External Shocks and Domestic Institutional Development: U.S. Homeland Defense Policies in Comparative-Historical Perspective Draft: Comments Welcome Fiona B. Adamson Assistant Professor of International Relations Director, Program in International Public Policy University College London 29-30 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9QU United Kingdom e-mail:
[email protected] Andrew D. Grossman Department of Political Science Albion College 611 East Porter Street Albion, MI 49224 e-mail:
[email protected] Paper prepared for delivery at the 47th Annual International Studies Association Convention, San Diego, CA, March 22-25, 2006. A previous version of this paper was presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1-4, 2005. The authors would like to thank Peter Andreas, Thomas Biersteker, Scott Greer, Ronald Krebs, Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos , and Aristide Zolberg for their comments on the earlier version. Introduction The attacks of September 11, 2001 are widely viewed as having ushered in a new era in American national security policy. Since the attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., the Bush administration has commenced a global war on terror, gone to war in Afghanistan and Iraq, put forward a new National Security Strategy which emphasizes pre-emption over deterrence, pushed through a major organizational restructuring of the federal government by creating the new Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and introduced new domestic security legislation in the form of the Patriot Act. Clearly, the past few years have seen major changes in how the United States conceives of its security environment and in its policy responses to that environment.