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Directors of Central Intelligence As Leaders of the U.S
All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in this book are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Central Intel- ligence Agency or any other US government entity, past or present. Nothing in the contents should be construed as asserting or implying US government endorsement of the authors’ factual statements and interpretations. The Center for the Study of Intelligence The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) was founded in 1974 in response to Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger’s desire to create within CIA an organization that could “think through the functions of intelligence and bring the best intellects available to bear on intelli- gence problems.” The Center, comprising professional historians and experienced practitioners, attempts to document lessons learned from past operations, explore the needs and expectations of intelligence consumers, and stimulate serious debate on current and future intelligence challenges. To support these activities, CSI publishes Studies in Intelligence and books and monographs addressing historical, operational, doctrinal, and theoretical aspects of the intelligence profession. It also administers the CIA Museum and maintains the Agency’s Historical Intelligence Collection. Comments and questions may be addressed to: Center for the Study of Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Printed copies of this book are available to requesters outside the US government from: Government Printing Office (GPO) Superintendent of Documents P.O. Box 391954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Phone: (202) 512-1800 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 1-929667-14-0 The covers: The portraits on the front and back covers are of the 19 directors of central intelligence, beginning with the first, RAdm. -
Allen Dulles: Reluctant Manager
All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in this book are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect official positions of the Central Intel- lig ence Agency or any other US government entity, past or present. Nothing in the contents should be construed as asserting or implying US government endorsement of the authors’ factual statements and interpretations. Th e Center for the Study of Intelligence The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) was founded in 1974 in response to Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger’s desire to create within CIA an organization that could “think through the functions of intelligence and bring the best intellects available to bear on intelli- gence problems.” The Center, comprising professional historians and experienced practitioners, attempts to document lessons learned from past operations, explore the needs and expectations of intelligence consumers, and stimulate serious debate on current and future intelligence challenges. To support these activities, CSI publishes Studies in Intelligence and books and monographs addressing historical, operational, doctrinal, and theoretical aspects of the intelligence profession. It also administers the CIA Museum and maintains the Agency’s Historical Intelligence Collection. Comments and questions may be addressed to: Center for the Study of Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Printed copies of this book are available to requesters outside the US government from: Government Printing Office (GPO) Superintendent of Documents P.O. Box 391954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 Phone: (202) 512-1800 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 1-929667-14-0 The covers: The portraits on the front and back covers are of the 19 directors of central intelligence, beginning with the first, RAdm. -
*1573 the Limits of National Security
Jamshidi, Maryam 8/15/2019 For Educational Use Only THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL SECURITY, 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1573 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1573 American Criminal Law Review Fall, 2011 Symposium: Moving Targets: Issues at the Intersection of National Security and American Criminal Law Article Laura K. Donohuea1 Copyright © 2012 by American Criminal Law Review; Laura K. Donohue *1573 THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL SECURITY I. INTRODUCTION 1574 II. DEFINING U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY 1577 III. THE FOUR EPOCHS 1587 A. Protecting the Union: 1776-1898 1589 1. International Independence and Economic Growth 1593 2. Retreat to Union 1611 3. Return to International Independence and Economic Growth 1617 a. Tension Between Expansion and Neutrality 1618 b. Increasing Number of Domestic Power-Bases 1623 B. Formative International Engagement and Domestic Power: 1898-1930 1630 1. Political, Economic, and Military Concerns 1630 a. Military Might 1637 b. Secondary Inquiry: From Rule of Law to Type of Law 1638 2. Tension Between the Epochs: Independence v. Engagement 1645 © 2019 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1 Jamshidi, Maryam 8/15/2019 For Educational Use Only THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL SECURITY, 48 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1573 3. Expanding National Spheres of Influence 1650 C. The Ascendance of National Security: 1930-1989 1657 1. A New Domestic Order 1658 a. Re-channeling of Law Enforcement to National Security 1661 b. The Threat of Totalitarianism 1665 c. The Purpose of the State 1666 2. Changing International Role: From Authoritarianism to Containment 1669 3. Institutional Questions and the National Security Act of 1947 1672 a. -
The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act
Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Pace Law Faculty Publications School of Law 1-1-2000 The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act Mark R. Shulman Pace Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, Law Commons, and the Public Affairs Commons Recommended Citation Shulman, Mark R., "The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act" (2000). Pace Law Faculty Publications. 223. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/223 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Progressive Era Origins of the National Security Act Mark R.Shulman* Perhaps it is a universal truth that the loss of liberty at home is to be charged to provisions against danger; real or pretended, from abroad. -James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 1798' I. Introduction to "National Security" The National Security Act of 1947* and its successors drew the blueprint of the Cold War domestic political order. This regime centralized control of the military services-the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and a newly separate Air Force-in a single executive branch department. It created a new professional organization to collect and analyze foreign intelligence, the Central Intelligence Agency. And at the center of this new national security apparatus, a National Security Council would eventually establish foreign policy by coordinating intelligence and directing military and para-military forces, as well as supervising a National Security Resources Board. -
