Ro Ta Ipiyooto Sua Mbula Uunu, Mbula-English Dictionary

Ro Ta Ipiyooto Sua Mbula Uunu Mbula-English Dictionary

By Salme Bugenhagen and Robert Bugenhagen Grateful acknowledgement is made of project funding from Wycliffe USA, Wycliffe Finland, and the Papua New Guinea Branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, which has made the publication of this dictionary possible, and will enable the speakers of the Mangaaba-Mbula language to be able to purchase copies of it at a price affordable to them.

Illustrations by: James Andrew, George Aisaul, Michael Harrah, and the Summer Institute of Linguistics Papua New Guinea Branch clip art collection

275 Copies

Published 2007 by The Summer Institute of LInguistics Papua New Guinea Branch

ISBN: 9980-0-3330-4

Printed by: Saarijärven Offset Oy PL 19 Kirjapainontie 104 43101 Saarijärvi FINLAND Table of Contents Sua Sotaaraŋana Pa Ro Ta Ipiyooto Sua Mbula Uunu (Vernacular Preface)...... 1 Koroŋ pakan ta re su pa...... 2 Zaala be parŋgalaken sua raama uunu...... 2 Uraata ki sua...... 3 English Preface...... 5 Introduction...... 5 Acknowledgements...... 5 The Mangaaba-Mbula language and its speakers...... 6 Phonology...... 8 Major Dialectal Variations...... 9 Pronouns...... 9 A brief overview of Mangaaba-Mbula grammar...... 12 Genitive suffixes...... 13 Verbs...... 16 Uninflected Verbs...... 17 Verbal Transitivity & Transitivity-Altering Morphology...... 18 Reduplication...... 19 Nominalisation...... 20 Event Nouns...... 21 Interesting lexical items...... 22 Vernacular Definitions...... 22 Listing of Grammatical Categories and Some Abbreviations...... 23 Bibliography...... 25 Mbula-English Dictionary...... 27

English-Mbula Finderlist...... 623

Semantic Fields...... 727 Pronunciation Guide for the Mangaaba-Mbula Language There are 29 symbols used in writing the Mangaaba-Mbula language: a, aa, b, d, e, ee, g, i, ii, h, k, l, m, mb, n, nd, ŋ, ŋg, o, oo, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w, y, z This is a practical alphabet in which most sounds are equivalent to those in Tok Pisin and are therefore represented by the same symbol. Thus, a = a in papa, mama, wara b = b in bikpela, boi, bus d = d in digim, daunim, diwai e = e in wetim, mekim, tenpela i = i in isi, pikinini g = g in givim, go, gude h = h in helpim, holim k = k in kilim, katim, kam, kokonas l = l in larim, lusim, kol m = m in mekim, meri, moni n = n in nupela, naispela o = o in opim, ofa, olpela p = p in paitim, putim, pe, ples r = r in ran, rais, resis s = s in sori, isi, ais t = t in tu, taim, tait u = u in bus, lusim, hul, nupela w = w in wara, wari, wanpela y = y in yupela, yut, yangpela

Listed below are the symbols which do not occur in Tok Pisin and their values:

1. ŋ is a velar nasal, pronounced liked the ng in Tok Pisin sing, singim. 2. ŋg is a voiced, prenasalised velar stop, pronounced liked the ng in Tok Pisin pinga. 3. mb is a voiced prenasalised stop, pronounced like the mb in Tok Pisin namba. 4. nd is a voiced prenasalised stop, pronounced like the nd in Tok Pisin kundu. 5. z is a voiced dental sibilant, pronounced somewhat like the z in Australian English zero. 6. aa, ee, ii, oo, and uu represent lengthened versions of the vowels a, e, i, o, and u. 7. b is pronounced as a bilabial fricative, somewhat similar to v between vowels and in the conjunction be ‘in order to.’ Elsewhere, it is pronounced as a normal b. 1 Sua Sotaaraŋana Pa Ro Ta Ipiyooto Sua Mbula Uunu Buk ti, ipiyooto sua kiti Mbula uunu. Iti Mbula na, kar lamata mi ru: Ŋguuru, Yaŋla, Birik, Marile, Kampalap, Kabi, mi Tabolou. Kar lamata mi ru tiŋgi, kalŋanda tamen. Tamen kalŋan kundun kundun na, ndelndelŋa. Kimbiŋanŋan pakan ta ipandel ri. Iti Mbula kalŋanda tiŋgi, ina koroŋ ki tomtom tamen som. Kokena tomtom sa ipakuri pa mi iso ni ta iute kat Mbula kalŋanda, na som. Pa iti iwal ki Mbula ta tulup iti to tipiyooto kat kalŋanda. Tana iŋgi koroŋ kiti iwal biibi ta Mbula gi. Kaimer kaimer ko ro tiŋgi ipakwaara koroŋ pakan ma ipa ndel. Indeeŋe ta ndaama 1983 mi imar imiili 2007 na, niam amyo sua ta boozomen ta imap imbot se ro tiŋgi. Sua ta imbot la ro tiŋgi na tomtom tamen sua kini som. Tomtom boozomen ki Mbula tikam zin sua tiŋgi imar. Zin Yaŋla, Birik, Marile, Ŋguuru mi Kampalap pakan. Mi sua boozomen imar pa zin kar ta timbot lele lukutuunu, kembei Yaŋla, Birik, mi Marile (Central dialect). Sua pakan na, tomtom tataŋa men tizzo, mi sua pakan imbot su kar ta lene men, mi kar pakan tiute som. Tamen sombe iwal karkari ki Mbula ilupi mi ipiyooto sua, tona iti Mbula kalŋanda ipet kat. Kalŋanda imap ma ise ro zen. Sua boozomen imbotmbot. Iŋgi sua tau zin uraata kan talŋan ikam pus pa, ta ise ro gi. Mi ta zen na, munŋaana kelek ta imbonboti. Iti Mbula kalŋanda na, sua ambaimbaiŋan boozomen kat. Iŋgi kalŋanda ta takam la ki gobondo bizin mi isu isu ma isu kiti ta buri tombonbot gi. Mi iŋgi popoŋanda kiti tabe tiwedet pa kaimer kaimer tiŋgi, ko timbot ambai pa kat, mi ko tipiyooto kat Mbula kalŋanda ma tipiyooto zitun lelen ma ŋgar kizin ma iwe aigau pizin pa mbotŋana kizin. Sua lwoono ta, ta imbot la Atai bizin kalŋan (zin Finland). Tiso ta kembei: ‘Iti matanda, ina kembei natiloŋa kiti itundu.’ Mi ina ŋonoono kat. Pa itop la iti Mbula kalŋanda. Sombe motom su pa sua ta mata-, to re sua tina ipiyooto tomtom ŋgar kini ma leleene ma mbulu kini ma koroŋ kini ta boozomen. Tana uraata ki matanda na biibi kat. Mi lelende (lele-), ketende (kete-), mi kopondo (kopo-) tikam uraata boozo tomini. Buk tiŋgi, pakaana paŋ. Pakaana mataana kana, ina sua sotaaraŋana ru. Ta imbot la kalŋanda, mi toro imbot la English kalŋan. Pakaana ta iwe ru pa i, ina pakaana biibi. Pakaana tana, ina sua Mbula, mi amtooro ila English kalŋan (Mbula-English). Mi pakaana ta iwe tel pa i, ina amtooro English kalŋan ila kalŋanda (English-Mbula). Buk tiŋgi ko iuulu u be ute kat itum kalŋom, mi mbulu pakan ta imbot kiti ta tumbundu bizin mi imar. Mi ko iuulu u be ute English kalŋan tomini. Tana buk tiŋgi irao iuulu kat zin pikin ta tila skul. Sombe lelem be tooro sua Mbula ila English, na re pakaana ta iwe ru pa i (Mbula-English). Mi sombe nu kankaana pa sua mbukuunu sa ki English, na re pakaana ta iwe tel pa i (English-Mbula). Koroŋ pakan zan, kembei ke, ye, wooro, man, ma kembei, kar ta boozomen tiso raraate som. Kar tataŋa tiso ndelndelŋa. Mi koroŋ ta kembei, ipata be totooro zan ila English. Koroŋ tana zan ta amute zin na, ambeede ila pakaana ta iwe paŋ pa i. 2

Mi pakaana tana, amur lista pakan tomini kembei: Koroŋanda ta boozomen zan (matanda, kumbundu, namanda ma kembei), soŋanda bizin (lutundu, tamanda, nanda, tumbundu ma kembei), sua bibip pakan ki Merere sua kini, koroŋ pakan ki environment kiti zan, mi lista pakan. Sua ta imbot buk tiŋgi leleene na, yapaalaŋana ma iwe tel (dialects). Ta na, sua kizin Ŋguuru men. Iwe ru pa na sua kizin Yaŋla, Birik, mi Marile. Kar tel tana timbot lukutuunu, tana ampaata kalŋan ‘Central dialect.’ Mi iwe tel pa, ina zin kar meleebe: Kampalap ma Kabi mi Sakar. Sua kizin ampaata amsombe ‘Northern dialect.’ Buk ti leleene na, sua boozomen ito ŋger ta imbot lukutuunu (Central dialect). Mi sua tataŋa ta ito ŋger kizin Ŋguuru mi ŋger kizin kar meleebe. Tamen niom Ŋguuru mi niom kar meleebe koyom leleyom isaana pepe. Pa sombe ambeede sua sa ki Central Dialect, ina ipata be kotooro ila ŋger tiom som. Sua boozomen ta Central dialect tiyaaru, na zin kar meleebe tiso karau. Mi sua pakan ta leta g imbot lukutuunu na, tizem leta g tana raama leta iŋgoi ta ito i na, ma imborene. Kembei: Central Kar Meleebe -paata -pata -boobo -bobo -baada -bada puulu pulu -paaza -paza -kaaga -kaa Mi sua boozomen ta Central dialect tiyaaru, na zin Ŋguuru tizem leta ta sua tana imap pa i. Mi mazwaana ta tizem leta tana, sombe sua imap pa p, d, som z, na titooro leta tana iwe b, t, som s. Mi sombe imap pa leta g, na tizem g tana imborene. Ta kembei: Central Ŋguuru -paata -paat -boobo -boob  -boop -baada -baad  -baat -paaza -paaz  -paas -kaaga -kaag  -kaa Koroŋ pakan ta re su pa Sombe lelem be ru sua lwoono sa ta imbot se ro ti, to motom su pa alpabet. Pa sua ta boozomen na iparto i ma ito alpabet zalaana. Kokena to alpabet som mi peele sorok, to ru ma molo. Kam ŋgar pa sua suruunu ta sua imaŋga pa na. Sombe imaŋga pa p (kembei pat, -peebe) to ru nabut ki P. Koroŋ tana ko imbot la ruunu tataŋa. Alpabet kiti, ta tibeede su meleebe kat na. Zaala be parŋgalaken sua raama uunu Sua boozomen ta ambeede zin na, ambeede sua uunu men ise, kembei: -paala, -boobo, -kam 3

Sombe re su pa risŋana ri ta kembei - imuuŋgu pa sua sa, na ka uunu ta kembei: Sombe toso sua tana, na tozzo raama sua suruunu ri ta imuuŋgu pa. Suruunu ri tana iswe asiŋ ikam mbulu tana. Kembei: -paata (=sua uunu) (Nio) aŋ -paata (Nu) paata (Zin Ŋguuru tisombe Niu ku-paat.) (Ni) i -paata (Iti) ta -paata (Niam) am -paata (Niom) ka -paata (Zin) ti -paata Sombe sua suruunu tana ila iparŋgalaken la ki sua uunu, to ipiyooto kat. Tana sua ka uunu ŋonoono ina paata. Mi risŋana ri ta imuuŋgu pa, ina iso iti pa asiŋ ta ikam mbulu tana. Mi sua pakan na, amur risŋana - ito sua uunu, kembei: lutu-, tizi-. Risŋana tana, ka uunu ta kembei. Sombe toso sua tana, na tozzo raama sua suruunu ri ta iswe koroŋ tana ki asiŋ.

tizi- (=sua uunu) (Nio) tizi- ŋ (Nu) tizi- m (Ni) tiziini (Zin Ŋguuru tisombe tizi-in, kar meleebe tiso tizi-ni.) (Iti) tizi- ndi (Niam) tizi- yam (Kar meleebe tiso tizi-am.) (Niom) tizi- yom (Kar meleebe tiso tizi-yem.) (Zin) tizi- n Tana sombe nu lelem be ru sua sa, na kam ŋgar pa sua tana uunu muŋgu, to ru. Pa amur sua ito un. Iti irao tuurpe sua matakiŋa pa sua uunu tataŋana. Kembei: 1. –mbol: ‑mbolmbol, -pombol, -pombolmbol, pombolŋana (Sua boozomen tiŋgi timbot la sua uunu –mbol mbarmaana. 2. -liŋ: -liŋliŋ, -miliŋ, -pamiliŋ Sua boozomen tiŋgi timbot la sua uunu –liŋ mbarmaana. Uraata ki sua  Sombe motom su mi re N (Noun), ina imender pa koroŋ sa zaana, ta kembei: me, ruumu, ke  Sombe motom su mi re V (Verb), ina imender pa mbulu ta takamam, ta kembei: –loondo, -pun, -sala.  Sombe motom su mi re Adv (Adverb), ina imender pa sua pakan ta igaaba mbulu kamŋana, mi iso iti be takam mbulu tana be parei, ta kembei loondo karau, so sua ambai, kam sorok. 4

