the low i nc orne papul dt I Oil

Theprojecthasthree distinctelements, Thecornjnercj,aJ.,element impoi is arid I t i mgr' nl epiprní rd'inc Iudut nc I s, Iwuic , C aridboui.t as leu i ns The ni or, ai e used t n r apur h iso s Lock, t o financeoperational costsund to feed the V i i i ageConmron Good and Fishing Loan Fuxud.

Thetechn;i cal dcva.l epxamnl. element. pr'omotes t:he technical andeconomic developmentof the community, The social and comnoni. Lydevelopment: element, of the project. :i.s aimed rit; the SOC iii] deve] opinaiii; of Iba entire conununitythroughself"hel.pprojects endpert icipat ioninproblem identificati on end solution .furmu] at ori. 23

IL is hoped that the project wi. il eventual ly becomefinanciallysoi f supporti ng andadmi nist credbyt hocomim,wi ty i n a ay hi ch redistributes income in a moreequitoblemanner. Funds for community development, have already been used for' the coñstruction of animproved water supply system,suppi.y of a rel:ail store,provision of shealth centre and various hygiene projects.

Theevolutionof vessel construct ion and propulsionsystemsinthe Tumbo region has been documented by 1h: Melvin Tlendr'ix (1fl3ì) 1-ternaï influences started as early as the iGth century and the returnìng freed s i aves brough t wî tb i hem boat buildingki ils from 'Furope andAmerien. Freetownbecamea major centre for regional trade inthelate19th century and hoatbuildiig skills were w'ii developed.

TheBenefitBoat Societies in the early 19th centurymodelledtheir plankfishing boats on the i arger pi J et Vessels of'Freetownhorbour, Thesesocieties thrived Into the 20th century hut are now restricted mainly to the Ilanana Islands. In the eariy part: of this century,mot artisanal fishing wascarri ed oui froa small dugout canoes. In the 1950's the Fante fishermen f rollt Ghanai nt.roduceç! a semi- i wIns tri ni f'i,nbi.ng approach us ingveryiure dugoutcanoes, 12 14 metres in length and usually made t'ronicotton trees. Thesei arne trees were not:i n great supply in Sierra Leoneso theFont e i proach dt he 10 al uc botbuil dcu s I o c ue i tIF rr'eseni:' Ghana plank canoe'. The earl.y 196() s saw a massive growth of ule'P vesels dud the ddopton of petrol outboard moto s

At thesam':'time,a local. bent. hni.lder lu Tombestartedbuilding planked vessels with 7. Shp 'i nbonrd di ese.i engines. Approximately ten of t:hese were bui Il: bui: the shortage of spar'es and the introctuct i onof outbúardsdisplaced the inboard engines. The outboardsbariclean y recognisuli leadv,w Lagenin't' ha t.t hey cou Ed becasi I yreplaced wilOn dImaged and removed from the boat: for security. In1982,the FPPT r'eveal cd the. importance of thefi l'lanciailinkages betweentheboat operat: i oes and the fishprocess IngOnr market Ing. The'f:inanci nl losses :in one sect' or wore bei ng covered by the gains i TI theotherandthenon'-vmnhili tyofpetrolpoweredvesselswent: urmoti cod.The rapi ri,ìnfl at irm of I4/l)R5 and the resol 't ant increase infuel price and fuel scarcity caused great economi. r pressure orithe fishery. Th:iepr'esnuroprompt ed the boat Owners t o e>pIor'ethe possibility of returning to diesel inboard powerecraft. e',

TIu3 vilier;PP1)aCI1d thpc)ject to +sist iii the cniistructîon &.f ieei iuord vc3el s !sed on thks i ns and tochni ue. ;i.ch d evolvedearlierin Sierrì Leone. lt was thus aninternalforce whichpromptedinterestin di esel isotouisat;ion andHìcskillsfor approprictevesselconstruct ion were a) ready part: ofsierraLeone s hiatory. Phe c.sïytf rrpi dscr:eptuncoofthischunein technology was acute economic pressure which was c.1 early perceivedby the boat. owners The projcct z35i,5tt he vi i tase Wi t h t rolmiesi support sed train i but thevessels are built by local host builders, To dete,sb..vessels luive been completednd two are under construction. Success of the operational dieselowercl craft rests on t-ho fol iewii:ig good techn:i cal support ond workshop facili t. los; act ive participationofthetargetgroupIn 1la1ntng and ipiemeìit ing the: technology introduced; - control by the Sont Owners cjeruti ves nf ownership pat tsri;, tb

- rrov i s ion of credi t fori r'ngi ne , and o di. s tribu-t ion of the

- financial savings t-o the crew. Thissi tant ionconlrwAt5nl I withho cnIIpse of sell os'.in - when aftera peri. od of intense scarcity fuel becamemorereadily auail

5. 8. R-.1 mice de i a Peche Art thanol a Pjifero Mr Da'idI1.son (Dìrocteur Adjoint) irmtroduced the activitiesofthe
Djifere Pi'eject in SenegaL -
Dj-ifereis situated 150 km south of Dakar in Senegal. Thesitewss lei t-lai lyes tab i. ishetiasacommerci. al f ichmonipion I. wh i chwon eut ii-niy suppi. led by t he ari: issna isoc t or Vi eanci ni prob I ems .1 cd t o t lieplantaccumula L ing comic iderab le dob t: andlemma fromcoimimercisl banks propped up the dpera t- i on tor four oi' f:ive years Rveiìt,ïo1 I y the Conadian International Dccei.opent Agency(CUlA) ogreeci torefinanceti.ia operation and t:o rcor:te:rmt its eniphas'i.stowardsthe product ionoffishforhumancons wupt: i ori Murbofthelocal production :i.s herring tait the project has at tempt ed to promote theuse of trapsfishing for cuttlefish and herid Lining for snnpper Procesing n1hodì.ociode sntolctïìgnci sI.t Lug bui rnot of thepriluet iiced or frozen. High valee p'oduct.:1 s eportd to Jnpnì end Europe for foreign exchange genert Ion enti doitiestical i y consumed product i& ttaipertd to s esi n the count ry' s interior
The.project:.operatesfishcollect: i onandfishcal;chingveesel s. Vari nuseÌori on ishave boon tri ed w 1h new vssei midpropuls icm tomsinclud ingthe i niroduct i on of dories from Canadeendt;r io is withtheinboard powered FAO vesel SEN-t * Theprojecihasai su tea tedRuggerinid i esel outboards ovei a long period of t. The SEN-IT vessel. i s¿pernti ng wï icl eeii ngfishfrom i 5 f shiug vi lhiges iii the region and dei i ver ing badly Liceded drinking water
oc orsi ti
Oneo fthemain po ints in arise from the dìscuss ionsofLh above projact;s wrnthe tre endoun vori ati uni n operating proceduresdi ci.n t:ed by different funding agencies
T.h EEC fundedrojee I;s gonorol ly r-es t; ri et. ;iniportedg 'tothose ,r odut ed riL t -tud itt'!t niuiF r i es (ií'r n iii t hut rs) AeiLnc o h - inurefle ib] e approach sih i ch hua al! owed the FPPF (Tombe) topurchase ine
YJJ1A lfl Senegal provitie.i part ati La kwei luncUnp throughfood aid from which finmca is generated for project use.. This has obvious dove].mental advantages bu Li s a s I ow process - Par L icipantsemphus isci the impon' tance o ft;he fi axi b i t i t yoffund ing rugithedegree o fti nanci ei mrI.urcimy which aprojectermexotic-. Corisultaw;'ycimipen ies f i.nrgiei,ng project a on e te i nibut'soinen L basisrire subjected to ITong dei aya resulting from cumbersome fi nanee procedures. frtanrtfrjct;urers poi riLed oui that: nn;striait! ng agtncius eva) autedproject: C(PliPittoJit't.eiRku:s mat aly (111 pri cc .Js pri red eng i ries do it al .1 ow the wauoí'act'urersiiff dent fi niiìcì ;'ileeway ¶o prov idogoti :iecula I: ive support mdt oca] tim:! n i itg IT t. was riot rdhot very i 'er reqtlou tuFor Lendcr iosupply tuot-ina eng tics fordeve lop tugcow t ries included prov:i si onforthedovaloprumi ni.1 (,c1iitippnr't.orim] ri] tIt The manufacturerspein ted catithat:it was simply not putos ib le to g i ve Low pr ce uric] goodsupport -- suppiti 't s acosti yct,mrriodi t.y sac!i tu necessiì;ymust be rucou i sed arid reí) cuter] intoralessped ficat;ions ÏEC fund]. ng of the rehab i 1:1 l.a t. i. ori of titei tisi io re ft-ni-i 1er fi oc t;in (thana cited as r-ni entiipl r. of how tender ing procedures were bcrgirirti..ngio change towards this gori]- 2 f;
[t. general i y reconised t hat: propu ts innproject sdifferedvery greatlyintheir firndiap; and execnt: on and l.hatveryii tt neuîi ly accessible inforiaat ion on projectsas avai lab le. it pointedout thatit wusnecessary toknowofaproject s.n' istenuebefore infm-mation could be obtained about it and i earui.ng of the existence of as pnrt.ìrul diff1,(.it Theanufacturers in part i rular were very sorpri sede heu of so mum prapuis i on projects andit agreedi hut morn tnformt ion disseminat iou was urgent: iy required. They also oxpYessed tleì r des ire tobecome more actively invo.l.vecìi n both research and developiient !:;ut weredesperately i l- informedabout tue ways i nwh.ì ch theycould assis : It:wasacknowl edged thu tmuceta formo idialogueb etween projects, fundingagencies, governments amidnianufacturers was required The research work of some coimmmercia.l erigi ne manufacturers, parti eularly those attending the meetingswas recognised. it was alsoemphasised that such research work was Vei'y Ces t ly and con I cl only be just.i liedin thei ong term j f there was reasonable assurance ofmarketpoten Li al It wasiocogni sedthatprojectsmustworkinure closely w:i lb manufacturersto inform thema of what is requi red in the field. This can then be more rapidly translated into practical engine modi ficelions with minimum time wastage. It.was recognised that: pi acing manufacturers techn:i cal. staff inthe fieldfor research purposes and to assist projects was a costwhich should he shared. The possibili Ly of using consul. tuncy funds for this purposeshouldbe further investIgated. Il; wasalsopointedout., hwnver thaI. someFar Easternmanufacturers mai mmt:ni nod tennisof t echni.cai.s tailwho continual. I y visit ed projct andkeptawareof marke Uneeds Yamaha, for instance, has ai cam of some Lb i rty marine engineers, four nava], architects and four fisheries technologistseach of' whom spend four t.o five months travel i ing pci" year.
'[heselect ionand i raining' of local manufacturers 'agentswasalso recognis edasa major constru in t .Thi s wan part i ru! arty aC'UF e projectsare in the early research s Lage and may rei y heavily on rapid sparepart support- If this was not. forthcoming from thein» country agent t heprojectneeded t o go directly t: othernunufacturem.»s'for parts. Unless a close roi ni onshi p tu est.abUs bed between the project and the manufacturermu isunderntand:Lug and delays often occur. Agentsarefttn deal tig with a range of nLiufcturer productsund are limited in both F.he range of e>per tfee they casi offer and the levai of spares they can currr Unlesa the number of oparut ing unitan w fl f 'i im h ift queat 13 m1.hc OdSI dinti tbi i t he wi 1] ii1 i nJ y -mi i f et nm-ìng p i ,al mariufiwt.urerìdot ry t. o enut-e t:ha Lhoy cnrry n mi nimunìomomi A mijor pi itli ri fnc tn npm 1m elite ni ng putnt Uppi i od p huye p.oli 1 omga:ì iring ue:r.s to fre:tgri O! :t i ç - tm pm. nfcidi t mt jt > VP I i od di r i i u j .ct soresul tindelayed uay,mnon t.us few development etic espaìin advance or have efficient payment ytem. t. was foi t that ni;my of the, eu rrìt pooh em affect.i ltg the cooperai, i between proj eats noci theìnufact aver s was due to n 1. TkC a finforina.t ion fi owand I as ti tut. i anal i nflexi.b i I i ty with Ti fundim andiple»iont in agonciest These constraints should be overcome us noon as possible in orderto stiinulzd.e more effectivo r search and dete1opïimont atreduced cotChanges in the EEC funding It'odures of t:be KFIW was nino ci. ted ums a gond exampief how :j,noy-ed fi nancini'Çl o>ihuI i ty bris -dIcì.l 13; improved reseurehe ffcct. ivenews ltwasai so cuisod that. manufacturers huye a more active vole to p uy in I hi s fi oid if' they are to reap the b mef[ts of future muritet growth itwws also fai i;. that improved communiout i on bntween projectswasan urgentneedbothon formai and informal.i.evel Fundingageneies shouldL o t.italimp ovt.dnot tuait tOO of tht is¿h y lopmt ni offm j q The design,piano log and managomen t of propul. s ion project s should take intosieroeons i derat inri the expon onces of pm.ms tproject's improved ongoingmonitoring and periodi e ival....a1: ion of projects would uiol;only benefitProject Manogers but weal d prav:ide other projec ta wit b useful comparisons 2 3
5. 10. TechnicaL innova1ìoninSenegul
Following ihe gnerni discuss ion on ihn d iver's i ty and scope of di fferen i projects, specific t.echni cal innova i ions were out i. i ned and i;he proi;dcms and pass 1h11 it i es di scussed. Mr Ned Coac:kley s Larted the session with an outline of the rgins of SEN I and SE--IT, Th is was followed by Mr David Wilson briefly introduc i ng the experiences oF the Projet de jifere
The ex i sii ng fish:i ng canoes of Senegal are, of i.hree ninin types: pirogue St Louis jeune; pirogue Leben; and ihn pirogue r mi uka. The 1OE5Vary in mag Lb, degree of rocker aind s ida fi are, dependi ng on their op.wat: ing condii.t ions All canoesfc) ilow a s imitar construct i on pattern w. t.h bui i s based on a heavy pl ank keel and planlced si des on the petitecote,ora dugout base and p lanked sides onvesse l.aonthe roughergrsndecote, Length vari es from (-20 larger ¡ranspo't canoes usuallyalwaysofihnfarmer a Lyle of construction. No cdmp.1 cte tranverse frames are used and the bui lias cons idarab le flexib ii i ty. in an nt. tempt to overcome Ihr prob I eins of excessive opera t. i ng Cd)5ts iii the fl.shery,an FAO eL:huicaiC-'perat tonLrograimuepovideda speciali ydesignedcanoe (SEN 1 )wi tb a pivoit:i ng di eselmotor and convertedat radi L3.onalcanoeiotakethesame(SEN-2) . The ÇfPAS/iK)PM trad:t'Li anal canoe' Ì.eScie was f:i t tedi wi th a 20 bp i uboard diesel. with a conventional installati ou.The hul. I flexibilityof ibis vessel le clio ser:i aus mi sel granen L prob I ems and tri aisindi ca tedthe need to enclose the eng inc in a water t i ght box. nihe 1'J.0 Jtay of R.eiIi l'togiemme h:sedri n Indi a has,ores manyyears deveioj:x?dlli engi ne matai let inn us tog a waten i ght pivot ingboxfor beach i andri ng operaI: ri oria(A .(>vera and R. Nov i ninr , I PE3) . Thri s.i s thesystem tried in the above FAO TCP p i rogues SEN-i and SEN--2.SEN-2 was a i .2 metre long vessel of' maxi mum heam 2. N incirca,and depth o f 1. 2metres. Itsconversionnd thecirnatructri onof SEN--1 are detailed i n a comprehens-.ive report by J t'yaan,
SEN--2 as fi.t tedwith enair- cooled Pants diese I., Fn'-del FIT 51.1of i 4'. Bhp ( a I;2800r--pni) The cognac war; menu ted.ì r, a we Ieri: i ghi. boxand thebox muuntn.ed on s ida pivots Lo ail ow t he eng i ne,to be t j. 1. tedend theshriftasid [)rope 1 .1 er reisect when pass i ng thruagh the inIorwhen beaching the craft . The aft sect. ion of t:he vessel clic i os tug the box wasopen Lo t:he sen which was containedbyawe fer L i.gh t bui hhead forward of' the eng inn box.
SEN--2wasal sci tri ed wi Lb pe Irai ouLhorda nod di esci.on thom-dafor comparai ìve pur-poses. The i.nboer-di astral let ion was I:hcrì handedover io the Ceo tre cl' Assis tance a1 a recur Ar-f isunal Senegn .1 ni se (CAPAS I ni n November 1954 'for- extensive fi suing triais, These were delayed fora i.oniçperni odeticicni.iy took pl ace i o September- 1 - Threel'i stung tripsweremade be lore t he vessel satik a i anchor in as ienaanthe night of the iO/201h Sept'.canber-,1955. The -- rcu1 t of the triala ue rer,:nrdedn a CÁASreport(. 'Ibew, i96) which icknti fi es the nai n prob.tma o;u.ing trath t ionni.ruft nui: builtspecificai tyfor' Inboard einr? The Veas&1fledE-dbU:er caulking and stronger construid: i nn and would not wi that and the ca:t ru vibrations. Problems werelao t'oundtth the air cooled tngthe which 'requ xi 1v overheat d san.. n1t oi pmr a î u cul a ro n bn SEN-iwns e now type of craft: spec i fical. ly designed and buil t;tot;ake thepivoti ngengine-. ti z a woden p hmked craft of'searibat ten construction The vssetis of muchstrongercoos Iructionthw. traditi onu Icraft; wut cune iderbiy more wz tort ight. 11 vel wen p 1mai i. 1v dos geed loi h Midit& i ishiiig dud is snp 1 it hni Lo and a. gunter typea:Lti ng rig.
wasconpayed with tradlt:ionaf craft With petroloutboardsnìn perform nc usronded goud and fu' 1.viv i u- I - I h vsel wa J Jn handed ov r to j hcPr ith' lic t u P u e t w bug term I r Is 9 ho vî has nOOpi at-d b] un n) inn n y I 9fl5 nd htìpeu fO TPd Çvol Itrbol h d N fl nf c ti n,spt t\ ud bnl hu h i I enginevtht.at ing prob Iem.
The majordvan tages of the cm It au u-lower fuel nsumv L i on.; improved bull t& i i t Lv md i ruureascd worhiuapace; 5e of a i i. U3O aOCI perhups most import nt .iy uccept uncebythr :11. s bernRm Tbc di.sndvantagesluci udd ttT.eveaei si ack ofwntertight;ncnaand;he r p ob tnus en cowl ei od wct hI hr ri'u io i isl 1 3 it uni Nu ni cooled enei nrepertl:ediy overheated doe t;ci poor a i r ¿ i on onthe waterti jht. bwt.
