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Any Other Immoral Purpose: the Mann Act, Policing Women, and the American State, 1900 – 1941

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Any Other Immoral Purpose: the Mann Act, Policing Women, and the American State, 1900 – 1941 Any Other Immoral Purpose: The Mann Act, Policing Women, and the American State, 1900 – 1941 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jessica Rae Pliley, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Susan M. Hartmann, Advisor Paula Baker Kevin Boyle Copyright by Jessica Rae Pliley 2010 Abstract This study explores the White Slave Traffic Act of 1910, commonly known as the Mann Act, a federal law that outlawed taking woman or girl over state lines for the purposes of prostitution, debauchery, or “any other immoral purpose.” It traces the international origins of the anti‐white slavery movement; looks at the anti‐ slavery origins and rhetoric of the anti‐white slavery movement; and contextualizes the American anti‐white slavery movement in a broader context of American colonial and racial politics. It then examines the Immigration Bureau’s experiments and investigations into white slavery, conceived by the bureau as foreign prostitution, to show how the Immigration Bureau agitated for greater border controls throughout the United States. At the center of this dissertation is the Bureau of Investigation’s enforcement of the White Slave Trafficking Act. Throughout the 1910s bureau agents struggled with how to enforce the statute: was it a law intended to protect young women from nonwhite men or police young women who in the changing sexual culture were increasingly experimenting with sexuality? In the course of the decade, the bureau experimented with ways to expand its reach while trying to contain prostitutes by tracking prostitutes who crossed state lines. When in 1917 the Supreme Court granted a broad reading to the Mann Act, upholding the “any other immoral purpose” clause of the law to cover cases of interstate romantic trysts, the bureau ii expanded the types of cases it pursued. With the U.S.’s entry into the World War, promiscuity posed a threat to the health and American soldiers who suffered from high rates of venereal disease. As a result, wartime America saw a criminalization of promiscuity that encouraged the harsh policing of young women under the martial rationale of protecting America’s fighting force. Cases during the interwar period show the way the bureau upheld male patriarchal and white racial privileges in cases that dealt with both interpersonal crises and commercial prostitution. The bureau used the Mann Act to bring police pressure on interracial couples. By policing the mobility of women and male respectability the federal government establish a paternalistic model of federal policing. Additionally, as J. Edgar Hoover sought to increase the visibility of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (and the agency’s appropriations) in the 1930s, he launched a series of high publicity investigation into New York City’s Vice Queens and Lords. These investigations and the subsequent trials resuscitated white slavery narratives of an early era as part of the sensational media coverage. Hoover encouraged this type of coverage because it positioned the bureau as the protector of American family values against those who would profit off of misery, economic devastation, and sexual deviancy. This study joins the many others that point to the gendered nature of the American state and the importance of gendered habits of mind to the growth of the American state. iii Dedication The thesis is dedicated to Linda Aldous, whose stalwart belief in the equal rights of all informed every aspect of her life, from her work ushering others into this world to her compassionate embrace of life. Rest in Peace, 1957 – 2010. iv Acknowledgements I owe a wealth of thanks to the individuals and organizations that helped to support me as I researched and wrote this dissertation. First and foremost, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Susan M. Hartmann who graciously guided me through the rigors of graduate school, helped me navigate the treacherous waters of the English language, and supported this project from its beginnings. I am deeply grateful to have had the opportunity to work with such a charitable and professional adviser. Research for this dissertation was made possible by several funding sources at the Ohio State University: The Genevieve Brown Gist Dissertation Research Award in Women’s History and a College of Humanities Summer Research Award from the Department of History; a Coca‐Cola Critical Difference for Women Grant for Research on Women, Gender, and Gender Equity from the Department of Women’s Studies; and a Graduate Research Small Grant from