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Indonesia and the Malay World Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713426698 Remarks on the terminology of boatbuilding and seamanship in some languages of Southern Sulawesi Horst Liebner

Online Publication Date: 01 November 1992 To cite this Article: Liebner, Horst (1992) 'Remarks on the terminology of boatbuilding and seamanship in some languages of Southern Sulawesi', and the Malay World, 21:59, 18 - 44 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/03062849208729790 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03062849208729790

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Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 1 diffusion to theeastofIndonesiabega n somewherearoun d 1930,changingfro m Indonesia, andmostshipsseemobeinus oncircularrunsbetweeJavaand regulations confinetheiractivitietoseveral"routes " centredonthemaiseaportsf referstotheschooner-rignstandingaffs,hullcouldbanythinbetweea lighters,andsmal l tradingshipsinthevicinityofEuropeasettlements , its began tomakeitsappearanc e atthbeginningofthiscenturyrigging ofyachts, would becalleacutte r inEurope.Rigandhullare"modem":whil thesloop-rig namely inSouth-EastKalimantaandothesouther n shoresofSulawesi.Recent Sumatera orSulawesi/ . are stillbuiltbytraditionatechniquesaseveraquit e far-offplacesinthArchipelago, Indonesia's harbourloadupto300tonanar e drivenbyrathersmallengines;the inaboutthreedays.Thbiggaff-rigged shipswhichcanbeseetodayi and -ifthemonsoonwasgooenoughsailfro m UjungPandantoSurabayan century. Shewouldhavhaaloadingcapacityo f somethingbetween70to15tons, 's ,quiteobviouslyaroughcopo f theEuropeanschoonerolast andamizzenostandinggaffs,twtopsail s andastaysailonthemizzen- motorization cutdowthemizzeofmospinisistillioperation,thesships vessels areclassifiedintwoways,i.e.hullshapanthrigusedWhilwor would haveuseasetofeighsails,consistingthreforesailsnlonbowsprit one (wwillhavtosaysomethingaboutraditionsfurther)wouldbwhaicalle suku livingontheseislandsarmakintheirthsea.Foanthropologicaland distinct types:thepm/si-,seeneverywheriIndonesia'ssailingship Tukang BesiIslands(seeFig.1) linguistic reasonsIwillhavetointroducsomboundarienoyeconsidered,dividing & inmostofthelanguagesSouthSulawesi.Beforlastwdecades,whe traditional sharp-endedformanaEuropeansquare-sternedesign;the"traditional" harbours, andasmallersloop-riggeboatcallelambo.ActuallyIndonesiansailing the "Butonese"intolanguaggroupsfWolio,Siompu/MunaCia-Ciaand sources areconcerned,Ihadtorealisfromyobservationsthaonlsomfth Sulawesi Selatan;asfartheseafaringcommunitienamed"Butonese"by groups oftheMakassarese,KonjoBugineseandMandarinmoderprovinc of Sulawesi,theoriginIndonesia'sbest-knowsailors.Thescomprisethnic name northofJava.ForthpresentpurposIwillrestricmyselsouthernparts especially renownedasdaringseafarer-likethMaduresfromislanofsam between SulawesiandthePhilippines),otherswholcoastinhabitebyethnicgroup being smallislandswithoutlocaresource(e.g.theofSangirandTalau traditional centresofboatbuildingandshippinalarounIndonesia,somethem considerable degreinnativcraft.Thpeoplsailingthesboatscomfromseveral IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 economic effortsdependonseatransport-anthis,stillirecentimesdone its naturalwayofcommunication.Spice-shippinginhistoricatimeaweltoday' BOATBUILDING ANDSEAMANSHIPIN The secondtypmentioned , thelambo,isasmallsloop-riggedboatwhic h The craftsailedbythespeopltoda(seFig.2)ar-ingeneraloftw Indonesia isnarchipelagocomprisingmoretha13,000islands,andthse SOME LANGUAGESOFSOUTHERN REMARKS ONTHETERMINOLOGYF HORST LIEBNER SULAWESI 18 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 2 raids andtradeinIndia,Indochina , andChinaitself.FirstPortuguesethe n Dutchand English madeusofloca l shippingandshipbuilding,renegadesbeachcomber s ports visitedbythefirst Portuguese"explorers"aswellrecordofIndonesia n sea Archipelago hasbeenthetargetfspictrad e foraleastonandhalfmillenia; are recordedashavingworke d onrsaileinativevessels.Fromth e lastcentury therefore itsnosurprisin g tofindIndian,ArabianandChineseshipsfrequentin g the view, wewillhavtoreckonwithseverasource s ofinfluencefromoutside:th the impactofwesterntechnology.Theywillals tracethrecentmigrationsofmain of boatbuildingskillinthelast500yearsrbetwee n thedifferentislands,andabou is known,thenameforperahupartwillprobabl y tellusagreatdeaabouthetransfer seafaring groups",isananswergivebyHorridg e (1981:85-91).Fromypointof century travel-book. northern coastprovedthecapabilitiesofthesships.Aearlydescriptio-whichwill traces oftheMakassarestrepangfisherieinlastthrecenturieAustralia' actually introduceustothareafmainfieldresearch-ifoundeighteent experiment withatraditionallyconstructedboaoncommemorativevoyagth described byWallace,whotravellenaBuginesevesselhistriptAru.Arecen Sulawesian typeofthlastcenturyisdrawMatthes'Ethnographischeatlasand carved intheBorobudurreliefsawelldescribebyfirstEuropeaobservers;it fleets engagedinthemonsootrade,anonofIndonesia'indigenouriggings, fishing vesselsfromSouthSulawesi.IthadbeentherigofMakassaranBugi the tiltedrectangularsail(layartanja)stilseenosomsmalletradinganoffshore vessels wouldnormallyusetwomasts.Thsloop-rigitselfshoulbtermenode,but European techniquesofsmallworking-boatconstructio-differingfromapo/ori-hull, IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 the Archipelago,sometimescallingatportfarwesSingapore. use enginesandarengageinsmall-scaltradingventureallovertheasterpartof centre-rudder, betheybuiltonasharprsquare-sternedhull.Thesboatsstillno today lamboisthegeneralsynononymforsmall,one-mastedsailingtraderusina The hullhasastraightstemandstem-postsenanglothkeeand,imos of thepoop.Alamboseldomcarriesaloadmorthan40tons,anrarbigger the aft,usinglateralruddersfixedonastoutconstructiofrudderbeamside which hascurvedstemanasharpsterntowerebypoop-deckprojectingfarove cases, asquare-sterndesigwithcentralrudderthatremindsoneofthclassica sliding gaffstothemorconveniengunterBermuda-riinlasthredecades. However, whatcanweexpecfromamaritimterminology ? "Whenmoredetail Smaller craftinSulawesuseseveraltypesofrig;herIwilconfinmysel at thetop." made ofthrestoutbamboos;twrisingfromthsides, tripod mast,withahigpointesail;themastis way abaftthestem,okeepoffsea.Thehava and onefromthforpartofvessel,lashetogethe r lowered, orcutdowninaveryawkwardmanners largest neverexceedfiftytons;theyhavetheibow reversely; wesetupthtimbersfirst,andfitplank as tobeoftenunderwater;bulkheadiraisegoo to themafterwards.Theyarebigottedolmodels;th called, theplanksasitdonthere.InEuropwbuild the planks,astBombaybudonorabbeti by dowellingtheplankstogether,andputtinbarkof build theirproas,whichtheycallpaduakansvertight, others employthemselveinbuildingproaThe "The menofBeraare,generalgoodwarriorsboth a certaintreebetween,whichswellsandfittimbersto sea andland;therichestamongthemarmerchants 19 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 3 navigational techniques , mostoftheotherlanguagesdidnoreveal thisvariety: research inTanaBeruresulte d inseveralthousandifferenttermsforboa t partsand parts ofhullconstruction , ,andnavigation(including"miscellaneous") . While different kindsofboat andrigging,avaryingcomplexityofbuildinmethods , and i.e. thecollectionofterms,isstoredacompute r databasedividedintoththremain Indonesia/crews (Badings,1880;KriensOderwald , 1924).Thelinguisticdata has beenviewedivariouscattere(anmostl y quiteold)dictionariesandother observations andworkwithquestionnairewaspossible . Besides,additionaldata met withintheharboursvisitedprovereliabl e informants.Heragainonly other placesofinterestinSouthSulawesi.Also, crewsofbigandsmallsailinvessel which areDutch-Malaymaritimdictionariesfo r useonboardcolonialvesselswith works dealingwiththelanguageandgroupexamine d duringthelastyear,amon the localshipbuildersandafterwardtobenliste d asmateonboatsailingseveral cruises withBiranandBugicrews;whileiButo n onlyobservingandinterviewin November 19891participatedinthebuildingofaboatTanBeruansomsailin partially sponsoredbaGermangovemmentexchangeprogramme.Fielresearchha Hornell's voluminouCanoesofOceania(1936-38).Itwillbeexplainedfurtheron was possible,atTanBeruIfortunatelygothechanc