 Sombe motom su mi re Conjunction), ina imender pa sua ta ilup, o iparŋgalaken sua ru, ta kembei ma, mi, tana, to, tabe, be, bekena.  Sombe motom su mi re Quantifier, ina imender pasua ta iso iti pa koroŋ piizi sa kembei: ru, tel, paŋ, boozo, tataŋa, pakan.  Sombe motom su mi re (sg) (=Singular), ina iso iti pa tomtom o koroŋ tamen  Sombe motom su mi re (pl) (=Plural), ina iso iti pa tomtom o koroŋ ru, som boozo  Sombe motom su mi re Prep (=Preposition), ina tomini ilup sua suruunu ru, ta kembei: ipuni pa pat, mar raama yam, ni ila ki naana.  Sombe motom su mi re Redup (=Reduplication), ina iso pa sua ta taparap, ta kembei:  -so -zozo -paala -palpaala, -walwaala -paaza -waswaaza -pet -wedet, -pedet -seŋ -zeŋzeŋ -seeŋge -zeŋzeeŋge -meete -metmeete kuriiti kuritriiti Ŋgar matakiŋa imbot parapŋana leleene. Mazwaana pakaana s mi p titooro tiwe z mi w. Ro tiŋgi, ambeede sua parapŋan ito ŋger ki Central dialect. Sua pakan, sombe zin Ŋguuru mi zin kar meleebe kan tiparap, na tiso toro: -paas  -wazaas (=Ŋguuru kalŋan).  Sombe motom su mi re (inc) (=Inclusive) iti, som (exc) (=Exclusive) niam, ina sua ru tana, sombe totooro zin ila English kalŋan, na tiwe sua tamen: we. Mi Tok Pisin iso ru raraate kembei iti: yumi mi mipela. Inclusive, ina ka ŋgar ta kembei: nio/ niam mi nu/ niom tomini (=English we, us, ours). Exclusive, ina ka ŋgar ta kembei: nio/ niam, mi nu/ niom na som (=English we, us, ours) Nio Atai leleŋ ambai kat pa mazwaana ta nio niamŋan zin tomtom pakan ki Mbula mbuleyam su mi amkamam ŋgar mi uraata pa ro tiŋgi. Mazwaana tana, nio aŋkamam ŋgar biibi pa mbulu tiom, mboti tiom, mi kalŋoyom kundun kundun mi mbukun mbukun boozomen. Koroŋ tina, nio aŋre kembei koroŋ biibi kat pio, mi ikam ma nio menmeen yo, paso aŋute zin koroŋ tina. Mi leleŋ ambai kat pa zin wal ta timbutultul raama yo pa uraata tana. Paso, muŋgu muŋgu mi imar na, niom Mbula kozzo men kalŋoyom, tabe kalŋoyom pakan kembei imbirisriizi. Mi koozi na som. Koozi, niom Mbula kalŋoyom imbot se ro kek. Iŋgi be tuŋ kat ma imbot. Tana iŋgi iwe matamur pa nio Atai niamru Namoŋgo pa uraata ta niamru amuulu yom Mbula pa gi. 5 English Preface Introduction This dictionary is the product of some twenty five years of involvement with the Mangaaba-Mbula people under the auspices of the Papua New Guinea Branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Over the course of those years, the two authors have lived among the Mbula people in Yangla village, learned the Mbula language, analyzed the language and published a reference grammar and other linguistic papers about the language (see the Bibliography), worked together with many talented co-translators to translate a significant portion of the Bible, and produced a wide variety of literacy materials for adults and children. The present work is a kind of capstone for our efforts among the Mbula people. It summarises the current state of our knowledge of the lexicon of their language. Anyone who has ever worked on the lexicography of a language other than his or her mother tongue will certainly be conscious, as we are, of the deficiencies of their knowledge of the language. Despite one’s best efforts, it always seems that the surface of the language has only barely been scratched. This is certainly the case for a language as rich as Mangaaba-Mbula. It is still the case that we regularly encounter new words. So no claim is made that the present dictionary is any way exhaustive. The dictionary is primarily intended to serve the Mangaaba-Mbula people by documenting and standardising their language, and helping them to increase their proficiency in English and better understand the written English texts that come their way in their encounters with the outside world. However, linguistic and anthropological researchers will find much in the dictionary that will be of interest to them as well. The dictionary is divided into the following sections: 1) vernacular introduction, 2) English introduction, 3) Mbula-English dictionary, 4) English-Mbula finder list, and 5) some listings of semantic groupings of words (i.e. Semantic fields). This last section contains listings of:1) environmental terminology, 2) body and plant parts, 3) kinship terminology,4) colour terms, 5) houses and buildings, 6) Biblical key terms, 7) lists of vernacular names of various types of birds, fish, insects, shellfish, snakes, plants, and trees. Acknowledgements We are deeply grateful to the Mbula people who have allowed us to live in their midst over these many years, befriended us, taught us their language, and worked hard to produce literature for their own people. It has been a privilege to share our different worlds, sorrows, and joys. It would be impossible to acknowledge every individual who has assisted in the production of this dictionary. Over the years, as we have visited in people’s homes, sat in village meetings, worked on translation and literacy materials, and revised materials with the Kalŋanda Komiti (the local language committee), so many 6 have told stories, explained meanings of different words, and suggested better examples. However, it is appropriate to recognise a few people who have devoted an especially large amount of time to the dictionary compilation process: Pastor Silas Ariko, Mr. Moses Gial (dec.), Mr. Lukas Aibul, Mr. Giamsa Apei, Pastor David Aibike, Mr. Naleng Gideon (dec.), Mr. Timothy Kasare (dec.), Mr. Joel Nakaio, and Ms. Rachel Awa. Production of this dictionary would not have been possible without their assistance. We are deeply appreciative of friends, family members, and supporting churches in the United States and Finland who have been such faithful friends and supporters of our work among the Mbula people over these many years. Finally, we would like to gratefully acknowledge assistance from Wycliffe USA and Wycliffe Finland project funding to help with the printing costs of this volume. As a result, ordinary Mangaaba-Mbula villagers will be able to purchase dictionaries of their language at a reasonable cost. The Mangaaba-Mbula language and its speakers Mangaaba-Mbula is an Oceanic Austronesian language spoken by some 4500 people living on the eastern half of Umboi Island1 and on Sakar Island2 in the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Austronesian is one of the most widely dispersed of the world’s language families, with languages ranging from Taiwan to Madagascar near Africa to Hawaii and Easter Island. There are around 270 million speakers of Austronesian languages. The ancestral homeland of people speaking Austronesian languages is thought to be Taiwan. Based on archaeological evidence having to do with a particular style of pottery known as Lapita, the speakers of Proto- Oceanic appear to have arrived at the Bismarck Archipelago in Papua New Guinea by 1900-1500 BC (Spriggs, 1990). Ross (1989) argues that they probably initially settled on the island of New Britain in the vicinity of the Willaumez Peninsula (which is near to the town of Kimbe) because of the large obsidian deposits there. The speakers of Mangaaba-Mbula live in seven different villages (here listed from north to south): Alario (also named Sakar, which is located on Sakar Island), Kabi, Kampalap, Marile, Birik, Yangla (also referred to by Mbula speakers as Abal or Ndasui), and Gauru (usually referred to by Mbula speakers as Ŋguur(u)). The language is a member of the Oceanic group of Austronesian languages. Ross (1988:122,161) classifies it as a member of the Ngero-Vitiaz linkage within his North New Guinea Cluster. In the linguistic literature, Mangaaba-Mbula has been referred to as Mangap and Kaimanga. Locally, speakers from nearby neighbouring language groups refer to Mangaaba-Mbula speakers as either Maŋaav(a) or Kaimaŋa. Umboi Island is approximately 50 kilometres by 30 kilometres, with the long axis of the island being orientated northwest–southeast. Sakar Island is more

1 Umboi Island is also referred to as Rooke Island. 2 The name of Sakar Island in Mangaaba-Mbula is Tabalou. 7

Figure 1: Mangaaba-Mbula language area 8 symmetrical, being about seven kilometres in diameter, and outlies Umboi Island by about fifteen kilometres. The maximum elevation of Umboi is 1658 metres, while that of Sakar is 992 metres. Both islands are volcanic in origin, but not currently active. Active volcanoes can be found on Ritter Island (locally termed Kurkur) —a stony outcrop about two kilometres long and less than 200 metres high located ten kilometres northeast of Umboi— and on the facing shore of New Britain. Speakers of the Kovai language, which is related to other Papuan languages on the Huon Peninsula, live on an elevated plateau in the centre of Umboi island. To the southeast of Umboi are the many small Siassi Islands. These are inhabited by the speakers of the related Saveeng (or Mutu) language, who have been and still are intimate trading partners with the Mangaaba- Mbula people (Harding 1967). This language is also known as Mutu-Tuam, and Tuam-Mutu, and it has three dialects: Oov (spoken on the inner islands just off the coast of Umboi: Aramot, Mutu-Malau, Mandok, and Aronai islands), Tuam (spoken on Tuam Island and in Yaga village on the east coast of Umboi), and Malai (spoken on Malai Island). Mbula speakers refer to Saveeng-speaking Siassi islanders as Mutu and to the Kovai people as Kumbai. The inner islanders, who speak the Oov dialect of Saveeng, are referred to as Koobo. The area where the Mangaaba-Mbula speakers live may be divided into four geomorphic provinces: 1) sago swamp (the south-eastern portion of the area), 2) coast, 3) very dense mountainous tropical forest (the interior), and 4) elephant grass covered recent lava flows (found only in the northern portion of the language area, alternating with mountainous forests). Only the villages of Yangla and Gauru are located in the sago swamp province. Birik is located in the forest province. All other villages are located along the coast within 100 to 300 metres of the sea. Most Mangaaba-Mbula speakers are subsistence farmers who live off the land. Typical food crops include: sweet potatoes, yams, manioca, various types of sweet and cooking bananas, and sugar cane. The pulp of sago palms (see meene) is processed to collect starch which is then baked into cakes. Talis nuts and Canarium almond nuts (see kaŋar) are also important foods. Common fruits include pineapples, mangoes, and Malaysian apples. Lexical items having to do with the coconut palm (ni) and the sago palm (meene) constitute a very rich semantic domain in the language, as do those related to the Canarium almond tree (kaŋar). Much of the traditional calendar (see puulu ‘month’) of the Mbula people revolves around different phase of the life cycle of the Canarium almond tree. Being lowland and somewhat swampy, one of the curses of the area is a teeming mosquito population. Malaria, tuberculosis, and filariasis are significant health problems in the area, with malaria being a frequent cause of infant mortality. 9 Phonology The phonemes of the Mangaaba-Mbula language are: /p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, mb, nd, (nz)3, ŋg, s, z, l, r, w, y, a, e, i ,o, u/. The symbol ŋ represents a voiced velar nasal, and corresponds to the sound represented by ng in English and Tok Pisin. Thus, forms like ŋerek ‘parrot’ and ŋooŋo ‘you (singular) quarrel’ would be written as ngerek and ngoongo in a more English or Tok Pisin oriented orthography. Likewise ŋge ‘pig’ and naŋgaŋ ‘young man’ would be written as ngge and nanggang. In the Central and Gauru dialects, there is a contrast in vowel length which is lost in the Northern dialect. Long vowels are represented in the dictionary by a doubling of the vowel, e.g. aa, ee, ii, oo, uu. All graphemic symbols have their expected phonetic values, except for /b/ when it occurs intervocalically. In such instances, it is spirantised to a bilabial fricative [β], e.g. /biibi/ is pronounced as [bi:βi]. Major Dialectal Variations There are four main dialects in the language: the Gauru dialect (spoken only in Gauru village), the Central dialect (spoken in Yangla, Birik, and Marile villages), the Northern dialect (spoken in Kampalap and Kabi villages), and the Sakar dialect (spoken on Sakar Island). The dialects constitute a chain with each dialect grading into the neighbouring one as one moves from south to north, Since the compilers of this dictionary mainly resided in Yangla village, the dictionary largely reflects the Central dialect of the language. But some lexical items from other dialects have been included where these are known to be different. Pronouns Dialectal differences are especially striking in the genitive suffixes occurring on the inalienable nouns and the free pronouns. Gauru Yangla Birik Marile Kampalap Kabi Sakar

1SG -ŋ -ŋ -ŋ -ŋ -ŋ -ŋ -ŋ 2SG -m -m -m -m -m -m -m 3SG -Vn4 -VnV Vnv ~-nV -nV nV -nV -nV 1PL.INC -ndV -ndV -ndV -ndV -ndV -ndV -ndV 1PL.EXC -yam -yam -yam -yam -yam -am -am 2PL -yom -yom -yom -yom -yem -yem -yem 3PL -n -n -n -n -n -n -n

Table 1: Dialectal Variants of the Inalienable Genitive Suffixes

3 The Gauru, Northern, and Sakar dialects distinguish /nz/ from /z/, but the two phonemes are neutralised in the Central dialect to /z/. 4 Here and elsewhere in this section, a capital V in phonological representations always indicates a vowel identical to the nearest vowel of the root or stem to which an affix is attached. 10 Gauru Yangla Marile Kampalap Kabi Sakar & Birik Nominative Pronouns 1SG nio nio nio nio nio nio 2SG niu ~ nu nu ~ niwi nu ~ niwi ŋu ŋu ~ ŋue ŋue 3SG ni ni ~ ini ni ni ni ni 1PL.INC indi iti iti indi indi iti 1PL.EXC niam niam niam niam niam niam 2PL niom niom niom niom niom niom 3PL zin zin zin zin zin zin

Accusative Pronouns 1SG yo yo yo yo yo yo 2SG =u =u =u =u =u =u 3SG =i =i =i =i =i =i 1PL.INC indi ~ =ti iti ~ =ti iti ~ =ti indi indi iti ~ =ti 1PL.EXC yam yam yam yam yam yam 2PL yom yom yom yom yom yom 3PL zin zin zin zin zin zin

Locative Pronouns 1SG tio tio tio tio tio tio 2SG kiu ~ ku ku ~ kiwi ku ~ kiwi ku ~ kiwi kue kue 3SG kiin kini kini kini kini kini 1PL.INC kindi kiti kiti kindi kindi kiti 1PL.EXC tiam tiam tiam tiam tiam tiam 2PL tiom tiom tiom tiom tiom tiom 3PL kizin kizin kizin kizin kizin kizin

Referent (i.e. ‘Oblique’) Pronouns 1SG pio pio pio pio pio pio 2SG piu ~ pu pu ~ piwi pu ~ piwi pu ~ piwi pu~ pue pue 3SG piin pini pini pini pini pini 1PL.INC pindi piti piti pindi pindi piti 1PL.EXC piam piam piam piam piam piam 2PL piom piom piom piom piom piom 3PL pizin pizin pizin pizin pizin pizin

Table 2: Dialectal Variants of Free Pronominal Forms

The Gauru dialect exhibits several regular phonological differences from the Central dialect: 1. Where the Yangla dialect has forms ending in …VαVαCVα [i.e. a series of three identical vowels interrupted by a consonant between the second 11

and third vowel], the Gauru dialect drops the final vowel. Since voiced consonants do not occur in word final position in the language at the phonetic level, if this consonant is voiced, it become devoiced in the corresponding Gauru dialect. forms. And if the intervening consonant is /mb/, /nd/, or /ŋg/, this rule does not apply. The following forms illustrate these generalizations: Yangla Form Gauru Form Meaning tamaana tamaan ‘his/her father’ toono toon ‘land, earth, ground’ ruumu ruum ‘house’ tomooto tomoot ‘man’, ‘male’ tuunu tuun ‘freshwater eel’ ibaada ibaat ‘he/ she carries’ biibi biip ‘big (one)’ beeze bees ‘garden house’ ipeebe ipeep ‘she gives birth’ kuumbu kuumbu ‘theft’ maaŋga maaŋga ‘sand’, ‘rice’ loondo loondo ‘to run’ 2. Whereas in the other dialects, the second person singular Subject prefix occurring on verbs is null, in the Gauru dialect there is an overt prefixku- which occurs on all verbs except those beginning with an initial /k/. Yangla Form Gauru Dialect Form Meaning kam kam ‘you (singular get / take / do’ kem kem ‘you (singular) steal’ kaaga kaa ‘you (singular) open’ la ku-la ‘you (singular) go’ re ku-re ‘you (singular) look / see’ pun ku-pun ‘you (singular) hit’ ŋgal ku-ŋgal ‘you (singular) pierce/spear’ 3. The Gauru dialect simplifies /Cw/ clusters in reduplications by omitting the /w/. Yangla Form Gauru Dialect Form Meaning wesweeze wezees ‘be paddling’ waswaaza wazaas ‘be planting’ wenweene weneen ‘be shooting’ 4. The Gauru and Northern dialects exhibit loss of /g/ when it occurs intervocalically after a long vowel: 12