the College of Humanities. Additional research support was provided by the Clarke Chambers Travel Fellowship from the Social Welfare History Archives at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St.Paul, and the P.E.O. Scholar Award from the International Chapter of the P.E.O. Sisterhood. This project benefited from the intellectual support offered by the participants of the 2008 Harvard Graduate Student Conference on International v History that focused on the theme of gender in international history. Finally, the writing of this dissertation was greatly facilitated by the Presidential Fellowship by the Ohio State University. I have benefited from the generosity of the faculty and graduate students at the Ohio State University throughout my tenure there. I am particularly grateful for the community of women’s and gender historians who are always willing to read my work. Thank you so much to: Paula Baker, Kevin Boyle, John Burnham, Donna J. Guy, Marilyn E. Hegarty, Birgitte Soland, Judy Tzu‐Chun Wu, Meredith Clark‐Wiltz, Lindsey Patterson, and Nicole Jackson. I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the important role several archivists had in shaping this dissertation. Teresa Doherty at London’s Women’s Library and Bernhardine E. Pejovic at the League of Nations Archive were particularly helpful. David Klassen at the Social Welfare History Archives spread good cheer. Stephen Underhill at the National Archives opened the vaults to numerous early Federal Bureau of Investigation records for me while sharing exciting tidbits of his own research. Many friends have opened their homes to me in the course of my research. I am grateful to the generous couches and good humor of David Correll and Sarah Ferretti in New York City, Megan Backer and Johannes Koch in London, and Philip Sterz in Geneva. Audra R. Jennings has been with me every step of this journey, vi offering her wisdom, appreciation for the process of history writing, and her love of student’s historical whimsy. She deserves a heartfelt thank you. Finally, without Donovan M. Pierce life certainly would have been easier but much less rich. vii Vita 2004 ……………………………………………………..B.A. History and Women’s Studies, Metropolitan State College of Denver, Denver, Colorado 2006 ……………………………………………………..M.A., History, The Ohio State University 2006 – 2009 ………………………………………….Managing Editor, Twentieth­Century China, The Ohio State University 2007 ……………………………………………………..Genevieve Brown Gist Dissertation Research Award in Women’s History, The Ohio State University 2007 ……………………………………………………..Coca‐Cola Critical Difference for Women Grant for Research on Women, Gender, and Gender Equity, The Ohio State University 2008 ……………………………………………………..College of Humanities Summer Research Award, The Ohio State University 2008 ……………………………………………………..Clarke Chambers Travel Fellowship, Social Welfare History Archives, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul viii 2008 – 2009 ………………………………………….Recipient of the P.E.O. Scholar Award from the International Chapter of the P.E.O. Sisterhood 2009 – 2010 …………………………………………. Presidential Fellow, The Ohio State University Publications “Voting for the Devil: Unequal Partnerships in the Ohio Woman Suffrage Campaign of 1914,” Ohio History 115(Spring 2008): 4‐27. “Disablity in Superhero Comic Books,” and “X‐Men” in The Encyclopedia of Disability History. ed, Susan Burch, (New York: Facts on File: 2008). “In Memory of Helen Edmonds,” Making History at the Ohio State University, no. 49 (2006‐2007): 39. Fields of Study Major Field: History Minor Fields: Modern United States History Latin American History ix Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………………………… v Vita ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………………...... xi List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………... xii Chapter 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter 2. “Fellowship of Friends Across the Sea”: Trans‐Atlantic Origins of Anti‐ White Slavery Activism, 1870S – 1900S …………………………………………………….25 Chapter 3. Where the Red Lights Blaze: The Development of a National Policy to Fight White Slavery ………………………………………………………………………………...62 Chapter 4. Under Suspicious Circumstances: The Bureau of Investigation Enforces the Mann Act, 1900‐1915 ………………………………………………………..122 Chapter 5. From Protecting to Imprisoning Girls: Cultural Shifts in American Sexual Culture, 1910 – 1919 ………………………………………………………………….173 Chapter 6. Interstate Intimacy: Community and Familial Policing, 1921 – 1939….222 Chapter 7. Vice Queens & Colored Vice Overlords: The War on Crime and the FBI’s Crack Down on White Slavery ………………………………………………….261 Chapter 8. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………...307 References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………320 x
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