Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49527-1 — the Constitutional Origins of the American Civil War Michael F

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49527-1 — The Constitutional Origins of the American Civil War Michael F. Conlin Index More Information

Index

abolition amendment, See antislavery Liberty Party, xlix, 12, 148–151 amendment Republican Party, xxii, 8, 15, 65, 122, Adams, John, See Founders 150, 153, 193 Adams, John Quincy, See antislavery antislavery third-party candidates, 150 presidents Birney, James G., 12, 66, 68–69, amend the Constitution, 211, 218 110–111, 148–150 antebellum Americans’ reluctance to, 161, Frémont, John C., 109, 151, 195, 231 177, 216–217 appointments clause, xliii, 151 nearly impossible to do so, 154, 165, 178, Articles of Confederation, 6, 22, 59, 88, 216, 218, 220–223, 235 201, 224 reserved “rights” or powers of the states, Atlantic slave trade, 49–51 202 banned, xv, 82–83 amendment clause, xliii, 109, 157, 204, 219 compromised by the Founders, 178 Article V convention, 154 deﬁance of ban of, 41–43, 54–59, 78–81 Anti-Federalists, 154, 211 revival of, 51–54 antislavery amendment, xvii–xviii, 85, 109–114, 233 Bibb, Henry, See fugitive slaves difﬁculty of passing, 104, 235 Bill of Rights, 4, 17, 34, 36, 204, 226 Northern hopes of an, 133, 156 violated by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, Southern fears of an, 122, 210, 221 60 anti-slavery legislation, 85, 104, 153 violated by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, California Statehood Act, 191 64, 67 District of Columbia Slave Trade Act, 191 Birney, James, G., See antislavery third- Force Bill, 191–192, 206 party candidates New Mexico Territorial Act/Texas broad construction, See constitutional Boundary Act, 162, 191 interpretation Southern fears of, 210, 221 Brown, William Wells, See fugitive slaves Wilmot Proviso, 2, 29, 165, 176 Buchanan, James, 81 antislavery presidents, 33 actions in the secession crisis, 185–186, Adams, John, 120, 141, 194, 205 222–223 Adams, John Quincy, 131, 141, 194 doughface, as a, 53, 122, 140, 142–143, antislavery third parties, 150 145–146, 163, 194–195 Free Soil Party, xlvii, 93, 148, 150–151, 193 Burleigh, Charles C., 19, 48, 95–98

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49527-1 — The Constitutional Origins of the American Civil War Michael F. Conlin Index More Information

286 Index

Burns, Anthony, See fugitive slaves Corwin Compromise, See proslavery Burritt, Elihu, 111 amendments Butler, Pierce, See Founders Crittenden Compromise, See proslavery amendments Calhoun, John C., 107–108, 117, 141, Curtis, Benjamin R., See Supreme Court 152–153, 157, 162, 206 justices Campbell, John A., See Supreme Court justices Dallas, George M., Cass, Lewis, See doughfaces doughface, as a, 3, 114, 145–146, census, xxix, 104, 119, 129, 131 155–156, 163, 168, 181, 235 Clay, Henry, 62, 126, 149–150, 158–159, statesman, as a, 6, 9, 228 175, 206 Declaration of Independence, 1–3, 46, 49 coercion, 213–214, 217, 221–223 Democratic Party, xxii, 8, 15, 27, 86, 104, comity clause, See privileges and immunities 138, 141–143, 146, 149 clause Democratic-Republican Party, 15, 46, 86, compact theory, See Constitution 141, 148, 158 Compromise of 1833, See sectional District of Columbia, 87 compromises abolition of slavery in, 62, 125–128, 218 Compromise of 1850, See sectional domestic slave trade in, 124–127, 191 compromises slavery in, xvii Confederate Constitution, 232–233 symbolic importance of, 124–125 Constitution domestic slave trade, xxiv, 43, 46, 54, 126, absence of “slaves,”“slavery,” and 159, 188, 191, 221 “slaveholders” in the text of, xxi, 20–26 domestic violence clause, xviii, xlv, 18 antislavery document, as an, 12, 18–24, doughfaces, xlv, 137–140, 213, 226 30, 235 balance for presidential tickets and compact theory of, xliv, 84, 200–205, cabinets, as, 142–143, 146 207–209 Cass, Lewis, 63, 105, 142–143, 145, 150, compromise, as a, 13, 17–18, 134, 157 177–182 Douglas, Stephen A., xxvi, 146, 157, 159, countermajoritarianism of, 84–85, 90, 164–165 99, 108, 122, 132, 152–153, 190 embodiment of the spirit of compromise, permanent frame of government or as the, 138–139, 178 charter, as a, 200–206 Everett, Edward, 30, 64, 80, 116, 166, preamble of the, 4, 16–17, 36, 157, 167, 171 201, 204 Fillmore, Millard, 32, 140, 142, 147 proslavery document, as a, 19, 24, 33 Harrison, William Henry, 143, 148 sectional conﬂict, aggravated by, xv–xxiii lackeys of the slave power, as the, 139, unwritten rules of, 141, 145–146, 152 200 veneration of, 2–11, 120, 156, 224–225 Pierce, Franklin, 30, 77, 140, 143, 145, constitutional interpretation, xx, xxiii, 163, 185 26–32, 187 Toucey, Isaac, 176 broad construction, xliv, 27–29, 31, 200 traitors, as, 176–177 difﬁculty of, 228–229 Van Buren, Martin, 140–141, 143, 150 living Constitution, xlix, 31, 134, 139, 236 votes against antislavery legislation, cast, originalism, lii 153, 176 original intent, xx, li, 65, 127, 166, 199, votes for proslavery legislation, cast, 210–211 154 strict construction, lv, 27–30, 32, 46, 200, Douglas, Stephen A., See doughfaces 208 Douglass, Frederick, 16, 24, 73, 120 textualism, xx, lv, 29, 32, 181, 217 Dred Scott case, See Scott v. Sandford