Establishing a Framework for the Oversight of Major Defense Acquisition Programs - a Historical Analysis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AFTI Scholar (Air Force Institute of Technology) Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-2004 Establishing a Framework for the Oversight of Major Defense Acquisition Programs - A Historical Analysis Diane I. K. Kuderik Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons Recommended Citation Kuderik, Diane I. K., "Establishing a Framework for the Oversight of Major Defense Acquisition Programs - A Historical Analysis" (2004). Theses and Dissertations. 3967. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/3967 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR THE OVERSIGHT OF MAJOR DEFENSE ACQUISITION PROGRAMS – A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS THESIS Diane I. K. Kuderik, Captain, USAF AFIT/GCA/ENV/04M-04 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. AFIT/GCA/ENV/04M-04 ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR THE OVERSIGHT OF MAJOR DEFENSE ACQUISITION PROGRAMS – A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Systems and Engineering Management Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Cost Analysis Diane I. -
Birth of an Enigma: 1945–1949
1 Birth of an Enigma: 1945–1949 The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is America’s most enigmatic institu- tion. Its mission requires secrecy, and, as a consequence, it and its history are shrouded in mystery. The “Company,” nevertheless, is among America’s most well-known institutions, with its own YouTube site, Facebook page, and Twitter account. “CIA” is likewise among the world’s most recognizable acronyms, and millions of people around the globe and within the United States consider the agency both a primary instrument of and an appropriate metaphor for US foreign policy. The enigma of the CIA goes beyond its notoriety. Opinion poll after opin- ionpollintheUnitedStatesrevealthatitisamongAmerica’smostunpopu- lar, disrespected, and mistrusted institutions. “The agency’s a funny place,” reads a recent comment, by one of its own veterans no less. “It’s like mid- dle schoolers with clearances,” he explained. Politicians and officials of both parties, from the president on down, are fine with this description and repu- tation. Attributing a policy disaster, security lapse, or even a war to an intel- ligence failure is easier for the American public to understand than would be adeepdiveintothepolicymakingprocess,andofcoursethepolicymakers and legislators escape blame. Further, intelligence gaffes seem susceptible to quick fixes. The offending intelligence officers can readily be replaced, insti- tutional reforms can be enacted, more spies can be sent into the field and better satellites built, and analysts can be more rigorously trained. For most Americans, writesCOPYRIGHTED another CIA veteran, the Company MATERIAL is a “combination of hope chest, voodoo doll, and the portrait of Dorian Gray.”1 Still,despite,orinaperversesensebecauseof,theCIA’simageandrepu- tation, the Company is unequivocally a cultural icon. -
Explaining Variation in US Intelligence Reform by Louis P
Altering the Deal: Explaining Variation in U.S. Intelligence Reform by Louis P. Melancon B.A. in Political Science, May 1995, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign M.S. of Strategic Intelligence, July 2003, National Intelligence University M.A. in Defence Studies, December 2007, King’s College London A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 10, 2019 James H. Lebovic Professor of Political Science and International Affairs The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Louis P. Melancon has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of November 5, 2018. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Altering the Deal: Explaining Variation in U.S. Intelligence Reform Louis P. Melancon Dissertation Research Committee: James H. Lebovic, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Dissertation Director Steven J. Balla, Associate Professor of Political Science, Public Policy and Public Administration and International Affairs, Committee Member Eric Grynaviski, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2019 Louis P. Melancon. All rights reserved. iii Acknowledgments The author wishes to acknowledge a few groups of people: 1) His tireless and patient committee. They perservered through my stumbles to help me complete this. 2) My wife Heather and children Eloise and Teddy. They helped me remember that whoopee cushions are always funny. 3) My coaches and fencing sparing partners. They helped me forget the struggles of a dissertation through the struggles of a one-on-one fight with swords. -
Organizing for National Security
ORGANIZING FOR NATIONAL SECURITY Edited by Douglas T. Stuart November 2000 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications and Production Office by calling commercial (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://carlisle-www.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-039-7 ii CONTENTS Foreword ........................ v 1. Introduction Douglas T. Stuart ................. 1 2. Present at the Legislation: The 1947 National Security Act Douglas T. Stuart ................. 5 3. Ike and the Birth of the CINCs: The Continuity of Unity of Command David Jablonsky ............... -
Proposals for Intelligence Reorganization, 1949-2004
