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Gheraert Van Viane

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Gheraert Van Viane Gheraert van Viane Irene Spijker Nu hort wat seide Aymerijn Tote sinen oem Gheraert: “Hier nu menech sere vervaert. Qualike ghedinct ons das, Dat onse gheslachte oint was Seere gheducht ende ontsien! Mi dinke, hier soude menech vlien Gherne, wisti waerwaert. Bi mire wet, lieve oem Gheraert, Ic segghe wat mi dinket goet Ende wat ic rade dat men doet: Dat wi alle sterven, Eer wi ons laten ontherven, No oec den coninc comen te ghenaden, Up aventure of hijt dade. Wine moghen niet verdinghen In ghere wijs, no daertoe bringhen Dat wijs bliven in die ere, Hen si dat hem elc kere Ter were ende bliven doet Of wreken onsen wederstoet. Het gaet met ons al uten spele: Wine ebben spisen binnen niet vele. Die wile dat wi ebben onse macht, Eer ons die hongher neemt de cracht Ende ons hier binnen verqueelt, Ic rade wel dat elc speelt ‘Al ghewonnen of verloren’. 23.1 64 Irene Spijker Jane weten wi wel tevoren Wi moeten alle sterven Ende ons lives derven, Alst God ghebiet, onse Heere? Niemen vervarem te sere Dor hare ghesciet, dor hare cracht. Jane heeft God die meeste macht, Die ons wel mach beraden Dor sine doecht ende staen in staden? Trecht es onse ende tonrecht hare. Ic was ghetrocken biden hare Jammerlike ende sere teblouwen. Dies clagic Gode ende onser Vrouwen Ende u, oem, ende minen maghen Dieghene die mi achterdraghen Ende mi niet helpen wreken Die grote slaghe, die sware steken Die ic in sconincs hof ontfinc Van harde meneghen jonghelinc. God ghevem lachter ende toren! Ic hadde nalijc mijn lijf verloren.” (7-55)1 Now listen to what Aymerijn said to his uncle Gheraert: “At present many people here are very frightened. We are hardly aware of the fact that our family used to be feared and respected once! It seems to me that many would like to flee, if they but knew where to go. I swear to you, dear uncle Gheraert, I will tell you what I think is right and what one ought to do: it is better for us all to die than to 1 This text is based on the manuscript. See pp. 153-58 of Kalff, Middel- nederlandsche epische fragmenten. For a translation in modern French, see Emden, “Les Girart et leur(s) femme(s).” Olifant Gheraert van Viane 65 be robbed of our land or to beg the king for mercy, given that we do not know whether he would grant us mercy. In no way will we be able to reach an agreement or manage to preserve our honour unless everybody takes up arms and dies or avenges our adversity. Our situation is appalling: there is not much food in the city. I urge everyone to fight to the death, if necessary, as long as we still have our physical power, before it is wasted away by hunger. We know only too well that we all have to die and lose our lives if that is what God, our Lord, wants. Nobody needs to be overly frightened, in spite of their shooting, in spite of their great number. Is it not the case that God has the greatest power and in his mercy will assist us and come to our rescue? We are within our rights; they are the guilty party. My hair was pulled in a pitiful way, and I was vigorously beaten. Therefore, I complain to God and our Lady and you, my uncle, and my relatives about those who abandon me and do not help me to avenge the beatings and punches many young men at court have given me. God bring shame and grief upon them! I nearly lost my life.2 The lines quoted above are taken from one of the two short fragments that have been preserved from the Middle Dutch Gheraert van Viane. It is not certain what preceded this passage in the Middle Dutch text. Possibly it corresponded to what Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube tells us in Girart de Vienne, his chanson de geste:3 One day the four sons of Garin de Monglane go out into the world. The two youngest, Renier and Girart, take 2 All translations from the Middle Dutch are the author’s. 3 See Wolfgang van Emden’s edition of Bertrand. 