A secondS3N-i. w:i t h ocmi. tuxuji1 stern endnt.orcool erimu toi wan coîutrucLed.forthe PDI per Le Ueveloppemîmtintegre dos-u T lu-s de lu ueosu e (uin 1$ i ssni nd i opou i loi I furtherSiN-I. turme.i stern has been bui Lt privately by th°Seneguicee boathwLtderwho wor1ed on the coiis-triict i un. o f t heph.s-I: otypéora:rt. Thisvesselis fitted wi th uuurdj ni9J,P diuselthbomd eugin a imum of 20hn. at 3UOOrpu».The iumuo.1 hoi is perform wol I butprob Lems are eper lanced i f air ímt;ers the tuimol when thevesei goes as tern.
hprivatecompany proctjig FPPvesse] s S$achji,hasì1;o ohuwuu interest in piuducirug SEN-It: ype vrue1,a in FP. The EIJ i fu-re project hasorder-ednfur fter fon.r 5FN vsels but. wi t:h i argerengines Pr,joct /?tu/OO1. oui the is lurid of Bui ama tui (]uinea t3issau ha plawnd to prodnce four SEN---i esse lat u the near l.0 turc. The 1)jifereProject;hast:riedthreeepeì.'itentsin introduced technology and problemshaveresulted from the technology s inappropriateness honoragenciesund manufacturersboth wishto create mnrkets for their products artd tend to encourage theedpt.a1i on oftheirtechnologyeven if it is notentire]ysuitabletolocal conditi orts. Two exaniples of technology not; being weltuiteUtothe. localconditionson Djifere ore the introducedCanadiandoriesand fluggerini dieseis.
Thensuccessíul trials of the Dj i.fere Project, with introduced Canadian stylerowingdoriesfrom the Grandaiìks provedtheimportanceof producingvessels to satisfy specific needs. The vesselswerewell proven fishing craft in their orIginal. environment but the sbapnsize, ped and chur'aeterisl;sics of the engine i sLai.laLion were unacceptable to the local Senegalese fishermen. TheDj ifereprojectalso con t;inuedUte triaiswiththeRuggeri.ni diesel outboards started by the FAO Project.The engines were given to the local, fishermen after Ute opera Lors had received. adequate tra:ining. Theengines showed good fuel. consumption chureeteris tics but weretoo heavy and vibrated too much 'For sust.a.i nod use on tradi Li otmipirogues Fishermenfound the larger motors (Fi:Do 149) vm-y di ffieuit Lo start and would no I stop them a i sea for fear tha I they wcmi d not be obi eto restartthem. Theengineswere also foundtobetooheavyand difficultto lift off the boat in rough surf. The engines testedat hijiferehave also suffered repeated seizure of the bearings possibly due to poor lubrication.
TheSEW-I technologyis a good example of a vesselwhichhasbeen designedto suit; local condit ions in 3enegal and has been acceptedby local fishermen.
5.11. Technical innovations in lhmi
Thetechni cali nnovati ens i n the Death Model Project. wore ou t; 't :inedby MrGordonShevesand Mr Ned Coackley and a video wasshownofthe vessels operating under surf conditions. Theearlytriaisofthesemi-tunnelsternandpi vet; Ing engine arrangementsi nS enega,I werever-yencourog trigai though asyet; inconcj.us i ve, I twas ther.efore dec bled to coot innethetri.al.sin Ïen;in bui udapt;ed to suit the large dugout canoes coimuon :in Gliano Togo and Benin. Three vessel s were constructed to try out; three different; arrangements The first vessel. was 'Cairabuig'a 13.7 metre long dugout; canoe fitted wi.th Lonibnrd;i ni air col.ed 81,1) C55-2 engthe, producing 2'Thp a t; OOOrprn. Theshaftandpropellerwere fittedinastraightsidedtunnel orrangemen Lwhich prot;ected the propeller duri ng beacliing Theai r coolingof the engine permitted the engine to be star-ted ondryland which increased t;he safety of passing through the surf. Th ei.wd vc1 (.amrì a 14 1 te ng >ut com t . i; Fd ?1 ft Volvotu.. ¿ip t. OQi pm t t t' Thepropeller ind sbft wtre eg t.n inourLedwìdu a potect ivetumtel ern but th tunnelI'tdtuard alopth de to inprove manoeuv rb i I i t y
The 1.uneior both v are Iwi.tiut.ca bol eutj hott:or, (i the duoot hi.ti. i The spec i.atious aad pos it :kmi.ng al' the tuzmel are qui. tç' it ij t u a) Ì ow rolI t.i r t r rtpt uit ue / iofp opI atdto¿unte Liii rn t t lof vun .r it the p or'Irrlo covi i on mo th o rt pr pt I -r
BothvesreIsperfortnetiwe i. I wi tir goodfuel,íonswttp t i oriandxpaeti ch ix a totstt , Ihr rin ri tut't og r irk. i çitiit t t I',tn i sidetauritedrudilee was large, epecioI1y' when turni.n io lurboard wil h a k n hnndI pr ope) ltr hi iinpunii are t rett tothenaiv ment at w..tru the i unr'1 aie! Ute t r si it at thi hth tuiuwtol( t Lo I ..ìti i t muv n erRt i he si.'o! u.. n it i Io O part 't ax ly nixpox to it'lien s4' rig i er nets or pur 'r oe n o aed i cLei t ril t h nIdd&iinuuu rd b -h i ridhe pi opt t I 't mpi u ecl littt u itt cirrI ecnnt 't i. .b I ieuio iIV i tt I i t y of tho tunn,I ', t. n 1Z'ÏOUI" t pOL )(It,tt' P I)IIIIIJ. Il l( (1tii..i t the t inavi i opilteti I c ont nut' t'cr non-surf beaches only.
Tite l'ree) cootitig system in' (kxmri e woo i orti) ly Inibri rated and momt.ed in the tuono I Thth system seemed t..o work we1 I but dauaige to the pipes dut i..ig. hc'ach't on was a pns tb Io pi. elil
To i.1iq'it'OVe liruidi ingi rist.xi' f cortdi t tori a t h i rd vesse.i ,' St Jude was ccm'tx w 1d Tb i s wì i-i 12 mt ti t,I ou .tut1o1Pt ii'-cl mn t a a tam vu I 2003,24hp(at,3000rpm) ieti'oard diee't. engineandakeciecoijag tystem, The erigi noi s l'i,xedi aside the boa t und theprìpel tershr'f t t i u. and down by ny oft uu.vat. sx1moi ut ' t'e tnnluer 'il i.s dry and riuun ted inside a i'll ed b ir rubber houa i ng attached to the aft. enei erop «ebu.i khi d t'li ' t 041 Y 'iCt aOl .. u i UT t1( 't t t eri i-' 'u consists of 1rrt of' the shaft, stern t;ube>propei 1 croad rudder. 'Fha sternnear arrangement has been deaig'ued arid riuppi ied by VolvoPenta who refer to it a's Beach Drive. Wht,trz the vessel is puits unthrough t:tf:;uì.' f,i.hc X': trac table s Irineor can be pul l"d upi. na ide a groove int he luit J.at Che sppropr jut; a utomon t.. o 1) ow tivvc.'t'el to ht u'-.'i .1 y b-ic hi n t t h mi cl ot hr stri t
The per'foniirwce of S t ,Judo won agitin very aec'eptb i e w:ithairimprovini tm'trningci t'oie; inrdine to that of ed t; int outbourd powex-ct craftan) good aemnoeverobi i i t.yto surF candi ti nina . The a terri goat'aeraitt.einnt, is at i J iat the rosent-eh piwso and Vol. to Poeta are coat i.rïuì ng to asj,t the Prnjt in improving both the conotzt net ion amici ourrat i n'in. i)etiJ w t he ,onmt t.- utt LO inalt t iI s at e, nGuie t di,dsrn r'lepor IelI YBb 9
Twoof the three ve] have been working with t.n the Modol 'j': e t i n tii n r ni prorairme .ndI. h i u I oi J iv ri operdt n'i orts aL e Uiip e'S'LV w cvpte,he t ot ei'nr t p ki1op wiw of i h ciht i ot un uboni d dr toi peiii i i ni wo aproxat-ty 3Out the t oof fur I p k tuer rnvre tot 3 'h pt t e t outboard vsei.
A bri.if nu1ectj0icfthe r'hij cal.jiiìuvt. ionsofthe Krirub, FisheriesDvel tpruentPro,jec. wosi ven by Mr JoekCmpbe inrdri' (eorge Noble (KFUP Mnter' Bt Bui ider)
11'he canoepropu I a ionreeeore.1 of the Krmh i n F:isheri eslilopsiont Projectbascentred around three oreas of struiy. The fi rstiothe trviqf dil enrin thr lìr I' ¿û ftc i aeoe,a',ed $oi nnet t rhi ng the ornIi.thipo ,sij'i}e ecprì ion ulirrer' r t eti o f ihing nu thoiLand i h ru rd.i t her ripr ovd e ut'i ri Tire large h'haira pl.onk canoes are propel led by 25--40hp tw-etruke ptrei. outboards using bet:ceenO end 3O litree of fuel pr day. initiai r i a1'onu n InI 11 n iJi ceI u5bû ir ii r rew i i r id ou'.ir ir 1q84 Iwo ir ej y I fiah n'eeo w r '-it 'rt R by,araorigst ether things,the i rit reduction of stringers dovetail ing thethwartsirrtethuhenni ohei f endrapi acinicrotte::ipiiksand fastenings.
A lee].was.1 arrime ted oir to etch vessel witt a deaciwtuodbui ltupend I)orCdtoaccept: tite stern tube. Euitie bearers wererarriedwell forwardto Juni t:1;he effects ciT hull'fie.. inaird to sprnnd theen,inc loadacross auffi.ctea frnnes The two verejs worked we'llforsix weeirs before both verei,s were utornr drrged. The two engines Bukh i)V . 2Or'B of 20}ip (2 OOOrpmwere then reirroved euc.i inuti1.ediiitwo new vesneiswhich were dccue4oion trad'i tìonei, lines,but with built down hul i with5) shaped frames inl:heaft sections. The twoesselwere huilt. by the Xl1)P on Yel thuyabetweeì November 194 ami March 3I5. Theorist ruct loiras 'rrle ri out bya vi 1.1 age boat bui. i ding t:erurirürTonrbo VII lege under the iuperv.i si onof the KFI)P project boat builderSy'lvtwuo B .Cuti tea.
Thesetwo veaseie were thee operatori pref:i tnbly by a J.oei 1bc>t.owner overaperiod of eight months. The ('assi?iS used anaveree of20 lt tic sofcli. e'uJ pt r dayrrd o»u t t hc wer(ut 'r inri k ir or 'k-r e traditional craft. 33
The esseis did however experience mechanical problems resultingfrom three main factors. The most important factor was poor itioning of theengi.ne. Theboatowner had insisted on operat ingthenetfrom behindthe engine and reques ted the shaft be extended and.theengi ne moved forward. Theflexingofthehull caused considerable misai ignmentofshaft and engine and resulting bearingdamage. The second major factor was insufficient technical assistance provisionon the project whi ch resu. ted in poor training of the crew in thecorrect operatingandmaintenanceprocedures. The thirdfactorwaspoor log:tst:icaisupport and administrative bottlenecks resultinginspare part shortages and excessive vessel downtime.
Eventual 131 the engines were removedand the vessels converted backto petrol outboard Two further vessels were designed one wìth thesame Ieeiarrangement. as the previous two boats and the other wit-b astern tunnelbuiltfrom kegmounted on eithetsideofthepopel) Tbe vessl FfV1 and 2,were of sron'er ennetruction aridlatt dimensionsthantraditional craft arid wre aimed at becomingamore seaworthy,safer and more productìve cr-aft. These two vesselswere not acceptable to thefishermen because ihey deviated too far fromthe trdd]tIonaldesigns ihey hLTP ai,o too heavy to pull up the be h, andtheir turning circle was toolarge. They did, however attract coni derable lut crest a'-.i rauspoi I boat s and lIns ai' a nl use ts bf 1 mg studied. Petails of the results of the various trials can be found in the report of Campbell and I3eare,19B5. TheProjecthasnow returned to more traditionaldtsignsofcraft utilisirig only improved construction techniques.Two new craft are now beingbuilt,One has a fìexih]y mounted inboard diJ. engineand incorporates a rmpe of flexibic shift.uplinwhich will betcSi( I Thisis aimed at eliminating the problems of engi misalignmentand bearingbrea)down. The bull t down hulJ with 'S'shaped frames has been replaced by a deadwood attached tothecanoebody.. Thi.sis designedto help avoid the probi ems of pi oaks springing free fromthe stern posi when the vessel runs aground arid also increases the easeof construction.Thisvessel wi li be tested with Lister 8TW2 2Ohp (t 2,300 rpm) and Lister ST3, 3Ohp (at 2,300 rpm) engines. The second of the tiÑo new vessels i s a stronger built., outboard powered craft designed Lo accept engines mounted in a well or the sido. This vesselwill be used to carry out trials of diesel outboards. li.is hoped that triais with these vesse].s will identifyvessel construction methods and engine insta.t laliori techniques appropri ate io the needs and capabilitiesofthevillagers in the area- Thetrialshavebeen arranged to include the maximum parti ci patina of boat operators, owners and builders in the evolution and evaluation of engine instaliations 34
Trials on the more static fishing rnethods have resulted in thedesign
iid construction of the 1Su-craft This vessel is .6 metres long arid of broader beam than the traditional Standard --S an canoe' which is the traditional craft used for much of the static fishingin the area. The first vessel wasfitted with Lister LT1,'ihp.air cooled inboarddiesel, with a side skeg tunnel stern The two subsequent vessels. werebuilt for use with petrol anddieseloutboards. The vesselsare slower end heavier than traditional craftandresistance baa beenvoicedby f ishennen. These vessel.s ara underoìng modification and further triais, A 'Samu---craft' hasbeen built privatelyand is now operated by a local Freetown entrepreneur as a fishing vessel. The uggerini 8hp and i4hp diesel outboard engine have been tried on both 'Sainu' and traditional vessels. The fishermen fiad them heavy, noisy and difficult to start. Vibration probleus have also causedproblems with loose caulking. Some fishermen feel, however, that diesel outboards are a viable step end the project aims to continue trials until July l87. Yelibuya's isolation fromIreetown accentuates its fuel problems arid diesel outboards offer apossible solution.
The sai.J triais were initially encouraging but it was sbortly rea].ised that sail, trìals and the determination of the potential lcr widespread useof improved sailing techniques was a long terrn Droject beyond the current resources of the Project. Sail trials have subsequently been dropped from the programme.
5. 13. Tecimical Innovations ìn TothoSierra Laone
Mr Uwe 3eck gave an outline o the FPPT developmentswiththe assistanceof Mr Klaus Lange (Naval Architect) and Nr PeterJarehau (Master Fisherman).
The FPPT realised in 1982 that the existIng petrol outboardpowered craft were no longer connuercially viable because of iithg fuel prices. The project then started experimental construction of' diesel inboard vessels.
In 1984, when the village boat owners were beginning to realise the full impact of the fuel shortege, they approached the project for assistance in building a diesel inboard vessel. The project set up a training programnne aimed at instructing village boat builders in new construction techniques. This programme did not work well as it disrupted the existing controi of boat building teams and forcedboat builders to comply to a rigid working day at the expense of their other obligations. 35
1veu tuai. lyt he boat. boil dcrs left mdn eìtì ofuppren t.ce 0011 t workingw&th the pruject Twenty apprenti cebull t:the 1'i rettese.t overaperiodofsi
The heat owrìenthen built o nndoi of the croft wh ch had breo bui 1 t.i Y SierraLeone years hefore They requested us tetnnoe in but 1dint a imiir ve-) w:i tim their ori. ) avals of eparti ne and eqa pmaot Thi et vessa I wabui 11. t h i n iwumi no v mani of t-1 epto I t-XI t 00 î h a mture oftradi I unniand ('uropeancowpto The bel).sluipe Lefleetedthatof the traditional Ghana pi ank canoe but liadabui i t down huLl withS --shaped bromeo in the aft section, A d.i eneI :fthoord engine of 2Ohp was then instst Led with a rigid shaft or rnngoment. Thevessai. doni go has nubsequen Uy been modified by the boat bui idem i toHic Se tb L iidt y of thusaind nc s britt donin ri mountedon otee). eígi rie bed which i s bolted onto thewoodenengine bearers. The first vessel bn:i lt. by the viii agers operated seL. fur eightmonth before being blown bore and smashed. Five other ve.iseìs have sube beenbui it end two more are under construct too. The coocept o t' the engine ins Lai Lot ion i s in reduce the ohaft Length and rigidly mount the engine,shaft and stern Lubs. The Rout Owners Coupernti vu has a ii st of 15 owners who wi.sh to abt a iti diesepowered craft under thepresent scheine.
The5UeSFìof the vessel i s attributed to tkci rlrmovnti oncoming frein within the village and subsequent construction and operation being eupported by good technical foci liti es technical eperUi se andspare part supp i tes. 5.14. icusi.oxi ofectmïci1 thm,vatìoi The. technicnl detEdis of the ahmn vessel/engine coin thtíon were then dieussed by the participents The eso i ut ÎOfl 0f erigi ne i stl lat.iwi, vessel cociruction ite: od ,and veo1 designs,icoot inuiïìg and J t ws agd that no e tbinaieri voa siitab1e for aH pats of West Africa Reseeroh rnut: continue to find local salut ions to local probleiis but; making fui I use of ailavoJie.hle n 1w rt ion w epr t r'nr J h i obvi ouslv commun ar oi cbwhichwouldbenefitai.lpt-oject hutmuch should be. restricted to one to avoid dupli cation. Ai i of tha existingprojects are however concerned with thproblems of lacolised fihories and none havetheresourcesor the piarmnd objectivestoiookatregional pr-ob1tas. J twas feltthat therewaspotent ia focaregional propu1.ionproject specificai]y aimed at. areas of research comnion to West Africa. It is recognised thut putting dse engines into boats over 10metres is not, r, a put tcularly dffimu)t Fhe problem a' lbCS when theboats are unsuitable for diesel inboard installationandrequire n!odificationOwhichmaynot he acceptahie tolacelboatbuilders mechanics or boat eperat:ors UnacceptahiUty may venait from the use oft;echnology which may be locally too compiex to repair andmaintain suchas lifting stern gear or from thedd1tionai rost of newinboard engines end stronger boats, Diesel inboard engines are also fixed in place(unlike outboards) and iimot he removed for security (toavoid theft or swamping) or for repairs. Itis important t hat int;roduced irmti lation techniques andequipment can befabricatedlocallyorpurchasedatareasonable cost, Different countries have different levels of access to foreign exchange and canthussupportdifferentlevelsofinnovative technical coiupiexit.yifitis dependent on externo]supplies. itisalso necessarytotailorpropuìai.mi systems to the i oval,ofmeehanised skills ava;i]able at the village leve]. ?iehav ioura Ichanges in fishing commun it: ies may al ready bedeterud ning ti-endsinfuture vessel/engine designs.A movementawayfrcansurf beachestoshelteredbays or to urbanportsnodtheirassociated markets u changethe demand for future surf'boats. Thereduced supp!yoflagetreesfor dugout ca oesmay alsoforcearapid trans;i ti on t.cm new construction methods sixth as pianki ng or' FR1'.