e tolivandworktogetherwith done, thatbecomesthevehicloftransmissionthiknowledgeandawwillse learning-by-doing itslanguage,speakinabouandexplaininwhahow Western ways;asthesayinggoes,"handeddowfromfathertoson"beside means ofconceptionalizingcomplicatedobjectsuchabiplank-builtshipthan modern languagesspokeithearea.Butwwillbabloprovsomhypothese Frederici's researchonthetraditionalcraftfEasIndonesia(1912)andHaddo research hasshown,theAustronesians'meanoftraveloutriggerboatanddoubl been doneithButonareaFebruaryandMarch1988,fromAugust1988o further onisusedquiteastonishingwaysfoconcrettechnicalplanninfavessel. construction planningbytechnicaldrawingsandcomputationwilhavetousother the techniquesofindigenouplank-boatdesignpuforwardquitrecentlybMangui focus itoofarawaytleaveanythingbutrace(thoughquitobviouones)nth why thepresentresearchcouldnoadmucmorotheirconclusions:timin East IndonesiaandthePhilippineswoulhavbeenAustronesians'entry-wayo (1985 [a,b])andHorridge(19781982).Anaculturwithouttraditionof construction ofthevesselsiquestiowhichincludworldistknowtmar exists astudycomparingthemorphologofSulawesianandPolynesialanguage vicinity ofSulawesisareasonablehypothesitthistagknowledge".Ingeneral the Pacific,andsomlinguisticreasonsseemtostrengthenthiassumption;thereve Polynesian islandstotheeast,andtherseembreasonbelievseaaroun one whichincludeddevelopewatercraftanadvancenavigationalskills".As islands areoftenseparatedfromtheirnearestneighbourbylongstretcheofope for theMalayo-PolynesianmigrationsiinsulaenvironmentofOceania,wher IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 (Kahler, 1952-55).Howevertheonlybroaderresearchesontypologand that an"Indonesiacenterofboacomplexityperhaps100050B.C.ithe comparison ofconstructionalfeaturesandtechniquemakeDora(1981:91)conclude, canoe, arefoundallalongthmigrationroutestoMadagascariwesan water, themigrantswouldhavhatopossesarelativelycomplexculturespecificall body oftheboatitself. of moreEuropean-likhulldesigns,withquartersternsandrudderevenchangeth influences. Atlasthediffusionoffore-and-afrigilatnineteenthcentury Sulawesi andthesouthernPhilippinestohavbeeamajorcentrfdispersal: marked theenofwidespreausrectangularlayartanjarig,anintroduction manned Europeansailingships,aafordingausefulmeansofrecordinwester onwards, theEnglishandDutcbegantocompildictionariesforofficerfnative- The datatobpresentedwercollecteduringtwyears'stayinIndonesia, However, indigenousIndonesiannavigatiohaaplaceofitown:"Taccount 20 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 6 5 4 pieces asuccessionofceremonie s iheld.Themomentitselfsymbolize s amarriage, boat", theextensions(panyambung) actuallyas"extension".Forconnectin g these traditional boats;thenam e ofthmainkeel-piec(kalebiseang)translatesa s "soulofthe Butonese languagesitcalle d tena(forallexceptSIOunea),explainea s aspecialized IND/MAL/MNL lunas"keel"andthepresumePA N reconstruction"lu(nN)as".Inthe shipbuilding termbyinformants . TheKonjoboatbuildersusathree-piec e keelin name, BUG/MAKhunasaq,MAN/BAJlunas isclosetoreventhsama detail asexampleofmethodoceanicboatbuildin g ingeneral. closest, KONwilltakethleadindescriptionsan d theirtechniquesexplaineinmore will havetorely.Inpresentingthdatafollo w theconstructionofashipiSouth ropes underoneunspecificentry;luckilyofthem(Baldings,1880)enlightenu through literatureinsomclosingremarks.Brin g thelanguagofgroupexamined from alackofknowledgemaritimtopicsand/orthlanguageobservedoftenmak Sulawesi firstandthentryobringtogetherth e evidencwiththareaexamined with detailedannotationsofatechnicalnature, n whichsomeofthtechnicalremarks of theirownmothetongue'sterminologieand-foexamplelistseveraldifferen case. Eventhecolonialmarindictionariesmentionedabovarunsuraboutusag it difficulorelynonesourconl-somethingthayesunavoidablmana unstructured field:obviousmistakes,mistranslationsanmisunderstandingresulting a specializedsailorslanguageinusoboarshiponlytwillher—followingth the languagdescribedshoulbHindustani(HindorUrdu),butast probably noEnglish-MaladictionariesfortheBritishNavy,butIluckildiscovered French, PORforPortugueseESPSpanish;the"Malay"wordsdrawnfrom very useful.Whereliteraturisavailable,Itriedtoaddatafromthfollowingother sources -becalled"Laskari".However,maritimterminologyproveaquit sailors onboardshipfthehomtrad(Roebuck,1841;Small1882Vaz1897)- Netherlands ColonialMarinedictionariementionedabovwithMNL.Therar cited areabbreviateasENGforEnglish,NDLDutchGERGermanFRA mentioned byFrederici,HaddonanHornellHorridge.TheEuropealanguages languages: Javanese(JAV),Madures(MAD)Sundanes(SUN)andthworks vessels awellfishingtechniqueandhouseconstructionaddewithannotationi For MAKandBUGwecanrelyothdictionariesatlasebMatthe(1874, several marinedictionariesforEnglishofficercommandingthIndian"Laskari" last century'slanguages.AmodemMakassaresedictionary(Cense,1979)alsoproved discussed, andmostoftheButoneslanguageshavnotyebeenexamineclosely. Group withintheWestIndonesiaLanguages;somlanguagboundariesarstillbeing classified asbelongingtoSouthSulawesiGroup,theButonesMuna-Buton languages oftheButonarchipelagaWOLforWolio,BINBinongkoTOM possible technicalandethnographicainformationisrecordeunderthcorresponding IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 the Konjo,andSIOforSiompuMakassareseBugineseMandatodayar Tomea, WANforWanciCIACia-CiaSIOSiompu.Duetolinguisticreasons here thdialectoforanglautWangi-WanginButogroup-asBAJ; tip ofthepeninsulas,asKON;MakassareseitclosestaffiliateMAKBugines "coastal" dialectspokenbytheboatbuildingandtradincommunitiesosouther entry. Abriefglossaryisgivenaappendix listed. Observingthebuildinofaboatdidnorevealonlylinguisticdata,sthawher which theadditionalwords(mostlysmallpartofbiggerconstructionaunits)couldb and Mandarese,thelanguagesoftwothermaritimpeoplBUGMAN;Baj- parts ofasailingboatanditmanoeuvrehabeencompileforcomparisobeyon different timedepthsofthrecenmaritimtraditionarreflectedinterminologies, Sulawesi, whilethremainingtermshadbeenreducetoabou300entriesunder 1885), whichbesidesotherthingluckilypreservedquitedetailedrawingofsailing so thatcomparabilitymadeselectioninevitable.Alisfabou100wordforthmai Actual buildingofaboatbeginswithlayinth e keel.Insomlanguagesit The languagesexaminedinsituwillbabbreviateafollows:Konjo,i.th 21 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 frame's timber.Forgettin g smooth-fittinedgesaninstrumentcalledsingkoloq (see piece ofatrerbranc h wouldhavebeencutintotwplanksfsymmetrica l shape dowels madeoutofsom e speciesofhardanflexiblemangroves,th e framesar that couldbeuseonbot h sidesofthehull.Theyarconnectededg byedgewith subsequently fixedbdowel s hammeredinfromtheoutsidthroughplank s intothe dowels first,andtheframearsetinafterwards . Todayplanksarecutouofread loanword apronortechnicaldescriptions. invention. Horridge(1979:43)quotesMALbuabuaya for"apron",mysourceslistthe boven uitkomt,dienendeingelijkstotsteuvad e boegspriet"),astemsetonthkeel already describedbMatthes("houtdavanvore n onderaahetschipbegint,eva sawn timbersiseveralstagesoftryingandimprovin g theshape;informertimeson (ka)buebuea) inallthelanguagesconcernedtranslate s "smallcrocodile".Although on whichahouseiserected.Whilthindigenoutypfstemitbackgive following theinformants,atleasWANtangara,tooisnamforsomofpole and usinganaproistoosimilarttheEuropea n constructiotobeaindigenous an apron.Itsname(KON,MAKbuabauja;MANBUGBAJbuabuaya;iButo slanting edges(KONkaheala)forfixingtheplanks,"modern"typidoubledwith umbui; WAN,SIOtangara)mayrecmindoneofpartsthtraditionalhous- and founagainitheMNLdictionaries.ThButonesterms(BIN,TOMCIA named pamanru(ng)Pthesecontypbearsnamlinggi,followingHorridg rumahi, CIAompu,SIOinanopapa)againweresignifiedasspecializeshipbuilding pressing togetherthekeel(pieces);wordscollectedinButon(BIN,TOMWAN (1979:43) aloanwordderivefrom"theprowpiecaddeonJavanesfishingboat" are inuse,thisdifferencreflectedthterminology:whilfirstversio the "modern"versionissetokeelaangle.ISouthSulaweswherbottype traditional stemisfastenedbytenonanmorticetothfrontsurfacfkeel,whil terms bytheinformants. drilled onthespotsfmarkermentioned;"boat"cableftfor"wedding keel piecesthegarboardstrakwilbfixedwithdowelwhicarinserteintohole stem