Yangla Form Gauru and Northern Meaning Dialect Form reege ree ‘tear down’ peege pee ‘betel-pepper’ kaaga kaa ‘open’ 5. The Gauru, Northern, and Sakar Dialects maintains a distinction between /nz/ and /z/ which is neutralised to /z/ the Central Dialect. Gauru & Northern Central Dialect Meaning Dialects moonzo, monzo moozo ‘bandicoot’ monzoŋ mozoŋ ‘my flesh’ ŋunzun ŋuzun ‘nape of their neck(s)’ 6. In the Northern and Sakar dialects, the vowel length distinctions exhibited by the Gauru and Central dialects are largely neutralised. Gauru Form Central Form Northern Form Meaning toon toono tono ‘land, earth, ground’ tono tono tono ‘we (INC) shave’ tamaan tamaana tamana ‘his /her/ its father’ ruum ruumu rumu ‘house’ mool moolo molo ‘ant’ molo molo molo ‘long’ A brief overview of the grammar of Mangaaba-Mbula The basic word order in the clause is: Subject—Verb—Direct Object—other, more peripheral, constituents. Subject Verb Direct Object Peripheral Arguments (1) Akum i-kam kini pa kar. Akum 3SG-do food in village ‘Akum put on a feast for the village.’ (2) Nio aŋ-la aŋ-bot ki ato-ŋ i-su Lae. I I-go I-stay with older.brother-my it-descend Lae ‘I went [and] stayed with my older brother in Lae.’ These first two examples illustrate an important distinction in the nouns of the language. One class of nouns, the inalienable nouns, always occur with a genitive suffix indicating the identity of some other entity that is associated with the noun. In the second example, atoŋ is an inalienable noun. This can be seen from the first person singular genitive suffix–ŋ (glossed as ‘my’) occurring on it, which indicates whose brother is being talked about. Most kinship terms, body parts, other part- 13 whole relationships, spatial relationships, and bodily products like urine, blood, smell/scent, and excrement are expressed by inalienable nouns, as well as other less easily classified items like ‘name’, ‘reputation’, ‘news.’ In the first example, on the other hand, Akum, kini, and kar are all alienable nouns. They do not require the indication of an associated entity, and do not occur with the genitive suffixes. Genitive suffixes The genitive suffixes occurring on the inalienable nouns are listed below:5

-ŋ 1SG.GEN / my -m 2SG.GEN / your (singular) -VnV ~ -nV~ -Vn 3SG.GEN / his ~ her ~its -yam ~-am 1PL.EXC.GEN / our (hearer excluded) -ndV 1PL.INC.GEN / our (hearer included) -yom ~ yem6 2PL.GEN / your (plural) -n 3PL.GEN / their Note that in the third person singular forms, the Gauru dialect suffix lacks the final vowel, while the Northern dialects lack the first vowel of the suffix. for the second person plural suffix, the Central and Gauru dialects have -yom, while the Northern dialect has -yem. Several sample paradigms of inalienable nouns are given below.

lutu- ‘child’ lutu-ŋ 1SG.GEN / my child lutu-m 2SG.GEN / your (singular) child lutu-unu, lutu-nu, lutu-un 3SG.GEN / his ~ her ~its child lutu-yam, lutu-am 1PL.EXC.GEN / our (hearer excluded) child lutu-ndu 1PL.INC.GEN / our (hearer included) child lutu-yom, lutu-yem 2PL.GEN / your (plural) child lutu-n 3PL.GEN / their child

5 V in the table here represents a vowel that is identical to the final vowel of the inalienable noun. The three variants for the third person singular form are all dialectal variations. The Central dialect uses the first two, the Northern dialect uses mainly the middle one, and the Gauru dialect uses the third variant. The speakers from Kabi village and Sakar island use –am for the first person plural exclusive suffix, and the other dialects use–yam . The three northern villages of Kampalap, Kabi, and Sakar use -yem for the second person plural suffix, whereas the more southern villages use -yom. 14

kwo- ‘mouth’ kwo-ŋ 1SG.GEN / my mouth kwo-m 2SG.GEN / your (singular) mouth kwo-ono, kwoon, kwono 3SG.GEN / his ~ her ~its mouth kwo-yam 1PL.EXC.GEN / our (hearer excluded) mouth kwo-ndo 1PL.INC.GEN / our (hearer included) mouth kwo-yom, kwo-yem 2PL.GEN / your (plural) mouth kwo-n 3PL.GEN / their mouth

kere- ‘front’ kere-ŋ 1SG.GEN / my front kere-m 2SG.GEN / your (singular) front kere-ene, kereen, kerene 3SG.GEN / his ~ her ~its front kere-yam 1PL.EXC.GEN / our (hearer excluded) front kere-nde 1PL.INC.GEN / our (hearer included) front kere-yom, kere-yem 2PL.GEN / your (plural) front kere-n 3PL.GEN / their front Inalienable nouns are indicated in the dictionary by the grammatical category N_Inal, whereas alienable common nouns are simply given the category N. A noun’s category can also can be seen from its citation form. The citation forms of inalienable nouns end in a hyphen which alienable ones lack, as a reminder that they require an additional genitive suffix to be grammatical.

There is a process of ablaut which alters the vowels in some inalienable nouns, causing a variation between /a/ and /o/ in the vowels of the stems. kopo- ‘stomach’ nOmO- ‘hand’ tAmA- ‘father’ kopo-ŋ nomo-ŋ tamaŋ my kopo-m nomo-m tomom your (singular) kopo-ono nama-ana tama-ana his / her / its kopo-ndo nama-nda tama-nda our (INC) kopo-yam nomo-yam tomo-yam our (EXC) kopo-n nama-n tama-n their

In the dictionary, the citation forms of nouns like kopo- are written with /o/, while those exhibiting alternations like nOmO- and tAmA- are both cited with /a/, e.g. nama- and tama-. However, paradigms are given in most instances for the nouns exhibiting such alternations. Note that the only difference between O and A is in the first person singular forms. Modifiers typically follow the constituent they modify. Thus, the language has prepositions, and most adverbs come after the constituents they modify. Within 15 the noun phrase, genitive modifiers of alienable nouns, descriptive modifiers, numerals and other quantifiers, relative clauses, and demonstratives all come after the noun they modify. Alienable Noun Genitive Quantifier Relative Clause (3) me [tio] [ru] [ ta dog my two that ti-kam ŋge] they-get pig ‘my two dogs that got a pig’ Alienable Noun Descriptive Attribute Quantifier (4) mburu [ambaimbaiŋan] [boozomen] thing(s) good.ones many Genitive [kizin tubudu] of.them Europeans ‘the many good possessions of the Europeans’ No class of adjectives is formally distinguished in the language. Stative nouns like biibi ‘big (one)’ / ‘leader’, ambaiŋa- ‘good one’, and molo ‘long (one)’ / ‘length’ which can function either in isolation as the head of a noun phrase, or as a descriptive modifier following another head noun, serve a similar function to adjectives, however. Also, there are many intransitive stative verbs like –kokou ‘be white’, -saana ‘be bad, become bad’ and ambai ‘be good’, which occur in relative clauses to express various enduring properties of the head noun. Such nouns and verbs are marked in the dictionary as ‘Stative.’ The genitive modifiers of alienable nouns exhibit two different positions. If they are pronouns, they occur immediately after the noun, whereas if they are full prepositional phrases, then they occur after quantifiers. Categorially, the genitive modifiers of alienable nouns are prepositional phrases headed by the Locative preposition ki. With inalienable nouns it is possible to further specify the identity of a genitive by adding a full noun phrase before the noun. Inalienable Noun-Genitive Suffix (5) Lutu-unu i-meete neeri. child-his he-die yesterday ‘His child died yesterday.’ Overt Genitive NP Inalienable Noun-Genitive Suffix (6) Ti-pun [Silas lutu-unu]. they-hit Silas child-his ‘They hit Silas’ child.’ 16

Similarly, it is possible to further specify the identity of a pronominal alienable genitive or indicate some sort of special emphasis on the genitive (often the emphasis is contrastive—This one, not some other one—by adding a full noun phrase before the alienable head noun. (7) Ina [Atai koroŋ kini]. Koroŋ ku som. that.one Atai thing her thing your(SG) not ‘That is Atai’s thing. [It is] not your thing.’ Verbs Verbal morphology is not very complex. The following sorts of morphological processes yield multi‑morphemic words: 1. prefixes on verbs to indicate the person and number of the Subject 2. derivation of predicates to increase or decrease their transitivity 3. reduplication 4. nominalization 5. compounding Most verbs in the languages are obligatorily inflected with a set of prefixes which indicate the identity of the Subject. In many instances, these prefixes are the only indication of the identity of the Subject. These prefixes are listed below:6 aŋ- 1SG.SUBJ / I Ø ~ ku- 2SG.SUBJ / you (singular) i- 3SG.SUBJ / he / she / it am- 1PL.EXC.SUBJ / we (hearer excluded) tV- 1PL.INC.SUBJ / we (hearer included) kV- 2PL / you (plural) ti- 3PL / they To illustrate these prefixes, several verb paradigms are now given. -la ‘go’ aŋ-la 1SG.SUBJ / I go la 2SG.SUBJ / you (singular) go i-la 3SG.SUBJ / he / she / it goes am-la 1PL.EXC.SUBJ / we (hearer excluded) go ta-la 1PL.INC.SUBJ / we (hearer included) go ka-la 2PL / you (plural) go ti-la 3PL / they go

6 In most dialects, second person singular verbs lack an overt Subject prefix. In the Gauru dialect, however, such verbs are inflected with ku-, unless the verb stem begins with a /k/. V in the first person inclusive and second person plural suffixes represents a vowel identical to the first vowel in the verb stem to which the prefix is adjoined. 17

-uulu ‘help’ aŋ-uulu 1SG.SUBJ / I help uulu 2SG.SUBJ / you (singular) help i-uulu 3SG.SUBJ / he / she / it helps am-uulu 1PL.EXC.SUBJ / we (hearer excluded) help tu-uulu 1PL.INC.SUBJ / we (hearer included) help ku-uulu 2PL / you (plural) help ti-uulu 3PL / they help

-ko ‘flee’ aŋ-ko 1SG.SUBJ / I flee ko 2SG.SUBJ / you (singular) flee i-ko 3SG.SUBJ / he / she / it flees am-ko 1PL.EXC.SUBJ / we (hearer excluded) flee to-ko 1PL.INC.SUBJ / we (hearer included) flee ko-ko 2PL / you (plural) flee ti-ko 3PL / they flee Since there is no grammatical tense in the language, the above paradigms could have just as appropriately been translated with past or future tense, i.e. ‘I went’ / ‘I will go’, ‘I helped / I will help’, and ‘I fled / I will flee.’ The temporal reference of an utterance is either derived from the preceding context, or indicated by certain temporal and modal adverbs like neeri ‘yesterday’, koozi ‘today’, gaaga ‘tomorrow’, ko ‘uncertain (future).’ This should be born in mind when viewing the translations of examples in the dictionary. Many of them could just as legitimately translated with other tenses. Uninflected Verbs It should be noted that not all verbs in the language occur with the Subject prefixes. A significant number of verbs, most of which are intransitive, do not. These are still analyzed as verbs, because they invariably function as predicates. To include them as modifiers in a noun phrase one must either nominalise them or put them in a relative clause. In the dictionary, the citation forms of inflected verbs always begin with a hyphen, as a reminder that they require a Subject prefix. Uninflected verbs lack this hyphen. For example, the notion ‘hit’ is expressed by the inflected verb-pun , while the notions ‘be good’ and ‘be hungry’ are expressed by the uninflected verbsambai and petel. Uninflected verbs are also distinguished by grammatical category labels like V_Intr_Uninfl and V_Tr_Uninflected. Some verbs exhibit optional inflection. In such instances the main entries begin with a hyphen enclosed in parentheses: (-)tirikriigi. The grammatical relations of the language are very clearly organised according to a nominative-accusative pattern, which treats the Subjects of intransitive and transitive verbs the same, regardless of whether the Subject is an Actor or an 18

Undergoer. In all of the following examples, the nominative pronouns ni or zin are optional. (8) (Ni) i-meete kek. he he-die PERF ‘He has died.’ (9) (Ni) i-mar i-re yam neeri. he he-come he-see us (EXC) yesterday ‘He came and saw us yesterday.’ (10) (Ni) i-po ruumu ma i-map. he he-tie/build house and it-finished ‘He finished building the house.’ (11) (Zin) ti-reege ruumu ma i-su. they they-tear.down house and it-descend ‘They tore down the house.’ Verbal Transitivity & Transitivity-Altering Morphology In the entries for verbs, their grammatical category roughly characterises their transitivity. The following three primary abbreviations will be observed: V_Tr, V_Intr, V_Middle. In addition some verbs exhibit multiple categories, e.g. V_Intr/ Tr and V_Middle/Tr. The category V_Intr is used for intransitive verbs, which only permit a Subject. V_Tr is used for transitive verbs, which require an Object as well as a Subject. V_Middle is used for ‘middle’ verbs, which require both a Subject and an obligatorily co-referential Object. Despite the fact that they are co-referential, pronominalised Objects of Middle verbs are expressed with the ordinary accusative pronouns rather than the reflexive-emphatic forms itu-( ). (12) Nio aŋ-keene. I I-sleep ‘I slept.’ (intransitive verb) (13) Nio aŋ-re zin. I I-see them ‘I saw them.’ (transitive verb) (14) Nio petel yo. I be.hungry me ‘I am hungry.’ (uninflecting middle verb) (15) Zin ti-par-pa-moto zin. they they-RECIP-CAUSE-be.afraid them ‘They threatened each other.’ (middle verb) Mangaaba-Mbula has several different verbal prefixes which change the transitivity of verbs. The first,ma- ~ mV-, is a detransitivising prefix which converts a transitive action-process verb to an intransitive one expressing a process. 19