It mas poiflted out that the.. pivoting box eugi,ne must be started with m pu].]rope5fthewo tert ight.ness of the boxistohemaintained. Pieselout:hoardsare also started with. a rope anddifficultieshave beenexpericrmced. Alternative spring loaded starti ngsyst,ein were discussed but considered too expensive for use in developìng fisheries. Electrical systems introduce further' operational tir'obi emsparticularly of keeping batteries in good working condii ion Alternativestarting systems shouldbeinvest i.gatedmorefullyandthe informati on disseminated to projects 37
Reference wis made to the advantages of air and ter cooLing rste Itwen pointed oui. that air cooli nor keel cooling were necessaryif enginesware toa started on the beach or run in sandywater, Air Cool ed systems suint be instal. led careful ly with correct.duc t lugfor adequat aai r low r f o hoinris lo b vrndpd coo sysesishavethe advEmt ego of ree .rculati J';resh waterhutexposed water pi.peo could cas i ty be maged and the ingrans of sai I water could rapidly corrode unprotected gin Ai thoughusual lyeighing less iban water cooled. engines n ircooled enginesdot end to beoisi er.This bss certainJ y matwi. th netEd..i.Ve reac t: ionsfrom fishermen who may fear Ihn t the noisefr igltt;euaf' lab. itis cuan necessary todenL.i:Fy perrei vd problems as wel.i ani:hose which ara pro'.wmas perceived prob i ems can restrict; acceptance as much as real. ones. l?isbermeni n both Tombe and,amb i a have voi cadconcern aboutthenoiseof ai r cooled erigi nan and areconvincedthatthey reduce catches. More research is needed i n fh:i.s area. Outboardeiigi.neshave very obvious adva:t;agenresut. t i ngfromtiLci r nl()hIIi t.j. Two s Iroke J)et:ro 1.oirthoarc)n have been manufactui'ed f'orthe uropean/Aiiicr can p l.easure market . ruì(y.t ark ei f rc i. ency when usedon n I ow worh t)(5Lt.5aII(J do riot.zre Ue ron i i :1ncc towi thst:undconstant work log'pressi.rr'e . i t wos ac)cuow! c:dged thai: much cryul clbedor ... to i.Wl)Ì'OVe l;he cpara t i ori of these engi re by i nc.rmsi i ig ihei rderebi i i t.y anddesigning the gearboxnd prt:pei.1. er to be store atprï'i.at.e. tothe envisaged worki nods . The experiences wi. th four n t. coke engines suggest. that considerable fuel, savings are osnible and a range of higher horse powerengineswould have many aïxtagas . Theii eelsof':fi:in canoes in tes t Afr are main iy propel led by pet;ro i outboards and, they represent a leve i of technology whi ch :i.s neceptedbut even thin level of technology is not fu..1 y underat:aod. Perhaps muy Ing toword.ndiese I. enginesinap'ramatur'e step whi ch could be delayedunI iithefui i potential Of the. petrol outboard is exporecL 1ueIi work ueeds tobe donebymanufacturersend projects tuexpl oretheposa ibii.:i ty' of improv ing the field per fui-marice of petrol outboards Efl.eeloutboardspotentiell ycumb:i ne the beni:ofbothiliepetrol outboardandthedieselinboard worlds . Ye ight,vibrationand startingproblemsareimmadi ale areas ofc:onc.ernwhi eh ti mitthe applicationof availub le model s. Pefore they can be accepted intoa îìshery, i. t:w.i .1.1 be necessary' to carry ou ti eng term Irin s win ch lead totheevoluti onofinureaccept;ebl.edesigncharacterist;ìcn if exi nt;ing problems are overcamo. it isI i Icely that diesel outboards will ut 'to p ay in ce I u iii i i i n Afi d g
A Jor pro1em ri.th the deveiopert of di ei outboard ro1:oris ltdT lli\ I E of o ni mg 'pprl -(fffl Ruf rLi rtVr developedthe8hp 12hp ad i'4b girer hitb, recurrent: ly urthg trìt nd have rcent.iy rei euned the n'.F 15 The F.i S a Lwoyiirder lShpenginehìch the iifeturn ricim i only f1 kg to weight sxbstant i oilyIestht both the Vicio 129 and 149 (97 kgnd kgs respectively)
ITil)3Ìti1i hFÏV developed prototype dl ee otbourdofhp end .11h. otbthese engines wi i I be tested ines t Afr. in thenearfuture.
Yeo»uir have recent.y developed e rnne o[ di esel outhonrch hi ch heve now been rleaed onto the mmrcia.l market.These nue tb. Ï. B'ip 27hp and36hp engines with weight.s of 79 k, 87 kand 118 lrespectively. r4tI - Imowu of their fi .1d peit'rit ow eit t Any inonatioo.he i tinboard,otboard,or soU wi lt requirethe righteconomiceorìdi. t ionstogeneratein t eres tfrois t hef iÏi ìng coiununi ti es and adequnte support. over a i ong peri ori oF time. One of the uiiajorproblemsofehongi.ngpropuis ionsytenisi stho of underestixmt: i rigt he I emth ciitri nei tri s necessary to givecoot ri noons technicn.lsupport . if new eru i oes or an inproved sailingtechni que ar intro.iueednodprojects upport:i sw:i ththewntooeon y thou villagers maybe left in a worse condition thanftheproject.baci never been started
The)iieetringrecogni.;ed that Flic iot.rorbrctioo ofdieselorigines ,in I)aL-ticuiar was s. greater tratto format i.c.inthOu W fluTilO Ï I y ruai i sed. To achieve a we]. T piunoed trrinsfcr of tbìs love] of tohuoi ogy requ:ires asupportperiodof between ten and twentyyears . Th is a 1.1 ows a gener8.tri onto grow up wi th the i e\'e.i rtechnol cigy and to developi irs own supportstructures. Parallels can be drawnwiththepetrol outrbr,ardwhichhas had over trwont-fi ve yenrs in West. hrtricrmandis st illnotwell ass.biïtalediii termsOF Vt i1.ae operat ingandcepa ir ski lis- IJn.Fortunalely,the trime spans uro in excess of those usually eons ideredbyfunding agencies who rariy pian projectsbeyondfri vo Thi sneedfur i ong term support, is aerri tica,t ri sSue'hi c.'h aheu Id be irade very clear to the appropriate agencies Again, jt was knowl edged that. niuch research ri s goring on in theurea whichcoi.iId boriefi t: projec tai. fit waspresented i nrimorerrccas i b.t e documentedform. Manufacturers. lei t thud: there wns arcat. needl'or bettercoiiimrrnicat.i.onsbetweenprojectsaridthemsel.ve toclearly identifydeve. opnme:rit, rims trajetsandto ass i st.i n resol \7ririg them. .1 t was also acknowledged that ai though there were many tee nicalprobh cflS sti lito be resolved,the ncccpt,th,i ti h by the fi1.rer!,lerT was an urea which requirer.1 much more research, 6. FIEL» EXCU}ISION TO TOMBO - 17th Novei-iber 1986
TombavillageIssituated 53 km south of FeetownontheFreetown Peninsu1 andover looking YawnBay. The populationin1981was estisa'ted to be approximaie1y 7 000 but this has risen cour.iderahlyto around15,000 a thcthen Over 7Oof the population belongtothe Teawe tribe with Fu]. ehs Sherbroa ,and Susus making up theremaining 30'.c.
Theimthcmme.rciaioccupationof the villageinfishcatching., processingandmarketing. The main fleet of fìshcatchIngvessels consists of 18m plankod Ghana canoes powered by 25-4Ohp outboard petrol engines. The majority of these vessels use the encircling ring net of about 800m length und5m in deptb Fish:kng in carried out in theday time and the catch is usoniJy herring (Sardinelia maderensis) orhouga (Ethnai osa fimbrthta)
TheFisheries Pilot Project Tambo, coimneaced operation in Tombein lute1980and has since established an impressive projectsitewith enclosed si ipway,workshop hoatbuì icling shed,wood seasoning store, netstoresoffices and fish processing area, The Projectalsohas dormitory accoamtodati on of staff and mesa Ing fach iii e.
TheProjecthas also been i strumentai in building a (lain andwater supp].y system for the vi li age and has assisted in the construct i un of a vi.1iaghealth centre. Duringthevini tto Tombe participants were abletoobservethe ongoingconstructionof an inboard diesel powered Ghanaplank. The vessel was huai de the project site and was undergoing finishing touches tothehull and engine installation.Six veseis llaVenafarbeen builtwiththehelp of the Project. aridtheyare now suc cesofull y fishingfrom Tombo. Participants were taken by boat tothewestern sideoft:ho Freetown Peninsula to observe diesel andpetrolpowered Ghana canoesfIshing. Theoperationofsettingthenet was, demonstrated anwasthe processofclosingandhen] Ing. The demonstrationsslwwed the need for good rnanneuverahiiity and speedin setting the net.
The FAOJUNDP ShengeProjectprovided a. demonstration of the experimental outrigger canoe. The crew showed their nailing expertise recently acquired in the Sheuge Sai,] Traini ng Programme.The. crab claw sailrigwas osed to advantage in the light windsandsteeringwas enhanced by the use of the 4-stroke. petrol outboard. Thestabili.sing influenceof the outrigger was a great advantage in easing the useof thesailanddidnotappear to detract i n anywayfromvessel performance. Participantswereencouraged totrytheirhandsat sailingthecraft,which continued toperformwelldespitebeing overloaded by an eeess of observers. 40
l'h eXci.0ion to Toitborv.rkd a uefu1 oprt;ui ty forprtfc iaut tod:L$c.us tochni cal iiinovaUoos of boot ths.igna andista:ìR&t- in moredetail. They were also ab] e to discusa the io hiçhtb Prujctorgaìiintt; .i ori and ii, frastructure coil d be t.rnusfered across tM the viLiae a:; the target group because more self relint.
The51C39f the day wasVCTYmnt:h dus to the efforts o:ftbo 'rh Staff and to the Sliouge Staff whose ant uuiasii enabled the usíoto be enjoynbie and inatructiva 41
TAULE )lSCUSiOi - 18T NOVEMJiEI 1985
Ïr Jock Cam:beil opened the second day of round table i.scusions by introducing the broader issues of propu si co de;e1opment and i n prticuiar the need for long term technical support al!d early commercial involvement
ach geographi cd area and fishery adaptations in West Afrí ca calL r specific technicol innovations or adaptions. Much can he learnt fro' an exchange of existing information, andthe research efforts already documented indicate that several possiblesolutions topropulsion problems are well advanced. 1f the research effort is supportedhy adequate finance and staff then it is likely that many of' the technical problems could be resolved in thenear future.
hasbecomeapparent,however, thatthesolutiontotechnical problems is not. the on'y harrier to improving propulsionsystems in WtASr loa. The problems nust, in the first place, be perceived as probleu b t targ(t: group as well as deval.opment. a.genci es The solutions musi- then be
- çJJçcptable: They must. he capable r ei und'r'stood, appreeiated and asimilated by the target group; theymust be proven nuer an adequate period of time under real i stic conch L i i-hey must he ietrothg at a pece which is within theabsorption capacities of t.he v:iliagers; they must. comply w:tth i-be technical demands offishing activitiescud disposal of the catch. ç&Jy acceptable They must conform with or be absorbedhy iuin sooil practices; they should b CCS5iblctoan acceptably broad group oc reejp:jefl their i ntroductiori should notadversely affect power wealth strata of the soi.ety,nor increase i-he risks to which commuyijes or sub-structures ofthe community are exposed, ad i-hey shid enhance the security, st.at.us and the we.1ibe:i ng of all mr-mihers of the soc:i ely Lncludirg women, children and the poorast groups.
napa1lybnefìcipltthe society They should improve the long and short term financial. vieh j liLy of fishing operai- ions in a waywhich allows distribution of the benefits to ali groups i n society; they should not unneccessarily breed increased financial dependenceof the target group on the project or on external government or commercial agencies; they should lessen i-he financial risks to whi ch ail soc:i ai sectors are subjectedwithout disruptingbeneficial, systemsofobligation; they should accoinmociatethe seasonality,mígratory and pari t.ìmenatureof fishingacti.vi.ties;theyshouldtaneintoconsiderationthe financial i ivages between fish i.ng and o i-her vil. Inge act,:i vi ti es and they should accommodate the hoe fits of t radii- innal credit systems, 4
COntCeIv hç cÍ'ïeial tot.h rßìnd they should prv dc itswhich reflect the rani ecoi.ii»ie cirrnutances f Ute reicn and country, par tictdnriy in tha valuing of t:ha costs end beo'its incurred; they should talco mt o conside.r ation the nut io& priorities on foreign e2c1lange usageand the ongtane accesn bìchtirget groups have to tore:igu exehonge; and they litin t -'onstdcrt te Iik I ,tf'ct. a cnuoiu e tr1 Ox their 1uture .'inbii ity.
polit iall cptabie They should reflect the nat ioiml and regional priori ti es for dvelonrent and not conflict ith other nectorul deveiepnent srateSi.cs or increase adverseexternal econonic dependence.
U1esc cl:! th fto's are :ed c'efu?:y, any aiteinpt tn introduce new skills or technology may be rejected or may simplynot succeed, Sul table technical soi ut i ans will oîly satisfy these cri tena if they are introduced over a sufficienirly long period of time with the actual part icipat ìnn oithe' target group und with cent inneci external support
This need for Long term tremi cal and anaerial support :.s an areaof critical importance to rny future attempt at large scalechanges in propulsion systems. Fishing conimun:i t les are generai ly consc'ivat ive by ne turc sud rarely adopt si gn:i fi cant changes t o e:ist ing proven practice unless ei. ther the beefi ts have been clsrly demonstrated over tirne, or externa), torces (cg. fuel prices) make not changing unacceptably niaìy
(oivfidence lii new technology must be developed in the community by lang term demonstration tri is and by training. The technical change from petrol outboard motorstodiesel inboards is of:en undorstaled, and the ki Il training reqai rement is often underestimated. Training ofgood vili.age'-ievei operators andmechanics is evenmore important with diese) engines than with outboards because of the lack of mobility ofa broken diesel engi no i'ixed instaD ation engine must he kept going as long us posi,h1r and repaired quIckly il excessive vessel down»-time is to he avoided.
The ìntrodi..ìction of new engines i 'e qni.rea the establishment ofnew spare part and possibly fu. I supplies Repair' facil ities are more ffi.cì ant if centralised with:iithe village for the generai use of the comîiucity. Cre'.lut, fac ilitiesmay have to be developed to caterfor 'tncrease:i capi tal. coss of' impr'oved vessel ccmsLx'i.. ction sail or inbourd diesel. engines, till of these activities must be supportedby development. projects and government agenc'ie in ti initmn:i stages. : t long term it is important tu lessen the project dependence of the target groupand for projects to asIat them to establish selfsustaining organisationalsystemswhichenable thetechnologychangeetobe perpetuated by the community. Organi sutional dEvelopment is In itself a long term programme which requires continuous project input Lobring about last i ng bchev:Lourai changes. 4
Muchcaiihe dìtnlacffeti. ìe b th w1y iuvoIv?met.ofthe cocìerc :t i .. ietecho1ugì trair . ft strongbond betear the coereiti seetor and t;ho coiiiiit can,if appropriat:e to thueeds ofboth be. a vt.a1 step to oitrthg theong term viabilityof cbane wiiou laoio cna:kebtrderi n underfinancdgavermeat.departments.There :.sa rootneedfor nufcturera and thcir local ae ta toeoomeore aware otheneeda endprob Icnsoffi ahin countt les andformarfarturer tohe encout gt1 make et nìimnieatt n ri jriii trainingand auppert, This encouraement tid evo:ive cutofan improved dialogueetween gc errmen tsoidenci es and m fcturen which aimsatident:Lfy Ing weyaofìricresin operat ion and awerstandig.
The discuss ion coìumencodwit h. an out t Inc of the prop la for long tena suppor t ytho 1 iibo ud 13c r no 'i oj tli then hei ktithed] ..CU5LOL OP e &OtO' t OVhPYt nprOul dtvelonent
Theevolutionof boat designs eroi eoç±nc intal.Laticms irk Tostbohas occurredat a peor. dstertmthed by'the viJJ.ageis lbs village have alsoselectedthetype.oftechnologywhichtheyconsider moat appropriatetotheir akills and ueedi The Pro,jacthaa inthiS íield beenmai n)y cerned with pr ovidingtechnicalsupport:and traini r Therojcct site encloses a al. iuway veselcoria trueL loe er ea,t imberoasori tnqtor c. eug ne r to ;ark hop ur'peroast o hpei arr oat - par t cu ar,u c u i i n t h to t t 21r - rrb phr e o f tb t butt r i. hop d tn y afl dua1 ly oh4nd cl ober to the community to he rune
Thetrainingreqai red a not oui y thatneceasaryronsiu tainand ;kpet att,the& gli-ice lhct a lso btt.-draorn d tizm sr-s hi h reedtohe developed . In ptwticular ithe view thatcerefoi a fishingboat is a ralnt:ively unimportant part of a fishlogoperation Outboardmotorsareremoved from cesse i a whentheyreturntothe village arid vessels frequently sthk at anchor during storirs, Thisis noivi.-cd 'i c-i iiuorptoblr-m a tb'yecotateritiaec md rontt U tIon)1 a iio \TO5 j t hihii w ai ricÁ'it r velipu c inri tib ofdi e-e1i ibrin rl vo s i e r b.co .i nc t rif more qens.iv boatsand the introduction ofsecuritymeasuresto pr utect I fie vesse J from '- nroiir tar curi -pt Lhei t ih \J]ç- O(flnd ic' ;p \ip'2 M. s'n L t.re j L cvternaj; J, e offoii. ft.kìdLg.pro re or c.1dge of ;he correct ue of:oc1. Th& to the iùre:iof&.'oi a' ir e nor'e1 Ei ct pt &"fci o I ii c tion ìo o andre.paic: thc»t 1'hc in probiomt Lh ou1conì'díJ ''Lhnt.oncethey diown -,nd n.r'epened np by insk t ieci handn thei r fe t:rcciecoe drarntionu y. bit Jabi rei n toghoo.ict be oinedl. rorrect opt.io todelnythc.point en efl:flFcEire PJ rrst opened tt';nhculi EiuTstanioii y icre'ece Llie lifetime of tue erigi rie.