indicating"topress,squeeze"(epe(q)).Thederivationdepictsa"squeezer night". IntheSouthSulawesialanguagesitnam(pangepe(q))iderivedfroma obvious indicationofthelongusthiconstructionaltechnique.Afterconnectin below) "vierkanteblokjeshout,di-dgeheellengtvankieldooropkorte entry tataripang(inKONthenamforaunitofontambuguandruang-se in Matthes'andCense'sBUGMAKdictionarie-descriptio(underthe collision ofthedowelsbetweeplankiavoided.Thwordtambugumentione Frames willbeplacedinthmiddlofthesunit(orbetweenotcheaboat IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 tambugu "evenalsdetataripang,dochindepangepeqlunasaq"),thougwrong,a afstand vanelkanderaangebragtzijtohegevemerderestevigheid",unde without "constructionplans"othekeel),sthadowelholdingribswillb points forthedowelarfixedonkeel.Thesshouldnotcollidwiththemselve sufficiently outofreach.Bcross-changingthetwpatternsforevernewstrak nor withthedowelsusedlatefofixingofframes.Thiiachievebycuttintw flat spacesinbetwee(ruang);aboabuilwithou"constructionaldrawing"onlythe placed inthemorticdepictssemen.Iaseconsequencofceremoniemark side tothaffapiecbanana-trunklaidnlinbetweetambuguanruang. alternating rowsofnotchenthekeel'sides,ontfrontmarkother construction patternstherewillbearowofsmalprojectlug(tambugu)dividedbyth for the"constructionplan"arapplied.Iaboatbuilbyonoftraditional ingredients -smallpieceofgold,somleavesrice,versethQur'anwhichi reflected inthenamesofmortic(telang"vagina")anteno(laso"penis"usefor which resultsintheboatbeingboramomenoflaunching.Thiide connecting thekeel-pieces;asmallpackagofwhitclothcontaininsom"magical" As describedbyStavorinus,inSulawesboatar e stillbuiltinplanksfixedwith The nextstepisthfixingofstems.Adescribedabove,carve 2 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 8 plan", andmarkewith notchesforthetambuguandruangwhich-a s stated-will later onfixtheplank'slengt h andplacethpositionsoffloors d ribs;these turns up.Apieceofbambo o aslongthekeel-piecitaken"constructio n and "beingareasonforjoy " (forbuildeandowner)untiloneofththre e "good"ones back totheplacwhersh e hadbeenbuilt),beingstolenfindinglucksinkin g atsea, loves menot"manner,usingfive"fatesofthfutur e boat-"dyingonland"(comin pattern isfixedbythebreadthoflaterowner' s hand;takenaunitformeasuring, prescriptions inthebuilder'familytraditions.On e waytodeterminaship'splank ways ofcombiningallthiwiththetraditiona l patternsofbuildingandtheir she willcountedthroughthlengtofmain keel-pieceinth"Shlovesme,sh top. Sometimebeforthactualbuildingstarts, themasterboatbuilde(KONpanrita available, theshapandsizorderedandin e casofareallytraditionalboat,th lopi) willhavedesignedthvessel's"plan"in alongnight,considerinthewood we havtoreturnagaithkeelandmarks forthe"constructionaldrawing"onits In BUG,MAKKONthesearpapanglamma"thsoftplank"andrembasanga respective forms.Whereasiyahagainmean"mother",timbanandsarimpahcoulnot KON -inBIN,TOMWApalari(seeabovasnamforthhullofboatfrom technical termonly,inMANpalammaandpapantori-sameasforththirstrak number oflongsheestrakes;inmostlanguagesthefirsttwthemargivenames. is calleddhopithroughoutthehullexcepforshorcurveplanknbowanster sarimpah withanadditio(aslurus"straight",orbengkoq"curved")describingthei be explainedythinformants.InotherlanguagesoButonesisland"plank" first plankofastrakeisnamediyahtimban,thtimberaddetforanafarcalle "the meeting(ruppa)plank".InBAJ"plank"isexpressedasarimpahorpappan;th only existingdictionary;soroqmabetranslatedas"tostop,treturn"paparuppa "mother ofthetobo",planksfollowingtobosoroq,andfittingt sheer strakeiscalledsalabukii(?)otolubotu.InBAJwfindguntuhanpanintih. )andkabewiorkabuwei-as,tooinCIASIOwherethfirst which arenamedserempa.Inallareasa"body"ofshortstrakeitoppewitlimite nomenclature: theplankin"middle"ofanewstraksnamedindoqtobo, stemps paparuppa."Plan,unspec."inMANpapanbuttobocouldhotbefounth length, placeandformofeachplankthepatternatothersi"define" completed. WhileinKONnearlyallplanksofthconstructioarnamedindividuall of construction(forthisandthefollowingFig.3)Itiusualbegiwithplank necessary. Thepatternsdiscoveredvaryconsiderablaccordingtoth"sophistication" method -withamixtureoflimanpaint coming intouse.Theseamsarafterwardfilledupfromthoutsidwithmorbark by waofusageandprocessbuilding.AgooexamplinthMandares and placeinpositiobyseveralwaysof"constructioplans"whichprescribeth the middlofanewstrake,andtadcurveplanksfronafuntilstraki and sealewithanaturalrubber,andslastoperationtheoutsidofhuli and morereplacewithoilpaints,insteaofthbarksomkinoilepaperis fibre thatwillbpuonthedgandglueiplacyseawaterapainbrushfrom between theperfectlyfittingplanksbeforhammerinthemtogetherobawool-lik in useoverthwholofislands.Watertightnessachievedeithebybarkplace obtained. ThisadzeithuniversalinstrumentnIndonesiaboatbuildingthafound IC. Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 smoothed withthebingkung,holesarfilleuprubbero-amormodern a branchoftreescontainingsomekindglue.Nowadaythseawater-gluimor and KON,biunginMandarese;ButoonlyTOMbingkuBAJbingkocoulbe inner surfacesaresmoothedwithasmallsquaradzcallebingkunginBUG,MAK fixed newplankthatwillbecudownothisline.Afterthplankariplace, fixed plank,leavingwithitssecondalittlershortetipmarkintheprovisionally below) isused.Atwo-pointedironbladepullealongthuppersidofaalready As mentioned,theKonjousmuchmorcomplicate d patterns,forexplanation To achievesymmetrysomkindfsequencinfixingplankstthhull 23 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 10 9 frames, someoldKonjo masterbuildefromthevillagofLemo-Lem o explained plank usedtochectherangfribssena keelbeforeplanking.However,when confronted withsomedrawing s aboutthepresumedindigenoustyl offitting another patternwhichuse s transversebeamonly-wwillreturntothilate r on. in FribergandFriberg'sKonjodictionarysuluru, panyuluruismentioneda"cros European influenceviaPOR/SPAsolera.IMatthes'dictionaries"glijden,heenglijden" ancient term,asenteGERandNDLoftheeighteent h centurymeansalong,flexible BIN, TOMandCIAwheretheybearthnamsenta. Whilelepeagainseemstoba dresses. Thestringersfixeduponribsandfloorar e calledlepeinalllanguagesexcept beams ofhousenfloorlevel".ThButonesname , lima-lima,translates"artificialor can befoundundersoloroq,Censtranslateserroneousl y "(Mai.sulur)stringer",and Alternating withthefloors,ribsarsetobotsidesftambugu.InKONMAK tajuk besidesthetechnicalexplanationparaphrase s acrownorsometraditionalhead- fixing staysandshrouds;theyarecalletajulo(q) inalllanguagesexamined.IIND and BUGtheyarecallesoloroq,inMANKOsolor;Horridgsuspects MAN, BAJ)inButogadi-gadi;whilethwordkelucabfounmanuscriptsof from outside.Insomelanguagestheirnamikelu(MAK,KON)okilu(BUG keel inthemiddlofeachruang,theyarfixedtplankswitdowelhammered small hand(s)".Someofthframesarleftprojectin g overthehullandarusefo the earlysixteenthcentury,gadiisIND/MALgading"elephanttusk;'frame". prescriptions arestoppedafterthseventhoeightstrakinthetattatallu,an various possibleformofplankinuse.Iastrictlytraditionalboatallwould topped withasmanylongstrakedesired. appaq canbeextendeduptothsizwishewithouapredescribeenfitstattaan top oftheshortplankedpartstwfourlongstrakearfixed;morflexibltatta informants toldmethatolpanritalopiafterlongexperienccoulpickoutree have tofirigidlyintthpattern,sthaplanktolongshouldbcusize; suitable forspecialplanksbysight.Dependingonthsizfboatthesstric used incafixtheplacofaplankdefinitely;sophisticateterminologyfor translates "hard",thenamforthiplankinArasecondcentrofKonj four (appaq)tataripang,alternatingoneunitorighlefitspredecessointhlas example, theplankinmiddlofanewstrak(papangappaq)willnormallylastover plank inthestructurbearsitownamassociatedwithformanplace:for planks aresettogetherinth"three-times-cut"showFig.3Aoncasee,each boatbuilding, rakkasala,"quicklydamaged".Anadditionalnumeralforthestrakits strake; lalangmeans"inside",tallu"three"sarroremindsoneofMANsoroq;tungkulu directions fromthe"centre"ofboat. begins withthetwotambuguin"front"and"aftfsixtruangcountingbot tambgu iscalledtataripangortaritaripang;fo"counting"ntataripang,reckoning by extendingthecountinismadappropriatagain.Aunitofonruangand used forthekeelextensionshabeenalittllongethafittingintoschedule,an The sixthruangfromthbowsinormallyalittllongerthanotheones:twill IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 become thplacofmagic"navel"boatnnighbeforlaunching. be" -andothesamwithbreadtfplanksfromkeelttopmos. little bylittle;thbuildersexplainthi"Thlongerwbuildboats,moritshoul units, inashipbiggerthathiscutbytattaappaq,the"four-times-cut"twomorruang Sometimes thefirstandlastambugu,too,arextende-inmoscasewoo and twomoretambugu.Caristakentincreasthlengthfthesunitupaf loading capacityconstructedintattatallu,the"three-times-cut",therwillb21ofthes lugs forthetambuguandhollowspaceruang.Inaboatsmalletha30ton notches willbetransferredtothuppersidfkeeinformsmalprojecting When thehullreachesasufficientheight,floortimbersarfitted.Crossing The tattaappaqhasbeendescribedsufficientlybPell(1975);thwa 24 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 1 hold infrontofthebow s thathadbeenuseoslaughterthewatebuffal o fthe keel hadsymbolizea"wedding " andtheconstructionalprocessioftenreferre d toas "pregnancy", thelaunchin g hastherolof"birth"boat.Informe r times, will comeagain,thistimtohelppushthboa downtothesea.Aslayingf and pullebysomehundre d mendowtheshorintowater,sometime s crossinga before pulleyscaminto use,abigpinisiwithanotherfeastwouldhav e beenpushed launching andasuccessful"life".Thefollowinda y thepeoplwhojoinedinfeast made, oldpeoplewillreaprayersinsidthboa t andthefuturcaptainorownehas to sprinklethwholshipwithsomsea-watermixe d withleavesanspiceforagoo the lizards",foratleasonlizardonboardis necessaryforasafevoyage)willb middle ofthnight,whenguestsargoneaspecia l smalsacrifice(called"feeding which areusedalloverthislandsinconnectio withshipbuildingceremonies.Inthe the holisthenclosedtemporarilywithonde-onde andhaje,traditionalsweetmeats "navel" oftheboat.InTanaBeru-onlyplacwherwasabltobserv ceremonies iheldinsidethhull,mostimportanbeingcuttinofmagic prepared bythefuturowner'sfamilantheirneighbours.Itisaithamor some goldisthrownthroughthiholtobcollecte d bythechildrenofbuilder,an become thplacofaholdrilledthroughkee l withasacredchisel;afterwards launching -thebloodoftwchickens'combsismeareoversixthruangthatwill goats, andchickenareservetosomhundreguests.Anagaiasequencf is used;nButotcalleduliorrekui:thePANreconstructioidi. A centre-rudderisdenotedbyINDkemudiwherethlateralrudder,gulingthroughout rudder consistsoftwcrossbeams,twhichtherudderarboundbymeana guests areinvited,thbettership'futurwillbeandnotseldomwatebuffaloes still dockedship.Prayersareread,anthwholvillagiinvitetoabigmea different partsvaryfromlanguageoandinKONevevillagvillage. complicated matterconstructeoutofseveralbeamsanthwarts;namefothe Buton lateralruddersarenotused.Oapinisithrudder-hangingquit additional meaning"above"or"maleinothelanguages,KONtscalledsanjata.I and KONissangkilang,nMAsanggilang;whilethupperbeamgivea toggle andropessplicetothrudder.ThnamforlowethwarinBUG,MAK beams whichcrosthehullinaft;omormoderboatacentrrudderwit some pintlandgudgeonhangingsiused.Thsimplestconstructioforalateral Ethnographische atlasaswelloldmodelshowothertypeofboatwithsevera side-planks andaroofmadeoleaves. types ofcabinerectednthedeck,anreconstructeHatiMaregehaahutwith had beensurethatthfirspinisiohutstheirdecks;drawingiMatthes' cabin oaboatieighteenthcenturySPAandPORscamara.InformantfromBir traditional?) house-INDkarnarandNDLkamerexistfor"room",thnama of planksicalledkamara(q),as,nalllanguages"room"a(preferablynon- analogous totheterminusforhousconstruction.Arectanguladeck-humadou in SouthSulawesthiscalledkurung,Butonhelombo.Thenameofitpartar cabin isaroof-likeconstructiomadoutofleavertimbeoveth(undecked)hull; IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 most languages.ThewordseemsobtakfromPORfalca,ENG"hatch":awwill boats fromButonnormallydonotcarrapoop-deck.Forhatchwefinpalaka(q)i BUG, MAKKONiscalledambeng,nMAabing,anBAJambin.Thelambo see further,ondecksarprobablyintroducedconstructions.Thtraditionaltypf and MANlapercanthusbeexplained.Thquarter-deckprojectingoverthsteri deck constructionitheshipsoflastcentury;additionalKONbareloandpallaparaq derived fromENG,NDLGERde(c)k.MatthesanCensementionseveralkindof denotes "housefloorinatraditionalhouse"BUGandKON,thseconobviously BAJ, BINWANSIO)ordeq,deke(BUGTOMCIAIND).Theformetermto On thenightbeforlaunchingofanewboabifeasisgiveboard The traditionaltypofsteeringdevicisalaterarudderfixednstout The namesusedtodayfordeckofashiparkataba(ng)(BUG,MAKKON 25 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 sebuah ataulebihbalokkayudsb.yangmenghubungkan satubagiandenganyang RSding mentionsestayfo r eighteenth-centuryPORandESP.Besidesth e forestayson dictionaries suaishowu p assoewaai,swaai,inthe"Laskari"dictionarie s asawai; the ?)".InButones e languages"forestay"icalledsuai;nthMala y marine numari translates"torun , toflee"paqnumariangwouldmean"aplacefo r running(of lain"; BAJteteanfitsint o thecontext.InKONitsnamispaqnumarian g —theroot the rotelete,translatedbyMatthesa"bridge"in e Mandaresdictionarywith"Man; further on.ThenamofaforestayinMAN(leteng) andBUG(leteang)derivesfrom WAN andCIAperhapsexplicablebyarootbelo (ka-pa-belo)whichwillinterestus sosoro asvariantnameforjipu.Tarengkeseem s tobederivedfromPORtrinquetilha, English-"Laskari" wordlistsforENGjib,remindingonemorofthwordthan likethHatiMarege.Evennamesforitseveralpart-sarempa entering harbour,andkapabelomentioneas variantforjipubyinformantsfrom tringkat in"Laskari".Ifoundtwo"moreindigenous " names:KalewereinBUG,MAK ""; itstrinketntheMNLdictionarie(unde r theNDLfok),andtrikat,tirkat, languages. Censeconnectscocorowith"MALcucur,boegspriet",Horridgpresume and KONdepictsaforesailsetinthelayartanja assignofsuccessfulvoyagewhe a connectiontoESPfoque,fofoque.Informant s fromBINandWAmentione cocoro(q) inBUG,MAKandKONcocorMANtheforestaysailtarengkeall of NDLfok("forestaysail")rkluiver.Onapinisi,the(outerjibsarnamed the Netherlands'colonialmarindictionariesanamforkluiver,jib,andin most lambocanbefoundthnamisjiputhroughout.Jibj'ip,orjieparmentioney on boatscarryingonertwforesailonly,xxnspecificpanahangiused. cross-pieces arefurtherdifferentiatedbyaddingthnamofsailmadfasttoeach; comparison proveddifficult.AgooexampleisthnomenclaturofsailorBira: connected bycross-pieces;thecorrespondingnamesvarconsiderably,othata the sparofbowsprititseliscalledpaqcocorang,"placforesail(cocoro— MAK andtoday'sKON.Onthemoderversioside-barmaibeamar for thecross-polesosalomponglowfore-deck-arsaminlastcentury' orang yangmemasangmeriamdiataskapal"intheIndonesiaKamusbesar.Itcab s.bel.)", theside-barsjuangP-andcross-piecepanahang,"holder".Onapinisi lies,aconstructionrecognizedbyKONinformantsbelongingo drawings showshipwithtwopolecrossingoveralofore-deck,nwhicthe assumed thattoday'sbowspriconstructionarearecenintroduction:Matthes' name iskotamarathroughout-thiwordexplainea"papanuntukmelimddungi singgu-sanggu). Theplanksonthsidefbowspritwercalledpangepeq(se solloq inMAN;Butonitsnamekansoroi,kansorei,orkancoroi(exceptBIN The wholconstructioniscalledanjongBUG,MAKanKONanjuhBAJ will bethrearguardofSulawesiboatbuildingtradition. There isaconcretdangerthatthgenerationofpanritalopistillbuildingboattoday above) orthecomparablpassipibyinformantsfromSouthSulawesi.InButothei of aninnerbeamandtwside-barsrunningfromittiptthesideforecastle. knowledge of"constructionplans"hadbeerestrictedtthmosexperiencebuilders, IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 and woulhavebeentradetotheirsons-ifthesstillbuiltraditionaboats. are stillretained,mernoprescriptionsforthlengthandformfplanks.Th boats, sothatmosfthemormodernformhullarbuilwithouthem- described abovecanbuseforthconstructioofonlysomtypestraditional advertisement, marketingandinnovations.Forexamplethebuildingpatterns conversion fromtraditionalundertakingstomoderenterprise,alreadyincluding previous night'feast.TanaBeruicentreofboatbuilding,andnearly50percent tambugu andruangaremarkeonthkeel,althoughmostfnamesforplank boats seldomcometoTanaBeruorganizbigfeast.Thindustryiundergoin the boatsarmarketedbyaco-operativtootherislands,thaownerfnew On alambonormallyonloneforesailisuse;othButonesislands,wher A linkbetweenhullandriggingisthebowsprit;Sulawesiaversioconsist 26 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 K - thesamasJAVandma d penggiling(>giling).Thesparsinuson'th boatsoftoday