(16) Ni i-liŋ yok su-la kuuru. she 3SG-pour water descend-go pot. ‘She poured water into the pot.’ (17) Yok i-mi-liŋ. water it-DETRANS-pour ‘The water spilled.’ The second prefix,pa- ~ pV- is a causative / intensive. It derives transitive action- process predicates from intransitive ones, or makes transitive predicates somehow more ‘intense’ (i.e. it implies greater effort or care on the part of the agent). A large number of the verbs in the language beginning with /p/ contain this prefix. (18) Buza tio i-saana kek. knife my it-deteriorate PERF ‘My knife has gone bad.’ (19) Zin ti-pa-saana buza tio. they they-CAUSE-deteriorate knife my ‘They ruined my knife.’ (20) Nio aŋ-pa-kaaga bokis. I I-CAUSE-open box ‘I managed to get the box open. / I forced the box open.’ (21) Nio aŋ-ute sua tana. I I-know talk that ‘I know about that talk.’ (22) Zin ti-pa-ute yo pa sua tana. they they-CAUSE-know me REF talk that. ‘They taught me that talk.’ It is possible to combine the detransitivising and causative prefixes, with the net result that a new predicate expressing accidental causation is formed. (23) Ni i-pa-mi-liŋ yok. he he-CAUSE-DETRANS-pour water ‘He accidentally spilt the water.’ The final transitivity-altering prefix is the highly productive reciprocal prefix par-, which expresses the meaning ‘each other.’ (24) Niam am-uulu zin. we (EXC) we (EXC)-help them ‘We (EXC) helped them.’ (25) Niam am-par-uulu yam. we (EXC) we (EXC)-RECIP-help us(EXC) ‘We (EXC) help each other.’ 20 Reduplication Verbs are reduplicated to express imperfect aspect; i.e. habituality, durative, or progressive aspect. (26) Wok ti-wedet kasek som. wallaby 3PL-appear+RED lowlands not ‘Wallabies do not usually show up in the lowlands.’ (27) Man i-watwaata moori tina za-ana. bird 3SG-call+RED woman that name-her ‘The bird kept calling that woman’s name.’ (28) Nio aŋ-taŋtaŋ ma aŋ-botmbot, mi tomtom ta I I-cry+RED and I-stay+RED and person one ‘As I was crying, and a person i-mar to i-peteke yo. he-come then he-stop me came and told me to stop [crying].’ With a few intransitive verbs, reduplication is favored when multiple participants undergo the action expressed by a verb. (29) Ni i-pun zin ma ti-metmeete. he he-hit them and they-die+RED ‘He killed them.’ Reduplication is similarly associated with plurality (and optionally diminution) for some nouns: pat ‘stone, rock’, patpat ‘gravel’, ke biibi ‘a big tree/piece of wood’, ke bibip ‘big trees / pieces of wood’, wooro ‘vine’, worwooro ‘vines’, koroŋ ambaiŋana ‘a good thing’, koroŋ ambimbaiŋan ‘good things’, mboono ‘ironwood (tree)’, mbonboono ‘ironwood seedlings.’ A number of stative intransitive verbs always occur in a reduplicated form. In terms of their phonological form, reduplications can be complete— mbot-mbot ‘be staying / living’, -map-map ‘be ending’—or partial. Partial reduplications reduplicate either the final rhyme, or the final syllable, or the first consonant + following vowel + the second consonant in the root: kamam ‘be doing’, molo-lo ‘be transgressing’, bad‑baada ‘be carrying.’ In most cases, initial /p/ in reduplications becomes /w/, while initial /s/ becomes /z/. Also, the nasal component of prenasalised stops is frequently lost: -pet ‘appear’ -wed-et ‘be appearing’, -seeŋge ‘laugh’  ‑zeŋ‑zeeŋge ‘be laughing’, -ndom ‘grow (used of plants)’  -ndom-dom ‘be growing.’ Nominalisation Verbs, some adverbs, and even some nouns may undergo derivation with the suffix –ŋa- to yield new nouns, e.g. 21

Meaning Derived Form Meaning Base Form -saana ‘be bad, sananŋana ‘bad’ deteriorate’ ambai ‘be good’ ambaiŋana ‘good’ -ŋgiimi ‘buy’ ŋgiimiŋana ‘selling, sale, for sale, something that requires a payment’ za- ‘name’ zaanaŋa ‘famous, great’ Forms derived with the suffix -ŋa inflect as inalienable nous: ŋa- ŋo-ŋ first person singular ‘my’ ŋo-m second person singular ‘your’ 5 ŋa-na ~ ŋaan ~ ana third person singular ‘his/her/its’ ŋa-nda first person plural, hearer included ‘our’ ŋo-yam first person plural, hearer excluded ‘our’ ŋo-yom second person plural ‘your’ ŋa-n third person plural ‘their’ Which form is used depends on the referent of the noun phrase in which it occurs. The third person singular and plural forms are the most common. (30) Zin wal ambaimbai-ŋa-n som. they group be.good+REDUP-NMZ-GEN.3PL not ‘They are not good people.’ (31) Nio tomtom sorok-ŋo-ŋ. I person without.basis-NMZ-GEN.1SG ‘I am a person with no status.’ (32) Moori ŋgiimi-ŋa-na i-map. female buy-NMZ-GEN.3SG 3SG-end ‘The buying of the woman is ended.’ Event Nouns A number of nouns in the dictionary are listed as having the grammatical category N_Event. Such nouns typically occur in a periphrastic construction with the verb -kam ‘do, get, receive’ in examples like the following. (33) Zin ti-kam kuumbu biibi. they they-do/get stealing big.one ‘They are doing a lot of stealing.’ 22

(34) Mete i-kam yo. disease it-do/get me ‘I am sick.’ This last example illustrates a particularly common way of expressing experiences, in this case usually uncontrolled unpleasant ones. Other ways of expressing experiences include: experiential verbs and body-image expressions, the latter being the most common way. (35) Nio aŋ-moto i. I I-fear him ‘I fear him.’ (36) Ni kete-ene malmal kat. he liver-his fight very ‘He is very angry.’ (Literally: ‘His liver is really fighting.’ Interesting lexical items Probably the most semantically complex form in the language is the inalienable noun mata- ‘eye’/ ‘kind’ / ‘colour’ / ‘intensity/sharpness’ / ‘harbour’ / ‘centre of consciousness.’ There are hundreds of lexemes containing this form. As the centre of consciousness, it is a striking illustration of the old proverb that ‘the eye is the mirror of the soul.’ Other body parts that are likewise frequently involved in expressing emotions: lele- ‘insides/feelings’, kete- ‘liver’, kopo- ‘stomach.’ Many times, instead of saying that a person does something, the body part used in an action is grammatically portrayed as the doer of the action. This can be observed in the entries for nama- ‘hand’, kumbu- ‘leg’, talŋa- ‘ear’, and kwo- ‘mouth. Coconuts (ni), sago palms (meene), betel-nut palms (mbu), and the Canarium tree (kaŋar) are the most important trees for the Mangaaba-Mbula people. There are many very specific lexical items detailing the various parts of these trees and the various stages in their life-cycles. Probably the most important verb in the language is -kam ‘receive, give, do, cause’. It collocates with an extremely large number of items. As is the case in many other languages of Papua New Guinea, Mangaaba-Mbula exhibits many, very specific motion verbs, and many verbs of cutting, carrying hitting, and breaking. Vernacular Definitions For a number of lexical items, there is a field marked: ‘def.’ Such fields contain vernacular definitions or other comments about various lexical items made by Mbula speakers. 23 Listing of Grammatical Categories and Some Abbreviations Listed below are the principle grammatical categories used in the dictionary, as well as some other common abbreviations occurring in the entries.

1 first person, ‘I’, ‘we’ 2 second person ‘you’ singular or plural 3 third person ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘they’ Adv_Pred0 Adverb occurring after the verb but before the Object Adv_Pred1 Adverb occurring after the Object, but before any other peripheral constituents in the clause Adv_PredP Adverb occurring among or after the peripheral constituents in the clause Adv_PrePredP Adverb occurring immediately before the verb or non- verbal predicate (could also be viewed as a modal auxiliary) Adv_QuantP Adverb that modifies quantifiers Adv_S Sentence final adverb alt. alternate form Clitic Complementiser Conjunction construction: Construction or syntactic frame in which an item occurs def. Vernacular definition or other comments about the item Demonstrative Demonstrative Pronoun Determiner dial. var. Dialectal variant, form used by another dialect EXC ‘we’ with hearer excluded Genitive suffix Genitive suffixes occurring on inalienable nouns indicating person and number of the possessor INC ‘we’ with the hearer included Intj Interjection N Noun N_Event Event noun N_Inal Inalienable noun N_Inal_Event Inalienable event noun N_Inal_Stative Stative Inalienable Noun N_Proper Proper noun N_Stative Stative Noun Nominalising suffix opposite: words having the opposite or nearly opposite meaning, antonyms Opt. Inflected Optionally inflected verb 24

Particle PL Plural marker Prefix Transitivity-altering prefix occurring on verbs Preposition Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun formative The third person singular suffix –ni that occurs in some pronouns Quantifier Quantifiers (both numerals and non-numeric quantifiers) SG Singular number similar: words that are very similar in meaning, synonyms Subject prefix Subject prefix occurring on inflected verbs that indicates person and number of the Subject Suffix construction: The construction in which the lexical item normally occurs Theme marker The form na which functions as a formative in conjunctions and demonstratives and also serves as a topic marker V_Intr Intransitive verb V_Intr_Uninfl Uninflected intransitive verb, which does not take the Subject prefixes V_Intr/Tr Verb that can be either intransitive or transitive V_Middle Verb whose Subject and Object are obligatorily coreferential V_Middle/Tr Verb that can be either transitive or middle V_Middle/Tr_Uninfl Verb that can be either transitive or middle and which does not take the Subject prefixes V_Middle_Uninfl Verb whose Subject and Object are obligatorily coreferential and which does not take the Subject prefixes V_Scomp Verb taking a sentential complement V_Tr Transitive verb V_Tr_Uninfl Transitive verb that does not take the Subject prefixes Serial verb Verb commonly occurring in serialised constructions 25 Bibliography BUGENHAGEN, Robert D. 1986. Possession in Mangap-Mbula: Its syntax and semantics. Oceanic Linguistics 25.1/2:124-166. ______1989a. Agentivity and iconicity in Mangap-Mbula. In Ray Harlow and Robin Hooper, eds. Vical 1. Oceanic languages. Papers from the fifth international conference on Austronesian linguistics, 77-111. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. ______1989b. Modality in Mangap-Mbula: An exploration of its syntax and semantics. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 20.1/2:9-39. ______1991. Experiential constructions in Mangap-Mbula. Australian Journal of Linguistics 10.2:183-215. ______1994a. Language change on Umboi Island. In D.T. Tryon and T. E. Dutton, eds. Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, pp. 43-108. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. ______1994b. The exponents of semantic primitives in Mangap‑Mbula. In Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka, eds. Semantic and lexical universals, pp. 87-108. Amsterdam: John Benajamins. ______1995. A grammar of Mangap‑Mbula: An Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics C-101. ______2001. Emotions and the nature of persons in Mbula. In Jean Harkins and Anna Wierzbicka, eds. Emotions in crosslinguistic perspective, pp. 69-114. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ______2002. The Syntax Of Semantic Primitives In Mangaaba‑Mbula. In Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka, eds. Meaning and universal grammar. Theory and empirical findings. Volume II, pp. 1-64. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. HARDING, Thomas G. 1967. Voyagers of the Vitiaz Strait: a study of a New Guinea trade system. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ROSS, M. D. 1988. Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia. Pacific Linguistics C-98. ______1989. Early Oceanic linguistic prehistory: a reassessment. Journal of Polynesian History 24: 135-149. SPRIGGS, Matthew. 1990. Dating Lapita: another view. in: Matthew Spriggs, ed. Lapita design, form and composition: Proceedings of the Lapita Design Workshop. Occasional Papers in Prehistory 19, pp. 6-27. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

A 27 abirapaleŋa-

abal1 N A XXmountain, highlands abal uteene a1 Adv_S XX alt. ga top of the mountain, highlands region XXREMOTE (on-going action which is not zin abal uteene kan —the people of the visible to the speaker or is otherwise Highlands abal uunu considered to be somehow remote)… XX Me tikukuk a. —Dogs are yelping (over base, foot of a mountain there, far away). Tala ta abal uunu, tona tendeeŋe wok. …imborro siiri ta Taroobo kwoono a. —… —When we (INC) go to the base of the he used to look after the pig fence down mountain, then we will find wallabies. abalabal at the mouth of the Tarawe river. N Redup XX def. Koroŋ imbot molo pio. —Something is mountains abalabalŋana far away from me. N_Inal_Stative Redup XX XXrecently completed action, (‘just …ed’) mountainous Aŋpekel sua ta ni iso ga. —I will reply to lele abalabalŋana —mountainous area ka- abal what he just said. XXheart (physical organ, used of pigs) a2 Intj XXHey! (I want to say something to you, Tomtom boozomen lelen be tikan kan ŋge ka listen to me) abal. —Many people like to eat the heart A, nu karau. —Hey, do it quickly. of a pig. Abal —Hey, don’t 2 N_Proper A, kam ŋunuŋ ŋunuŋ pepe. XX grumble. Yangla village or the people from there XXAh! (adoration) (used by people who aren’t from Yangla) A Raupati, kuzuunu molo, mataana molo, Zin Abal tiso ta kembei. —The Yangla tomtom kaibiim. —Ah Raupati, his nose is people speak like that. long, and his eyes are long, a handsome dial.var. Ndasui (Gauru)

person! abataŋa- N_Inal_Stative a ra/ a raa alt. abaataŋa- XX XXAh! (expresses sadness or longing) inaccurate A ra, atoŋ ta niamru amar ma itaara ke ti! def. Ni ipiri ma ila ikam som. Tana ni —Ah, it was my older brother that came namaana abataŋana. —He threw it with me and cut this tree! without it going [and] getting [the target]. def. A. itwer. —A. is longing [for something Therefore his hand is inaccurate. or someone]. similar: ma aus, supuuru a ina so Intj abe N_Stative XX XX“You did that well!” (expresses approval) ripe, overripe, soft to the touch (used of def. A irak ma ambai kat. Tabe B iyok pa breadfruit, betel-peppers) naroogo ki A, to iso sua tana. —A dances Kun iwe abe kat. —The breadfruit is very very well. So B approves of A’s dancing ripe (still edible). and says that. Kun ŋonoono ta mbim to imbol som, mi similar: a ina buri ipepep. Zin moori tito, som tilas kun abe. aa lagoi Intj —A breadfruit that is not firm when you XX“You did that very well!” (expresses (SG) press it and is soft. The women roast great approval) ripe breadfruits over a fire. def. A. ikam mbulu sa ma ambai kat. Tabe Peege iwe abe, to teseŋ som. Ila ne. —When B. iyok pa mbulu kini, to iso sua tana —A. betel-pepper is soft, then we (INC) don’t does something and it is really good. So chew it. It is gotten rid of.