I)teeei egics oleo ropre..ent a be1. of tel :oyy c' Le dt ffnrcrt frompo troJ outnrdn The on tboc'n'di e o mob il e not i. wh j ob e be re)Lired UOcieE' Ot. Ireniii the vi k c. ibo d J,cc jeìgino reonires mor'o sophi.s t.i ented ski i i seju tpmenlorrd Loci i i t leo end bacrwscob'i to fix:d tn tal lot tOd remires more rapid repair The diese iengine e I co th icIçjt ion ili i b I m cltioem ei ht ai i I r L o n Tombo viliagere in common with moat fishermu,.ti.ko to travel quickl, auJ i u ujeo t t rnor i encl pob t cinc i 1h oni t o sI i ii t b the cog inc governors to increese speed
Training' u tommes ore carri od out at the br oject site ad F'oiect staffmonitortheenriy progress o 1 operators endtryi:ocorrect fenils The v:k i Inge wil i be encouraged to greduiii y toke ever the rol e oftraininghutthi wI I I reiuire at leas t;anotheri;enyearsof i po' J fieI n ort i ùten I uiy ni b i Icod thenext vessel wi] I be bui t outside at the Project s tte Thereis still a need fo use ftc Project fac i ii Li ce to produce the oLed egine beds but it is hoped that evon this task will eventually be transferred across
The Lioud()WflPi'5 C()olcricrot i vo 1)0e ticen t inirwneiit,ofi ri puehi.ng foi bott.io Qd i rit. prient, -) i' cuy u n s ioi iien our if op t a io, i ii u i! programmesmusi iI(iweii(2r 1. aki i a to cons i daret ion tt " ncls oF ?:bo IocI groips FJ problems cnc:ounteoeddj'fthe early boatt:reinmnt. prugrainrics hay eticendescri btt prey i isis i y. l'hogr'cupi ngof non t builders in training courses Le an unusual process which has meant Unit cumpe lorsaríforced Ico work together. Ti: s has ai scibroken tO rai n _dL oci.t oi tines of ai hoi i3 'ut bio biLi i i _or" hold ei hi 1T O5 L tOflJ n SoUi et 'arai are we] i r' esccct,ed. When i: undergotrainingcourses i°' ieui;uid ythorrerun try governsent' crnployees, theirsie Lue i e rodicced and Uii s caneceoìi1 i i cf aocí may disrupt tradition roles i ru society. There le; funcLomeutai need Io upgradethes Lotus el'I r-ani ng w thin snoicty ii bncìw.I erige Lsto he treno ferrE-d success i'u L ly. 5
Thìntodurtiof d11 'ngtìes tí ei or.ovsei t Toaìjc qi tc u t ei 1 or c t I prov idostid Lut att.eipi:s a n iia t>devolop vU lo 1'i, sa .onr1. 'tnsh.i c.h s:ob t ko ovtt ri o.ìg roo tupoot The lost: :1rst:ivo '.me -- 11 1 pr uc h i i Jtiigi i,o i ocL sg ' . ots d i iioI' ' I . tThJ 1O r i o u f tw i ci o t seo Thefuture ss of soy gsdostiooJ .rsctore ±: ii)ieV ,. dc-'pr Od o i OO tt IIIi Uj POI or u1ti t ticii xi puoer c ir wi thin i t- -i.I The Et#i i u MocJc-i Project his e,i hrj Develo icent Untt expert. se o:tied ut ho) pi ug ei. i eros otio coiniTÌuh. or t i cul si: I. o the d ìpr.t:f iel f-oust a. sing organ. sat i ou (VI Uit ' j i ctai h ic iotoi ti i et in i ti i li l- ctiirg OOP '-\5t I" t Ii I.01 ori,I 1050..') It tlì i. i-iri-p -'L It has u].o uboethe need to eben y identi fy the targetrouj:t endt dot Inc their gools arid W3P1iatiOfl
Tri Ct.oïiou t hereore tiìro- mn:iui ci rvoies of't'iriion eachi;ih dlI cç-'i ciiird jh'-u ,- h -b sr n ìuttui t i fishermenfriuiho h Bore oand Ghana Eec}.i .he,er t abe V scratuly sad how they rei ate to eseb other ïnetatrodection of diesel. engiteto the ßenie .idei Pî'ojctiIiÌ5 ini t jatedaspert of o programme for propuis tendevel opmontis ho corimluli :1 ty butrallier as part of o programise t o introducechaugce i n isiin 0ciiì 'hprcgatinsle has centred rtrotxietIetonou rjrt (i s no ccii hi story çfri t opi ups1 on in c flOS
'FueOhaIigOs in fi sling techo iques have been accept: ed topi dI y wt hcì t çtlij ii. ly is prover lspì- ovment icit be orgwiisatioit of fishing trirs andthecaro and maintenance of motors have beenmoredifficultto Ifi.? Otfllc liii I t fl" iOP u' t t c ir by L ewni r' r'tt ir r tf dc spi O prt t J or ifr butnit eOut i on leve)of technol ogeoui. ri roqu i re siech I onier peri octe of researchsod traini ng and would no: be aiied rit the p resent gescrat ion of flehoreos The ',JUin t i si ht'f ut ru ch rit] P' t t Cor t pi s)pi ' 5:551: eIns n'O'i t\\ M t hn woi iiI lu' t iugbt Ir.t omm' rs Lv tu untI r ori I oc t best to sut: Isfy this demand
Tht niecrti rigeckno' todgedi:he si ze ut't het ec$iiIri egi rztlstop îroitc ' uiitb ioi ripoi t, r toi rit riei o , ioh' 11' i.'or p r'1Lt t i1 pui rÎeii t i in lib inn Os t toi'mtlic,en o s rl t,]st rio s' fromovertwo hundred ianding sit whereasdiese),i ¡inurdpo'r.'r'r:d craft uro r:onceotrsted eì'ourjrt Mumford 'rrin-idi.Tinte. ELsiim? Sekoeth and Aparre Coriceut rat i on ic; a re f iec:t ion of retey fact: ers butsr to t lequ it c vi i' ice JI it , uute i taut h r i 'e I o. conceritrLjrmof existing diesel repel r skills in uebrm cntreswhich service fleets tif tiucics 4$
The i.ncresed capital cost of desI egi.ìies nìca that boat owners are i.ncreaingthei rri ka b ' ying up zore capLta ineach1tenof equipment. U: itherefore S3flt1a1 thai: these are kept oirg iu.ch ]olgerthan ptro. cyuthoardin order to pay back loans. i.. t thus necessa:'ytcprovidetr3ìnthg mdsupport, particularlyatthe operating level to ensure that operators understand t;he importance of usingthecorrect oil fur different applications and that;theyhave access to gease.etcThe per±uci prior to the: point. where the engine isfirst opened up must be extended as ic) ng as possible andthismay require a radical rethink, particularly in the area of fuel quality,
Thetechnicalproblems of engine installation codcperat ionmaybe overcome but less long term t echni cal support iavailable to develop independent; orgar)isat ion with the ccmmunítyfuture ììabi.li.ty is likely to he at. risk.The inshore t rawler f] net. in Ghana can fmcti.on well if adequaterepair ski Ils and spare part nuppi 3es are available,hutat present mucth of the fleeti u imniobi] toed through engine brakdown. The EEC LineofCreditto the AgriculturalDevelopmentBankaimsat provi ding forei gu exchange for ungi ne opnre part and lubr:tcant purchase and is encouraging the development of both local commercialfaci:lit ies and training of operators.
Themeetingî dentified three areas of conmiei'rial i uvc,J ramentofnew propulsion systems: commercia].evoiopmeni:, training and the provision o f'ogolnguopo I rhtrier r u tran l on dbr' el foiL O O cx i' tr manufacturersinthedove opmaaf ofnewenginesandinstallation systemsbutrecognisedthe need for acloserworkingrel.at lonship between manufacturers ard proj ects
Manufac-hu:'ers iointeí! outtiutt t he dvaJ opinent of innovat ive iustaiî.at;ionsor engines is very expens ve and.. cannot bedoneunless futureroaricetsarereasonablyassured. ltwasr'mphasisedthat. manufacturerswere i nbus mess forcommercialreasonscoricannot just i fy excess ive research costs unless Iii is leads to future rot unsen investment. Manufacturersare, however, Ieentoassist with devel upmen tifthey are giventnc4u, i cal supportandguIdancefrom Projects and funding agencies. Volvo Pontai si ifting stern gearin lieni n, traditional Z--drive and plasti u canoes in Sweden; i,oîtthardini n developmentofnew diesel outboards, and provisionofeug:i.nesfor Project trials; and Yamaha s evo) ution of petrol. 4--strohs: engines and the development of GRP vessel das.igrrs;were cited as examples ofthis involvement,
Themanufacturersagreed thai. meetings of thi.shindwereextremely useful. in identifying the range of 'roh.1 ems associated wtthtechnology transfer and they highi i glited the fleed fer future meetings of this type andfor close working reintionshi pu to he developed- Itwashoned that.Pruja't staff' ziuçi FAO technical personnel c-oui cl spendmoretime talkingwith msnufactur ru s ithra toti andchatir m rf4-ur u er would encourage technical staff to spend wore time in the field. 47
i: i tdu t that rec,r;h rqut nw.mt dc, nt mì iroly on Ui-. i I LO ( LiJO fl 1 0}Jl t I VC"- T4 8 hi ii. of iiuch e corribut aico depoud on designing eigsis to coìauee ens icr cperti.on arid repsì.r. flic reduction in the need iorpc-?c:Lr1I tooi s anexnmpJri erc mrnl.TiiuecouLd hnve a dramaticefÍ'ect OFi accepinbi.iitv te clogy
Trainingisiis conarea of t:mnnrci eli nvoJ.-.-ement and this needstu be aimed at two groups ;the field tral nero and the teers aìn it waspoiri ted out that. tender solerti on ocedurcs neun i ly ainod atlow costengìnesandeliminatedanymarginsforirai niog purposes 1trsing truioiirai sìthe rotai icost of the engine but this could heun area of subsidy which projects could make. The subs idywould not aim toeel iengines at,a lowerthanmarketpri ce andthus encourage cr os border af'fit r ng) Iiu wui.cl t o ut ode hp ic r prodact ie.eng:ine pl us tra j nthyí 11f pnrchauers can he edaceted to see the long term f i nane ial benef i te of t ra in i ng,t hen Uro inc lus iou o L' 1:raioimiginthepurchase pri ce of an enginewill,heapurchasing incentive.
TheToinbo}rojectidentified some of thesociologi cal probi gonein desiguthgtrainingcourses. there is cl norly anoedtoresearch (JtÌiXIIflgrequir'enicn t s further. Courses enTi be rtui n the t'i nIdhut must he nppopri.ate t o the Levels o f understcmdiug cf the target group. Manufacturersare11ko ly to be ¡note cf Íect:kie attrainingextend on workerd whoarea) ready conversan i w L ib pass tugouski leatthe vi.i.1 agelevel Morinfm-icturerspoinf:ednutthateourseìhadbeen organised1 soinet lineewi ibInesthancottbus Last ir support from grnnts ,and with poor al.tendauce. There was clearly a need for improved communications in this area
Thedesignof appropriate ti:'aìning maten aisnitritasPub .1± cat i oru charts?¡nonuals and videos wore discussed. These are oftenproduced forEurc,pennaudiencesend do not ref) oct theneedsofdeve i op;ing countries. lt. wac pointed out thai; Lombarritni had worked with UNICEF intheproduction ofappropri atetraini ngiwteriaifor viLi age operatorsof 'icflr-gmilis. This had worked well nd couldbe extended to marine erigi ntisj f FM) j iontj f:ied a reed, Lombardi ni have a)o introduced useful diagramat ir instruct ions Lor attachment Lo their ¡nonneengines Turnaba had spent. much timoreseorchi ngpubliormtion preseniat ion and now concentrated ori simple, picmorni guidelines. Yamaha avai 'ent; ifìalthree evelsoftraini rcg for village operators;for cocerciaagua Ls; and for ruiftt1t 511. EaCh Ìa-s theiroiì require.nts,and materiaLs are produced Lo sat isíythese. ltas po in Lad out th L ut tho vii lago lveì ,few nanuui s arusod for repairpurp;esas they are heysad thu meansofvii lugeoperaLor Fs-on trai.uiag bynaple won felt to be Lha mnst useful me badof t raiiu rig vi t1ugt- operulura and. nhanics ,which I:ooiL ie and poi.1 erice. he Krb1 aProJect. has started io baì I de1 boo ismcl ode1 boa t sect ioris to ass ii ivi. J lago boat bui Idemin understand i ngconstruct ion c(1cepts This modi uïo t' exprennìon won a so used by Tonbo boat owners to explain. their to the EPPT.
Thethird areu of involvement, was mmoro.i al suppuri, t o bothprajecLs andoperators frtunufacturersugread. thatat t;empiawri madeto provi.d adequatelocal bS up survicem bui. tb isoftenprovedmore difficuit, thin wafr queutiycal ised t Ll i'' accu Lo haven min isum number of uni isirit ho oren or a guaran Leeof Cm5Td before agents wilt invest; in adequate spare parts toccs Agents muat; alsoreceive trainiog rind provide adequate facilities if theyareto offer support to the iridustr. Manai.aeturers often write intoagency contracts,mi n:iannii services sparesetc.which agents shcmi ci offer'. nforc ing is however, a big probt em. Again comput Lt ive tenders to fundingagenci esare usually sel ceted ou the :tt pri ce which reduces the pmofìt marins necessary to deve top local support. Manufacturers do become 'involved wi 1hi n-cnmt;ry training ofgants arid mechanics but unless agencies provide ndequai;eìgea thesemechanics frequentlyleave after t hei. r trri.tning. Agen is also face problemsof gainingaccessto foreign eschunge for spares aridmanufacturersare reluctanttosappi y on credit. Icause ei the prol')insofcol Jecting unpìddeb ta Prub temoare also o Fienencounteredwithoh tain ing import licences and customs r. icemance. rFhe commercial supply of enginesnd spares on credi t to fi.shermen l.a ni fraught wi t.h dit fi cal ti en. Vesselsby ihe i r very untur,are müht le. Pmovidi ng a bout; with an engine increases the ease wi ib which ri'I 't stier m in ç pt r ticrurali r3nd no I epay n ti Ji t. s it was recognised that there was a clear need 'Por' pi"oject:s ,agents arid manufacture rs,to' devel op 3J"nr1ifer' cmrruuni cut i on Iirds andtofon tar bettei' undersl'andi.ng of euch others needs nod problems. This was seen OS C needl.haL was not; restrict cd io devel np;iugroan tries bu t;was uni versai . Manufacturerswere becomingmoreawareofthefie problemscausedby tinTedcl nys and weretryingtoimprovethei customer reimt iandepartments. 45
Mr Feira (nerai riagr of thrdi ni France, eiphs edthe importance of technical mec I ing such a these Io:1 ncr aoe er uf potent Ial areas of deve lopnïent; t raird ng 'uid nupport he felt. that themeet np & hup i h w on t he prb1 rw o( i t ed t propu1srni nytema und suggested thnt similar ineetinge should beheld on a yearly buoi o. He also igooIed that mmnofctur rs tecbni cri st-aft' would he wi i.) ing to spen:I more t tue in the field especially f thi s was rcetprocated by improved feedheck from funding egenci en zwd projects Mr Pereira emphasised Lombardini. s coot mood commitment to devei opmont. and w! li:tnguess to provi desupportendequipmentto research projects.
Mr Sehr, froi ouchn reinforced Mr l'oie i ro' n ;upport Lw the meeting and 1er fu tare techo leal diseuse ions. Mr eko po in tc-d oat l;hat Yimeha e activities covered the who le el' the merino seetrun and i t was very much i.e their ini:eres to Ic continue to bei nvol ved in d'elopucnt . Mr Seko out i ned the development of' o 25}tp. petrol out.boerd motor with a
'3 1 reduction relia unit a propet l,or di.3moter 2Ù greater thee convent i unni. mut. ors Titi s motor wee developed for towing i ago i.e the Canadian timber feit ing market and may lieve poten IUJ.for ntprovi.rig petrol engine efficiency in We I it fri. ca. Much of Yanrihe' s poe t i. nfl uenee in West. Afri ca i been through Jripaneseaidfunding agencien. There ir. now a need to revi ow the s C(O,'51eOand 'failures in this ein!, in the.1 ight ei' improved know ledge, cons al i.dut e oir the sucos,
Mr Stig Ei sner, ci' Volvo l'on In, echoed theseni. linon to of Mr Pereira sod MrSehe and said that the meeting had broadend his percept Ion of the scopeofpropulsion problems. He fuit Ihnt.long term commerciel development ud support would benefit fcom a regular di.ssemìnat ton o' inLorma Lion on which proie to. were rorryi ng out what developments/trials etc. he suggested thai' a computerised infonnaLi.on exchange based atFIjo could be developed to nid awareneen it wes also suggested that ìunnut'aeturers who are carrying'out field trials could assist projects by passing on results to other prujects
The di,scusstou of breeder i.ssues coot iriued into the importence of, economic and fiio5cial eons idert i uns of technical trar'em.
Many ofthepresent proposals for changing pr'epule ion nysteitis depend on reducing opernl:iog costs bat. increasing capital cns1s . 'luis r-equi ros radical angen in the provision of cred i t Goverrnneut: and commercial bankìng systems are rare] y f teibi e enough t scommodote the needs of fIshing commun i. ties, nor s L rung enough to generate good ion recovery rates . Success may ei I i uimt;eiy' 11ei, n the evOlu t.on uf vii i age based eredìt aya tenis which re], y ori t rudi t i onu]. recovery s yStems The provthion of credit 'is an area clii ch requi res much study to dut.ernii ne the lev ls of 'r .rwn chi h «ei a nb 1 31 1w- V ti oge, who has access to them, and what interest r ates are. paid. 60
luaom mmunitlea,credi t:in eva i Jabeinlargequant i t. ien,an wi f nec dbyi J e rtn i d- nl rOLJUi i)n eli hcpti i ui hn si mi i pur se ei ne in zìe d i r I n I reusoper aleon shorttermloue wi ib very highi nierest rai:e; if ihene. ratenare e,tendedoverlongperiodnfrr'tnnt: ofsi lanci.engines the enginesmaybemareoperia vo thcnbuy:ingpotraiontbsmrds but - r r nl e m tr f I ¿ ini I i annd jfl* r si i t Intur o credil: vinbU i ty j
Botht:iehenge nod koab i a Projects have a tsooxperisicedmnimgeiìenk: probi emswhen oca funds become i nrge,esnoc cli ywhent radi t:i anni fan Li.ypronnures are In-ought:o bear on contro lIera of funds. Credit (On «o crecte si mntj onobe.re:1:1 sheriston are .....reed to borrow e lsewtereto opay rIeb ta5 than iding chronicindebtednessaoci deponsience Trait it i I. niri eting L:Lnh s mcy suifer ii f:i.nhorTsen acok new ma.rhcts with hi.gher prices in order to repoy loans and nit iwately 1 en tidi Ij dawn. Themeet ing eckns.sw.edged the need ...... much more icenJaE-ch inboththe coi Li Ly oU r i i en i i V t m cooI un e u
Themnsportnncc of tut ro:luc ing lei :h nia Iogi ca 1change at: right t: 1mo wasst reseed. Et.reio Le f()iCeSflO OftCfl r.4eededfor technol ogicci.rItaneto occur. (vmit.ini I: ten I.1. coni: unewithalu p oven ati iv r t pi ri din p hrn i i in tri s - v-i- I i gi s iii 00 toremain vai id, Deve Iopmenl: ahouldtin toanticipateunavoidabLe externalforcesandprovi dedevei upnv-cnLopti anawhichai lowthe commun i 1vtose I act the ones mir-i t appropriate tot heirneeds The varying avai .1 chi. i i ty ai farei go E change i:hroughoni West; Afri ca und ihe differing.le;veis of accesst:.ofinioo and credit within vil tageswill meanthatsis s:i.xigi e soitaian toropulolon probi ems eroinat:infycii targetgroups. Theaims of ps-opuiui on projectsmayvarybutthe impactsai' these projects may bave siniii er I ong terni social, economic and environmental consequences. Thai-e i s a need to i dentit'y these conrreque,uees i n ndvarrce and io reduce the adverse effects Changes in i:ecbnology chic man changes irruie pritterns ,owner-shipputterns , t:ocîinol ogy creditprovi si ini risk hear iig tip ibil Lti s dosiI c'.hi olor i'3 atrt jfir't i n
Ch-iriger .1 ii pr'oruJs:i rse aya l:esrsstntr not, rttasige the 1iUirI)CY' offiniti ng uni Isbutthey may irì'oae their catching powerbyincreasingthe number of' fishing days or crterrd.i iig the r-ange of vessels hivi rigs on fusi mey result in pu chanci; of larger,more effect i\rCnets,which indi racilyincreasefi ahi ng effort: or- redirect i t.thotherstocks. ChangesinI he dt rect, ioo f fishing cfìort may cLnge thecompas it ion ofcatchandhave:ìyìdìreet:effectsanprocessi ng nuihmarketing activities,New technology may nt be accessible. to att the poor arid pur tt uiwr in s or sitip rstt do pt e c'il h om tus'voii The findotherosibi1ìtie mnuL hereeognthediiiadvanceof attempt i.gchange ann projoci s .;b'u1d be planned so atoincorporate adequatefiexihUit.ytointredvc:e correctiveactianifnonitortng pregi iniesrevealadverse soci oeeonomì e developments. Thereisa greetoeedfor present end past projects touodergomoreeffect ive vainaii.on,heft of objectives and ofow projects attempt toachieve these objeti.ve. r o