Index 287

due process clause, xlv Hamilton, Alexander, xix, 208, 212, 225 slavery protected by, 17, 157, 169 Jay, John, xix, 13, 208, 212, 225 slavery prohibited by, 17, 30 Livingston, Robert R., 13 Duverger’s Law, 141 Morris, Gouverneur, 89, 225 Patterson, William, 88 Eighth Amendment, 36 Pinckney, Charles C., 42, 60, 89 Election of 1800, See presidential elections pro-slavery intent of, 14 Election of 1844, See presidential elections secession rejected by, 208, 211–212 Election of 1856, See presidential elections Sherman, Roger, 42 Election of 1860, See presidential elections veneration of, 11–15 Electoral College Wilson, James, 43, 88–89 countermajoritarian effect of the, 194, Founders’ Constitution, xv, 187, 225–229, 199 235–236 Northern majority underrepresented in, 85 antislavery essence of, 20, 65–66, 166, Southern minority overrepresented in, 172, 199, 216–217 xxi, 87, 104, 226 compromise, as a, 64, 151, 181 South’s declining influence in the, 104, dysfunction of, 155, 158, 183–186, 194, 122, 178, 187, 190 220–222 states represented in the, 204 proslavery practice of, xxvii, 19, 63, 72, three-fifths clause, effected by, 19, 82, 97, 141, 169–170, 172–173, 194 120–121 secession permitted by, 208–209 Eleventh Amendment, 120 transcendence of, 132, 135, 146, 155 elite Americans, xxvi, xxix Fourteenth Amendment, 236 Emancipation Proclamation, 235 Framers, See Founders establishment clause, See First Amendment Franklin, Benjamin, See Founders excepting clause, xlvi Free Soil Party, See antislavery third parties Everett, Edward, See doughfaces Frémont, John C., See antislavery third- party candidates faithful execution clause, xlvi, 151, 194 Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 60–61, 67, 69 federal district clause, xviii, xlvi, 36, 124, Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 3, 61–67, 78–81, 127–128 159, 191 Federalist Party, 15, 27, 43, 120, 141, 148, civil liberties violated by, 68 158, 205 enforcement of, 74–76, 125, 139, 167, Fifteenth Amendment, 236 175 Fifth Amendment, 17, 30, 34, 131, 146, higher-law resistance to, 72–74, 137, 180 157, 169, 190, 226 personal liberty laws obstructed, 68–71 Fillmore, Millard, See doughfaces states’ rights or powers violated by, 69 First Amendment, 8, 10, 17, 34, 36, 131 fugitive slave clause, xlvii, 59–61, 77–78, first political party system, 141 87, 94 first-past-the-post voting system, See compromise, as a, 17–18, 31, 63–65, 98, winner-takes-all voting system 179, 191 flight-from-justice clause, See interstate obfuscation of slavery by, 22 rendition clause proslavery provision, as a, xviii, 3, 18, 30, Force Bill, See antislavery legislation 40, 82, 156, 226 Founders violations of by abolitionists, 55, 66–67, anti-slavery actions of, 25, 47 71, 81, 175 anti-slavery intent of, xvi, 12–13, 199 fugitive slaves, xxi, 59 Butler, Pierce, 60, 88, 112 Bibb, Henry, 30, 66 Franklin, Benjamin, xix, 13, 225 Brown, William Wells, 92, 125 efforts to compromise the issue of slavery, Burns, Anthony, 3, 72–74, 77, 175 xv, 225–226 Jacobs, Harriet, 65