23.1 66 Irene Spijker service with Charlemagne. When in time Renier demands a fief as reward for his services, Charlemagne gives him Genvres;4 Girart remains at court. Then a messenger suddenly informs Charlemagne that the Duke of Burgundy has died. The king promises Girart the duchess’s hand in marriage and her land. However, no sooner has he told the widow that he intends the splendid Girart for her than it occurs to him that she is very beautiful, and he reconsiders his decision. He asks her to marry him. The duchess prefers the young knight for a husband and asks Girart straight out to marry her. A woman who proposes to a man! Girart finds this so unbecoming that he rejects her. Deeply insulted the woman marries Charlemagne. Girart receives the city of Vienne by way of compensation. In order to show his gratitude, Girart wants to kiss the king’s foot. Charlemagne is already in bed with his wife beside him. Then the scorned woman sees an opportunity to avenge herself: she offers Girart her foot, and he unknowingly kisses it instead of the king’s foot. Hereafter he leaves for Vienne. Later, Aimeri, son of Girart’s brother Hernaut de Beaulande, visits the royal court. Confronted with the nephew of the man who has rejected her, the queen avenges herself a second time: in public (but in the absence of Charlemagne) she cleverly narrates how Girart scorned her at the time and how she got her own back on him. Aimeri is seething and would certainly have killed her were it not for the knights who throw him out of the 4 Genvres probably refers to Geneva. See Bertrand, Girart de Vienne, pp. 354-55. Olifant Gheraert van Viane 67 hall. In great haste he rides to Vienne, where he informs Girart about what has happened. A war between Girart and Charlemagne follows. The king lays siege to Vienne. Girart is helped by his brothers Hernaut, Milon, and Renier. They all take an army to Vienne. Renier also brings his son and daughter, Olivier and Aude, and of course Aimeri joins in. The war lasts for years on end. In the first of the two preserved Middle Dutch fragments, of which more than half is quoted above, we read about a meeting that takes place one day in Vienne. Aymerijn argues passionately that a fight to the death is the only honourable way open to them. His uncle Gheraert agrees with him. Then Olivier gets up to speak. The fragment ends just before he has been able to give his opinion. It is clear from the second fragment that Olivier must have argued in favour of negotiation. In this fragment he appears as a messenger before Charlemagne, in the camp of the Franks. The king would have liked to kill him immediately; Olivier is only given the opportunity to say something because of the Duke of Bavaria. He points out to the king that on seeing Aymerijn the members of his family will continue to remember the shame that the queen has brought upon them. Moreover, how to interpret the fact that she let Gheraert kiss her foot? No wonder the family is seeking revenge! We can only guess at the message Olivier intends to deliver in the name of his uncle and at the continuation of the story: the fragment breaks off just when he is about to deliver his message. We may assume that the famous duel between Olivier and Roland that follows from Olivier’s mission in Bertrand’s chanson and that is so penetratingly described there also appeared in the Middle Dutch Gheraert van Viane. The Roman der Lorreinen, the Middle Dutch story about the Loherains, refers to it.5 5 See lines 3789-99 in Overdiep, Een fragment van den Roman der Lor- reinen. J.B. van der Have was kind enough to establish for me that this ref- 23.1 68 Irene Spijker Details The 192 lines of the Middle Dutch Gheraert van Viane were written on two parchment bifolia that are preserved in the Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin (Ms.germ.fol. 751/2). These double leaves originally belonged to the same quire. Assuming that the latter was a quaternion, the preserved bifolia were probably the exterior ones: their text consists of two noncontiguous parts, and the two inner bifolia will have contained the missing intervening text. The leaves seem to come from a modest manuscript: its size is small; apparently no high demands were made of the parchment; and there are no decorations of any kind. The text is otherwise clearly legible. We are dealing with a representative of the group of manuscripts that have been called minstrel manuscripts.6 The date of the manuscript is approximately 1320.7 Judging from the content of the preserved fragments and the traditional verse technique, the text may originate from the thirteenth century. The poet may have been from the County of Flanders or even from the County of Holland.8 The language of the preserved fragments is West Middle Dutch with Flemish characteristics. It is tempting to assume a relation between the Middle Dutch Gheraert van Viane and East Flanders. It is likely that in this text Viane (a toponym that appears in lines 117, 126, and 139) refers to Vienne, the erence does not appear in Garin le Loherain or Gerbert de Mez, the Old French texts that the Middle Dutch poet used as sources.
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