7.3. Past nk2d Pr .ent Use of Sail in Weet Africa.. Mr Ned oacki.eyoutlined the pest and present. usef ni:iü Africa.
Priortothe tnl.ruc't ion of oour iotors the useofsat iund paddlewore the aest widespread methods of propulsion in westAfrica, Thesai i ingtechu iue used were gener'u i. yfairlyrudimentarynod COI5 istedmainlyof sailrtg down wiod. Sincetheintroductionof outboardmotors the u of sell has duinishedandis nowoften regarded as a low status method of propulsion. Therising cost ni' fuel since tito early 1970 s has f'ocusseciattention onthe need for less expensive methods of propu)on and theimproved use of soil has abvi oueviitages,ru other parts of theortd sail projects have had considerable success. In October 1.983fthe Day of Bengal Prograimtte heldThe Madras Cupwhich desmnntr&ed the use ofa rangeofsailingrigs ou trathtioul :r-dianesseisuspartofa conference on the use of sali power in sitil fishing vessels, InWestAfr;ìca there a rno pi ' ìjecta eciusiveiyinvolvedinthe development of sai,I usage ai though ntutier'ous exper'ìmentul tr:ial ahave beencarri edout (CEC/iF,March 193k) .These include theuseofa gunterrigonSEN'l in Senegal by the flj:tferaProject. InGuineo Bissnu,a similar rig is used in the estuaries and ismosteffective because uf fuel shortages.Senegalthe Gunihi nGuinea Ui.snau,Sierra Leone EquatorialGuinea and Coeroon, have ali receivedshortterm studiesofthepotential t' ide\rel.opstent,whichseem most encouraging. Sierra Leone has recent:ly carried out a study of the use of crab claw salis and outriggers used in conjunction withfour-stroke petrol outhord motors. Doth the Kambia and Tumbo projects have also «d oat oxperj;mental sail t rial s but a lark of sustained favourable response has led to their bei ng dropped. The Benin Model Projectis also currying out trials with the crab c:tsali The application of sail is best on snaill handy craft operated onlong, straight hauls,and worh Ing i n conjuact ion with engin to reduce fuel consuinpt ion. Ter}micniproblemscanlimittheuse ofsail, pirt i cul ni 1the ponin ni I ab-' 'li, t y of sui t b I - il cloth dnd 5d c n f sufficientlength. There is also resistance to the use ofsailfor stabilityreasonsand hcause of problems of storingsailsonthe vessels Stability can be Improved with the use of sails with a low centre of effort and outriggers.
The future use of sail will benefit from projects which concentrateon the long term demonstration of now t.echn:iquas,on behavioural,changes and on long term training progrsnntes. 53
ilrI>i'L Lee (Touw 1i-) arid Mr bun i.ei ì)ovy( VA() Sui i muî ti) de.oribed thu 'A.O Seoge Projeut arcuuttrial of ai1 nd fo-tiukc o1)nrdut.ors and the sllcc:eai of a recen t:sa iitraining course.
t. fishing fFoyïio t:he ng rc:on : n bcl.i c'vedtobe dccl. ìiìii prtncip y an a resol t of fuil così wid fuelsercity. Montofthe finhi ng d'fori la currently di r etud ei Bon whichuro mathl u;g b ad large strd :3-5 canoes usingboth ringnetsandcb-i:Ft gui nets The VÂO/UWP ProjectatShengo :1 s accrued.thu icur rua tJ evels of efturt may be I tiexcessofthose c pbt u t nist e u ur' niuin onomi uoc i a tbefi t o egioïi.
iTar spense to these i eros,the Project: hue been eged intrials toredi. rec t fIshing effort toenersal s napper' n tucks etuitoexplor more feci officient, propulsion systeius including soil and four'-'stroke petrol outboards :tì:Ltial trì..ls :n I)3 using sails ori ahena. plunk end a Stmdard3-5 ceriosnrijved thuir vi ability as propels ion units but here noiadopted bythefishernien. The 3--5 cnw.,eas fi. Lied withunoutriggerfoi s t' tb t k i I y t hi ui k d wellor3 1 iîiLib utt h' Ç het vit ( 0fl5 i dI -'-dt he .)U1 L" I Hfltur OL)VP I OUt E W Ih I ttl I o bentt t
Firth.cr search Ledtomodi fi.eal: onof theouïr gget' nd its pos iii cuingontie \ ossei ,and to tue use of ariiJIIproverintt:ì i LUId i eP1)t).td l'ti nu d - a new catty tpgoand ' n r ebu" J ti ° the Project. s own -5 sien eunue arid extensivo saiLing demons irïioriswere carried 0lIt. IO 113t;d IÌI6 ri tt'iiningu'ogrrinnnc islas entubl:i stied to irui.nti.li ugers inimproved s ainanehtp and soi, i ing t:uchni.quos . Projectstaff uio parti 4: ipel ed 'i n hr uni -,tand -ì feir' !-I( hi ng good t nnrhr do orVet nu i ehei 'urno IVO1 \ odj ni i Ui PtP._ h LnIf I ciu ps a°ì o vi t. y c.tul .' mc -t.rut tugend pr n'i et i.n t lie u u nhu sofboth lupi OVen '.-i t i t ng ti -i t he um mi t r gg r (,ecmt 7i i t t he i at lue- Pr o jP' tsi Le d rdt au 'osa pr obi t s k tug'fi m a an uy J r oir the]? or milfishing"a ks and fuUu o -cwrse' wiih h J i ti the villages.
Desp'i teth'r succena of' the programme LiltSfl tìppre'.z'ut 3011 aiflOtiglEt. the fisher ritenoftoibcxie' lt tset t ho t u t pi y t hej howu ci C orari dai oh I t sit aie i't n ridopt i ng tt on clCti7IVIIPl II iti,»" I S ltiS likelythe ithe fu t ore odopt ion o f these t;uhuiq,i,aswilldependon pcisibJe ctmur'ugcn i n local conditions end a progr'attmieoflongtens training and suppuri:. 54
r1eProject also carri ad. outs saies of-i' eth thp 4-strokepatrol.out o-u'dangine t oevs) uui ai t stforisoce hen comparedwit h a ¿:'onvant jasai '-- st rnke ouH)l5rd the enginewas s donion to the Project by Ysuatha and it wns ari gins il y en.ssgudthat. the engine would be handed over' to a conulleri al fishernan followingas ini tini evaluation period, Thetriai s cons is ;ed of cornring t.-s1 rohe and four-stroke cincs both 9 9hp on s standard 3-5 man noe The tri ais'era carried, out nc ng hoi h thía b i r ashtjjppt oves i g
The t-sif:s nf the trtals were. mnstncourging. Fuel. savings of25 to35 were made byhe I-- stroke engine when 0p03-atingstthesasie engine )eed as the two--stroke engine. The vìrs i.n f insocial. terms are even great er because of' the higher pri ce of two-sir ecke fuel When usedinconjunct iondth the sailfuel, savingscanbeveryhigh without iosa of speed.
The iirchnse price of the I-stroke engine is npproxinateiy l2?higher than the 2....stroke engine, but yearly costs become less for the 4-stroke engine 'ithe cogìrie ir opPldted lar ne 200 hours per-
Theengineper'f'onuauceis simi 1er foi'both.4--strokeand2--stroke enginesalthoughthe4-strokeìs aslightlymorecoiipi.ex The 4-strokeengine has clear potenti al to redue? operating costs andhas operatingcharacteristics which are acceptable tofisher-men. Future introducti ritiofthe.engine,ifconsideredbeneficiai shouldbe accompanied by a long terni training and support prograinme
Thecombination of sail,outrigger, ¡'mcI 4--stroke oritboard offersa potentiallyviablefishingunit 'for'offshoredemereal resource eqiioi lationcapableof both i nrreasi.ng catches andreducing eots The Project recnmmendst: lonc; fol I owing the ti-isis includo the employment of a team of commercial fishermen to for-in the nucleus of a new offshore. fi cet. andt n ricinons t rat oi i: si anger t arm viabi i uy The rosul tof the trials and training programme ar-e docwnented in Mr Davys Peport.i98.
7 5.enerat Discussion on Sai i
Mr DanielDavybriefiyintroduced trie ODASail Manual.whichwas fol:Iowedbyagoner-aldiscussi on on theirolet:fsai iinfuture propulsion systems The Ovesea Deve1opientAiiin.istrt ion i. inconjunct ionñ th ncAiiter1]J iot.tìnd Pnrt er.LtcL in the pro oss of pducing Z) nilmanual z?ioi at -luating the pot:tnt ial, of i.ntroth,n:'ìng niito specific i!heriei ThI s is nrof a three-phaie prorm aijned the thoreI: ioni and practical. eval oat ion of oved nt t Ing r gdnd .0Inj tr ho q psod i n ec . mi lì nl hei i Thefiri: phase of the Programmo conaited of aerieof windtuneì. trs Lsaimedat un improved un erstanding ofdifferentsailingrigs undor duff'orent wind con lUons. The cund 1a50ofthePr'ogr'nmn crist oftrous] ating the theoreticalwindfunnet results into a practica! f±vld manna].fobe used by fi shericaivelment agont.s The. monurd. progressesthrough anintrcduct:ion of different sail ing ri gs how they operate howto Ld ippopt dt g, tuJu t ) cobt W t,tstnsd Ö"P [dO I
Thtthird phase of the Prograiimc consists of the practical intruduot ion ofimproved rigs nnd techniques into three ei.isti ng fisheries audthe provi si on of Icnut - imeci n h i nug noci supp ii t to e il fliç ? a t 3aldevo] opsu n i n Ui s n Th° Un ca suinI 1. dl F t hr identified as tesLa itas are in SudanTanzania and Brazil and differ mj.n1y In the degree to whìch silìs currently in use Theultimate goal of the Prograinnie is to present acomprehensiveand quant inil veovulunt i onofthepotent ial forfuturesailusein amai i --oral efisheries This wi. I i he iiitheformatofpractical :infnnuziti.onniniedatbenefitt ingfisheriespz-opulsi.ondevelopment throughout the wort d AO i s al so currently preparing a sail. manual based on their many years of fi.ald e>perieuce.
Thegncra1di ocussi.onci early recognised thatthescopeofoui I eqriice researchand future developmentwa toolargeforthe meeting to cover reni ist. ì.cal I y Much i uforivat:ton $ J&1e on sail trial sand u>parimeiìts but t he amount of documented mat criai.on term sui. i.development projects seems I 1ml t ad.
'Fh successful. future introktuct ion of improved sai tto West Africais Ifl.'ft}Ot)] y del)Erident.011 the creaI'..i on nf a oui tab] e ecxm.i eenvir'oiimeut Sat i has the advantage of reduced operat ing roots but urly reduce vessel speedandinciensethe cilfilcul les o..foperatingvessel s ownersare prepared to paso on the savings to crew,it is notlikely that crew wi.] isupport. the cent i oued use of sai t . tui.} forincreased safety us a mot i ve for i t s spiuis ior has been proposedbut t hi s taa validdeve) opmnt crï tari n oniy if tho target groups sees safety asa need. The evidence suggests that this is not the cuse aridfishermen who frequently do not even take drinking writ.r wi Ui themhavelittle conimi tuierit tomore eipens ive and cuuibersome s afet y measuressuchar soil. 56
Thevariability of iìat omal economic and environmental. conditionsand loca i.oess to avail obi e credi t wi_U result in a rcnge ofpropnlsicni systems being adopted by f:L men. The reduiion in operatingcosts offeredby 4--al rohe outboards improved 2-s troc outboard anddiesel inboards and outboards w U I juobabi y be so grct ihat add:i. ionrti cost savings to be made by the use of sai i will be overshadowed. in thse thedopai pmout of improved soi_J wi. 11onlyoccurin aroot;whore i ii a already cf'xtenOl vI y used orwhere bootowners canonot afford Ui. ti costs ofew tchnoiogy. Soi i has the potential, for considerable powth in the future but iti likely that- this wi i 1 only occur i? d i.opttent effort is appliedover along ieri od of timei n selected aicus where environmental economic and scicial condit ions are conducive to its success
the potential. can be groally enhanced ifuOc'c!in ecinjuncti en wi 1hmore effìci.entpot roi. outboards and wi Lb t he devo tupmentpart te i_nat ionof boat.operators. Tite Shenge Proj act. and ot.hor;hoverecogn i sedthe quali. tyof e'ì.a ti ng. sail. ski_i lo. These- need to be bet terunderstood and encouraged 'i:.o developt echnoiogyandtechniqueswhich are appropri at e to their speci Fi_c needs
76. The Future Activities ei We;t African Proulsion IIeveLíuient Thevariousproject representatives outlinedtheirproposedfuture et.i vit lesandthen discussed ways ofíïnprovii.tgcc5nununhcnt ionsand coordination.
Theitaiiii.oFisheries Pevei,opmo,t Prc:ijeet wi I iconf inctei. taprc-seni: phaseof y'esearch uni;iÏ July 1987 During theinter veni.ogperiod, flexiblecoupli agsandengi nt mr:utyts wi il he te s toilin nrïndi.fied t rOdH t boni Jes i.guof Ghoiia plank canoe sccc.red [rinbc)arddiesel. engines Di.sei outboards of both J?uggeri ni. end I[oinbord .LìimnJces wi i i be tes ted wvier fi el d fi_sui ng t riais. A mas ter fisllw.-ma[l wil Icarry ouf: t survey of al I eiot ing f lobi ng geaiont! c'?r.nk withthevi_linge fishernieninasae-s Ing the vi_ahi_l i ty of newpropul,. i onsystems . A marineengineer will, assess the engine repair sk:iJi aavailable inthe vi. i. logelevelandwillcurry outt rainingprogrammestoupgrade existingoutboardoperet :onend repairsici 'tin. A oocio»eronnini o research team will conti_uso to identify soci_aii tn)agas in thefishing communityand the cash fi ow and credit: î'rsarvos associ atad withthose linkages Theeconomic i.mportanca of specificact jvi, t i_eswiththe ctching processing and market:ingwi_i 'i be studied und related to the present and future viability of commerce within the community. 57
Iieoeact.ì.vi t Leswi. Ilbedirectedtoart.lst.hop luctionof Devel-.Pl. anforthe Karnb;ia ond Port hoheDistri c:t ofSierro Leone. The t'in will identify dviopnent. opt ions whichwillreduce the pro u.Lsion cuots of thr.fi herren and enhance the long term social UitLn-e1, iot of the region.
The, FAO/UNDPSIrtíe P,:oject will. cent :1 iìu'i t s Phose .1 nut. i. i JauuHry 1.9lR under new <:bjert; Lves which are.rrpn t ly wider review. Inthe short,t.nrsr, t:hem'ojoc t.' spropuì.s i onnc t: ivi t. i es wi i. I concentrate initiai lyon rurtkeraitriais, fol lowerl by more intonsivtrathin iud coilmierci al dernwst.rat i ono The 4-s truhe pet ro.iitboardvessel will continue to operate w'Lt.hi n the project for close nonitoring.
Inthelong term, UNDP and UNCDmay finance alm:geexpansionof projectì.nfatncture,boats,vehicles,flear,suppliesandfish proues ing activitieswith the uit imate aim of strengthening the local organisation system through the Kargboro Central Cooperative.
TheFisheriesPi. lotProject, Tomhe wi J icontinue,the die,eI development programme through the supply of engines sar. straining andcontinuedresearch, The Projec t'.wi. Il concurrentlystrengthen vi. llago shills and organi sat tonal. structures to assist the emphasisof development effort across the I lage There is a pl.anned exiensi on unti i mid 1989 with the possible expansion of'theProject 's scope to encompass a rnoï'eregional niuiti-sectorai project Thisexpansion is currently under review andisaimedat combiningregionali nt:egrui cd fisheri es support withthelongterni technicalsupportnecessaryto ensure the successoftheexisting propulsion programme,
ThePj1 fore Project: Lu Senegal wi il continue supportanddevelopment until August 19137 when the present project will be reviewed,The short termni ms of the Project are to conti nue the fishtrtmsnortservi.ces throughthe expansi on of the SENI fleet by the addi t i.on of afurther four or five vessels. The !Jenin Model Project will conti nue it s training programme usingthe twotunnel stern vessels to promote improved fishing techniques. The experimentalI ifting stern gear vessel wi.i iconti nuei tndevelopment and wil i be subjected to long term t riais within the project. The project. w:j 11 aI so cent i nue i t.sre search. wi 'th the crab ci ow sei. J rig togainquani: i tat i. vodat aonporfor'inance in Ben in. Thefuture possth:ili tiesofdieselmot.or'isat ion of the Cotonouf:lectwillbe lookedat more ca ...fuliy to determine levels of',Lnteresi, and needfor iunova't: ion. FourSEN-1veEe1sw.L1 t.ho cof;r foc GuJ.uea Bi etheuear lutin o rho IP \F A tM r uflLc o))mit Iopto nGuiu mli both have vesi opoI; i on conip nt?nt The Pcïro poject iii d' o t - hc. I t« ti ii u f1 tt 'ored h t C fJ F RP tndinstïi. dieoL, it is hoped this c&n be initiated intheneer 'utureihAO iist enc
pl anstoo:uandi t fishingvessel cc. .struet.i on dflUlle kO and e ot ku it cts a o tce ic vetseÌ,:tuib eofteking a 30 Ì1)1 nttOard dieselceìgire. GTZ are currentlyroviowiuigthepossihi i i ty ofostabi ishinganmntegral;ed haben en development project on s imi : ei: i ines i.o that crf the FFPT. Theseprojectsrepresen ia pert i. ou ofthefìturecanoepropu i s ìon coUvi t i esin Went Africa. There ir on urgent need to definethese ectivi t leamorecompi.eteiy sod in more dotai.! aridtomonitorand evaluatet heirprogress . Morei mport.ont ].y there 15 a needfor t- cent a! i r3 f U ti tLOS h mg Ocl b e sikec3ti fl P( OJ f' V I rindi agenciesmnrmfacturers rind government sfully and promptly i nfonmd of developments and progress in the fishing canoe propulsion fi oid.There isalsoa neod toi, dent i.fy arens of rnenrch common toai iormoni projectsint;hcregion und to.ii croate this researchtoaproject 5OC Lfit1 i dti 1nod { uncled indr'quippr rlf or tiy r oi k I regional signifì canco.