288 Index

fugitive slaves (cont.) Lecompton Constitution, See proslavery McHenry, Jerry, 73 legislation rescues of, 76, 79–81, 168 Lee, Robert E., xvi, 221 rendition of, xvi, 218 Liberty Party, See antislavery third parties Sims, Thomas, 65, 68, 72, 74 Lincoln, Abraham threat to the slave system, as a, 75–76 demonstration of Northern majority’s power, as a, 230 gag rule, 129–131 ﬁrst openly anti-slavery president, as the, Garrison, William Lloyd, xvii, 3, 18–19, 73, xxii, xxxii, 110, 117, 122, 153, 179, 200 195–200 Great Compromise, See sectional lawyer trained by reading the law, as a, compromises xxvi guarantee clause, xviii, xlvii, 3, 34–36, 204 president-elect during the secession crisis, as, xx, 181, 186 habeas corpus, 66, 69–71, 235 unconstitutional actions of, 234 Hamilton, Alexander, See Founders living Constitution, See constitutional Harrison, William Henry, See doughfaces interpretation Hartford Convention, 90, 208 Livingston, Robert R., See Founders loose construction, See broad construction Indian Removal Act, See proslavery legislation Madison, James, 15–16 international slave trade, See Atlantic slave antislavery Founder, as an, 20, 199, 208, trade 211–212 international slave trade clause, xlvii, 52, Father of the Constitution, as the, 61, 151 55, 81, 87, 94 Federalist #42, 45 antislavery provision, as an, 43–48 Federalist #54, 24 compromise, as a, 44–45 proslavery Founder, as a, xix, 13, 127, obfuscation of slavery by, 22 166 proslavery provision, as a, xviii, 3, 17–18, slaveholding president, as a, 194 40–43, 48–49, 82, 226 Virginia Resolutions, 205, 207 interstate rendition clause, xlviii, 60 Marshall, John, See Supreme Court justices McHenry, Jerry, See fugitive slaves Jackson, Andrew, See slaveholding meetings of Congress clause, xlix, 183, 222 presidents middle passage, See Atlantic slave trade Jacobs, Harriet, See fugitive slaves military installations clause, xviii, xxii, l, Jay, John, See Founders 128 Jay, William, 91, 97, 143 Trojan Horse for abolition in the states, Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 11, 27, 100, 137, 141, 191, 218, 220–221 225 militia clause, xviii, l, 3, 18, 20 antislavery Founder, as an, 15, 20, Missouri Compromise, l, 2, 158–159, 191 46, 49 de facto amendment as a, 58, 157, 161, Kentucky Resolutions, 205, 207 177 proslavery Founder, as a, 166 parity in the Senate codiﬁed by, 105, slaveholding president, as a, 120–121, 107 194 passed by doughfaces, 137, 139, 154 judicial power clause, xlviii, 168 Supreme Court, rejected by the, 169, 172 judicial review, See Supreme Court repeal of, 140, 145–146, 162, 164–168, judicial vesting clause, xlviii 217 Monroe, James, See slaveholding presidents Kansas-Nebraska Act, See proslavery Montgomery Convention, 232–233 legislation Morris, Gouverneur, See Founders