B. approves of what he did and says this abirapaleŋa- N_Inal_Stative XX expression. different things mixed together, different colours mixed up A b d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z abu 28 aiimiŋa-

def. Ruumu ta pakaana kooto, pakaana aigap N_Stative kapa, to toso ruumu abirapaleŋana. —A XXblack one, very dark-skinned (used of house whose roof is half sago-thatching people from Bougainville Island area) and half iron, we call abirapale. Zin tomtom Buka, iti toso zin aigap. —The abu N people of Buka Island, we (INC) say they XXgrandparent, grandchild [are] black ones. Abu bizin timboro iti, to tamanda ma nanda Wai, motom aigap kei ta zin Buka? —Wow, bizin tila tikam uraata. —When our (INC) your (SG) eyes are black like those of the grandparents look after us (INC), then our Buka Island people! parents go [and] do work. aigau N Abu, mar uulu yo. —Grand-mother/father/ XXdecorative plant, decoration (generic Grandchild, come help me. name for decorations used in Abutum N ceremonies) XXdance/ music type (people are carried Niam amkam aigau be amrak. —We (EXC) during the course of the dance) put on decorations to dance. -mbo Abutum—to sing Abutum dance music Aigau kizin moori na, lokoloko, kapimolo, naroogo Abutum—an Abutum dance ŋgeeme… —[The various types of] Naroogo abutum tina na, tarakrak tarakrak women’s ceremonial decorations are ma ila mankwoono, to tiziŋziŋ zin pikin armbands, beads… mi tombo Abutum. —That Abutum dance, aigau rukŋana XX we (INC) keep dancing and dancing until decorative and fragrant plants that are morning, and then as we carry the steamed to produce a good smell children, we sing the Abutum [music]. Aigau rukŋana tito sala tiama. aduŋ N —Decorative, good-smelling plants are XXsmall packet of crushed galip nuts + taro steamed on [hot] stones. roasted over hot stones aigule N Tipil kaŋar ma imap, to tuzuk raama mok. XXday, daytime To isala tiama ma ito. Sombe munmun, Aigule ambaiŋana! —Good day! ina iti toso aduŋ. Tuzuk bibip na toso Nio, aigule koozi, aŋbot ruumu. —Today I kodaaŋa. —After we (INC) crush the galip stayed at my house. nuts, then we wrap them into small Kalala parei pa aigule ta boozomen? parcels and put them on hot stones to —Where are you (PL) going every day? roast, that we call an aduŋ. If we wrap aigule palakuutu them into a big parcel, we call it a XXnoon, mid-day kodaaŋa. Zoŋ mataana ikam aigule palakuutu. —The dial.var. tetekat (Birik) sun/clock was at mid-day. ai Intj aigule potomŋana ki Merere. XXhey! (Disapproval. “You did something XXthe Lord’s holy day, Sunday bad.”) Aigule potomŋana tabe ketende su pa i. XX Ai, nu zooro sua tio. —Hey, you (SG) Sabbath (Lit. ‘the holy day when we (INC) disobeyed my talk. are to rest’) def. Tomtom sa ikam koroŋ sa ta ambai aiimiŋa- N_Inal_Stative som, to nu so sua tina pa nu yok som. Ina XXgnarled wood (has twisted grain and is nu mburom pa som. —If someone does difficult to carve accurately) something that is not good, then you (SG) def. Taara ke mi ka paaga loŋa itop ma ila say this because you don’t approve of it. ne kembei pakan som. Pa uranuran boozo. You do not like it. —You (SG) cut a tree and the chips do not XXseeks attention (“Listen to me. I want to come off easily as is the case with other say something to you.”) [trees]. For [the wood] has many strong Ai moori, ni iso parei piom? —Hey woman, fibers [in it]. what did he say to you (PL)? dial.var. piuŋa- (Marile), piŋpiiŋgiŋana Ai, kere! —Hey, look! opposite: mokŋana aikos 29 aiss

note: This is an archaic form that is not buri ila i.” —We (EXC) walked and as we well known. came, we smelled the fragrance of ndoono aikos N and keege plants. Then we said: “A new XXfirst masked person to appear in the mother has probably just gone by.” Nakanmut dance Aipina sa ila iwe yok, mi ikam aigau pa def. Nakanmut naana kaikai ruunu ma ila. —A new mother Aikos ipet ma isiiri mbum. —The first went to bathe in the river, and got kaikai masked dancer appears and sweeps the plant leaves as decorations, and went dancing area. (He is not decorated very [away]. well, but prepares the way for others who def. Moori aipina (aipinaŋa-), ina zin moori will follow him.) tau buri tikam tomtom. Tipeebe popoŋana, aikuba N_Stative tipa som, titeege you som. —Aipina women, XXtailless animal they have newly given birth, they don’t (used of walk [around], they don’t cook (yet). bandicoots, pigs, XXbetel-nut mixture that is chewed without dogs. Such animals powdered lime are considered to Sombe kou som, to teseŋ apina. —If there be more valuable, is no lime [available], then we (INC) chew because they are unusual.) betel-nut without it. ŋge aikuba —a pig born without tail airapon N def. wiini somŋana —not having a tail XXsecond dancer to appear in the Aikuptu N Nakanmut dance ceremony XXEgypt def. Nakanmut tamaana (‘father of the aimburniini N dance’) XXfood type, galip nut and leafy vegetable Airapon ziru Aikos timuuŋgu, to lutun bizin mixture (boiled together in a saucepan tise. —The second and first Nakanmut and then put on top of cooked taro, etc.) dancers come first, and then their aimus N children [i.e. the subsequent dancers] XXmouse-like animal (smaller than mouse, appear. brown with a very small mouth) aisor N def. Koroŋ ki su. Imar kar som. XXsorrowful mourning song, dirge —Something of the forest.It does not come Timbo aisor pa tomtom meeteŋana. —They to the village. sang mourning songs for the dead person. Aimus itaŋtaŋ. —An aimus is making def. Mboe tabe ipamuŋai zin tomtom lelen noises. ma isaana mi titaŋ. —A song that softens ain N people’s hearts and makes them cry. XXiron aiss Intj loan from: Tok Pisin, English alt. aiis ainer N XXHey! (expresses delight) XXcedar tree (found in the deep forest, Aiss, iŋgi koroŋ ambaiŋana kat! —Hey, this used for making canoes and planks for is really good! walling houses) XXHey! (expresses frustration or aipina N_Stative displeasure) XXmother who has recently given birth Aiss, kakam kembena pepe! —Hey, don’t do Topoi ke pa moori aipina taŋga, pa ipeebe ta that! neeri. —Let us (INC) carry some fire wood def. Tepeles to toso sua ti. Nindi gesges pa. for that new mother over there, for she Petekeŋana. —When we (INC) are tired of just gave birth yesterday. something, then we say this. When we Niam ampa ma amar na amyoozo ndoono don’t want something to happen anymore. ma keege kuziini. To amso: “Aipina sa ko [This is talk for] stopping [people from doing something]. A b d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z aitar 30 aliŋgumoraŋa- aitar N —He is accurate. XX Ni namaana alalaŋana. pounding stick, pestle (used for Anutu, ni nama alalaŋana. —God is pounding starchy tubers like taro and accurate [in judging people]. manioc into pudding in wooden dishes) see also: nama- bakŋa-, koŋ, pok, tiŋ Re aitar ta aŋur se tina. Kam ma mar, be alei Intj taŋgal wak sula timbiiri. —Look at the XXwow!, expresses delight pounding stick/pestle that I put there. def. Iyak pa koroŋ popoŋana ta ambaiŋana. Bring it, so we (INC) can pound some —S/he exclaims over something new that starchy pudding in a wooden dish. is good. similar: kuŋ niini aleei Intj aitol N_Inal_Stative XX XX ouch swampy area, sago swamp XXexpress that one is feeling pain def. Tiiŋgi biibi ta meene lene na aitol. def. Iyak pa yoyouŋana. —S/he exclaims aitolŋa- because of pain. def. tiiŋgi aitolŋana na meene muriini alimbaŋa- N_Inal_Stative —swampy area where sago grows XXgrown-up, older than growth or aiwol kumbu N XX behaviour indicates (used when scolding wooden frame made of two pairs of someone older) crossed sticks that are standing plus an Nu alimbaŋom kek! Puni paso? —You (SG) additional stick connecting them (pigs are grown-up already! Why did you hit and baskets of sago are hung from it) him? Kuŋgun aiwol kumbu sa mi kasaaŋa meene Alimbaŋom kek, tamen kankaanaŋom men! ise. —Set up a frame and hang the sago —You (SG) are already grown up, but you from it. are still foolish! similar: wo kumbu aliŋa- N_Inal_Stative Aiyu N XX XX old, from before dance type (can be performed either Nu aliŋom kek. Ŋiizi mi ŋgar ku ipet? during the day or at night) —You (SG) are already old. When will Aiyu na, niam naroogo tiam som. Ipa Mereu your thinking appear (i.e. when will you mi ile. —The Aiyu dance is not originally become wiser)? our (EXC) dance. It comes from West New Ŋiizi na posop? Ruumu tina aliŋana kek. Britain. —When are you (SG) going to finish? [You akulalu N have been building] that house for a long XX tool type (used for hollowing wooden time. dishes, canoes, drums etc.) aliŋgumoraŋa- N_Inal_Stative Ni ikam akulalu mi isap/ ikan/ ino kuŋ alt. aliŋgumurŋa- leleene. —He took a curved tool and XXvery old hollowed the inside of a wooden mortar. Mbeete tana aliŋgumoraŋana kek. Mi imo alagap N_Stative —That sore is already very old. XX zen? big and black (used of pigs) Hasn’t it dried up yet? Ou, kere yom pa ŋge alagap ta imar na! XXancient —Oi, be careful of that big black pig that is Mooto zazaŋana tana, anoŋ tau coming! —That great snake, the XX aliŋgumuraŋana. shell type (edible, found in rivers, one about whom I have been speaking, similar to a keembe) the ancient one. alala V_Intr_Uninfl XXwell-experienced, mature in thinking XX go straight to a target def. Ŋgar kizin imbol kek, irao tiposop Ni ikam pat mi ipuni ma alala. —He threw uraata, zin buriŋan som. —Their thinking the rock straight at him and hit him. is already strong, they are able to do work nama- alalaŋana N_Inal_Stative and finish it, they are not new on the alt. alalalŋa- scene. XXaccurate in throwing or shooting alok 31 anoŋ

Kere zin tomtom aliŋgumoraŋan tabe tikam will live well because of it. uraata taŋga. —Look for some well- -ur ambai pa experienced men to do that work. XXsuit, go well with similar: kolman pa Ke matum na iur kos pa tomtom pakan. Mi alok V_Intr_Uninfl tomtom pakan na som. Iur ambai pizin ma construction:… ma alok/ … ta alok irao tikam pataŋana sa som. —The matum XXlast a long time, last forever tree causes some people to get sick. But for Ruumu mbolŋana ko imbot ma alok. Irao others, this is not the case. It suits them and isaana som. —A strong house will last a they don’t have any problem [because of it]. long time. It won’t deteriorate. ambai2 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Ko matan iyaryaara ma alok. —They will XXbe good live forever. (Lit. ‘Their eyes will shine Iŋgi ambai. —This is good. forever.’) Kini ti ambai som. —This food is not good. Nio aŋla skul ta alok kek. —I went to Leleŋ ambai kat pu. —I am very happy school a long time ago. because of you (SG). [Lit. ‘My insides are alok kekŋa- N_Inal_Stative good because of you.’] XXlong-lasting Mi nio ituŋ tamen ta kembei, ko ambai? —If mbeete alok kekŋana —long-lasting sore I am all alone like this, will it be good? alok na Adv_PrePredP Mbulu ku tina, amre na, ambai leen. —That construction: alok na A … (na)so B behaviour of yours (SG), we (EXC) see it as XXwish (in counterfactual constructions: being really good! [=sarcasm] I wish A would have happened, then B ambaimbai V_Intr_Uninfl Redup could have happened) XXbecoming better Yaŋ ti inok topŋana men. Alok na iur Niini ambaimbai kek. —He is already metŋana risa, naso Apei ila kar kini. feeling better. (=Imet risa so ndabok. Naso iur ambaiŋa- N_Inal_Stative mazwaana) —This rain just keeps on XXgood falling. I wish there was a bit of a pause, kini ambaiŋana —good food then Apei could go to his village. (If Mbeŋ ambaiŋana! —Good night! only it would stop just a bit, it would ambaimbaiŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup be wonderful. Then it would give an XXvery good opportunity [for him to go].) XXgood (plus plurality of referent) Alok na ur mar pataaŋa ta neeri, so ikam wal ambaimbaiŋan —good people ma ila. Mi iŋgi som. Pa wooŋgo ila kek. anaŋ N_Inal —I wish you had brought that thing XXmy mother, my aunt yesterday, then he could have taken it anaŋ bizin —my (mother and) aunts with him. But now it is too late, for the see also: na- boat has left already. note: This is an irregular first person similar: pepe...so, so(mbe)...be, be...be singular form of the noun na-. am- Subject prefix Andewa N_Proper XXwe, we (EXC), we but not you, first person def. lele kizin meeteŋan plural exclusive Subject prefix which XXplace where dead people go (Traditionally occurs on inflected verbs thought to be on New Britain) am-la —we (but not you) go, went, will go Timeete, to tisula Andewa. —They die, and see also: tV- ‘we (INC)’ then they go down to Andewa. ambai1 Adv_Pred1 anoŋ N XXwell XXperson that has just been talked about Iti so takam uraata ma iloondo ambai, ina Anoŋ ta imar i! —The one we have been ko kaimer tombot ambai pa. —If we (INC) talking about is coming now. do work and it runs well, then later we similar: tobe/ toobe A b d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z anraŋ 32 aro anraŋ N apaŋ N XXpandanus type (found by water or in construction: ka- apaŋ swampy places) XXtop part of head, crown (used only of pigs) Anraŋ ruunu bibip mi mololo. Tiŋgal ma iwe ŋge ka apaŋ —top part of pig’s head mi. —Anraŋ pandanus leaves are big and Kepetepaala ka apaŋ mi kakan ka ŋgora. long. They are sewn into sleeping mats. —Break open the top of the pig’s head similar: pok and eat the brains. ansau N aras1 Intj XXseed of a komkom palm (edible, but is XX“Give it to him!” (expresses anger and usually only eaten in times of famine) the desire that someone be beaten) Peteele to takanan ansau. —In a time of def. So sua tana raama ketem malmal. famine, then we (INC) eat ansau seeds. Aras, mbot so ndabok! —I wish you (SG) had antare N stayed. Then they would have really given XXchicken, rooster it to you. [But instead you ran away.] def. man kar kana —a bird of the village similar: Tina koras!/ Tarras! Antare iyaaga ŋgureene mi ikoolo. —The Puni lak! Tina koras! Pa ina izooro sua rooster stretched its neck and crowed. men. —Hit him! Give it to him! For he has Antare ikaaga begeene. —The chicken disobeyed the talk. opened its wings. kete- kei ta lai aras (pakpakŋana) XX Antare isala man paŋgaara. —The rooster ill-tempered, easily angered person (Lit. mated [with a chicken, lit. ‘It went up on ‘one whose liver is like a bitter wild yam’) a female.’] def. tomtom malmalŋana dial.var. man tatariigi (Central) aras2 N XX Anutu N drought due to intense heat from the XXGod sun, too hot loan from: the Yabêm language def. Zoŋ biibi na aras. similar: Merere Zoŋ aras ineene mbunmbuutu ma anuut N imetmeete. —The intense heat of the sun XXwhite man, European, Caucasian burnt the grass and [now] it is dead. Zin anuut tire i mi tiso tipeene i. —The white similar: menmeende lai aras men saw him and wanted to shoot him. XX wooŋgo anuut —European-style boat wild yam or taro eaten in times of note: Gauru dialect form famine

dial.var. tubudu (Central), pura (Northern) aras aras N_Event Redup XX aŋ- Subject prefix rush too much, careless XXI, first person singular Subject prefix Ni ikam aras aras pa mokleene kini taŋga, which occurs on inflected verbs tabe ka kini ŋonoono sa som. —He rushed aŋ-la, aŋ-mar, aŋ-moto, aŋkan kini —I went, too much with that garden of his over I came, I am afraid, I ate [some] food there [=did not do the work carefully], aŋela N and so now he has no food to eat. XXangel Ni ikam aras aras pa ruumu kini poŋana. loan from: Tok Pisin, English Molo som, to isaana. —He rushed the aŋkor N building of his house too much. It won’t XXbird type, raven, crow (black bird which be long before it deteriorates. aro eats carrion) N XX Man aŋkor, ni gabgapŋana mi mataana sharpened stick (a tool) isiŋsiŋ. —A raven bird, it is black, and its def. Amsap zilŋaana tamen. (sharpened eyes are red. only on one side, used for husking aŋok coconuts, peeling sago, etc.) N ’ XXhornbill Kasap zin aro ma timar bekena tu up toono man aŋok —hornbill bird pa biidi. —Sharpen the sticks and bring loan from: West New Britain them so we (INC) can break up the ground artal 33 ayo