Participantswereogroedthat ihe meeting hadbeen a veryuseful foundat ionforoxohungingi riens end for defi n i ng thescopeof the problemofimproving f:ìsbi ng canoe propui sien systems. Themeeting acknowledgedthatthe problems of crmcre propuisi onwerenotparoi y technical and that social economic and poI luca! factors demandmuch more study. Fut:ure meet ings were discussed and it was considered that regolai' meetings on speciali sed top:i on would be exti:emciuseful
Thepuhl.ì r t i OX Ofì.nrnrmat ion for oec'hange we. s consideredtobe :Emporttunt Ut. Vrif' 005 tOVOl n . rItei PAF Wnt-lci.ug Pripri sari enwasa vcl.uah lici medium which needed. ditplicrst i on or cxpann irma to cover workc'i noniDti Fprojects. The inmbl a Project i n current ly work i ng wi tbthe FF0arid the Sierra Leone Divisi ori of Fisheries to produce a senie'of informai tocha i coi papers as Fishori Oil DivIsi 00 pulii I ca t. i. 011$. TheIPAF Nims lettercou t rlalsobe usefu i medi ais forpass ingonnewsof developmentswithi nprojc'ct s,but: ti s likelythatthepotenti ai volumeof information won! rl just i fy a news letter nr journaldedicated solely to propulsion iiifi shi tig carioca.li is appi-ecloted t bai such a venturewouldrequi. re the conimi uncut of fundto coverthecostof staff, publication cud distribution. 59
A moueextoí 3ive review of the pa k md preaect act i.vit i esincanoe otoriSi(m discueed end it. was suggtetl that a bookreviewing thesubject would he e valuable addition to tueexistingliterature, Itwould amo be perticalerly beneficiai i f projects couldproducea series of review and technical papers for inclusion in a boundreport. Exist i flf Ut?rn LUe 01) U SW)ject i S grow.ì flUrn) needs tobepull ed togetherrei.ui arly. A brief b Lb tiogrephy in this report g:ivessciuc iridicat. ionoftherunge of neteria i avei i able. Thisneedstobe expanded andpdated regu ar y. Whicheve' sys crn or s.ysteiiisi s deeiued most: appronii al e to:ist:i.ngin theexchangeofinformation,i.t mus t: berealisedthai:existing resourcesre uni ikely to be niie to effec t.vely cope wi Lh anincrease worki oadof thi s order. Additi one). funding forthislevel.of support couldbesharedbyfundingegenel es governments and nianutac turers ,a I i o f whom would bene fi t from imp rovedommunicat ions The pianninof future pro jects concern i ng canoe propulsion shnui d take intoconsideration the size of the devei.opnentrobiemswhichdiesel motorisation and inpxoved sailuse pose.The tìiiìe ScSi es forproblems to be perceived by both projects and target goups and for solution to he found,are i ong. Soi ut ions ums t. be lr:ied t.est:cd and proven over adequn tet .ine scales before they are adop t ad. Adequa te tra i. rringand organisati cm building must support l)xe communi. ty unti i.thedevelopment. becomes seif--sust:aioing. funding ageTi les need lo be made moreaware ofthese time seal osi f p ropul sE on deve.ì opeeïlt. s tobe moretimoon inappropriate and unsupported traìis fer of technology.
Fundingagencies areat temp ti ngi:oco-ordLnn t thei.rde velopumrlt. act ivit ion Find propelsionisau nuonwherethisisparticularly critical. A review of tendorl procethues tu encourage truinLugand support by manufacturers would be a welcome s top to prcmo t ingstronger i inks between the conunercin tsector and the users. i) i. fierontprojectsare currently pursuing 1 ines of researchtoserif: thel rpartì colar anv:i runmentol seri u economi e andtechnicalnOei 1uohemphasisin being placed on the ìutrr,duot ìon ofdiesel,inboard nesai 1in:iugh diesel. out,bords E f developed further holdgreat: promiseunder the right ci rcumstew:as.Petrol outboaLdinotors canbe made more effi ei eut fur canoe propui si on arid developed Fur beyond their present p'foE mcc 1Ì C Is . Tb in is ari tirea uf research wh ich can run coricurrenily with ihe evoluti on of dieseli as tal i.Fìt:i OEIlS 60
Maiyareas of research are comnon to fishing canoe propnision inWest Africa Theso areas neei to be ìdontifid store careini 3 regi curi? researchrorwmitedes i gned. I fcons ered appropriate this programmecouldbe a separately :îunded act ivitywhich both avoids uaneoessary dupU cat ion of effort end i a ablu to study spec fe areas o reearch without introducing locubias in to the methodology. regional research programmecould L:o act as a focal. point for project/manufacturer co--operation and us a dissemination of tht'o rmat inn,
The criensus of opinionat the meet ing wni that thedìscunsion had provided a very useful preparatory founrlat irni for further act ion both formai i y and uit or m1 h t t w no t- wtn tho brir ¡nl'hr nw t i r t u make recommendations about future developstents on a regional basis beyond sugges t ing nrea of co--opernt ion and coordinat ion, Tti s hoped1 however1 that the suggestions made will go a long way to stimulating more concrete developments in the near fuuro 61
8 A PREU Mi NAUY ttST OF IFRKENCE ONCRN1 FISHL CÁNO PROPOLSL()N IN WEST AFLUCA.
Thefol [owing list rcpre.ents the hegi nnirig of a c.oiiecti on of seful referenceswhichhave bearing on canoe piopuìs ionresearchinWest Africa. Thei is Li s by no means completa and should be viewed as a føuridation to be bUÌU; upon. Ideali yt.h:i s list shaui.d be expanded to included a bn ufstop4îsof eachpaperand whereLt may heobtained. ifregolarlyupdaied expanded and distributed,Lire list could provide a useful tool toaid informai ion exchange
Thecurrent i ist of i:eferences is somewhat: arbitari] y sbdividndtinto technical fopics and projecis.Future expansion should cro.ss reference topics and areas in an index,
FAO vessel. and engine installati on pi ans nra not li stted herebutore held with FAo orne. oquest;s for specific design assistance sboul.d be sentto FAO with. detni is of the vesselcoirsiructioriandoperating condii ionsand proposed future use.FAO des i gos havebeengenerated for spee:ifie uses which i ufluenoen ihe:i r suitability to different field applications. FAO wishes to ensure timt design benefit:s are maxiruised bytheiruse withi xi the appropriate fi cid context,andwilladvise potential users accordingly.
References
1. UIAFrograiIne (including Benin Model. Project and Shenge Pjec:)
Work Akester S.J., Design and tri ni.ofsailing rigs for artisanal i 913 fisheriesofS i ei'raLeone. Co buon, .TDAF Project, 31p., IDAF/WF/iti. illack Michaud, M.J. Mission d'identification des conunurmuies i 985 li tie raiesdcpecheursart; i sansau en in. COtOrWU, Projet DIPA, 24p, DIPA/WP/2 Coilart, A. Development. pl arming for smal .t-sen.le ±ìsheni es 1986 inWest Africa, practical andsocio--economie aspect:aoffish productionandprocessing. Cotonou, IJ3AF L-rojec{;, 34p.,IUAP/WP/7 62
La Gaauw, fv, A. Etudede!?reFactib i i i t:etchoiquedo 19136 1. ¿neenexiI: pour n pechc mari t iie ar i3 nie aa i n (o t uou Projet D1P/. 55p. , ÜIPA/WP/L
Fverett ,( V An Ott1. me ofest Éfrteanu1 ì-Sca1e 'ishery. i 9136 ( o wien, 1JA1 Pi o et t 'p , U J'/WPt 4 Gi1hrandson, O. A. Prel iruiiiaryaeuoi uiaL tet.s toìntrcdu.ce 1985 tsuat ivetvpr'of smallc' aft'intoWent Africa. Cotouou IDAF P,ject 5ip
Faliug L J.. ,et Wijkatrom lesdisponibi IL i Les en materiel, pour lai'che 1986 urti snunie, (otoriou, pr jetPIPA, 47,p. D 1FA/ffP/9. Jor ion P.J.M. The1 uf luenca of soci 0-ecoflolui e andcul turai 1985 structuresou srnali.-st.aiecoastalfisi ries development in flenmnCutonon, IDAF' l'roject, 42p. ,fl)AF/WP/4.. Thndberg, A. Pre i mi.nary nsseisment:of the nutri.t i unni situation of subsistence fisheriuen s families * Cotosou, Project luPA, alp. IDAF/WP/5.
Van der Meeren, A .1L Socio'economiespectet' i.nterjrated fisheries 198t deu'i opinent. i n rural fi.shi ng vi 1 lagen Cotonon, II)AF Project, 29p. iDAF/WP/8
Vet:i hart ,R Rapport d' etude prel uni na:i re sur inenagesierit 19136 cl' un abri pour l.a peche inari t 1mo art i a1ea Cotonou.(otonun, Projet. PIPA, DJPA/WP/iJ Wijkstronï, O. Icyci agedes pet'nunelpecho en gest ionet, :[986 compt.ab:ilito. Cotonou,Proje t DIPA 25p. DÏPA/\P/6
Direct ion Nal ion].e du Miceen place et: pian d' execution. Cot:.onou, Prcje1: Modele Benin Projet BIPA, 43p. ,+ 3 Annexes. 19135
Coil art, A. at M Cliidicel i i Bevel uppemerit des pecheri.esmari L. lineset. 19134 coot Lentalesdel.a piscicultureunGahon, i At.) t Ii 'Al / I 97/Br N) 7?p 1»A1 NewJ.et;er Ist Oct:r IL.985 tI)AF Neletter 2nd January 1986. IDAF' Newsletter 3rd June 1 913e. P3
Paraiso F-S., ilappor I sur s tages derecyc lage en 19135 i deni ifsLcat i on ries poissons Cot onnu GCP/RAF/192/DSN 24 p.
ShovesC. T. , ntegrak.eEismn U scalef'iuher-ie. projets 1985 prst nc eal-cabes,ii ogressinthe coolex t of i be Lenin pro Lotype project Paper presentedatIhr'workshopon Suaii. ---Sca Le Fi sher i esDeve opent and sageirient , Lome 2O29 November, 1985, S6.
Ï)mootinress
Coackley, A.1)R. Travel to Ghana to Observe Tradi.t iunalCanoe 1986 Buiid:ingandBoatyards June2--11, 1986. IDAF TRAM.
Coackiey, A. fl. R, ReportonTravel,toSe egal. Mnur:itnni.a 1986 Guinea Bisau, Sierra Leone and Cole d' Ivoire. II3AF TRAM.
(luibrandsen, O. A., GItanaCnooawith InboardDiesel Ergines 1986 Trials sin Ben:in.
Guibrandsen O. A. Report onTive]toì3en inand Senegal 1986 3 September - 22 October, 1966.
2. FifLeries Pilot PrJect Tomba
Beck, U. and S. E.Dursi ng Deveinpiitentsai.nspect.s of vi] lagebasedfish 1986 pro ass ingmethodsinS i erraLeone, West M'ri ca. nappï-ai saiof'some tochn:i en social,c-nv.ironnientai andeconomicfac tors Cotitrib. No, 3 of the Peo. of Sierra Leone--Fed Rep. o C GermanyPromotionofSma ti--Scale
Fisheries in the Rep,of' 51er-ra icono. -
Beck, U. Prof:Ile of the F i she ice Pilot ProjectTambo 1986 f'reseffl:edat.thesecondliai son o:U.f'icers meet ingo f FAO--DAN IDA/NORWAY programmefor i nt egrat.ed deve] opment. of art i sinaisfi. abon c. inWest. AfricaC IDAF) , Ii--14 November1986 Freetown, Sierra leone.
Deck, U. and A. C. V. Farde Concept and s I raegyof Isba project 1965 Fisheries Pi lot Project Tambo. Paper presented atFt.O/CECAF Region Workshopori Small--Scale Fisher-i es Deve.Ì opinent and Management;, Lome/Togo, 20---29 Nov., 1985. 61
enth'ixM. t. Is archuot:es on boatbul. J. (hugpT.'act i.ce in 1985 Sierra one . preii.mi nurydral1.ropor-t F i.t tier les Pilot Project Toitho I"reetu/S:ierra tenne. Jarchan, P. Ásp:i;sof the d jusel. rnotm leal i onprranrnie i' u t. : t. Tcnbo, Fresen t: ed at thereparatot'y t ectm ice i.uc-e I i ng onpro uis:i onin Vi shi ngcanoes in West tttri.cn , FAO-DtN IDA/NOhWAY Programme for integra ter) i}evcinent: of Art:isnaa}Fi her:i es inWestAfrica ( IVAF) i5l8Nov. , Free. town/S .i erra Leone. Jarcheu, P. Scheme for Ionoener loens toFinanceUiesei 1986 Ma lo rise t.on . Presented althePrepar u tory Tachai raiMeet ingon F'ropu.isioninFishing tuioesin Wos t. Afri ra, FAO, I)a:da/Noriay Programme forin t: egea lad )eve lopmnen t; o f Arti sanulF:ìs}or:i.cs :1 n West. Africa ( J.DAF) 1.b-l8 IovelnbeL 11186 eatownS ierrs Leone.
Kc.tnjcJ,A. Wnien in sinai I f:i.sh ii es , The c:aso OF 1982 'lambo vii. J age/S i.rrra i.,Ooii. Con tribu i ion N. 2. of thu Pep- of S i erra teorie and the Fed Pep. of Germany Promo lion of Smell-Scale Fisher'ies..
Kotnicic, A. A denmgt'aph io aridi afros true turai profi leof 1981 l;heTomho fishingvi 1. J.ae , Si erraLeone. Contribution No.1 of the Nep.of Sierra ieon andthe Federn i Nap. of Gerincmy Promot: ionof Sinai .i-Scn I a Fi sheri es
iange, K. Fue i :usuIup t ion t:es t swith Chrmap i ank. 1986 herringboutprcsen ledalhiepreparatory technicalmeat ingon propulsioninfishing canoes in Wee tMr'i ca( ii)M) ,ib- 1.8 November, 1986, Freetown, Siam-ra Leone.Fisheries Pi. lot Project Tumbo. bange, K. Ilnterstuetzuugdes FisheriesPi lot Projeket i 984 TombaFPPÏ) bei 8n1.wur-f'Pun und totri b oa Fischerei fahrzeugen.( Des:igmi ,cons I. rection and np rit uu o ti hmngcct t ) C7T/ (sibll, Deutsche G set lechaft fur Technische Zusomrnermrbei t., JJ--6236EFchborn i,i'ad. Rep of Gen'mamiy.
Lange, K. Promoti onof the boa lbu.i Idi ngact, ivi t i es rin 1982 the Fisheries P i. lo I Project rombo Ç FPPÏ' rrrz GmbH. J)eutscheGesel Isohaft:furTechn:ische Zusanmmenurbei t, H-6236 schhorn 'i, F. N. of Germany. Lange, ..rind 1. Dh.rn Bericht. ber einen A taufent;ha1tin 1ll Si.rra Leotse vosss I92 -17. 3./21 3.t. (Baseline study tn boatbuil 1ing practi cc tmd fishing gear technology n fiaheries in Sierra leone).GTZ Gnsbli, tch Gesel 1.scheftfurTechni,scheZsaïnenacbei L 1)- 6236 1srhborn IFed of' (crIsany. Lorisana, T.E. t. A study of thereçeod species used forflsh l936 process i n';irs theTombe l'i uh ing v:i I i age, Si et t I ihori cPi] ut Pt lo1I)C
1oi] e, B atw} for tFu ur':i gg nandsei I i ngof 1983 (thana-typcpisaked canoes (HerringndBonga Beat) e coilsitsonin t 1157 i flr o ei I Sierra Leone,Wentfrica. Finhu'iesPilot Project Toinbo/GTZ (mbH,Deutsche Gessi i schalt fur Teclmìnehe Zusanunenarbeì L, Es-6236 Eschborrs iRe f. Hepof Getrny. Walt;er-'flehnert., Repot't ou socio'-eeonomtc study for"Fisheries 198]. PI) etProjectTumbo" in SierraLeone. (jT thnbH, 1)eu t:cheGase] Iscab ftfurTechn3 she Zusasnsiieiirbeit, 6216 Esc-hbern I. F FL Gcrnsmy. Zaiide, F. Appìpt'i,ate strategiesfori.ntr7gret ionof 1981 bd',lc ni
J(AMBJA F1SH1RtES BßVELOPMFT PROJECT
Jn()n IÇnn)bi a Fishes) es Deve .t opn'sentricet 1936 Reportou Follow-on ctivi'cies. MacAiiìter Elliott and Pwriers Lid, UE.
Anon Tnteriii Report lambia Fishries i)eve].epnserst 1985 ProJect. MacAl ì,sterII holt andPartners Ltd. ,UK.
Catspbei] ,J. and R. Jiear'e The Eva] unti on ofVessel and lsino 1986 Pet 'ot'mance. KassbinFisheriesDevelopment I reject,TechnicalRepot"ti /66,MacAl i.ster Elliott and Partners Ltd. UK. Rejptri
FAO '(A CA / UI' wr1Jr p ' U '- lYdG i.Erie f)evJuptheni:.r:'n fr)a egerrient. CECAF }orrTh , 2 (En. )
FAC Pepcnr n f te Onou tt wonert i 132 fi hei j r i r t. he (' Ir on Pr'ter, 1. ¿1 De:riherI 913 JakrCFCAì' Pro,ject., 2)p. CECAF/TECt.t/82/39.
Anon FM)f'per.' ton thend hou or:ìng groupon 1930 ai ;irn ni finhernn C1CAFProject 2Gp. , (F/TECH/)/213 (Fr)
Ev reti:, G.V. An {lverv of curron t onit t rendsin 19134 the CFCAF' J?ugi on.i)ekarCECAF Project, t.53p. r (/ /4/5 r r
Everett, G. I .M. Anne1møirirPecentìr endsi e CECAF' F:horier Dow: . CFCAF M. A. ohinorm,and Project,)!3p. GECAF/TEC13/132/42 (En) F.C. 1982
Everet t.G. V. Ji.Aisa--Emm:i.rn, A summery overvi of fi shori in the GFCAE' mid i .Mizui sli i reg i On.C1CAF Project G2 p. (UCAt7TECI!/13O/2 i 1980 (En).
GECAF A range of repou t& covering many ri of West. African fi oheries are i:tebj e fromthe CÏiGAF project in ikar, Snegni.
5. Couiitry Activities
Odni- ATceri e . A proj íi nerv AYrr3lyri of'anoe Fnie Survey 1986 i ri ims Iiepertmoe LAccra, Gliene. l'arment 1er, S. C. 'j grlrì B ' ConotrucJi ono! Caeces for ONUO 1985 StaLe. F'?portprepereriforA.t; isanulend inshore Fisheries Project. Fi UP/Nfll/77/OOi Field itocuntent3. Gp.
ParrntierS-C. Fe. n.i eel 1eper t.on flei go,Constructionand 1J30 T t ingofSengothgFi.broglasGrìoesfor Legno Stete, Ni gor:i a. I)P/N Y )i/7tL'OOi Tectr2., 19p. 6. [40 3riat i.o (nera1 /Li.soppWfl L on of aesi îÇri.:nn Uwo Fi ;hery 1985 In Fìh.ries Dveioim.nt: Fpercnce, W. IL L. Ai opp Fìh ng (Hooks) Ld
Anon l'korist ion rï1e inFi hing Nnws 1986 InLei nai , Or 1o1r I RUb, pp 68 h9
Lori.0 Li on o CountryCrift 198(4 )/t'/ 18 )oyo ( Bngni Prg rnnn Nladrns t tdinIOiF3/WP/4.
Anon Inboard 1 tori3t ion of Sia £ i C)P Foath In Sri 1980 Lanka. OP/\P/4 Buy ofRengalPrugrurmie Madrastndi d.
CpbeIi ,J . cima Mo oririi ion in \'e LAtt1.;a . Fishing 198(3 ews iuteraatioìial, July 1986, pp. 16 L7.