Index 289

Northern majority, 83–84, 147, 189–193, balancing the ticket in, 140–141, 148 218, 220, 235 Election of 1800, 120–121 “tyranny” of the, 85, 105, 108, 122, Election of 1840, 148 129–132, 153, 196–199, 202, 217 Election of 1844, 149 consolidated central government, as a, Election of 1848, 156 230–231 Election of 1856, 188, 195 Northwest Ordinance, 59 Election of 1860, 122, 196 nullification, See reserved “rights” or presidential oath of office clause, lii, 215 powers of the states presidential veto, 195 Nullification Crisis, 143, 159, 205–206, presidential vote clause, lii, 183, 222 215, 221 Prigg v. Pennsylvania, See Supreme Court privileges and immunities clause, xviii–xix, ordinary Americans, liii, 36 content with the Constitution, 155–156 property clause, See territory clause defended the Constitution by force of proslavery amendment, xviii, 114, 132, 152, arms, 234 156, 216, 230 interpretation of the Constitution by, xx, Crittenden Compromise, 115, 217–219 xxiv–xxx, xxxvii, 8, 37, 197–198, 229 Corwin Amendment, 115, 217–219 knowledge of the Constitution, by, Washington Peace Conference, proposal 35–37, 98, 146, 211 of, 217–219 originalism, See constitutional proslavery legislation, interpretation de facto amendments, as, 162–163 original intent, See constitutional doughfaces helped to pass, 162, 166 interpretation Indian Removal Act, 139, 162, 191 Kansas-Nebraska Act, xlix, 65, 90–91, parity in the Senate, xxi–xxii, lii, 76, 140, 146, 162–167, 191 105–109, 124, 129, 210 Lecompton Constitution, 191 antislavery amendment blocked by, 104, Missouri Statehood Act, 161 109, 112, 120 Texas Annexation Resolution, 162 Compromise of 1850 ended by, 107, 120, Utah Territorial Act, 161 158 proslavery presidents, See slaveholding efforts to restore, 139, 142, 149, 153, presidents 158–159, 161, 230 protective tariff, See tariff effect on the Electoral College, 120–122 Missouri Compromise, codified by, 107, ratification clause, liii, 204 158 religious test clause, liii, 152 South’s loss of, 117, 132, 163–168 Republican Party, See antislavery third Northern majority checked by, 85, 218 parties western expansion of slavery made reserved “rights” or powers of the states, liii, important by, xxiv, 104–105, 178 69 Patterson, William, See Founders amendment of the Constitution, 202 personal liberty laws, 61–62, 69–72 nullification, li, 7, 15, 32, 70, 159, 192, Phillips, Wendell, 19 201–202, 205–207, 216 Pierce, Franklin, See doughfaces ratification of the Constitution, 202 Pinckney, Charles C., See Founders slavery, 227 Polk, James K., See slaveholding presidents rules and expulsion clause, liv, 184 popular constitutionalism, xxiv–xxvii preamble, See Constitution Scott v. Sandford, See Supreme Court presidential elections secession, xxi, liv, 119, 201–202, 205–217, alternating Northern and Southern 221 candidates in, 145–146 abolition of slavery, hastened by, 235