for [planting] the yams. Ni moori atektekŋana. —She is a pretty Tekeeze ni pa aro mataana. —We (INC) husk young woman. coconuts with a sharpened stick. def. Moori atektekŋana, ni mataana molo, similar: yoozo kuzuunu imender, kwo suaŋana. —An aro ŋgun attractive woman, her eyes are long, her XXsharpened on all sides/ all around, nose stands erect, she is a good talker. digging stick with a cone shaped point mburu (a)tektekŋana —nice clothing def. Amsap ma iliu. —We (EXC) rounded the similar: ambaiŋa- stick as we carved and sharpened it. atoŋ N_Inal artal N XXmy older brother XXaltar atoŋ bizin —my older brothers loan from: Tok Pisin, English atoŋ moori asiŋ Pronoun XXmy older sister XXwho? (singular) atoŋan N_Inal Hai, nu zom asiŋ? —Hey, who are you XXmy brothers (vocative) (SG)? (accusing, challenging someone’s O atoŋan, keleŋ sua tio ti. —O my older authority) brothers, listen to this talk of mine. Asiŋ ipunu? —Who hit you (SG)? note: This is an irregular first person form Nio motoŋ ila pa kaimer ko aŋwoolo of the noun to-. The other forms are tom, tomooto asiŋ? —I am thinking about later, toono, tondo, toyam, toyom, and ton. which man will I marry? atuk N dial.var. asin (Kampalap) alt. tutuk asiŋ sa XXbaby, small infant XXwhoever Ni imbaraara atuk kini ma ila. —He carried ziŋoi his little infant child and went away. XXwho? (plural) Ni atuk ki asiŋ? Atuk tio. —Whose little Ziŋoi tikam som? —Who all didn’t receive infant is he? He is mine. any of it? aus V_Intr_Uninfl asir N XXmiss the target XXevaporated salt, salt in the air, salt spray Aŋso aŋpunu pa mbu ma aus. —I was going Amkowo pa tai, mi asir ikam yam ma to hit you with a betel-nut but missed. ruŋguyam isaana. —As we (EXC) were similar: nama- ila supuuru, nama- abataŋa- travelling on the sea, the salt spray got on awoŋ N_Inal us and we looked awful. XXmy maternal uncle, my nephew Asir ikam kapa ma kapa sumbun sumbun. Aŋla aŋut awoŋ le kooto. —I went and cut —The salt in the air caused the iron roof [some] sago thatching for my uncle. to [rust and] have holes. Awoŋ bizin ta tiŋgiimi kusiŋ. —[It was] my ataka N maternal uncles that paid for my wife. XXcockatoo (white, note: this is an irregular first person form of =Tok Pisin koki) the noun wo-. The other forms are: wom, ate N woono, wondo, woyam, woyom, and won. XXdaddy, my father ayo Intj (vocative form used by alt. aiyo young children) XXtopic shift, expresses that the speaker is Ate, mar! —Daddy, come! moving on to a different topic or activity similar: tamaŋ “I want to talk about something different atektekŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup or do something different now.” alt. tektekŋa- Sua tina toso ma imap kek, aiyo, iŋgi be toso XXattractive, pretty, handsome (used of pa skul. —That talk, we (INC) have finished young people) discussing it, okay moving on, now we will talk about the school. A b d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z azaaŋa 34 -baba

def. So sua ma la parwai, mi so ta kembei, to tomtom tiŋgun talŋan pa sua mataana toro. B —When you (SG) speak about something -baada V_Tr and finish off your talk and say this (i.e. XXcarry on one’s shoulder, hanging from ayo, then people will put their ears to the shoulder or one’s back listen for talk about something different. Nio aŋbaada kaari. —I carried a netbag azaaŋa N_Event hanging from my shoulder. XXcompetition, challenge (done in order Nio aŋyembut leŋ simber be aŋbuk meene tio to test who has more wealth and power ila mi aŋbaada ma aŋla kar. —I cut myself and shame the other person) a stick to tie my sago to and carried it to def. Azaaŋa, ina malmal. Titoombo mburan. the village. —Azaanga is [a way of] fighting. They -baada pataŋana test each other’s strength. XXendure trouble, suffer, experience -kam azaaŋa hardship Wal ta so tikam azaaŋa na, tipartoombo -baada sanaana (ka kadoono) mburan. —People who do azaaŋa, test XXbear the penalty of wrongdoing/sin, each other’s strength. suffer the consequences of wrongdoing similar: -parkam siloogo Yesu ibaada sanaana kiti ka kadoono. azazwe1 N —Jesus bore the penalty of our (INC) sins. XXcaterpillar type (hairy and causes a -badbaada V_Tr Redup stinging sensation if touched. Later it baadaŋa- N_Inal_Stative develops into small butterflies.) XXmedium-sized (used of pigs that can be Azazwe iyes kuliŋ neeri, ta kuliŋ carried by one person) isamburiiti. —It is because an azazwe Nio aŋre ŋge baadaŋana. —I saw a caterpillar stung me yesterday that my medium-sized male pig. skin is red and swollen. baadaŋana N_Inal_Event def. Motmooto ta tikanan ke ruunu i. XXcarrying, act of carrying Zin momoozoŋan, mi tiyesyes ti tomini. baba1 N_Stative —Caterpillars that eat tree leaves. They XXgenerally, non-specifically (used of are hairy, and they also sting us (INC). speech) azazwe2 N XXfiguratively XXwater spirit type (believed to be female, Ni iso sua baba. —He spoke in general eats wallabies and can attack people terms or using figurative language (rather if they are alone by the water. Talking than specifically addressing a particular about azazwe spirits is used as a way to person. But the person in audience to frighten children into obedience.) whom the talk is directed will recognise Taŋ pepe. Pa azazwe ipoi kaari kini ma imar that he is being spoken to.) i. —Do not cry. For a water spirit woman -baba2 V_Intr_Stative is carrying her netbag and coming. XXbe wide, broad azereŋbi N_Stative Ke ti ruunu ibaba kat. —This tree’s leaf is XXreally huge (used only of netbags) really wide. kaari azereŋbi —huge netbag XXflat azuŋka N Toono ibaba kat. —The ground is very flat. XXlight, brightness, shine, glory (used of Ruumu tina uteene, ina ibaba mete. —The lamps, stars, sun, moon, fireflies, angels, roof of that house, it is too flat. and God) Kuri na, wiini ikeene baba. —A dolphin, its Lam kini ka azuŋka biibi. —His lamp is tail is oriented horizontally [rather than really bright. being vertical like the tails of most fish]. azuŋka katuunu —source of glory (used of babaŋa- N_Inal_Stative God) XXwide, broad Kar keteene babaŋana. —The centre of the village is wide. -babal 35 bakŋa-

Zin timbat ke runrun babaŋan. —They tied Tomtom timbot baibai leleene. —People wide leaves together. were in the place of mourning. XXwidth, breadth, distance from one side Ni izem baibai. —He came out of the place to the other of mourning. Babaŋana ki ruumu kembei re tel. —The Pula sananŋana imap, to tiyooto pa baibai. width of the house is approximately three —Once the mourning period is finished, arm spans. then they go out from the place of kuzu- babaŋana mourning. XXbroad-nosed (like Asian people, opposite baiŋa- N_Inal_Stative of kuzu- mbin) XXpoor-tasting, bad-tasting -babal V_Tr we, kun, serembat baiŋana —poor-tasting XXswing someone by their arms mango, breadfruit, sweet potato Babali se ndemem, mi mbisi ma la. —Swing ruŋgu- bai him up on your (SG) back and carry him XXugly looking (insult) away. Ywe, ruŋgum bai! —Yuck, you (SG) are Babal pikin ma isu. —Swing the child down. really ugly! babur babur N_Event Redup bakai N_Event XXflapping XXmistreatment, poor treatment, Miiri iwi ni ruunu, to ikam babur babur. mishandling, abuse —The wind blew the coconut leaves and Sombe kam bakai pini, inako ikanu. —If they were flapping. you (SG) mistreat it, it will bite you. babur baburŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup kalŋa- bakai pa XXflapping, too wide XXspeak angrily at, harshly at Trausis tiŋgi irao som. Babur baburŋana Ni leleene be ileŋ sua kiti som, tana ipekel mete. —These pants don’t fit. They flap raama kalŋaana bakai piti. —He didn’t (because the legs are too wide). want to listen to our (INC) talk, therefore see also: burbur ‘flapping sound’ he answered harshly to us. bada N bakaiŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXbundle which can be carried by one XXbad, nasty, abusive, harsh person mbulu bakaiŋana —nasty, abusive kooto bada ta —one bundle of sago leaves behaviour which can be carried by one person Ikam sua bakaiŋana pio. Irao pa ŋgar tio badaanaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup som. —He spoke harsh talk to me. It XXslow in getting going, sluggish, dawdling wasn’t acceptable in my opinion. def. Iso sorok be ila, mi loŋa mi burup som. XXpoor —He just says he is going, but doesn’t Uraata kini bakaiŋana. —His work is poor. actually quickly get up [and go]. bakaikaiŋa- Tomtom tana ni badaanaŋana kat. Loŋa XXnasty mi imaŋgaŋga som. Ni ta kembeinaŋana. Lutuŋ bakaikaiŋana kat. Ila pun waene toro —That man is really slow in getting ma itaŋ. —My child is really nasty. He went going. He does not get up quickly. He has [and] hit his friend and [made] him cry. [always] been like that. bakŋa- N_Inal_Stative similar: patapataŋa-, mata- ramraambaŋa- construction: nama- bakŋa- baen N XXaccurate in throwing something, sure- XXwine handed yok baen Ni nama(ana) bakŋana. Ilu izi na, irao loan from: Tok Pisin, English itop som. Tiŋ ila. —He is very accurate. baibai N When he throws a spear, it doesn’t fall XXplace or time of mourning (where people down [without hitting the target]. It goes stay after someone has been buried) straight to the target. similar: alala, koŋ, pok, tiŋ a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -balak 36 bar -balak V_Tr my child was rebellious that I punished XX divide up him/her. Balak mburu ku ma pakaana imbot, mi Nu kwom sosor, ta nio aŋbalisu. —It was —Divide up your (SG) things, pakaana ila. because you (SG) used bad language that I and some will stay, and some will go. punished you. -balak V_Middle -ballis V_Tr Redup XX divide, break up into groups, divide into Tiballis yo ma tau ndemeŋ mbelŋan men. factions —They have kept hitting me until my Zin tibalak zin. Zitun ma timbot la lupŋana back is completely bruised. boozomen. —They broke up into many balisŋa- N_Inal_Event factions/ groups. It is their own fault that XXstriking, hitting, whipping, physical now they are in many different groups. punishment, corporal punishment Tibalak pa malmal bekena tiwe ru mi tire Nu mbel balisŋoŋ ma iŋgi be aŋmeete i. —They divided up zin kan koi bizin. —You (SG) have hit me so much that I am into two groups for the fight in order to about to die. handle (Lit. ‘see’) their enemies. balutŋa- N_Inal_Stative Tibalak pa kini reegeŋana. —They divided XXmottled with two colours, banded, up into groups for the distribution of food. having a band of a different colour balbut1 N XX across the middle stick for hitting, knocking things Ŋge balutŋana ila mbaruumu tio. —A down (used when gathering galip nuts, banded pig went under my house. mangoes, etc.) XXskin discoloured by disease

-balbut2 V_Tr Napelpel ikam kuliini, tana toso ni XX hit with a stick, strike with a stick balutŋana. —A fungus had affected his Zin tibalbut we pakan. —They knocked skin, and therefore we (INC) say he is down [some] mangoes. striped/mottled. Nio aŋyembut balbut, mi aŋbalbuti. Pa ni bam V_Intr_Uninfl ikem ni tio. —I cut a hitting stick and hit XXbe cleared off (used of areas of land) him. For he stole my coconuts. Tideebe lele ti ma bam. —They completely balis1 N cleared off this area. XX fire bundle (made of black palm fibres, Tikas ke ma lele bam. —They cut down the used for transporting fire over longer trees and now the area is clear. distances) baŋase N_Event You ikanan la balis, mi iteege ma ila lele XXcarelessness, sloppiness abal uunu. —A fire was burning in the Ni ikam baŋase pa uraata. —He did fire bundle, and he held it and went to the careless, sloppy work. base of the mountain. def. Ikam kat uraata som. Karau karau men. def. Niam amurpe got rumuunu, to iwe balis. —S/he doesn’t do the work well. S/he Koroŋ mbolŋana, to takam wooro ma tipiu does it very quickly. ma tala lele molo. Tutun balis tana, bekena -bapkaala V_Tr you ikanan la leleene. Irao imeete som. XXdeny, conceal, keep something secret —We (EXC) make fire bundles out of got Bapkaala sua ti! —Keep this talk secret!/ palm fibres. Once it is strong, we take a Conceal this talk! rope and wrap it around the fibres and A. ibapkaala itunu pa mbulu ta ikam na. [then we can] go a long distance. We light —A. denied/concealed what he had done. that fire bundle so that the fire will keep similar: -watkaala burning inside it. It won’t die. bar N -balis2 V_Tr XX XX initiation area for young men (often punish by hitting (using some instrument walled in with coconut fronds. It is the like a rope, stick, whip, or hand), strike, place where people dress themselves whip, punish physically with the Nakanmut costume. Women are Lutuŋ izooro ta aŋbalisi. —It was because forbidden from going near it. In the past, baram 37 -barbaara

for a woman to have done so would Yaŋ baram baram. —Rain poured down. have been a capital offense. During the def. Koroŋ bibip ma boozo tisu. —Many big Nakanmut ceremony, the young men things go down. are instructed there about the laws and baraŋisŋis N customs of the village by the leader of XXinsect type living near water or ocean the Nakanmut.) XXsandfly Tutu ki Nakanmut imbot la bar. —The def. koroŋ ki peende mi maaŋga law of the Nakanmut is [taught] in the Sombe kulindi iwizis, to barasŋis tikan initiation house. ti. —If our (INC) skins are wet, then the def. Nakanmut muriini baraŋisŋis insects bite us. similar: pulaata (=loan from the see also: muŋgingin ‘sand-fly, sago gnat’ neighboring Mutu language) loan from: Mutu language baram1 N dial.var. barasŋis (Marile), baraŋesŋes XXdusk, twilight (Yangla) Iŋgi be baram =Iŋgi be mbeŋi. —It is about similar: nama gubguubu to become night. barau Intj Zin baram su, mana tila. —They went after yo barau dusk. XX“Yes!”, “Well done!” (expresses approval) similar: guruŋ def. A. irak ma ambai kat. Tabe B. iyok pa baram2 V_Intr_Uninfl naroogo kini, to iso sua tana. —A. dances XXall do something together (nobody stays and it is really good. So B. approves of his back) dancing and says this. Tala tamap ma baram se wooŋgo. —Let’s all alt. A barau! go and get on the boat. A barau, imbeli kek! —S/he has really done Baram ma tila lup pa uraata. —They all well. went to work. E(i) barau XXjoin into a group (without being asked) XXdisapproval or anger Zin wal pakan tomini baram se kizin ma barauŋa- N_Inal_Stative tila. —Some others also joined in and construction: mata- barauŋa- went along with them. XXtame, gentle, unafraid similar: palam se baraurauŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup dial.var. burum (Marile) Posi tio, ni mata baraurauŋana. —My cat ŋurŋur baram is tame. XXburn quickly similar: mata- isu Paala pinpin ke pepe. Kokena ilela you to -pabarau V_Tr ŋurŋur baram. —Don’t split the wood too XXtame, cause to be unafraid small lest it burn too quickly when it is barbaara1 N put on the fire. XXsea urchin (black, has long spikes) baram su V_Intr_Uninfl def. Barbaara na koroŋ ki tai. Barbaara ka XXfall down toolo gabgapŋana, kokouŋana mi pakan na Tipuni ma baram su zaala lwoono. —They toolo kizin toro. hit him and he fell down on the path. dial.var. nainou (Northern) baram baram su -barbaara2 V_Intr_Stative Redup XXfall down (used of many things falling XXbe overweight, be fat (not able to work down, or of rain) well because being too fat) Tomtom ta isala mi iyel we, to we baram Ywe, ila Lae ma ikanan man, mi itum ma baram su ma ke uunu bok. —Someone ibarbaara ma tau! —Humph, he went to climbed up a mango tree and shook it, Lae and kept eating chicken and became and then the mangoes all fell down and really fat! the base of the tree was full of them. a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z Bas 38 be