Fiastri G. Sinn 11 F,nt; and Lhe:i r inotorisot. na for 1971 art isanni fisLiat' tes, Rapport 1.orinat ion du. Projn t du Devot oppeiieu t.do ipecheCot i.ere. Mud yu,11'.. my ( o ì. Mi/PNUD/t'5 /71Up Uortner, F. , "Piusnsinthetrus i ti,on to mechnul sed 1904 vsseis tri Menhanisation of SmL J.Fishing Uralt, FAO/Fishing News i nt.ernat;ìon&i pp.6-34.
Johansei, S and O G1bru iiriseuotori soli enofI)ìnghy ntis i n Irsutui 1986 0rn. }P/'MiS/4- I' of ienga1ocrau. r I (liii Trau.ng J 0. , Over orni.ng Froh lenis en iot Dnsin,Servicing .1964 andFuel Con is . lu Mechan 4ati onof'Sea li Fishing Orafir FAO/F.iahing News tuleenni i.onui. pp. JJ24.
Trwmg, 3.0., TheImpuni ofOutboard mechiini sat ion On 1964 DevelopingFi sher.i es. i nMcv'ìrai nati ouof Sjun.i J F inh ing Craft; FAO/Fi.nhing News in[ ernrtiouai pp 3-8. Z iener, P, Motorisai. ion in Chite,393-397 iiiFishing 1956 3on tuoftiteWorld. J . O Tn.iung(Id. ) FAO/Fishiag News (Books) Ltd. 7. Sail
Aheter, S.J. & .3. FFyon Áprpin1e Sii. iinIi gs tor wi:ienn Ifl sh:ing 3.934 era It incveirpiiinat ions Pr'esentodt the [0thegion1 Teciin.k,1netingon berie Noitwea, New Ca J.edou i a, 3i7 Augu 1:1984.
Anon Sa:iJpowerinSin1J -cì nFjahcrjns. .1 9H? R; O I nga 1 NWS ,No 12 .tCehiber i 983 of flengol. Progrnrnrno for F:ì heriei.)evnicpìiint (BOBF) dras, India.
PnvyD. t ieport.on(onE;ui1on.y29. 9. 11i - 2. 3. .tfl6. 1986 J tornaiPeport to FAO/IJNI)P jjf J.nt.egrated )twe1 opmnnt.nf Furd Fih.in V i i logos SiÌCngn . rojeot S IL/82 /015.
Thvy, D, 13. Cousu i fuey Lo s i. ga and insta3 i an 198S out riggr aud saii.s on a i:racfl t;iowilpJ.anked lii Lertltki 8nrt. to FAO/UN.'JP Prl)ject for h in logra t Uceiopmentof Rum J. Fishing VIII ages, Sheng.Project 511/82/015.
Fukamachi.T. b. llevo top iontnfa Sui I as i.sted FRP Fish Ing Canoe for the Comoras. Yamaha Motor Co. ,Ltd.
Fukamachi., T., S.i1 rLula of Si\F-'- 27. iowoi I andoutboard work t;ogethcr.Yamaha Motor Co,, Ltd. Fyon, 3 . if. iw-energyfishing vessel a The use ofsai I 1982 power,p i5-47 . ;[n R. C. Muy,.1. }. Sm L ftand 1). B. Tlnsn (Fds ) App ropr i a teTechnology for A it 'wit; vn Energy Sauces inFi sheî'i es 1.0 JABM Con feretn:e Froceeding82 15 t. As i. an Deve) opinent. Bank and In terrrat i. ona.i Gente rfor Liv i ng Aqiiut; i.et sources Management .Man i lin, Phi i. :Lppiiic.'s. Fyi3on, J. F. The use of soi i/eng:inpower combinationsfor 1982 thesavingof lue]'nergy i nsniai3fishing craft. NA Conference on Propulsion of' Small Y]() November 1982. 69
ing
FilO Repor,: ni' the Workshop on fishingvesse1 1983 andger/Eapport; de i niel icr dc trava.3.sur les bal enuet. engines do peche 1)akai- Project/Prn.jci COFAUB. 16 p. CEUAF/TiCH/83/50, oct/c t. S uppi ninent to the repart. of the OU usi i ng S tind gear/ippi.íien L au ruppor' t. do t.e.L i er sur les bateaux et engi.n de peche,16:3 p.
(u1brandsen, 0. fleduo.ing Fuo costs of Situ.i II 1i shi ng floats 1986 I3OBP/WP/27. J3a of Bengal F'rogrnrnrne Madras ind:í a.
9. Vesse]. Dnign in
Anon Bet ter lina hbnaLfor $ Lnst. Coast 1981 of Beng&. News, innunry 19U1.Bay of Beni Progrìnrne. Mds .Lnd:ì.
Anon Boxtbui1ding er:ia1 for rnaJ 1-Scale .1980 Ft$her:ien :j.n i odi o. BUBI 7WP/9. BW f Bengal Prcrnune 4w1ras India.
I'UCh, ILTL (:mtnere:io on hoard F'ì.shì ng Craft.. ,pp 5501 1960 in Fishing lioats i.n the World 2. 0 Traun (cd ) FAO/FI sh:ing News (Booka) Ltd.
Chidanbarai K. Topographical Fartors tn Fishing Boat Dea i gu 1967 PP 52--56. in Fiihing Boats of the World 3.0. Tr'auog (Bd.) FAO/Finkitng News (Rooks) Ltd.
Fulcrnachi. T. Popularisation of FlIP Fi.shing Boats. Yamaha 198G Motor Co. Ltd.
Fukrrnachì T. Fishing Canoe Evolut ton. Yaïrtaha Pintor Co. Ltd.
Fyson7 J. ,N. Coacit Ley, Tochni cal Cooperai ion progmrne ti isience O (ulbrandseo, and to tim Artisanal Fisherìes eport. prepared V ikanes for the Government of Sonegi, 1985 F:I.; TCP/SEN/4401 Techni cat leport, '70
Fyson, J F. 1atynrd Fari. liii es pp 201-211.. in FiIiìug 1967 BoatsoftheWor',d3.3 .0. Traung(Ed. ) FAO/Fishing News (Books) Ltd
Gil inerT C.and rç11p lora t; i onandShapeof ingi nee1 isin O. Guibrandsen Dugout Canoes,pp 334-341 la Fishing Boats J967 of' theWorld, 3. J,0. Traung (Fd. FAO/Fishìng News (Books) Ltd.
Guijadsen. Fishing aft.f)evol ops'nl. 'in ierni,a 1. 98'l Evai.u,at ion Report. P/WP/25, ay of Bengal. Progrntmie, 1-fd rusIndia,
Guibrandsen, O. A. flow to save ruai. }ay of' BengalNOWS ,No. 7 I 982 , Bay of bagni Prograiiime'for Suini. I--ScaleFisher-i esOevei.opinenl; , Madras
Gu1brndseti, O. Teetmical.Trials of Beachcraft Protot:pesIn (LP Gowing, IL Ravi humor, India. BOBP/WP/7. Uay of Beriga i.Prograrnuic 1980 Madras:hìd i,
GuJbrandsenO. A. , Fi shingBoni. Designs: 2.V-bol; torn boats. FAO 1974 Fi.aheries Technical paper no. 134. Fl1i.M/T13l. Qurtner, P Development; of a t'fnr Indi n s Sur-i' Coasts 1960 I:p 585-596. in F i.shi ng Ioat;s of the WotI.d 2 J.O.Traug (Ed.), FAO/Fish;ingNews (Books) Ltd
Unug, A. F. , Fishing t oi g I FI ai.bottomBoats. 1974 FAO Fisheri es Technical Paper rio.1.17 Revision i,,FIIV/T117 (Rev. 1) FAO Rome. baryca, LI. O. & M,. A. Mensali Study cm t;lreGlianajandug--outcanoeand 1984 prospectsfor its utilisation inetherWes'i.
Afrì,cenCountries- 53p. FAO RegionalOffice Repi:r t. ,Accru, Ghana-
Lefebvre, iL Handbook ofArtisanal Boatbuil.ding.- CTFA 1975 Orcas jurad Paper- No. 2. FAO Romo. 131p.
Mbow. ,M Rapport d 'Evaluation du Projet it Assistancea 1986 laPocheArtisanale (1'!«)CTP Sen4401i )- Centred'Assistancea laPecheArtisanal Senegal
Over-a, A.IL Ravikuinar, Further Pevei.opinent of Beach Landing Craftin G. Guibrrmdsen, ami India and Sri Lanka. ROHF'/WJ'/45. Bayof G. Gowing longa t'rc)Ianun' India. Favikumar. R. Cou erciul Evain.a: ion of 1W)- 13 eachcrnft at. 1984 Uppidn i ndth.. BOI3P/WP/26 Bay of fleag Programme, Madras, lud i a
Thoiqas ,A J Dngout (nne and Other Indi mus Smal 1967. Craft, pp 412434. in Fshiug 6t of the World, 3. J .0, Traung Ed. )i 0/Fiïing News (flooks) Ltd.
Triug J.O. 'ishi ng Cm f t; wi . h i boord Ei inca - i n 1964 Ccln3ninat ion uf S.l. 1 &iohing UraTt ng N qli lt.natu '1 np S,)
Traung, 3.0., Pr'c,b ien citb Small flecked Fiahing Cntt . 1964 echan isa i ori of Sinuil Fishing Craft FA.0/Fihíng News international pp. i572.
Anon Ne (enera: ion nt Keroeie Outboards in 1986 to Id F°hug, hbrur y p 26- .7 BurgessJ Onlhourr); inTropical. Fisheries. In 1964 Mechan last ion and 5mal) Fish ing Craft FM)/J' ih mug Ncw 1utc mitionul pp l'i -th
Coiwoll., t(. DieselOutboards: Do They Make Sense? in 1986 Pract:i cal Bent Owner. No, 233, May .U356, ia 44-45V
Esi.Iaiider, E. N, FuJ iriunii. thtnrd Eii:i nen in Cousta' Fi shii, 1967 1.967 . 327-333. In Fishing ÏJeat of the world, 3. J . O, Tmaung t Ed. ) FAO/Fishi»g News (hooks) 1,ld.
Kvarun E. Selection of Marine Engines t!ndtr SOhp. in 1964 Mechan 1.st ion of Small Fi"hiug OralI
FAO/Fi.shing News 1ntemnat.i.una , pp. 4ft'-59
il. Egiueerin_g1nstaL lat ton
, J, Fuels and Lubricants for' 5mai i. agines. .1 n 1964 Mechan isa Lion of Smd. i Fishing Craft .FAO/Fi.shing News Interna lioivti, pp. 9ï- -98
Esander E. Engine Beds for Smail Fishing 3oata . In 1964 s ut. inn of Sma.t J Fi slung Croft
FAO/Vthhing News Internat inno 1. . pp. 60 -64. 72
Kvaran, Te(hn i ca i ExperiencesofMeai. isat ionof 1967 :tndgrì. Sinai.].Craft., pp. 319--323. Tri Fishing O3ìSnt theWorld3. 3 .0.Treung (I d ) AO/ i1 ng Nk nhs) b d Kvr'in, E. Sevvm Condi t;inns to Ensure Snooth Running. In 1964 lerhmisntion of Sinai I Fishi n Craft FAC/Fishing News .thterua jouaIpp.89--91. inamura K,and Devicefor P.ising and hering PropeJ.i ers M. Ninciniya pp. 295-297. In Fishing Eoats of l;he Wori.d 2 1960 3 .0. Traurig(Ed. ) FAO/Fisb i ng News (Books) L Id.
Mutton,lL.. Erigi r.eering Appi i ction : i,Ins fai. i utionand 1979 Ma n en'mure ot[agi oes i n m ill Fi shin&. Vessels. FAoFish. Tech. pap.(196)127p.
Overa. ,A. and R. Uavikwnar.Pivol Ing gine Ins l:ei. lai ion forBeachiand Ing 1986 eat.s. BOBP/WP/44. Bay of BengalFrograrnme Madras, india. Overa. A., and Hauling Devices for Deiichi and:ing Craft. P. A. Uemmi.ughyth BOBP/WP/51. Bay of Bengal Programme, Madrar 1986 J.nd i. a
Perkins Engî.nes Ltd. PerkinsMar luePower: PropellerSelecti.on i 9$'3 Gnide.Perkins Engines Ltd UK. Perkins Enì.nes Ltd Perkins Instal ia ìcm Mama1:Marine Egiiws, 1983 Perk:ins Eng ines 1.td. ,HE. Smith1 B. L. and Some Fa i lures in Sterngear and propulsion E. K. Wal lace & Sons Lt.d. in-ii: . Presented to Rl NA Conference m 1982 PropulsionforSmoIl Craft,9-1ONovember, i 982. SLentrom, L. Prob lows ofSers' ir inginLess Developed 1964 Coimt;ries - In Mech.anisa Li ori nf Smufl F9 sh:ing Cra ft FAO/FishìngNews Internat inna 1, pp. 10G-108. Traung1 J,O. Efficient Propel br Selection. In 1964 Mechanisatiori of' Sinai 11 F:iskìng Craft, FAO/Fishthg News international pp. 80--í3. 12. Soci -iconojìic
}Lai1ihR e:irifi.uonee of oc i -1 îìte:cmomj e fcLoy' 197 On tcìo1.ogicaI deveLopment i.r Lh f thhing ect:,r, p.3-i . In Fishing Bot of the World, 1 .L O. Tri,uig (Ed. )FAO/Ftshi.n News (Booh) ltd.
P. J .M. mdiv iduui nod Socia IA Lt i.tuds ol' Fishermeu 1985 To;urdNew Technol ies (A cose study on the Congo )ee Cons t) Presen Led to F'AO/CEOAF Worknhop on Sm11-Seoie FiiìoriesDe'eiopment nod [4nigeen: Togo 20--29 Noveniber 1985, CEO M'/TC/5. 2.
Lnrnming, G.N. nod M. oLLa Fisheries cooerotives inesk rica. Dakar.
1979 CKCA' Project: lUp,, OECAF/TiOfl/79/.l7 (Eo)
Tkgi, 1 nd Y. IIi.rwa Techno--Soclo-Economic PbLom Involved in the 1967 Mechmiisoi:ion of 3mo L i Fish ng Craft. pp. 57-E8. In Fishing floatsof the WorId 3. J O. Traung (Ed. )FAO/Fi sh:tog News (Books) Ltd.
A J . Mccl 11Eit.nn of Simil i Fishing Craft uoder 1965 evo1ving FundArrangements inflavoi.opmeot Counl.ri rs. Rome, Italy, FAO. FAO Fisheries Neport U24/. 28p. 74
A P P E N D : x ExPE:RIENCES AT 10M80
The three following reports were prepared specifically far the meeting. i) Sctteçre for boatowners loans to finance diesel motorization, by Peter Jarchau
In recent years severe inflation ìn Sierra Leone has forced prices sharply up, with prices for imported goods rising more than any other catagory. This has put heavy pressure on hoatowners who wish to buy new high cost equipment, such as rinynets, outboard engines, and diesel inboard engines.
For example, a new, completely fitted rinqnet costs Le 240,000, a 40 hp petrol outboard engine Le 70,000, and a diesel inboard engine Le l75,000
Traditional credit organizations such as the osuzu cannot pro- vide sufficient funds to finance such large investments. In 1984 the Project began giving credit to fishermen for the purchase of outboard engines or large quantities of netting. Later in that year the loan pro- cedure was formalized, involving the Co-operative Department of the Minis- try of Trade and industry. These loans (of Co-operative member&s deposits) carried a 15% interest charge. The repayment rate was iery poor and so the programme was discontinued.
To make loans with long repayment schedules in periods of' hyper- inflation (greater than 100% per year) is very costly to the lender (who is repaid in devalued currency) unless he charges very high rates of interest But that is difficult for the borrower to accept. In such ci.r- cunistances business tends to become "cash and carry". (For instance, the uneitainties of' cxtendinq credit in such an ennronment caused Lebanese traders in Freetown to stop financing the sales of high cost equipment such as outboard engines.)
it became clear that because of the size of the financial outlay and the economic environment in SierraLeone, the cost of diesel motori- zation would have to be financed somehow. Inthat context it should be born in mind that the Project is subsidizing the diesel motorization programme only to a limited extent, Boatowners must pay for every service and all materials provided. To begin the implementation phase of the programme the Project purchased 15 diesel engines. The engines were sold, or will be sold, to boatowners, the returns to be used to purchasemore dieselengines.
Atpresent the Project offers medium- and long-term loans the medium-term for up to 6 months with a limit of Le 50,000 and an 75
intereab rate of 30%, and the long-term for up to 24 months with a limit of Le 200,000 end an interest rate of 50%
Medium-term loans are given out for the1purchase of outboard engines and nets through the Project Retail Store The profit on the sale is retained by the Retail Store to cover the eoüts of doing credit business end Project operatingCOStS
Lonqterm loans are given out to finance diesel engine pur chases and part of the costs of boat construction. Engines are sold for cost + 20% (10% for loan odministration end 10% io cover p. ice uncertain ties ubroed).
lu the repaymentsda1Efor both of these loan plans the current exchange rate is taken into acoount This is to avoid heavy 1osaoshould the leone suffer further devai.uation against hard curl-erIcies (other than timber, mli materials, boat hardware, engines, and netting, must he pur.- chased abroad with hard currency).
Set forth below is an example uf o purchasedodrepayment eche- dule
Frice of engine US $ 4,500 installation materials, leor 570 Total $ 5,110
Exchange rate LLS $ i Le 30, or $ 5,110 Le 153,300
Nloiithly payment is determined by
i i - i/(iiT ( fi where i interest rote (50% in this case), n numbei of months to roomy (24 in th5 p principal amount. of loan (Le 153,)0[ in this case)..