pangbau, pembawonevenshowmorphologica l similaritiestoBUGpambauangr the .InKONandBA J thecorrespondingwordissamafor e yardinth are oftwdifferenttypes : thestandinggaffoapinisiand"Bermuda " gaffseeno derived fromacommonroo t pelo(q)meaning"torollupon"(herethsai l ontheboom) MAN baugang.Thelowe r yardiscallepelo(k)angnalllanguageofSout h Sulawesi, with awordderivefromthisroot.Moreover,JA V pembahon,pembawanorMAD collected. Theupperyardofalayartanjaiseithe r calledbau(MAK,KON)oname Bermuda-rigged boats,sothatndataaboupinisi rigorthelayartanjacouldb were notabltorecallotherrigsthanatopsail-cutte r usedbeforethintroductionof jalan(g) (JNDJMALjalan"towalk";translated"runningstay")inSouthSulawesi, with therecentriggings.Ishouldbmentionetha t evenolderinformantsfromButon means ofacross-treeconstructionwhichlooklikitEuropeapendantship tanja; itthereforemakessensobeginwiththi s andthentocompareistepby cross-tree. InoneofthMNLdictionariesdulang-dulangievementionedamast cross-tree itself;inCIAtbecomesdula-dula,BAJdudulah,agaidescribingth here onlydulang-dulang(dulang,"tray"),inKONthmainmast'scapIND Buton itsnameitiwa-tiwa.Thpartofacross-trearnumerous,andIwillmention understood undertheBUG(bola-bola(>bola,"house"),inmostoflanguages "mast"), onlysomeBuginessailorsmentionedlajo("tobhigh")anam the lastcentury;whilmosinformantscalledtopmastiang(IND,MALMNL step onthekeel. use mastswithforelegs.Onbiggerboatthmasticonnectedatopmasby both terms,peoplefromMandarandButongavnonefotheymaintainedinot dictionaries andinformantsupplyingthesamwords;KONmentione susceptable ofindigenousorigin.InSouthSulawesi"cross-tree"generally of amodernpinisi'smastispanumbuBUGandpanunduqMAK,both pong heardfromsomeolderinformantsavoidusofthINDtali-thistaywa today sompeqinBUG,sombalaqMAKandKONsobal-Mills name ispallajarang(BUG)orpallayarang(MAK,MANKON);followingMattheand mainmast. InButonthenamforamastiskokombuthroughout,SouthSulawesit Despite phonologicalreasonsprohibitingwordendininaconsonantallanguage Cense thiswordiderivefromanowextinctlayaraq(IND/MALlayar,ENG"sail",) are tripodsusingnostays,andtodaymostfthpinisistillhavaforelefor except MANandBAJ,informantstendeopreferjanungkerastamberajalanthe in alllanguagesdenoteIND/MALjarungkeras(withvariationakarasiorkerassaq). NDL geitouw,translatedasgaiintheMNdictionaries.Interestinglyriggingscrew Buton itscalledtaligai;althoughgaiwatranslatea"topullfrombeneat (1975:223) evenreconstructed*so(m)bAl)-anmeans"placeofthsail".Thforeleg adopted constructionssuchakarasianjalang.Infactthemastshowoolmodel above", IsuspectitsoriginiENGguy,aentryfor""Paasch(1901)o dictionaries ""itranslatedwithlabran.Arunningbackstaycalletambera probably inusebeforrecentregulationsprescribedthofradicommunications. BAJ, WANCIA)tambirah(BAJ)(pat)tamberang(BUG),pannamberaKONMAK) IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 and labara(BIN,TOMSIO).ININD/MALdictionariesbothnameoccuragaini tambera(ng) andlabrang;inthelanguagesexaminethesbecomtambera(MAN, informants mentionedthenamestalitalipong(MAK,KON;oftentranslateaINDtali several differentspellings(tembera,tamberang,laberang,etc.).inthe"Laskari" to themast-tops:whilinButothisstaynamedsuainode,SouthSulawes Cense explainpongwith"beginningofsomething,thingsmostbelow"andthtuluq given bytheinformantsithatthiropeplacforradio-wire.Mattheand telpon, "ropeforatelephone")andtaligram(BUG-"telegram").Thexplanation which sailsareset,therianadditionalforestayrunningfromthtipofbowsprit As describedabove,Sulawesi'indigenourigging istherectangularlayar The namesforthshroudholdingamastargiveniMNLdictionarie 27 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 14 pinisi isdonebyseveralbrails,thmainon e onthtopleechfsailbeing pakka) and"peak"(cangking,cakkeng-theslidin g gaffinMAN)asadditioto The otherlanguagesus wordssuchapamurung(KON,MAK)orpapuru (MAN, proper NDLentrygeitouw severalentries(stingi,stingei,ternaal,taligei, utara),of which IonlyobtainedBU G passatinggiforthemainbrailitodaysailor' s language. differentiated fromtheothers . Inthecolonialmarindictionarieswfin d underthei root *bangu,"toerect,seupright"forthepeak-halliard . Reefingoftheasails "halliard", onlysomeButoneslanguagesusword s derivedfromaprobablecommon paninti seemtobederivedfrothis. parimping, andthebolt-roptuluq("rope")parimping-BAJ,CIAparimpiSIO necessary; inalllanguagesthecorrespondingnames arewordssucha"claw"(pangka, marine dictionariesandtheirEnglish"Laskari"contemporaries . Forsettingasailwith in use.Somepinisisailorsdanjaforahalliard : thisifoundagaintheDutch wini for"halliard"toomeans"tpull",whileCIA kahelaandSIOkabintajustcoulbe sombalaq/sompeq inSouthSulawesi,andpabessoq{bessoq,"topull")sthenamfor sliding gafftwohalliards,oneforthclaw thegaff,otherfopeakar explained asspecializenauticalterm-butagain , for"settingsail"someothewordis the peak-halliardofalambofromGalesong(MAK) . BIN,TOMandWANvinior butbut for"topullout".However,"settingsail"isexpressedwithbessoqi JAV, SUNpembubutan,MADbubutan,andDempwolffevenreconstructePA MAN bubukan)canbecomparedwith""iotherIndonesialanguages,e.g. sheet. TheSouthSulawesiannamforahalliard(KON,MAKbuqbukang;BUG clothsail iscalledres,thesamanourMNLdictionaries.IsouthSulawesleec "mainsail" alwayscomprisethelocal"sailtoo,topsaiandfore-sailarname BAJ la.maq,BIN,TOMWANlayare,andCIASIOpangawa)thenamfora differently throughoutthearea(KON,MAKsombalaq,BUGsompe,Nsobal, BUG, anja,passatinggi,KONsatinggi).While"sailgeneral"isnamedquit kapsel, itbecomestapselnMAN,tapsere,tappusereBUGtampasereKONand peloang isthesamforintroducedantraditionalrig.Astandinggaffsteadiedwith individually withtermsobviouslintroduced.InButoevethe'sewleecofa to thetackarcalledbyseveralnamesfounscattereinDutchdictionarie(e.g. Indonesian sea-cadetsocolonialships. tapusele inBIN,TOMandSIO.Thetackaclosingroprunninoverthmast-top GER andNDLforitsrunning(mantel)haulin(takel)part-easyerror and-tackle holdingabackstayiscalledtakalaqnKONanBUG,manteltakel ones mantela,andthereianentrymantilhaRodingPORlist.Actually,thrunner- and BAJ,manteinButon.TheMalaycolonialdictionarieslistmantil,th"Laskari" mentions BUGtulupongandMAKpokoq;IobtaineMAK/KONtuntung.The KON, andMANbutbauinSIObahuBIN.Forafore-vangMatthes for braces,buntlinesandclosingropeonsquare-saileshipithemarindictionarie of today'spinisicalledthemtarnalaangawe,twwordfoununderseveralentrie 1C. Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 topping-lift foraboomisnamedmanteleqnBUG,MAKanKONmantelMAN astonishingly istaligai.Inalayartanjarigthevangaftcalledlolo(q)BUG,MAK as ternaalandgaiorgahe."Vang"in"Laskaritarnalghai.IMANthenam interestingly listsgiek,bom,andpenggilingunderhientrNDLgiek.OnlMAN gqffel andgap;thesourcisobvious.Mororlessamcanbsaifoaboomf are thnamessamasforvanginlayartanjaandschooner-rig,sailor the aft—whichcanbcomparedtobracesfarectangularrig;whilonlyiKON two pairsfvang-onerunningtsomplacbeforthmast,secondboun gaff- orfore-sail:itsbongnBUG,MAKandKONborraiButon.Oderwal languages the"Bermuda"gaffinuscalledgappu,Dutchdictionariegivgaf, type cakkengandthstandinggaff,asinBUGMAKgaq.IButones layar tanja;Mandareseinformantsdifferentiatedallthretypes,callingth"Bermuda" Naturally notintroducedarethmostimportanropesofasail,halliaran Among otherEuropeanintroductionswefindthtopsail.ListebyBadinga 28 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 16 15 rulers inespeciallymilitar y andmaritimesubjects,asforexamplth Macassanor introduced byorcopie d fromEuropeanprototypescabediscussed : fromthe dissimilar termsfothilug,differenceintim e andspac-thPhilippinesof mentioned -thoughinotherlanguages(e.g.Ternate , Galelamaru-maru)therearquit beginning ofEuropeanintrusio n intoAsiarenegadesarereportedthav advisedlocal is baffling.Thesuppositio n thatthestiffframeswhichreplacedthi s methodare literature heronlyBacantambuku,oldVisayatamboko, andBAJtimbukuwillbe other flexiblematerialsbentundepressurinto thehull(see,forexampleHorridge construction precedingtoday'sstiffribwasuse d tofastenstrongbranchesfrattar seventeenth century,the MoluccasattheendoflascenturyanTan Berntoday- resemblance tothcorrespondingSouthSulawesianonesthadproperButones by theboatbuildersofLemo-LemandAra:wor d tambuguiswidespreaforalug developed. perhaps withacentreinthareofsouth-eastertippeninsula,wher