Order Code RL32500 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Proposals for Intelligence Reorganization, 1949-2004 Updated September 24, 2004 Richard A. Best, Jr. Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Proposals for Intelligence Reorganization, 1949-2004 Summary Proposals for the reorganization of the United States Intelligence Community have repeatedly emerged from commissions and committees created by either the executive or legislative branches. The heretofore limited authority of Directors of Central Intelligence and the great influence of the Departments of State and Defense have inhibited the emergence of major reorganization plans from within the Intelligence Community itself. Proposals to reorganize the Intelligence Community emerged in the period immediately following passage of the National Security Act of 1947 (P.L. 80-253) that established the position of Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Recommendations have ranged from adjustments in the DCI’s budgetary responsibilities to the actual dissolution of the CIA and returning its functions to other departments. The goals underlying such proposals have reflected trends in American foreign policy and the international environment as well as domestic concerns about governmental accountability. In the face of a hostile Soviet Union, early intelligence reorganization proposals were more concerned with questions of efficiency. In the Cold War context of the 1950s, a number of recommendations sought aggressively to enhance U.S. covert action and counterintelligence capabilities. The chairman of one committee charged with investigating the nation’s intelligence capabilities, Army General James H. Doolittle, argued that sacrificing America’s sense of “fair play” was wholly justified in the struggle to prevent Soviet world domination. -
A Model to Examine the Us Requirements and Priorities Process and Its Impact on the Outcome of National Security and Foreign Policy Events
REQUIREMENTS, PRIORITIES, AND MANDATES: A MODEL TO EXAMINE THE US REQUIREMENTS AND PRIORITIES PROCESS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE OUTCOME OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN POLICY EVENTS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Neveen Shaaban Abdalla Brunel Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies Brunel University January 2017 ABSTRACT Historically in the United States, after-action investigations have consistently accused the intelligence community of early warning in foreign policy and national security events. However, closer inspection shows that the intelligence community does provide timely and actionable estimates—when it is directed to do so. In some instances, the root cause of failure does not lie within the intelligence community. Rather, it is due to a malfunction in the Requirements and Priorities (R&P) process, a mechanism that integrates intelligence and policy communities. The R&P provides the “mandate” for the intelligence community— it delivers a ranking of intelligence priorities, and informs resource distribution, interagency cooperation, and operational authorisations for federal intelligence agencies. The R&P process has been highlighted consistently as a systemic weakness, has undergone numerous changes, and remains a source of tribulation. Yet it is rarely addressed, and absent from after-action investigations. The impact of the R&P becomes most visible when urgent, unexpected issues arise in low priority areas. These events force a “mandate shift” – a rapid escalation of the issue to a higher priority, commanding an immediate realignment of mandate-level functions. Faults in any component of the mechanism can delay or restrict critical actions, and often as manifest as errors of intelligence collection or analysis. -
Us Intelligence Community Reform Studies Since
E.- All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in this mono- graph are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect offi- cial positions or views of the Central Intelligence Agency or any other US Government entity, past or present. Nothing in the con- tents should be construed as asserting or implying US Government endorsement of the study's factual statements and interpretations. Dr. Michael Wamer of the Strategic Management Issues Office, ODDCVCM, and Dr. J. Kenneth McDonald, former CIA Chief Historian working under contract with the ODDCVCM, prepared this monograph. Dr. Warner conducted most of the research for it while serving with the CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence. It has been reviewed by the Central Intelligence Agency, which determined it holds no classified information. The authors wish to express their gratitude for the assistance of Douglas Garthoff, Richard Giza, Woodrow Kuhns, Mark Lowenthal, and Kevin Scheid, as well as the staff of CSI, which helped bring this monograph into its final form. The Strategic Management Issues Off ice champions transformational change in US intelligence to serve the changing national security needs of the US Government. The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) was founded in 1974 in response to Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger's desire to create within CIA an organization that could "think through the functions of intelligence and bring the best intellects available to bear on intelligence problems." The Center, comprising both professional historians and experienced practioners, attempts to document lessons learned from past operations, explore the needs and expectations of intelligenceconsumers, and stimulate serious debate on current and future intelligence challenges. -
2006 ISA Paper Final
External Shocks and Domestic Institutional Development: U.S. Homeland Defense Policies in Comparative-Historical Perspective Draft: Comments Welcome Fiona B. Adamson Assistant Professor of International Relations Director, Program in International Public Policy University College London 29-30 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9QU United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] Andrew D. Grossman Department of Political Science Albion College 611 East Porter Street Albion, MI 49224 e-mail: [email protected] Paper prepared for delivery at the 47th Annual International Studies Association Convention, San Diego, CA, March 22-25, 2006. A previous version of this paper was presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1-4, 2005. The authors would like to thank Peter Andreas, Thomas Biersteker, Scott Greer, Ronald Krebs, Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos , and Aristide Zolberg for their comments on the earlier version. Introduction The attacks of September 11, 2001 are widely viewed as having ushered in a new era in American national security policy. Since the attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., the Bush administration has commenced a global war on terror, gone to war in Afghanistan and Iraq, put forward a new National Security Strategy which emphasizes pre-emption over deterrence, pushed through a major organizational restructuring of the federal government by creating the new Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and introduced new domestic security legislation in the form of the Patriot Act. Clearly, the past few years have seen major changes in how the United States conceives of its security environment and in its policy responses to that environment.