Thus, we see the tata] loan is Le 153,300, the interest for i month is Le 6,388, giving cri outstanding balance of' Le l59,6B8
The monthly payment is Le 10,227, Leaving an unpaid balonr after one payment, of Lel49,at
If the exchange rate changes from 30 Lo 3]. leones per U.S. eli, the tota]. unpaid balance will he re-valued, as follows
1Projectoperations are described in U. Beck, Profile of the Fisheries Pilot Proect Tumbo, presented at the second Liaison officers meeting of the FAO-DANIDA/NURWAY programme for. development of arti- sanal fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), 11-44 November 1986, Freetown, Sierra Leone (IDAE/WP/15). Le 149461 x (31/so) Lc .154,143
The new monthly payment mill be
Le 10,22/ (31/1:30) th
Cnencinq in January 1907 the Project mill make amai]. Juans U LoLe 1,500) available to suas tenca fishermen These loans will crr a ¿0% r re ct,tn 1. h rc ti e Lo LOi o < h iuqct o leonas to hard cui:ronc.tes This scle. of course mili operute at a loss in effect, the two sdmn (medium. íid 1orqterii loans) described above mill ub!ciize the credit pian which will help to support the operations of the subsistence fisherman who take loans
The collection of payments frani owners of' the motorized Ohane pianked ouata has been difficult and time consuming. lt must be done when cash is available, that is to say when fish are landeth fha Project is protected mqa:Lnst default by provisions in the loan agreemeLits which make i.t possible to seize and hold engines and/ar f:ishinq gear until payment is i'eceived. For social reasons noney collectors should be meli. known to the f isharmdn, which means that only members of the community can be employed as co1lectors
The acceptance by Tambo boatowners of diesel moturi?ati.on has been advanced by a number of factors, including the sharply rising cost and frequent shortages of' petral compared to the availability and niuderaLe cost of disei, and the fuel efficiency of diced enq.ines The fishing success of the first diesel powered boats also spurred acceptance The success of' the programme, however, also depends on the efficacy of the financing programmes described sbove ii) Aspects of the diesel motorization programme of the Fisheries Pilot. Project Tumbo, by Peter Jarchau
GENERAL
Fishing with rinqnets for Ethtnaloso fimbriata (bonqa) and Sardinella maderenais (herring) from motorized planked canoes is an important f.tshìnq method in the Sierra Leanean small scie artisanal fishery The large canoes (Ghana planked canoes of 18 meters L0A ) employed in rinqnetfihinqare normally propelled by 25 to 40 hp outboard enq.ines Frequent petrol. shortages, which have caused periods' of enforced fishing inactivity, and steadily risinq prices far fuel and oil in the last 2 years have resulted .i.n sharply increasing operating costs per unit of catche
Because of the fuel efficiency of the diesel inboard engine compared to petrol outboard engines, and the cheaper price and the re- iatii local abundance of dìese1 the Project decided in 1984 to build a prototype diee.i inboard boat for ringnet f.ishing The boat mas desi. qncd by a (21Z naval architect assignedto the Project,and was built by 77
boathuilciers employss arid supervised by the Project. The e raft (HR i Shark) was built with lines simiiar to boats of traditional Ghana plank desìgnbut it was constructed with higher stondards of matera1 und eraftmanshipwhich resulted in a .ionger construction time arid higher costs which Jacal boatowners would not readily accepL
ibera were several acceptance problems with this craft iii brìef, they were (i) the long construction period caused the cost of r.onstruetiun to he prohibitive ; and (2) local boatbuilders are not ce- pableDfindependently constructing such a er aft and (3) the boat is much heavier and of greeter draft than traditional boats
in 19135 worsening economic conditions and the resultant shor. tages and rising costs of petrol reused local boatowners to become still more interested in diesel motorization, despite tneír indifference to theit OJCCt cori roc ted di. pjbmut shark Sevei ei cduCto i ne Pro ec t and asked for assistance in constructing traditi onal Ghana planked bosi:s with diesel inboard engines according to construet:ion technology employed in the bui.dinq of local, dieselboats in the early l96Ws (see M. K. Hendrix, EXTRACT from Research Notes on Boatbuilding Practices in Sierra Leone A Preliminary DraFt Report presented at the Preparatory Techni cal Meeting on PropuJ sloe in Fishing Canoes in West Africa 16-19 November 19136, Freetown, Sierra Leone).
CONSTRUCT ION OF JRI\Diï]:ONAL GHANA FLANKED DIESEL HFER'LNG BOATS
To the present time B boats have neen builtor are under cons tructi on, powered by diesel inboard engines, of which 7 are of traditional Ghana plank boat design, built by local boat:builders with advice frorn Project boatbuilders and marine erigi noers (Appendices J.,2, and 3. ) It is Project policy that Tumbo boatownors will, decide the priority uf' diesel boat delivery. Thus, hoatowners interestedin huii ding a diesel inboard boat. must work through the Boatowners.If' the Co-operative membei'ship agrees to the petition of a hoatowner to build a diese]. inboard powered craft the hoaLowners nane is forwarded to the Pro,jeet..ri order to quol:i. fy, theboatownar must bac1 no outstanding debt with either the Co-operati.ve or the Retail StoreIn addition, his fishinq enterprise must be weh, managed end his fishing gear in good condi tian.
He is then asked to make a down payment of Le 5,[JDO to the Project to cover the cost of materials provided by the Project. to begin consti cc Li on'The oaetownni hes thei espo tb Iii y In negnit .ete with
1Fora brief summary of Project organization and the place of the Retail Store in Project operations, see Ii.Beck, PROFILE tIF THE FISHERIES PILOT PRU3E'1OMBO prr'cntea 't the seLeniOIi. 3 L on oli J era ruai t no oflhv FAO-DAN1DA/NORWAtprogramme fo:r integrated development of artisanal fiabe- tu West' ï t i c . IDA[ ). i l-JNovembet 1913e, Ii aet own'i ei ra Leone (JDAF/WP/ls), 78
local boatbuiIders and to contract and pay for thair sorvices, iii just such a way as it is in the construction of traditional Ghana planked boats powered by petrol outboard enqines As construction proceeds arid the miti ai down payment: of Le 3 ,UDU is exhausted, additional increments of cash must: be put up against further purchases of the enqine will be financed, if neoessary by a loan (see P Jarchau, LOAN SHEME FOR BOAT OWNER FINANCING OF DIESEL MOTORIZATION, presented at this Meeting)
FISHING OPERATIONS
Other than the training of diesel engine operators, no special Lraininq is required of boat captain or crew of the traditional design diesel powered Ghana planked boats Crews shoot and haul their nets in the same fashion as on petrol outboard powered craft.
When hauling the net some fouling in propellers and on the fixed rudderand exposed bolts on the keel has oceured. But these pro-
bienio are regarded as not. serious ; they are issues to he dealt with by proper training.
The engine :space is completely covered with planks to avoid entangling the net during shooting. All remote controls are installed in the stern near the tiller or on the starboard side aft of the engine (shooting is always done over the port side) ALL boats are equipped with a steering oar in addition to the fixed tiller to provide increased maneuverability during the hauling of the net
A midships section between bulkheads is provided for the catch. io ease the discharge of this section the bottom io covered with floor boards.
The draft of diesel powered Ghana plank boats is shown to be about the same os petrol outboard powered boats, which is of great impor- tance at Tombe. Because of the wide, muddy shallows before the Tombo landing beaches, only vessels with a relatively shallow draft can come close enouqh to conveniently discharge fish. 79
penrHx io LrfTt1tyrPT
LYE 1D
Uft X ik FPPÏ 4tz fl3 U onr cocrt i v H flhji &ith hp HR3 W ar ty Kra 34 V RLnwah. ' flpi roc 2 p I* V LX tbu Kar q H1RV thdu1 Co ri'aoI 4 hp Yh HRt3 VIU 1dt tr-43k tip Yaij
i o tvr %trtve oocfl btor. it iet etcu ?r- a 'r th k1 3ii iook ru 1rr thil? to ti1dit iotoUy tw 1oc1 It ht daft at tte tivly 1ot or vopeciy it2k hp Hz it th 14 f Th2rfor-it to tuW triiirrft tor tw crwf rt tho-rIri
1RÍ3 U Pthth h1thort but csfut crerThoti thboat wvc tip or thu ac* dtryd in toro oily 7 ioiboftev It aurch it ire rcord of fith catch ;er% cnviîcucosU3 oaI tor tovt ir diceotorìaUoviTh crft wa krn trditicnatinei, iìthv-on friiot hfrícan taìr fr1Er i th th ft utioi,itieiiivì as rictcd Q?
H UI Lth'ib £ 1aver th Pathah CaU tihe with a Ier iuth this the bed iiaiau ot of 9tJ Vbr Mturia1 to rdu ha eiith ant to iau tha ta!Wty of theft tio o? the rft
NRi IV ily h th eteuroth ud iaostrutd of ieihrtrau aothibu1 kj ia jvea higher frbord to iproveaorthu!.
Uh Lbubtiand keLi have haducefuI f ihim cpetoi iheatch of both ara good atbosef tradttionL boatsund echoitai bts have buni pniiv athhi. 80
ppeth 2 ecel Powered aitJ Petrel tbd Prec Triitim1 Desjn thna Pik Btt
t.'1)WERE H1RD
eth of how Ero ber n aìd nsìom; lïpvts bote
tth o PluViek hc'd tith Maö f stcq btei to th ee tc the el
Strn ht renforcei by e ttake the shaft tube
PiEce Iahoany
ritrt Wawt,ron fres c'ectedAfrican Walnut; grown Vraes bifler l aththkeel with il; bilqe pìe all free cnncted br floor tiher'e bulted t o oct the rnain f rames only nailedthe frae; all frae5 ont% to the keep by btlt
trr None Une thtalled at athid
Pnkinj Eroko; lo uity oiìton fres; Mahoay; width daed, thikr and Ieth FìlfrC irtvreaEedjoints reinforced in between fra froa the inner side tith scre
Thwart Installed Inst3lied, lerer In size
Utheai Nons three tailed, plus engine coartaert
Sheer Strk stalled Larger in l)iension
InstaUad Larqer in Diresthn Cappinq 81
pnth 3 CTh!trUCticrnTiTbh w Typi4a nbrü rritk1 Dv Pak
Irtervah ft' work thi Type of Work Ñ Staft Dy y
7 Frt, Coict ion or Li otuWw
- KiI 9hiparidcnvEt Pro.ct b4 - 4 Fr tnd floor trt Shpinnd tthr partio LI atbi1i fre UO)
St deado3t Joining to t LciI Ötbd 1&r
ptu9 1 bootbu11thr
4th fras, dti to wth tnk Projt botbui 1d.j bot
strakt hpt?nd priir L1 btbúdr
20 hr Li1 bMtbuir
21 - tìrdj irarn Putting u Loa tLd
23 24 Fioor tbr 3oltthg 'o ndk t bthk'
25 4 Strakeof plkn tblldr'
2e Er bed; chcft tu Fbrjrat 1ì
hII ksed btnt ìr Lol bctb&r
39 42 &nk ppiq hrt Local btbu thr5 strthcrs
udthr Fbriit it okQp
44 Rithin pnkinç otrntìng Lo bQtb!ilder
45- Floor tbcirs Mowfli Loc boabuide
5 5! Ret cortr,líul 5t1 Project corkhop nh udUer
CauIkin toea batni1dr
54- Lo1 paint.i
56 82
iii) Fuel consumption tests with Ghana plank herring boats by K L anqe
Introduction
In the field of f;ishincj boat propulsion one of the aims of the Fisheries Pilot Project Tomba KFPPT), started by the Deutsche Ceseilsehait fuer 1eLhn15Lh 7usacrmcnd'bcit (GIL) in 19fl inS1UdLone, sas ta decrease the fuel consumption of artisanal fishing boats by repla cing outboard petrol engines with inboard diesel eng:nes To determine the fuel consumption of both types of engines mounted in Ghana plank boats, sea trials were performed in November, 1986. The results of those trials ore presented in this paper.
Boat and Engines
The comparison of petrol outboard and diesel inboard engines was performedwitha boat of the following dimensions LxBxD 19,7uix2,3nixl,34m
The boat was constructed especially for diesel inboard pro- pulsion with a deadwood constructed of two naturally formed wooden parts bolted to the keel, The size and weight of the hoot is greater than that of the traditionally constructed Ghana plank boats with petrol outboard enqine power.
The boat was powered by a Yamaha E 188E diesel engine with a continuous rating output of 34 hp at 2600 rpm. With a reductionratio of 2,45 there are hUh rpm at the propeller shaft. the dimensions of the 3 bladed propeller were
D x P z 520 mm 390 mm
at a developed area ratio of 0.35,
The boat was miso tested with a 40 hp Yamaha E0G petrol out- board engine with a rating of 5500 rpm a full power. A reduction ratiç of 2,0 gave 2750 rpm at the 3 bleded propeller of
D x P z 1.1,5" 12".
At these tests the inboard diesel engine propeller was removed. Usually this type arid size ofoutboard engine is used to drive traditio- nally designed Ghana plank boats. Therefore a third series of tests were performed with this outboard engine mounted on a traditional boat of the following dimensions
L x B< D z 20.2 mx 2.! ax 1.0 a
Displacement of the Boat
Not oni.y the traditional Ghana plank boats but also the diesel. powered boats are built in Tomba by local boat builders without any lions 0.3 piansTherefore uric of the major problems encountered when performing propulsion tests is tget an accurate value of boat displacement, br the trials described in this paper the weight of the diesel boat aras measurcci, which corresponds to the cïisplocemeht in seawater, according the principle of Archimedes. The boot was laying on the Project ipway cradle, supported at two points W, W2 (Fig.1) If it is possible to measure the support forces Wand W, the rob.lem is solved by the formula t.
W + w2 (J)
Where W weiuht of the boat The boat canbe lifted at those points by meens of a bar lever. With the measured weight of the bar W,. the îoliowing equation will give the balance of forces (F.ig.2).
Pl W pl + (ii/)(li/2ì j a ±W2(d/i)(d/2) (2) flic formula takes into account the weight of the bar but the. last term of the right side can be neglected with d in the range of 0,3 to 0,4 n and i of some meters. So, me get,
W1 (w2l1'/2l)/d1 With a weight forP1 of about 50kg, to mai
W.a, K1 (b1 + C (£)
K (b2 i- c)
+ a c (6) From these three equationsai and a, can he eliminated and the weight W of the boat will be found
W (K1(b1 + e) + K,(b. + e)/c (7) From this formula it can he seen that the forces K.1,K,, can he reduced by reducing e, so only a short bar length sind a smali. weight: is necessary to do the job. B/i
The distences when nieasur.iriq the diesel boat were
e 3 7ni i 5 10ni e ± b2 9.45 ni 39.4 kg e + b 7 70ni P 3 84 in 0.41ni P 3.1ni 0,42ni P1 P2 68.4 kg The weight of the empty boat caicuieted from these data was found W 3.47 tonnes. There were sume sdthtlone.l weights et the sea trials a ringnet of 782nilength, 30niof which were weighted with 55 kg, gleing 55 kg x 782 m/3Bin 1433 kgin totoi and a crew of 7 men x 70 kg/man 490 kq A) so the weight: of the origine room hatch covers had to he added
Empty host 3,470 kg Rinqnet ].,433 kg Crew 491) kq Hatch cover 93 kg
Displacement 5,486 kg
These measuremenis were riot performed with the treditional Ghana plank boat because of the considerably weaker constroct ion and the possibility of rrackinq the boat while lifting it on the alipway cradle. Since both bouts ore amular in hull shape a rough estimation of the weight is possible using the cubic numbers.
Diesel boat l97 in x 2.3nix 1,54 ni 60,13ill3 Traditional boat 20.2nix 2.1 nu x 1.0 ro 42. 2 rn
Theest hated weight of the traditional boat is thetefore
w1 3.47 tonrìr x (42.2 n5/60.B rr«) 2.42 tonnes
Sea Trials
The triais were performed in Yawn. Bay on¿I.6, and 7 Novae- ber 1986. The speed was measured with a trailing log. The fuel pipes of the motors were connected to a graduated glass of 1000 cc. Readings were taken at 1000, 800, 400, and 200 cc marks ron each arie at constant speed. Thus, a linear fuel consumption could be ascertained.
When calculating the fuel consumption in liters/hour frein th readinqa, the cross section of the fuel pipes in the glass had to be taken into account. For the diese]. engine, with suction arid return pipe a correction of 5% was cascuited.
Re su lt s
The results of the trials are plotted in ficure 3. 85
Comarinct the diesei boat driven by inboard diesel engine and outboard petrol engine there is e remarkable advantage to the. diesel inhoatd configuration. The diesel inboard gives a higher maximum speed, 9.5 knots, compored to a maximum suìeco with the outboard enqine of 8.i knots Ihe fuel. consumption of the diesel inooard was much lower thon that of the outboard petrol engine at eil speeds. At 8 knots the diesel fuel consumption does not: exceed that: of 28% of the consumption of the. petrol outboard engine. This is due not only to the higher sffi- c.ìenoy of the Internai combustion process in the diesel engine, but also to the bigger propeller diameter, as well as the lower rpm of the propeller of the diesel inboard engine. Even compared with the smaller traditional Ghana plank boat. adapted tri the outboard petrol engine, there is a good advantage in maximum speed and fuel consumption with the diesel inboard driven boat The power output of the inboard diesel encine can be checked using the Yamaha Engine selection diagrams With Maximum speed V ni a x = 9.5 knots Length of the waterline L w 16 ni Displacement D 5.5 tonnes a power of N 54 hp can be round which corresponds Lo the nominai continuous rating output of the engine used for these trials, thus indicat:ing that these graphs give a fairly accurate estimate of the power required for this type of fishing craft 86
ci9 Vétí1ìri: [. , R port d 'udt pr uri'nngrnert 1986 d'un brL pour i piohe rnrìtìm rt1 ri C,otnou ro OflOL, Ho e t ) ?,4 i
Vern Hoof L., Sm1i-sci fish prociuction ¿nd mrceti.ng io 1986 Shen(o Sìer.c'oL200e.Cotonou. 10AF Prjsct, 1DF/WP' 12
Everett, (3. V. P¼n out i±n of et Ficn nii--ie Lsherìeì. i 966 Lotonou IDPi Proj.t 22p . IDFF/WP/ i . J., et J .Jhnon, Prtcìption 1962 projets ingr d pobe rt 1ee. En curt dt poéprt ion DIPA/WF/ 14)
Anon, Aspur' to-F the eoanc lOAF oiso of-':i re 1982 ins; F towrì, Sierre Leon Ç i -14 November1 966) C.otrnou , DF P o ct 66p L)A[ 'WP/ I
Anon, Caffipte-rendu de le de ime xunìon des ofiiit 1967 de 1ison du DIRA. Cotonnu,Poojet DIRA, 27p. CIPA/WF'/ 16.
Crnpbe1I, R. J. , Report of the p perot ory technicei iìeetìng on ¶987 propulsion Lo fishing cenoes in West Africe; rtown Bier r LeoneÇ 15'- 18 Noveher 1966) Cotonnu, IDP'E Project. SBp. ,IDAE/WPÌI2.
Rpports techoiyues '.t dos documonts ioisi/Se1ected si P technicol reports end documents
Direction Ntionle du ProJet Modèle rin, Miso en piece et pieu 1985 d'exécution. Cotoncu, Projet DIRA, 43., + 3 Annexes.
Sheves, C3 , T. , Integreted nii--uooìe +ishes project s: 1988 cipies, pprochee end progress in the. ctot of the Benin prototype project Paper presented et the shop on Smeli-soele Fisheries Development end Menego--
ment, Lomé 20 -- 9 Novemeer' 1965, 33p.
Sheves S.L Projets intérs de peches ertiseneles; epproches 1968 et voiutìon dens le contxt du projet piliote. accu--- ment pr enté i 'etei,isr régionel sur» io développement et i ïénegemont des pchoe ertisenoles, Lomé, 20-- 29 Novembre 195E, 36p. lOAF' Ne.wsletter/Lettre du DIPA,i, 0tobar/0otohr 1985. LOAF NewsIetter/Lettro du DiRA,2 Janury/Jenvier 1986. LOAF Newsiotter/Lettre du OTRA,3, June/Juin 1986. LOAF Newsietter/Lett:re du DIRAS 4/5, Sept./Dsc. 1966.
Pereso F-X. Ropport sur steges do recyciego en identi-Ficotien 1968 as pois"orCconou, P'RAF/I9.L.kN p
Collert A. et M. Giucii cclii Oév oppement dc-s p&oheries men-- 1984 times et continntc.ios oc le pioiulturO ou Sebon. Rome, FAC Ç GCP/RAF/ i 92/DEN) 7?p
Johnson, J . P. ,et M P. JS ik:Lcs Pour u développement intégré des
1986 pêches erti.soneìes : duLion usge d io pert:Lcipetioo
et de io ploniico on. Ccitonou Projet O1R.A.,iS?p. 'i' Annexes, Menue i de Tere n N' - t.