barbaaraŋa- N_Inal_Stative -baziriŋ V_Intr Bas N_Proper XXgive up, abandon, cease from (bad XXBas village (former village in the northern behaviour), amend one’s ways part of the language area between Kabi def. Tezem/ Tiyaara mbulu sanaŋana. and Aupwel which was wiped out by a Tomtom tana inoknok kuumbu rimos. tidal wave in the 19th century. It used to Ibaziriŋ mbulu tana zen? —That man be inhabited by Kovai speakers.) has done enough stealing. Hasn’t he basmai1 N_Event abandoned that behaviour yet? XXcraving for meat Nio iŋgi aŋtomtoombo be aŋbaziriŋ yok Mete ikam yo ma aŋbot ruumu ma basmai winŋana, malmal mi mbulu sanaŋan ta ikam yo pa koŋ buzur. —I am sick and boozomen. Pa aŋmoto koŋ kek. —I am [I have to] stay inside the house and trying now to give up drinking, and [therefore] I have a craving for meat. fighting and all other [kinds of] bad basmai2 V_Middle_Uninfl behaviour. For I fear for myself. XXcrave meat bazzi V_Intr_Uninfl def. Ŋgurem o lelem be kan buzur sa. Leleene mata- bazzi pa ka buzur. —Your (SG) neck or insides XXbe unwilling to do something when asked are for eating some meat. Matanda bazzi na, mbulu ambai som. —To Nio basmai yo kat. Kala ma kepeene koŋ be unwilling to do what people ask us (INC) ye sa imar. —I am really craving meat. is not good behaviour. Go and spear some fish for me to eat and Aŋgo i be ila ise yok mi ni mataana bazzi. bring them. Tabe tiziini moori ila. —I sent her to fetch bata N water but she was unwilling. So her little XXbutter sister went. Sombe totooro tui, nako iwe bata. —If we similar: -parsiki (INC) churn milk (stir it for a long time), be1 Adv_PrePredP then it will become butter. XXnon-assertion of factuality, contrafactual loan from: Tok Pisin, English (used when the speaker does not assert -bayou V_Intr_Stative or deny that something has happened) XXbe hot XXwould Yok ibayou kat. —The water is very hot. Nio be aŋla, tamen ni iruutu yo. —I would Lele ibayou kat. —It is very hot (i.e. the have gone, but he prevented me. weather). Ni be ila men, tamen zin tiyok pini som. see also: you ‘fire’, -yoyou ‘be painful’ —He would still have gone, but they XXbe sick, have a fever didn’t let him. Kuliini ibayou. —He has a fever. (Lit. ‘His Nio iŋgi be aŋla i. —I am about to go. skin is hot.’) dial.var. pe (Kampalap) kete- ibayou be2 Complementiser XXangry (Lit. ‘liver is hot’) XXthat, to, in order to (introduces non- lele- ibayou factive complements) XXangry (Lit. ‘insides are hot’) Nio aŋmiu be aŋmeete. —I dreamt that I died. XXfeel hot [because of warm weather], (Lit. Zin tiur sua pio be aŋla. —They ordered me ‘insides are hot’) to go. bayouŋa- N_Inal_Stative Nio aŋwi i be ila. —I asked him to go. XXhot Ni ila Lae be iŋgiimi ka kini. —He went to lele bayouŋana —hot place, hot weather Lae in order to buy himself some food. Niom bayyouŋoyom som, lomoŋoyom som. Nio irao be aŋla. —I can go./ I am able to —You (PL) are neither hot nor cold. go./ I should go. -pabayou V_Tr Nio ko irao be aŋla. —I will be able to go. XXheat up something Neeri, nio aŋrao be aŋkam, tamen koozi -parpabayou V_Middle som. —Yesterday, I could have done it, XXwarm each other up but not today. bedbeedeŋa- 39 beleege Nu irao be paute zin, pa ina nu uraata ku. —…he carried the gun under his arm and —You (SG) should teach them, because that held a knife (in his hand). is your work/ responsibility. XXflat side of a roof dial.var. pe (Kampalap) Ruumu ti, begeene ru. —This house, its roof bedbeedeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup has two sides. XXlight-coloured -kaaga bege-/ bege- ikaaga XXEuropeans, people of a different race XXlift one’s arm than Papua New Guineans (includes Begende ikaaga ma ŋgalas ila. —We lift Asians as well as Caucasians) our arms and the thermometer (Literally Muŋgu, niam tomtom amute zin ‘glass’) goes in. bedbeedeŋan mburu kizin som. —In the Tomtom tana ikaaga begeene be iŋgal ŋge. past, we (EXC) native people did not know —The man raised his arm to spear the pig. about the material possessions of the -kat bege- Europeans. XXlift one’s arm up in order to hit or throw similar: puspuuzuŋan, tubudu, pura, anuut something -beede V_Tr -begeu V_Intr XXwrite XXbecome twisted, get twisted, go out of Nio aŋbeede ro ta ila kini. —I wrote a letter joint to him. Ni imel, tabe namaana ibegeu. —She fell XXdecorate and twisted her arm. Ni ibeede mataana. —S/he decorated his/ lele- ibegeu her face. XXfeel very bad, be very sorrowful, feel beedeŋana N_Inal_Event torn up inside (Lit. ‘insides are twisted’) XXact of writing Tiziini imeete, tana leleene ibegeu kat. —His beedeŋana ma paataŋana —writing and younger brother died and therefore he reading feels really bad. XXdecorating ceremony (done to first- def. lele- isaana ma isaana kat —Someone’s born children, often in association with insides are bad and really bad. circumcision ceremonies) bekena Conjunction Tipauuru zin moori lautabe. Tikam aigau XXin order that, purpose, means raama beedeŋana. —They finished the Ni ikam uraata isu kar biibi bekena ikam le ceremony for the first-born girls. They pat biibi. —He worked in town in order to put on decorations as well as doing [face] get a lot of money. painting. bela Adv_PrePredP -bedbeede V_Tr Redup XXmust bude Sua ta boozomen bela ila buk, tona matan XXhandwriting, something written iŋgal. —All the talk must go into a book, beeze N and [only] then they will remember it. XXgarden house, temporary house Tomtom ta boozomen bela tila lupŋana, Amlup yam isu beeze ma amkan. —We (EXC) tona tileŋ sua. —All the people must go to gathered together at the garden house meeting, and then they will hear the talk. and ate. Bela lem paspot, tona la pa toono toro. bege- N_Inal —You (SG) must have a passport in order XXwing to go to another land. man begeene —wing of a bird beleege N mbalus begeene —wing of a plane ka- beleege XXflipper XXstuntedness pen begeene —flippers of a turtle Ŋge tana ka beleege. —That pig is stunted XXarmpit (Lit. ‘it has stuntedness’) …iwiliŋ peene ila begeene, mi iteege buza.

a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -belek 40 ber

Boozo titum karau, mi ta itum kat som. the flood swirled the logs around. Tana ina beleege. —Many grew up fast, XXroll around, put around something but one did not. Therefore it was stunted. XXswap something secretly (without the beleegeŋa- N_Inal_Stative person being aware of it) XXstunted, not growing well -pabeleu mia- def. Koroŋ itum karau som. —Something XXdistort, misrepresent (because of adding doesn’t grow quickly. one’s own ideas to what was said) XXlazy -pabeleu sua Tomtom beleegeŋana, ni leleene be ikam XXconfuse [a discussion] uraata som. —A lazy person, he does not -parpabeleu V_Middle want to do work. XXswap, switch see also: lugooŋaŋa-, -maol, mbura- pa XXgo past each other uraata som, -ŋguulu, -ŋgwol -sabeleu V_Tr paŋa beleege XXstir, stir up (sago, porridge) XXlazy, useless (used as an insult) belut N -beleege V_Intr construction: ka- belut XXbe tired, be worn out XXforce of churning water Kuumbu ikami ma ibeleege kat. —Tiredness So wo ipet ila li (sere som), to ka belut ise. is taking hold of him and made him really —When the floodwater comes to a deep tired/ worn out. spot, then its force appears. -belek V_Intr def. Wo mburaana ipabeleu ke, som tomtom, mata- ibelek pa ina tapaata be belut. —When the power of XXdespise, scorn, disdain, look down on a flood forcefully swirls trees [and carries Ni mataana ibelek pa biibi kini. —He them], or people, we (INC) call it the force despised his master. of churning water. similar: -pasom, -repiili belutŋa- N_Inal_Stative XX beleu1 N churning, agitated, swirling (used of water) XXstirring stick (used for stirring sago Leŋ tomtom sa tabe iur yo sula yok ta porridge, etc) belutŋana i som. —I do not have anybody Kam beleu mi sabeleu meene. —Take the to put me down into the churning/stirring stick and stir the sago. water. -beleu2 V_Intr -beŋbeeŋe V_Intr Redup XXmove in curved direction XXembrace, hug Tapa ma tabeleu sala keteene taŋga, to Wis ma ila na, isou woono mi ibeŋbeeŋe ketende su. —Let’s walk and get up onto pini. —He rushed over and embraced and the level area over there, and then we can hugged his maternal uncle. rest. Ni ibeŋbeeŋe pa tiziini. —He embraced his XXslip away, secretly change direction. younger brother. Tamen kolman tana, ni ibeleu pa mazwan ber1 N_Stative ma ila kek. —But that old fellow, he had XXyellow (used only of coconuts) already slipped away from their midst. ni ber —yellow coconut Ni ibeleu ma pos ma ila. —He slipped away ber2 V_Intr_Uninfl without telling anyone. XXbreak similar: sam, ma pis Kot na ber? —When you (SG) hit it, did it -beleuleu V_Intr Redup break? kete- ibeleu berber V_Intr Redup XXfly into rage (Lit. ‘liver moves in a XXbreak into pieces curved direction’) Mose ipiri pat ki tutu isu ma berber ma -pabeleu V_Tr imap. —Moses threw the stones of the XXrearrange the position of things or law down and they broke up into pieces. people, switch around, swirl around ber3 V_Intr_Uninfl Wo mburaana ipabeleu ke—The power of XXcome into view, go all the way (used of berber 41 beso

animate objects, expresses telic aspect -berebere V_Intr Redup for motion verbs) XXbe bruised and swollen (Central) similar: per, perper, pok XXitch and burn (Marile) ber + la XXhave blisters (Marile) XXcome upon, show up Kuliŋ iberebere. —I am bruised. Ni ipa pa su ma ila ber la kizin. —He walked Tibalis zin pa teene na, ndemen iberebere. in the forest and happened upon them. —When they hit them with the cane, XXgo out, come out their backs were bruised. Ni ipera ma ber la tai —He went all the Looto ikan yo ma aŋkiriu, to kuliŋ iberebere. way out to the ocean. (Marile) —The nettles burned my skin ber + le and I scratched, and then my skin was XXcome towards the speaker itching and burning. Zin ber le tiam. —They came all the way in Zoŋ ikan kuliŋ ma iberebere. —The sun to us (EXC). burnt my skin into blisters. ber + ma similar: -samburiiti, -kam pok XXgo to berebereŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Posi tiam ber ma tiom, som som? —Did our XXbruised, bruise (EXC) cat come to you (PL) or not? Re berebereŋana tis. —Look at this bruise. ber + mar berek N XXcome in towards the speaker XXdawn, daybreak Niam amkazas ke, mi ni ber mar tiam. —As Mbeŋ ipakaala yam ma berek. —Darkness we (EXC) were cutting trees, he came into hindered us (EXC) until dawn came. view. Tatariigi titaŋ, ta berek kek. —The chickens ber + pera have cried so it is now dawn. XXarrive, go out to …inamnaama lele be berek kat. —…he was Zin Koobo ber pera yok kwoono kek. —The waiting for the dawn to really come. inner island people have gone all the way Berek isu, to… —Once it is dawn, then… out to the mouth of the river. berekŋana ber + pet XXearly Ni iwwa pa su leleene ma ber pet zaala. suŋŋana berekŋana —early morning —He walked in the forest and came up to devotions the main road. berekŋa- N_Inal_Stative ber + se construction: mata- berekŋa- XXcome up into view XXlarge eyes Me tio imbiriizi, mi molo som na ber se pa Ye zara na, mata berekŋana. —The zara dogo. —My dog disappeared, but it wasn’t fish has large eyes. long and it came up into view at the hill. besla N ber + su construction: -we besla XXcome down XXone responsible for, assume berber V_Intr_Uninfl Redup responsibility for Ambutultul mi zin berber pet. —We (EXC) Tomtom tana iwe besla pa moori tana were sitting and they came. be iwoolo. —That man assumed berber V_Intr_Uninfl Redup responsibility for the woman so she could mata- berber pa get married. XXstrongly desire, covet dial.var. laŋula (Central) Motoŋ berber pa koroŋ kini tana. —I beso Conjunction strongly desire that thing of his. alt. be, besombe mata- berberŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXso that when XXcovetous, very desirous XXwhen Ni mataana berberŋana. —He is covetous. Ur kom kini ka lwoono ilae. Beso petelu, to a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z beze- 42 bidbiidi