290 Index

secession (cont.) slave power, liv, 217 extra-constitutional resort, as an, 33, 77, Constitution perverted by, 23, 68, 179, 132, 232 200 Northern states by the, 110, 114 doughfaces beholden to, 53, 139, 149 reserved “right” or power of the states, federal government controlled by, 85, 90, xxii, 17, 130, 159, 192 94, 104, 121, 137 Southern states’ threats of, 46, 58, 63, 74, Supreme Court as a tool of, 170–171 125, 127, 158 “slave representation,” See slave bonus threat to the Constitution, as a, 129, 175, slave trade clause, See international slave 223 trade clause unconstitutional action, as an, 7, 15, 201 slavery, secession crisis, xvi, xx, 95, 128, 132, 144, republican institution, as a, 35, 136, 138, 201, 208, 215, 217, 220–223 174 Second Amendment, 36 reserved “right” or power of the states, as second political party system, 130, 141 a, xix, 31, 83, 118, 157, 194, 226 sectional compromises, 177–182 western expansion of, xvii, xxii, 62, 105, Compromise of 1833, xliv, 58, 159, 180, 178 205–206 Southern minority, xxii, 83–84, 99, 122, Compromise of 1850, xliv, 58, 63, 130, 147, 226, 235 125–127, 158 alternating presidents protected, 153 de facto amendments, as, 154–157, Southern fears about, 104–105, 108, 161–162 187–188, 196 Great Compromise, 58, 89, 158 need for protection of, 178, 194, sectional equilibrium, See parity in the 216–218, 220, 230 Senate speaker of the House clause, lv, 184 sectional parties, See antislavery third speakership crises, 129–130, 183–184 parties spirit of 1787, See spirit of compromise sectional president, See antislavery spirit of compromise, 131, 134–137 presidents alternating presidential candidates, 151 Senate, doughfaces voting for proslavery equal representation of the states in, legislation, 138, 140, 178 xxi–xxii, 82–87, 90, 105, 187, 190, sectional compromises, 146, 154, 226 167–168, 177–182 appointment to, reserved right or power Spooner, Lysander, 20 of the states, 204 state treaties clause, lv, 212 Seventeenth Amendment, 121 states’ rights, See reserved “rights” or Seventh Amendment, 67 powers of the states Seward, William H., 68, 72, 74, 113 Story, Joseph, See Supreme Court justices Sherman, Roger, See Founders strict construction, See constitutional Sims, Thomas, See fugitive slaves interpretation Sixth Amendment, 17, 67 superstatutes, 154 slave bonus, See three-ﬁfths clause supremacy clause, lv, 201, 204 slave drain, 76, 115–119 Supreme Court, 34, 104, 188 slaveholding presidents, 86, 145, 148, 151, ﬁnal arbiter of constitutional questions, as 188, 194, 200 the, 168, 170, 174, 201 Jackson, Andrew, 141, 143, 185, 191, judicial review by, xlviii, 171, 194, 194, 206, 214 205 Monroe, James, 158, 165, 194 loss of credibility of, 170–172, 186 Polk, James K., 3, 142, 149, 162 Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 61, 230 Taylor, Zachary, 142, 148, 150–151 proslavery majority on, 86, 219 Tyler, John, 141, 148, 162, 228, 230 Scott v. Sandford, 168–174, 186

Index 291

Supreme Court justices, xxxvii, 37, 90, 168, effect on the House of Representatives, 186–187 95, 104, 109 Campbell, John A., 52, 58 key to Southern dominance, as the, Curtis, Benjamin R., xxvi, 172, 207 93–94 Marshall, John, 173 part of trio of proslavery constitutional Story, Joseph, xxix–xxx, 61, 102–103, provisions, xviii, 3, 17, 59 201–202 proslavery provision, as a, 24, 30, 67, Taney, Roger B., 169–173, 188, 190 232 slave bonus, awarded by, 87, 90 take care clause, See faithful execution Southern praise of, 101–102 clause treason, 173–177 Taney Roger B., See Supreme Court justices treason clause, lvii, 173–174 tariffs, 71, 157, 159, 178, 180, 191, 205 treaty clause, lvi, 29, 162 Tariff of 1828, 71, 159, 191, 206 Twelfth Amendment, xxii, 120, 141 Tariff of 1832, 71, 159, 191, 206 two-party political system, 141, 148–150, Tariff of 1833, 135, 161, 206 226 Tariff of 1842, 180 Tyler, John, See slaveholding presidents Tariff of 1846, 146 taxing and spending clause, lv, 157 Upshur, Abel P., 202 Taylor, Zachary, See slaveholding presidents Tenth Amendment, lvi Van Buren, Martin, See doughfaces reserved “rights” or powers of the states, veto, See presidential veto in, xxii, 17, 204, 208 vice president, 140–141, 145, 147, 151 slavery protected by, xix, 23, 190, 226 Virginia Dynasty, 145, 195 territory clause, xxii, lvi, 29, 98, 157 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 103 Texas annexation, 29, 149–150, 162–163, 228 Washington D.C., See District of Columbia textualism, See constitutional interpretation Washington, George, 2, 143 third parties, See antislavery third parties antislavery Founder, as an, 16, 199 Thirteenth Amendment, xxiii, 23, 103, 235 monument to, 35 three-ﬁfths clause, lvi, 22, 82–86, 121 slaveholding president, as a, 60, 85, 141, anti-slavery incentive, as a, 95–98 194 boost to the Southern minority, as a, 87, Washington Peace Conference, See 90, 129–130, 187, 226 proslavery amendments check on the Northern majority, as a, Whig Party, xlv, 8, 15, 65, 141, 143, xxii, 85–86 149–150 compromise, as a, 88–90, 98–100, Wilmot Proviso, See antislavery legislation 102–103, 112 Wilson, James, See Founders effect on the Electoral College, 120–122, winner-takes-all voting system, 141, 178, 199, 230 226