villages visited,andtheBajauwermostrenowneboatbuilderonisland pasaq, for"dowel".The"sophistication"ofboatbuildingvariesenormouslyeven supporting athwartincanoe,andtoofo r alugleftonplankwhichi complex andmostconsistentlyobserved,theirtechniquesseemobeth nowadays theKonjoshipbuildingyardarsituated:KONterminologyimost proof forthelongcommontraditiooshipbuildinwithindigenoustechnique- Bone. InthelanguagesofSouthSulawesiitselnomenclaturobviouslybest languages, sothatconnectionhavebassumed-aleasthBajauthink inhabited bythemarounButon.However,manoftheBajautermsshowmuchmor 1981, andManguin1985).Fromthenamesi n differentlanguagesquotedithe themselves tohaveoriginatedfromtheirSouthSulawesiancousinithGulf Siompu,* IfoundseveralboatbuildersfromArabuildingnewlamboinoneofth proving inthecasofSiompu,thattheirvillagdidnotowtradinvesselsbefor Binongko recalledtheperahuftheirvillages,listingnlambobefor1935thereby which theytookasmodelforfurtheboats.SomeoldmenfromSiompuan "first" lambowhichstrandedontheneighbouringislanfKaledupai1930s planks canchangefromvillagto-herespeciallynotedforKONspokei c.1900, andthatthefirsboatswerpurchasefrom"Buginese"Bajaus.Whilon Butonese islands;oranglautinformantsfromMolaonWandevetolstoryabout flow oftechnicalknowledgebetweenthBajauandothergroupsliving Tana Bern,Lemo-LemoAraandBira.Deductablefromthdatforplank-namesi presumed, asPANpapan,panpan,panandothercognatefo"plank"pasak, within eachcommunity,andaccordinglynamesforthingaspecializesingle many alanguageoftharchipelago,sthatevenPANreconstructiolunNasi "shell-first" wayofconstructioncabecomparedoverawidearea:keelislunas complexity oftheplankpatternsmentionedvarieextremelansomsource resume". Asfaraconstructionofboaticoncerned,morelesthsamtechnique obviously mistakemorthantheobtain,atleassomwordsforcrucialpointof centuries aindigenoutoSouth-EasAsianmethodfconstruction.Thoughthe for sailsonpinisi,andiMANbaya-bayaonlywagiven. that baya-bayaisonlynuseosmallboats,whilkallaqrdamandescribethsheet daman), anddamaniseventhenamfor"sheet"Arabic.KONinformantexplaine IC. Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 are describedminutelyforearlPhilippinboatbuildingyardsand,thoughoftenquit IND, MALandthemarindictionariestwoftheswordcanbprove(kelat, MAK) inSouthSulawesi,andkalathroughoutButo(BAJkillaq,KONkallaq).I superficially, bysomeotherauthors(seabove)throughoutthlasone-and-a-half close", andisfounnaBUGdictionary(Said1977)IND"pengikatcelana".The BUG, TOM)derivedfromarootpwrwwhichfollowingtheinformantsmean"to sheet ofasailiscalleddamang(KON,BUGMAK)rbaya-bayaBUGMAN The bestexamplforthisassumptionithuso f therar"constructionplans" Before Icloswithsomremarksaboutthtechniqueofnavigation,ashor 29 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 18 18 17 European "hometrade" inAsiabeforethintroductioofpinisi.W e havth routes oftheIndianOcean,"Laskari"GujaratiArabic , andMdl&ydamanbeingthebest evidence ofthmarindictionaries , andwhilemostwordsinthButones e languages — therestillexiststodaythsmalvillago f Lemo-Lemo,wheremanyoth of ablendPortuguese , DutchEnglishandMalayforuseonboar shipsofthe the introductoryremarks, andIwoulpresumeanalreadyfixeterminolog y madeout orjuragang. Weobviousl y faceseverallayersofinfluencfromallsource s namedin example. Thesamcanbsaidfortitlesships ' officers,suchasnakhoda,mualim, from thelasttwocenturiesarsaidhavbeen buildingboatsonorderfromallove boatbuilders inTanaBeruclaimtohavecomfrom ) whoindescriptionsfSulawes ropes. AsIndianLaskaris,MalaysBugisMandarese , andButonesearreporteto palaka, INDpalka,etc.)leadsbacktoPORfalca-thesamasinsomArabicdialect the Archipelago.Somwordsforpartofriggings arescatteredalloverthtrading likewise sompeoplfromthsoutherntipofSulawes i (normallycalledLimos-Limos been thebestsourcfornewdetailsofriggin g whensailinonative-vessels— have beenwidelyemployediEuropeashippin g inAsiawaters,theywouldhave Madagascan language)asthewordforfore-saililocaschoonerig.Ifact, more remotdatoforiginsurmisable,andourstandarexampltarengkeisfo wilderness ofPortuguese,SpanishDutchandEnglishloan-wordforthevariou under EuropeancommanditheDutchanEnglismarindictionariesshowa nomenclature describedforsquare-riggevesselswithIndonesiananIndiacrew example, foundagainastarengketyisomedialectofMalagasy(aAustronesian- inter-island trade.However,thePortuguessourcesforsomoftermmak rigged smalltradersfromBritishSingaporeandMalayawhicwerabltooutsaith prototypes. Gibson-Hill(1950,1952)provedconvincinglythatthefirspinisi- nineteenth century,sothatadoptionftheirrigprovedanecessityfoindigenou monsoon-bound traditionalIndonesiancraftwasfelseverelyithelashalfo but alsoseveralconcretewordsintoday'sailors'terminologiearcopiefEuropea to strengthenthisassumption:obviouslythecompetitiofEuropeafore-and-af of thelastcentury,andnumerEuropeanwordsfoundenotingriggingseem closer observation. other endoftheindigenousspictradroutes.Iexpectmortracebfouny dictionaries. Asstated,thenamfor"hatch"o"cargspace(BUGKONMAK reproductions ofwhichcouldonlybasmallchancehavbeenknowtth and theSwahililanguagofLamu,atradingvillagneastcoasAfrica which wefindasonofthseveraldecknmodeboatiMatthes'drawing decks andplatforms.ThereexistaPANreconstructiongalumatfor"deck",wor last century'smodelhavenoplankeddecks,buarclosewithseveralkindfshor schooners couldhavebeenbuiltbyacertaibeachcomberithMalaysiofmiddl and asonetranslationamongotherforNDLdekithDutchcolonialmarin introduced featureshavebeenmentioneabove;thmostimportanideck.Mosof generations ago-1declinetmakanestimatfthvaluthiinformation.Other informants. Theoldmenmaintained,thatthismethohabeeiusfivoseve these thwarts,afeaturseeniseveraloldmodelsofboatEuropeamuseums, of thickplanksandfastenebytwistingrattanloopwhicharebountightlaroun rows oftransversethwartarsetfromabovintdove-tailedholeinthupperedge method, someoldmaster-buildersfromLemo-Lemoexplaineanotherpattern:several "stringer" inSulawesi.However,wheconfrontedwithdrawingsofthe"flexible-rib IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 house-type, kilumightbeanindigenousterm.Thsamcouldsaiforlepe, manuscript oftheearlysixteenthcenturbastrengtheningbarintraditional MAK soloroq)mighthaveaPortugues(solera)source,whilanother(Idlu,kelu) in theseventeenthcentury.Asstatedabove,onofwordfoun(BUGKON Portuguese shipwrightsattimewhenthestwostatewheridisputwiththVOC Achinese royaldockswerreportedlyunderthsupervisionoflong-established shows affiliationwith-forexampleTernatangilw,provediaMakassares The rigsinustodayobviouslarrecentintroductions:noonltechniques, 30 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 21 19 - areconstruction*turut wouldmean"tosailwithaquarteringwind" . Inseveral turu(q), "totack"with bilu(q).ThestandardPANreconstructionfo r "tosailt windward" isbiluq,and- althoughIcouldnotproveinthliteraturavailabl e tom "to jibe,twearship"i s expressedbyalocalworfor"toturn"wit h theaddition reveals, thatinnearlyalllanguagesexamined"t o comeround,tsailcloserth sail outofthewind"r"t o sailwithaquarteringwind"isnamedturu(q). Accordingly wind" or"tsailclosetthiscalledbilu(q) orbelu(q),while"tcastlee, ofthboat(Fig.4)Thwordsobtained inSulawesforthedifferentcourses most importanaxisoforientationforasailingboa t istheanglbetweenwindan evolution probable. pieces madeoutofalgrwithwingedstems.Today'Mandaresversionifull- sailed inrelatiotothewinafirst-sightseemquit e unsorted,butcloserexamination huge triangularsailcarriedbehinthmast, makingalonandsophisticate decked (withadeckcallelapar),antheoutrigger s arebalancedskilfullywithth with afixedpatternoftwrthreestrakesplanks,whicarfastenedtprow- -thebestdevelopedoutriggerboaofIndonesiaisnearlysam construction describedforMicronesiaanPolynesiaboats.Adug-outhullisadde corresponding cognates,thesuccessionofplanksusedforbuildinaMandares today arefoundonlinthareasarounsomharbourofextantKonjanBugi makes drawingalongsidepossible),andthatthesboatastonishinglyinSulawes one-sided outriggersfouninseveralpartsofthearchipelagwhicharsuspectetb interested readertorefetheirespectiveworks.Thonlythingadis,thath goods andpassengerfromshoretoship(ahavingnoutriggeronfthside a linkwiththemostdevelopedcrafofMicronesia,provveryusefulforconveying been doneminutelybFrederici(1912)andHaddoHornell(1936-38);Iaskth " isreported;possibleconnectioncannotbexplainedbetterthanhaalready In thelanguagesexaminedbyotherauthoragreatvarietoftermfo"outrigge word derivefromaChineserootmeaning"threboards"anevenuseiEuropea on theislandsvisited*andcanoecarrieboaralamboarcallesampan, terminology couldbecollecteinButo-mainlbecausooutriggerboatsarus WAN andCIAbarata(anperhapsSIOdarangkaBAJjarangka**)noconsistent sailing fleets.And,althoughsinglewordscouldnotbcomparewittheir languages, especiallydepictingasmallboat(preferabldug-out)withououtriggers. , inBacaandGalelasomang,Tobelohama.Thephoneticchangesexplai somang, BAJkatir,andBUGatifor"float";followingFredericinTernateitsnam Malay arenoassistanc-wfindwordslikkatir,cadik,rsemangmixeagaiunde boom holdingthefloatsicalledbaratangthroughoutSouthSulawesi,budespit the amaandhamareportebyHaddonHornellforPolynesialanguages.Th the twoentries.ThonlywordsrelatedtPANwhicharfouninSulawesKO listed underbothentries,aneventhestandardictionariesoftoday'Indonesia boomthesamreconstructions(katir,saRanman,sama,hama,gianto)ar However, insomecasesmistakeseemtohavoccurred.Foroutriggefloaand of Oceaniclanguages,andawholelistdifferenPANreconstructionsexist. Austronesian meansoftransport.Herethliteraturiquitcompletforawidrang perhaps built)inEasterIndonesiasincethbeginningofthicentury;storie Horridge presumedfirstintroductionbyEuropeapearlingcuttersoperatin(an JC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 terminologies. Notyementionedarethpartsofoutriggerboats,indigenou of today'sButonesetradingcuttermaystrengthenthihypothesis. originated fromBritishAustralia,theEnglissourcesfornameofropeansale introduction fromeastwardmorethapossible.Asmanyofthpearlingboat mentioned aboveanotherswhichcoulbquotefromsourcesmakan a lotofwidelyadoptedtermsPortugueseoriginarfound.Ithcaslambo, for sailsandropeofalamboseemtbederivefroEnglishonly,inSoutSulawes 2 I willendwithsomepreliminaryremarksabou t navigationalpractice.The However, letusreturnowhaIcalledthe"Austronesiatraces"fmaritim 31 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 3 Padang 25215SumateraBara t Jln BatangArau3 past. explain thatallthishadbee n superstitionsoftheorangdulu,peopllivin g intimes discovered arenotasnumerou s amighthavebeenexpected-anpeopl e usedto than otradingboats;forsailorswer e thsubjectofresearch,words "look foritfirst"o"cheap".Thesetabooswer n moreconstantusamongfishermen of Bira,r"theonwithhorns"foadeer.Th wordsfor"no"andtpresentare mainly namesoflandanimalaretabooewhe n atseandhaveobreplacewith "information market"ithevillagesbusywithinter-islan d tradeascanbprovefor on throughexchangebetweecaptains,eitherith e harboursvisitedorinsomkinf strictly forbidden-foreverythinghastobe board-anreplacebyphrasesa substitutes suchathe"longone"for"snake","wh o liveinthtrees"'forsmallapes boat travelling:asrecordedforpeopleofMicronesi a andPolynesia,several;words Bira. However,thereisanotherinterestinglinkto theAustronesiantraditionsofsailing interviewed repeatethestatementsaboutusingobservationofwaveanwinda some wordsarderivedfromcharts,otherlocalnamewhichmightbpasse sailing allaroundtheworld.Thnomenclaturforthesmarksansigninumerou- currents, andcircumstancesofweathertbeexpectethiwaatooltraditiona northern coastsofBalirMadurafromSouthSulawesi.Besides,allseame Two daysinitdirectioandtwtthreerighyoureachsomplacth Scorpio, foritscompass-likeappearanconthzenithiaeasyaidsteeringt difficult oobtain,andvariesconsiderably.Concerningstarsthemosimportani house"), andisthe"aim"ofonly(quitobscure)"star-pathcoursmentioned. cosmogeny. InKONandBUGtheSoutherCrossicallebolasola("awrong night; inmostlanguagesitnamenaga-nagaoppositioothmilkywacalled Micro- andPolynesiannavigation. compass usedascheme,therebyrecallingthewind-and-starcompasserecordein village onButoinhabitedbyspeakersfCIAanBIN,ainformantpresentem BUG andtheButoneslanguagespata)inawaysimilartoEuropeamethodwha inmonsootimes;togetherwithfar-reachingknowledgeoflandmarks, aids innavigatioareaknown,aforexamplethrufromMakassato naga only-thisprobabldepictthemythicalworld-dragoniSouth-EastAsia the informantemphasized,thaproperdirectionsdonofitpointfmariners' "wind bringingrain(SEmonsoon)").However,othemorninfleavinasmall a compassrosemadbynoldmanotknowtomwhichireproduceFig.6; again usethsamwordsabas(e.g.barat,ha-baRatefor"west(wind)",otimur find asimilarpatternitheDutchmarindictionaries,ansomPANreconstructions which areonlyslightlchangedfromthMAL/INDcognatesinbrackets.Ifactw IC, Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 the KONcompasscard(Fig.5),allpointofEuropeanrosarcallebyname common fashioialllanguages,andIwillquoteKONasexample.Aoncaseo would becalleMalayanterminologies.Todaythpointsofacompasarmarkei axes "sea'Vland"and"above'Vdown",orientationoseaidonebycompas for avesselriggedwithlayartanja. it maybepossibloconcludthatackingwindwardsatechniqunotcommon been donebyseveralsources^-thatthmetasawisatoonoindigenouoarea, word opala(>MAL/INDberopal-opal,"tobeatwindward").Ifweaccept-asha related words.Thewordsmentionefor"tobeatwindward"inmosfth (pedoma(ng) inallthelanguagesexamined)andchart(MAK,KONkara,MAkar, for thebeatsmadgoodagainstwind;inBINanTOMinformantuseloan- languages arederivedfromacommonrootmeaning"(to)saw"BUG,MAKKON (m)aqgaragaji, WAN,CIASIOkarakaji),possiblytakingthezigzabladasnimag languages examinedthroughliterature(e.g.MAL/IND,JAWSUNturui)wfin r Information aboutmeansofnavigatiootherthacompasandcharwa While inSouthSulawesdirectionsolandardescribebytermforthtw 32 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 Reimer. 3vols(Beiheftezur ZeitschriftfürEingeborenen-Sprachen,15,1719.) XI(2), 69-107;XI(3)81-103 . Dick, H.W1975Prahushippin g ineasterIndonesia.BulletinofIndonesianEconomic Studies, Dempwolff, O.1934-38Vergleichende LautlehredesaustronesischenWortschatzes. Berlin:Dietrich Collins, G.EC1937Makassarsailing.London:Macmillan . of Islamto1750.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress . Chaudhuri, K.N1985TradeandcivilisationintheIndian Ocean:aneconomichistoryfromtherise Cense, A.1979Makassaars-Nederlandswoordenboek. 'sGravenhage:MartinuNijhoff. Engelsch. Schoonhoven:S.EvanNooteeZoon the NorthernTerritoryMuseumofArtandSciences,IV(1) , 103-28. Burningham, N.1987Reconstructionofanineteenthcentur y Makassanperahu.Beagle:Recordsof Badings, A.HL1880Woordenboekvoordezeevaart, inhetHollandsc'h-Maleisch-Fransch- nasional. ProsidingKonPerNaske-5Masy.Ling.Ind.Ujun g Pandang:UniversitasHasanuddin. Abas, H.andAndersonT.D(ed.)1990Bahasa-bahasadaerahSulawesidalamkonteksbahasa REFERENCES 23. Seee.gLiedermooij,1854 22. AtthetimofwritingresearchnBuginesnavigatioisbeincarriedoubyAmerica 21. Seee.gHorridge,1979:23 20. Thereis,howeveratypofsmallboatcalledjarangkalisteinMatthes'Makassares 9. FollowingCense,1979:"baruganikelueenbarugamooierestevigedagewon 17 anddescribebyHorridge,1978. 16. Thereexists,howeveranentrysuluruq("transvershousbar")iFriebergandFrieberg's 7. InKONinformantsfromtheboatbuildingvillagofLemo-Lemusedworsotting, 6. >kale"soul",bise"paddle"+/-ang/alocativesuffix 4. e.gGrimesandGrimes,1987 IC. Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 19. e.gHorridge,1979;Nooteboom1940Liebner1990 18. See,forexampleDick19751985oChaudhuri 15. Alcina,1668quotedfromHorridge1982;anScott1981 14. InButoonlyoldsailorsrememberehavinguseagaffwithvan(presumablyocutter- 13. Nadeisthenamofrigalambo-seabove 8. Isitpossible,thathenaggingauthormadmistakcreditedootheauthorabovan 5. SeeWangania,1980andNooteboom1941 2. Stavorinus,19798:II260-1;infactparofthestatemensmadbytranslatoreditor"T." NOTES 3. Murdock,1968:92 12. CenseexplainsMAKjuang-juangwith"opvoor-nachterstevevvlerkprauwuitstekend 11. GooddescriptionscanbefouniCollins,1937;anPelly1975 10. e.gMatthes"eenvazijdegeweverand,dialsiraadgezet'twarangehaakt;kalepe, 1. Seee.gDick,1980;1985Horridge19811986Ridder1988 only. Gene AmmarellinSulawesi,sothatmybriefremarkhercabatemporarcharacter dictionary. very muchaboutboatbuilding. Konjo dictionarywhichwascompiledintheinteriorfSulawesi,wherpeoplnotknow bamboe". mandiatq ("sheetabove")andWANpamate(>mate,"dead"?). type), sothatinonlysomelanguagecouldaworbobtained.Nomentioned:BAJkillaq iemand ofletsonderearmtegenlijaadrukken". baruga". people fromBiraandArapamaru;possiblroot*paruisnolistenthcourses. wrote anIndonesiasalahbuku(lit."book-mistake")intothsmallredoncarried? who isalsabletaddsomnavigationaldatabouthBayfBone,whichwastilfairl unknown toEuropeashipping. 3 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 Liebner, H.UnpublishedAnmerkungenzurTerminologi e desSchiffbauundrSeefahrtineinige Sprachen Süd-Sulawesis.[Paperreadattheannualconferenc e ofthSüdostasien-Arbeitskreis,Mainz 72. Liedermoij. DF1854enijverhei d opCelebes.TijdschriftvanNederlandsch-Indië, XVI(12),345- Anderson, T.D.1990:99-117.) Liebner, H.1990Istilah-istilahkemaritimandalam bahasa-bahasaButon.(InAbas,H.and Kriens, M.JE1880Hollands-Maleischtechnischmarine-zakwoordenboek. 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National University.(PacificLinguistics,SerC33.) Wurm, S.A.andWilsonB1975EnglishfinderlistofreconstructionsinAustronesianlanguages Jend Keb.,DepDikBud. Fifth edition.London:Macmillan. Wallace, A.R1874TheMalayArchipelago:thelandoforang-utanandbirdparadise. Yatim, N.1985IstilahmaritimdalambahasaMakassar.UjungPandang:LembagaPenelitian IC. Nos.59&60,Nov92/Mar93 (post Brandstetter).Canberra:Dept.ofLinguistics,ResearchSchoolPacificStudiesAustralian 6), 1917329-39. Vaz, A.1897Themarineofficers'Hindustaniinterpreter.Bombay:BombayGazetteSteamPress Penelitian UniversitasHasanuddin. Vuuren, L.van1916-17DeprauwvaartvanCelebes,KolonialeStudien,I(1-2)1916107-16;I(5- Linguistics, Ser.D17.) of Linguistics,ResearchSchoolPacificStudiesAustralianNationaUniversity.(Pacifi Sularto, H.1985Penelitiantentangkonstruksiperahulayartradisonal.UjungPandang:Lembaga Stokhof, W.AL(ed.)1980Hollelists:vocabulariesinlanguagesofIndonesia.ICanberra:Dept Wangania, J.1980Jenis-jenisperahudipantaiutaraJawa-Madura.Jakarta:ProyMediaKeb.Dir 36 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 WAN TOM POR SIO Gujerati CIA WAN Marathi Laskari BIN BAJ MAN PETA MNL PALKA IND PINTUPALKA NDL LUIK TOM KON LOE MAK PALAKAQ BUG PALKA;PALAKAQ DEU LUKE TAJUK Madura TAJUK SIO CIA Ternate Java, WAN ENG HATCH BIN BAJ KON TAJUQ MAK TAJOQ MAN TAJU IND TAJUK NDL SPANTBOVENDEK DEU SPANTEUBERDECK ENG RIBABOVEDECK CIA TOM BUG TAJO MNL TAJOK Madura SIO KON MAK BIN BAJ MAN BUG MNL IND NDL DEU ENG IC Nos.59&60Nov92/Mar93 DHOORO FALKA ESCOTILHA;FALCA? PALAKA PALAKA PALAKA;BONG. PETA PALAKA TAJO TOROH TAJO FALKA PALAKA BONGKA PET TAJO TAJO TAJO TAJO TENA TENA TENA TENA HERA KALEBISEANG LUNAS UNEA LUNAS LUNASAQ LUNASAQ, LAMESA KIEL KIEL KEEL LUNAS LUNAS LUNAS Ambon WAN TOM Ternate DUSU;LUSU POR Laskari Tidore Aceh SIO CIA BIN MNL IND NDL WAN TOM Ternate WAN MAN KON MAK BUG DEU POR CUBERTA Laskari TUTAK;MANZIL Laskari SINTA KON TOM BAJ ENG SIO CIA BIN BAJ MAN MAK IND NDL STRINGER DEU STRINGER ENG STRINGER Madura SIO CIA KON MAK BUG NDL DEU ENG BUG MNL BIN BAJ MAN MNL IND SUKAN (Arabic) ; PATWAL WRANGE LEME (?) KAMUDI KEMUDI KAMUDI KEMUDI KEMUDI CENTRE RUDDER GILU WRANG WRANG SENTA GADING KELU KELU KILU KEUMUDOE ULI ULI REKUI REKUI RUKUI KAMUDI KAMUDI; KEMUDI KAMUDI FLOOR SENTA LEPE-LEPE SENTA LEPE LEPE SENTA GADI; TAJOLUMAS GADI-GADI GADI GADI-GADI GADI-GADI KILU KILU REBO (?) ROER MITTELRUDER LEPE-LEPE LEPE LEPE LEPE GADING-GADING 37 WAN TOM Java WAN MNL IND TOM Madura TAJUK;GADING SIO KON MAK BUG NDL OPLANGER DEU AUFLANGER ENG FUTTOCK;FRAME CIA;SIO KABUEBUE A BAJ BUBUAYA KON; MANBUABUAYA BUG;MAK BUABUAJA ENG APRON BAJ MAN KON MAK BUG NDL DEU Madura CIA KON NDL DEU ENG CIA BIN BAJ MAN MNL IND BIN;TOM BUEBUEA ENG SIO BIN BAJ MAN MAK BUG MNL IND TAJO SOLOROQ KEMUDI SAMPING ZIJROER TAJO SOLOROQ SOLOROQ GADING-GADING GADING-GADING KAMUDI BANGKILAS GULING GULING GULING GULING SEITENRUDER TATABAN KATABA; DEKE KATABAH KATABANG KATABANG KATABANG; DEQ DEK DECK DECK LIMA-LIMA LIMA-LIMA LIMA-LIMA SOLOR LATERAL RUDDER KATABA DEKE DEKE DEKE LAPAR DEK; GELADAK LIMA-LIMA DEK DEK Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 TOM WAN IND SIO CIA BIN MAK BAJ MAN KON BUG ENG KON BUG IND DEU ENG WAN TOM WAN MAK NDL POR Laskari SIO CIA BIN BAJ MAN KON MAK BUG Jawa, TOM MNL IND NDL DEU ENG SIO CIA BIN Madura BAJ MAN MAK KON BUG MNL IND NDL DEU ENG IC Nos.59&60Nov92/Mar93 TRADITIONALFORESAIL SOMPEQ TRAD.VOORZEIL TRAD.VORSEGEL SOMBALAQ LAYAR PANGAWA PANGAWA LAYARE LAYARE LAYARE LA:MAQ SOBAL SOMBALAQ SAIL, unsp. KALEWERE JIB KALEWERE KALEWERE SOSORO EKEDUA COCOR COCOROQ COCOROQTENGGA JIB JIB TIQKALAQ LTOPAN TRADISIONAL COCOROQ TANGNGA KLUIVER KLOVER KOKOMBU BOYARONA DJIP; DJIB KOKOMBU KOKOMBU KOKOMBU KOKOMBU TIANG PAUAYARANG PALLAYARANG PALLAYARENG PALLAJARENG (BARRE) TIANG MAST MAST MAST TIANG WAN JIPUWAWO TOM TAPUSELE ENG WAN TOM SIO CIA TOM SIO TAPUSELE CIA PANGAWKOKODI MAN TAPSEL KON TAMPASEQREQ BUG TAPSERE;TAPPUSERE IND Madura BIN MAK BUG WAN BIN BIN TAPUSELE BAJ CANGKING MNL NDL DEU POR BAJ MAN KON MNL IND NDL DEU ENG Laskari Madura SIO CIA BAJ MAN MAK BUG MNL IND NDL KON DEU ENG TOPSEEL TOPSEL TOPZEIL TAMBERA TAMBERA; LABARA TAMBIRAH TAMBERA WANT WANTEN TOPPSEGEL SUAIJIPU TETEANLANJUH TAMBERA TAMBERA TAMBERA TAMBERANG SUAIYI SUAIJIPU SUAIJIPU SUAIJIPU SWAAITRINGKET FOKKESTAG LABARA SHROUDS ESTAYDOTRAQUETE SUAIJIPU PAQNUMARIANG TAR. LETENG TARENGKE FOCKSTAG FORESTAY LABRAN LABARA PANNAMBERA PATTAMBERA(NG) LABRANG; TEMBERANG LETEANG TARENGKE LABERANGLTOPANG 38 WAN TOM Java WAN WAN Gujerati Sunda SIO CIA BIN KON KALLAQ;BAYA-BAYA MAK DAMANG;BAYA-BAYA BUG DAMANG;BAJA-BAJA IND ITA SIO CIA TOM MAK NDL SIO CIA TOM BIN BAJ MAK BUG NDL DEU Laskari Madura BAJ MAN BAYA-BAYA MNL NDL DEU ENG POR ESP FRA Laskari BIN BAJ BUG MNL DEU ENG Laskari MAN KON MNL IND ENG Madura MAN KON IND TRINCHETINA JIPU TARENGKE TARENGKE TALI GA TALI GA TAMBERA JALAN TAMBERANG JALAN KELAT KELAT KALA KALA KALA KALA TRINQUETILHA TRINQUETILLA TRINQUETTE TRIKAT; TRINGKET KAPABELO; JIPU JIPU SOSORO; JIPU TARENGKE TRINKET; JIB TALI GAI,TAMBERAJALAN TALI GA TALI GA TALI GA KELAT; DAMAN KALA KILLAQ DAMAN; KELAT SCHOOT SCHOT SHEET COCOR SOSORO; JIPU TARENGKE FOK GHAI? PANNAMBERA JALANG PATTAMBERA JALAN •*• BAKSTAG BACKSTAG BACKSTAY; ? DAMAN DAMMAN; KELAT LAJUR PANYUCU LA.-MAQ ANJUH LAYAR TOPAN FOCK FORESTAYSAIL PANNAMBERA JALANG DAMAN Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 WAN TOM SIO CIA BIN BAJ MAN Bali KON MAK BUG MNL IND NDL DEU ENG POR Laskari Madura Sunda SIO WAN TOM CIA BIN BAJ MAN KON MAK MNL IND NDL BUG DEU ENG IC Nos.59&60Nov92/Mar93 GAPU GAPU GAPU GAP? GAPU GAPU CAKKENG;GAQ GAP? GAQ PABAUNG MANDIATA BAU GAP;PIEK;PEMBAUHAN SANGAMARA GAFFEL GAFFEL GAFF ADERICA ANJA VINI WINI WINI MAEAE SISI PEMBUBUTAN KABINTA ANJAH; BUBUTAN ANJA VAL KAHELA SINTAKANG BUBUKANG BUQBUKANG BUBUQKANG BUBUKANG, ANJA FALL HALLIARD BUBUTAN Java Sunda, MAN KON Java Madura BAJ ENG Madura MAK Sunda MAN KON MAK BUG ENG BIN.SIO KON TOM Laskari POR MAN MAK BUG MNL ENG MNL ENG Laskari MAN KON BUG INLTANJA PANGGIUNG TARNAL.TURNAL AMANT1LHO PENGGILING PELOANG PELOKANG PAMBAUNG MANDIA BOOM INLTANJA TARNALA TARNAAL VANG PELOKANG PEMBAWAN PAMBAHON BAUGANG BAU BAU PAMBAUANG LOLO;TUNTUNG LOLOQ LOLO STINGGI UTARAQ PAPURUQ PAPURU PAMURUNG PASATINGI; PAPPURUQ UTARABARRESEEL; BAHU PANGBAU;PEMBAWONBUG 39 CIA WAN TOM WAN Laskari SIO MAK TOM BIN MAN KON BONG MNL IND NDL DEU ENG Laskari CIA BIN BAJ MAN KON DEU SIO MAK BUG MNL IND NDL ENG BOMU TALI PENAHANBOM BUM BOMU BOMU BOMU BOMU PELOANG BONG BONG GIEK BONG;PENGGILING BOM BAUM BOOM MANTELA MANTE MANTE MANTE MANTE MANTE MANTEL MANTEL MANTELEQ PAMMANTING ? MANTELEQ MANTILBOOM DIRK, KRAANLIJN DIRK BOOM- MANDAR \__ Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 IC Nos.59&60Nov92/Mar93 Fig. 1Mapo f southernSulawesi; languagenamesincapita l letters Kabaena WMA^t&c_uCIA.QIA 40 SIOMPU -. C1ACIA Batu Atas CIA-CIA BINONGKO Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 IC Nos.59&60Nov92/Mar93 14. Sheet 13. Halliard 12. Backstays 11. Shrouds 10. BoomTopping- 9. vangs 8. Boom 7. Gaff 6. Mizzen 5. Mainsail 4. Topsail 3. Forestay/-sail 2. Jib 1. Jibstay Lift Fig. 2 Threetype s ofIndonesian rigs;drawings no t oscale IB) "Lambo' 41 .13 (a) Riggingofa -pinisi' 1 (c) 'Layartanja Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 Fig. 3Plankpatterns; schematicrepresentationsonly.Forfurthe detailsseetext IC Nos.59&60Nov92/Mar93 42 Downloaded By: [University of Leiden] At: 16:51 6 January 2008 IC Nos.59&60Nov92/Mar93 43 p*/*

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