kan kini. —Put aside some left-over food -bibiizi1 V_Intr_Stative for yourself, so that when you get hungry, XXbe narrow, steep then you will have something to eat. Ruumu uteene ibibiizi —The roof of the Beso mataana ise kor na, ire Akep ipa ma house is steep./ The roof of the house has imar. —When he looked up, he saw Akep a steep pitch. coming walking. see also: -ŋgutŋuutu ‘steep’ beze- N_Inal -bibiizi2 V_Tr XXhandle (can be made out of rope, XXhold tightly, constrict tightly, be tight anything that one can take hold of) Klos ibibiizu. —The clothes are too tight for Tuzuk we taiŋgi ma teteege ila bezeene. you (SG). —Let us (INC) wrap up these mangos and Mbuk klos ku ka wooro be ibibiizi klos tana. carry them from the handle. —Tie the rope [i.e. belt] of your (SG) dress meene ŋgul bezeene —handle of a package so that it will hold your dress tight. of wrapped up sago similar: -kapis Meene, muna, wak, maaŋga, iti tipiye la XXhold tightly with both hands and squeeze bezeene —[Wrapped] sago, cooked galip -bibiizi ŋgure- XX nuts, starchy pudding, and rice, we (INC) hold someone by the neck tightly, choke carry [the parcel] hanging from its handle. Pikin isu mi zin tibibiizi ŋgureene ma XXstem imeete. —The child was born and they kun bezeene —stem from which a breadfruit held its neck tightly and it died [i.e. they hangs choked the child to death]. Topo bezeene be tabaada kun. —We (INC) tie A. keteene malmal pa B., tana ila ibibiizi the breadfruit stem into a kind of handle ŋgureene. —A. was angry with B., so he in order to carry it. went and grabbed him by the neck. bezeeneŋa- -parbibiizi V_Middle XXwrapped in such a way as to have a XXsqueeze into a tight place, crowd handle from which to carry together into Zuk bezeeneŋana! —Wrap it so there is a Tomtom boozo tiparbibiizi zin pa Suŋgu. handle! —Lots of people squeezed themselves into bi Clitic the Sungu boat. XXold, older, greater than the speaker bibip1 N Redup (added to names to indicate respect) XXleaders, officials, important people Apaibi —old/ respected Apai Zin bibip ki gabman ta tikamam peeze piti. rwoŋ mooribi —my (old) mother-in-law —It is the leaders of the government that kisabi —(old) widower are ruling us (INC). zoŋbi —my older namesake (a respectful see also: biibi ‘big one’ term of address) bibip2 N_Stative Redup XXreally big (used to emphasise the large XXbig (plural) dimensions of something) Tikam ŋge bibip men. —They only brought siŋaanabi —very big large pigs. tuuru molobi —a very long rope of fish see also: biibi ‘big one’ biaŋyaaŋ N_Stative bibipŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXuninhabited area, deserted area XXbig ones def. lele ta imbot sorok, lele bilimŋana, kar Nio ko aŋreege diditu munmun tiŋgi, mi muŋguŋana —an area that is left to itself, aŋpo bibipŋan. —I will tear down these an empty area, a former village small storage houses and build bigger ones. Toono Korobal iwe biaŋyaaŋ sorok, mi zin bidbiidi N Redup tomtom boozo tipa pa, ma zin buzur ma XXbedbug (lives under the black palm bark moolo tipa pa. —The land of Korobal flooring of houses) became deserted, and many people walked Zin bidbiidi tiŋgorut kulindi, mi tiwin there, and animals and ants walked there. siŋindi. —The bedbugs bit us (INC) and drank our blood. bigil 43 -biigi bigil1 N biibi2 N_Stative bigil suruunu XXbig, large, important, great, intense XXhoney uraata biibi —big or important work Inamut kat kembei bigil suruunu. —It is toono biibi —mainland/ a large piece of land very sweet like honey. kar biibi —town, city Tiwin bigil suruunu. —They drank [i.e. ate] sua biibi —important talk honey. Iŋgi biibi mete pio. —This is too big for me. bigil naana Biibi iŋgoi? —Where is the bigness? (i.e. XXbee this is not anything difficult) bigil ŋonoono azuŋka biibi —intense/ bright light XXbeeswax XXmuch, plenty, a lot (used of mass nouns) Tipakap bigil (ŋonoono) ise kombom. Ni ikan kini biibi. —He ate a lot of food. —They put beeswax on the [the skin of a] Kam ma biibi! —Give [me] a lot! drum [in order to tune it]. Ni mburaana biibi. — He has a lot of power. XXseal bibip N_Stative Redup Ro tana, tilul mi tiparooro bigil lamata mi XXbig, important (plus plurality) ru ise ro kwopiriini. —That leaf/paper, kalŋa- biibi they rolled it up and put seven beeswax XXcommon language (used by people seals on the edge of it (to seal it). speaking different languages), language Kinke zin bigil, mi peele ro tiŋga. —Take off of wider communication, trade language, the seals and open that scroll. Tok Pisin Bigil2 N_Proper biibiŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXname of a character in a traditional story XXsomewhat big -bigilgil V_Intr_Stative biidi N XXglutinous, cohere, hold together, not XXyam (scientific name: crumbly Dioscorea esculenta) meene ibigilgil, muunu som, iparmatmaata Niam moori amla —The sago coheres together, [it is] not amlu biidi. —We (EXC) crumbly. women went [and] Ni pirŋana ka tam ikam ma meene planted yams. iparmaata/ ibigilgil. Mi muunu som. Amtou biidi. —We (EXC) Takan na inamut kat. —Coconut that has dig up yams. tam in it makes the sago bread cohere. biidi anoka —purple It is not crumbly. When we (INC) eat it, it yam tastes really good. biidi kapus —long, purple yam similar: -parmaata biidi siapan —white yam biibi1 N biidi kuzi —yam which is hairy outside XXSir, master, boss, leader, lord biidi luŋana—yam planting time Biibi tio —My Lord/ boss/ leader/ master/ lord see also: kiu, -lu tomtom biibi —God/ an important person -biigi V_Tr Mbesooŋo iso pa biibi kini. —The servant XXhinder, prevent from doing, keep from spoke to his master. doing -we biibi Ni ibiigi yo be aŋla som. —He prevented me XXbecome big, become important from going. Wae, nu sombe we biibi mi mboro yam! Uraata ibiigi yo. —The work hindered me. —Oh, so you (SG) plan to become the XXcontrol, keep on course, put back on course master and rule over us (EXC)! [There is no Tomtom peeze kana ibiigi wooŋgo be ito way we will accept that.] zaala. —The captain controlled the boat bibip N Redup to keep it on course. XXleaders, officials, important people XXrestrain Aŋbiigi ituŋ pa malmal. —I restrained a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z biiŋi 44 Birae

myself, refrained from fighting./ I kan mbu. —The inner island people are controlled myself and did not fight. wandering around in the village. They similar: -yaraama are looking for betel-nut. -bigbiigi V_Tr Redup XXflutter (used of leaves) Nu bigbiigi yo paso? —Why do you (SG) keep Kun ruunu bilbil ma isula toono. —The hindering me? breadfruit leaf fluttered down to the biigiŋana N_Inal_Event ground. XXhindrance similar: biltok Ni ikam biigiŋana biibi be tila som. —He did a -pabilbil V_Tr lot of hindering so that they would not go. XXswing back and forth similar: -kam biŋbale, -kam mbiŋbiŋ -bilim V_Intr biiŋi N_Event alt. bilim V_Intr_Uninfl XXswelling, swollen gland XXbe empty, be uninhabited, be vacated To tana aŋboobi mi itoori karau som, pa Kar (i)bilim kat. —The village is empty./ biiŋi ikami. Tana ipata be isabuleezi. —I There is no one in the village. called that fellow but he did not turn similar: kar putuunu, biaŋyaaŋ around, for he is afflicted with swollen bilimŋa- N_Inal_Stative glands under his ear. So it is hard for him XXuninhabited, empty, vacant, vacated to turn his neck. lele bilimŋana —uninhabited area bil N_Event ruumu bilimŋana —empty house, vacant alt. mil house XXlightning -biliu V_Intr Redup Lolo ikam bil. —It is lightning. XXhang around because of hunger similar: -kimit Nu biliu rimos! Mar kam kom kun pakaana see also: milmil tis ma kan. —Quit hanging around. If you bil pa tamen V_Intr_Uninfl (SG) are hungry, come and take half of this XXdo quickly, do in a flash breadfruit and eat it. def. karau Kakam ka kini sa ma ikan mibe mburaana. Buri ŋonoono ta amgo i ma ila i. Mi bil pa Pa ibiliuliu ma ikamam na. —Give him tamen, mi imiili mini. —[It was] just now some food to eat so he will get some that we (EXC) sent him [on the errand]. strength. For he is hanging around and And in a flash, he was back again. doing [nothing] because he is hungry. -bilbil1 V_Intr Redup similar: mbura- imap XXbe flaming biltok V_Intr_Uninfl You ibilbil kat. —The fire is really flaming. XXwander along at one’s own pace bilbilŋa- N_Inal_Stative Zin tamuriŋ tiam biltok biltok ma tiwwa. XXflaming —Our (EXC) young girls were wandering you bilbilŋana —flaming fire along and walking. kete- bilbil similar: bilbil XXreally hungry, starving (Lit. ‘liver is biluuŋu N_Event flaming’) XXwhining, fussing about (long time) Meene na, ur lae muŋgu, mi ketende ibilbil, Zin pikin tikam biluuŋu pa kan buzur. —The to takan. —The sago, put it aside for the kids were whining for meat to eat. moment, and when we (INC) are really dial.var. -kam mbuliigi (Marile) hungry, then we will eat it. biŋbale N_Event Keteŋ bilbil kat. —I am starving. XXdelay, hold up, hold back, prevent similar: petel kat, kete- iyoyou someone from doing something bilbil2 V_Intr_Uninfl Redup Tori tana ikam biŋbale mete. —That little XXwander around aimlessly, ramble boy is causing too much delay. Zin bilbil ma tilela kar. —They aimlessly similar: -kam mbiŋbiŋ, -biigi wandered into the village. Birae N_Proper Zin Koobo tiwwa bilbil ta kar leleene. Tiru XXmorning star Birik 45 bok

Kere pitik Birae. Ise to tapa. —Look for the le saaza bizin —his/her great-grandparents morning star. Once it rises, then we’ll (INC) or great-grandchildren walk. XXcollective (indicates group of close Birik N_Proper relatives or associates) XXBirik village Silas bizin —Silas and his family/ associates zin Birik pu katuunu bizin —the owners of the pig net XXresidents of Birik village kanda koi bizin —our (INC) enemies biriŋ1 N bobi N_Event XXhouse for cooking, cooking shelter (Its XXcall, invitation thatching is not sewn. Instead folded Bobi kini ila pizin kar ta boozomen. —His coconut or sago leaves are used as call/ invitation went to all the villages. thatching) Bobi ki Anutu ikam yom kek. —God’s call Tipo biriŋ be tinoi kini pa. —They built a has come to all of you (PL). cooking shelter as a place in which to XXcall for help, cry boil/cook food. Leŋ bobi tio, mi uulu yo. —Listen to my cry, -raaza biriŋ —build a small shelter using and help me. palm leaves see also: -boobo ‘to call’ def. Biriŋ, ina you teegeŋana muriini. Tiŋgal boboŋar1 N kooto som. XXlowermost/ outermost purlin of a roof see also: saŋarai (another kind of (supports the sago thatching) temporary house that is similar to a biriŋ ruumu ka boboŋar —outermost purlin of but the thatching is different) the roof of the house -biriŋ2 V_Intr Boboŋar2 N_Proper XXspread out (used of non-substantial XXpart of the Vitiaz Strait that is between things) Finschafen and Tuam, some sort of Sua ibiriŋ ma irao lele. —The talk spread mythical snake is thought to live there out all over the place. bodzeo N You ka koi ibiriŋ. —The smoke spread out. alt. bodiau, bodtiau see also: -moso XXseat on which one sits when pounding birum birum1 N Redup sago (sago frond thrown on the trunk as XXgadfly, biting insect type a seat) note: Marile dialect form Ni mbuleene se bodzeo/bodtiau/bodiau dial.var. mberum mberum/ mberom mberom be iguugu meene. —He sat on a seat (on (Central) the trunk of the sago palm) in order to birum birum2 N Redup pulverise the sago. XXrustling noise made by coconut leaves similar: mbuleŋse Ni ruunu itaŋ birum birum, to ŋge ileŋ ma iko. -bogboogo V_Intr Obl Redup —The coconut leaves make a rustling noise, XXtalk in one’s sleep and then the pig heard it and ran away. Asiŋ ta mbeŋi ibogboogo na? Pa nio aŋmaŋga Tomtom tina ikam naborou pa ni ruunu ma na aŋleŋ. —Who was it that spoke in his/ iwe birum birum. To ŋge tileŋ ma tiko pa her sleep last night? For I woke up and su. —That man performed some magic heard them. with coconut leaves making some rustling boi N noises. Then the pigs (=someone else’s XXcontainer for carrying water by islands pigs) heard it and ran off into the forest. people bizin PL Zin Koobo tise kan yok la boi. —The XXplural marker (for kin terms having inner island people filled up water for inalienable genitives) themselves in water containers. tiziŋ bizin —my younger brothers bok V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl nan bizin —their mothers XXbe full a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -bokat 46 -boobo boŋzalut N_Event —We (EXC) ate Amkan kini ma kopoyam bok. XX food and our stomachs were full. win in a race, beat in a race, victory Yok ila kuuru ma bok. —The water went Nu kam boŋzalut pa Apei. —You (SG) beat into the pot and filled it. Apei in the race. bokbok V_Intr Redup def. Nu loondo ma la pet lele sa ma lip pa XXbe full (plural) waem bizin. —You (SG) run and come to a Isula timbiiri ta boozomen ma bokbok place and beat your associates. makiŋ. —It went into all the wooden similar: -lip ‘surpass, win’ boŋzalut kiriwas dishes and they were full. Intj XX -bokat V_Tr “I beat you!” XXbreak off, snap off (used of long, thin, note: archaic form known mainly by older rigid objects) people -boobo —Break off a V_Tr Bokat muli muruunu ta. XX bunch of oranges! call out —I broke off a Nu boobo yo paso? —Why did you (SG) call me? Nio aŋbokat ke namaana. XX branch of the tree. call/ invite someone to come Bokat suruunu isu lene. Pa ina molo mete. Nio aŋboobu be mar. —I invited you (SG) to —Break off part of it. For it is too long. come. -boboobo V_Tr Redup similar: -boogo XX bolbolkuŋa- N_Stative Redup keep calling, call again and again XX -boobo + motion verb + pa habitually lazy and stealing from others XX (derogatory expression) call to someone who is distant Nu bolbolkuŋom! Maol puŋkeŋom! Iboobo lela/ pera pa —He calls to someone who is inland/ towards the sea. Ŋgwolŋom! —You (SG) good-for-nothing lazy thief! Iboobo sala/ sula pa —He calls up/ down to [someone]. bolboolo N Redup -boobo ten la construction: ka- bolboolo XXcall hoping to receive favourable answer XXback of the neck, nape -boobo ki V_Tr Koŋ bolboolo iyoyou. —The back of my XXcall on a spirit for help or to put a curse neck hurts. ka- bolboolo ipol on someone, invoke Ni iboobo ki us kini. —He called on the XXexpire, die in a sitting or standing position name of his totem. dial.var. kalbolo (Northern) Moori tila tizibuuru, mi nio aŋboobo kizin bolezoŋoono N_Stative be tikam kan mooto. To tikam buzur sa XXblack (used of sand) som. —The women went to get crayfish, maaŋga bolezoŋoono —black sand and I called on [some spirits] for them to get boma N snakes. So they did not get any edible meat. XXclay def. Sombe nu kam pikin musaari ila lele Ni ipatiiŋgi kuliini pa boma. —He smeared unduŋana, ma sobe miili, na bela boobo ki his skin with clay. pikin kunuunu ma imar. —If you (SG) take bomaŋa- N_Inal_Stative a small child to a place with spirits, when XXclayish, soft (used of ground) you return, then you must call on the Lele taŋga na, bomaŋana. Toono ŋonoono child’s spirit as you come. —That area over there is just clay. It som. -booboyaara V_Tr is not real ground. XXcall out to many people to get their -bombokou V_Intr_Stative XX attention be nearly full (containers filled with Aibale iyooto be ibooboyaara zin tomtom pa solid items like nuts or root crops, but sua. —Aibale went outside to call out to not liquids) people to hear the talk. Ni iyo kaŋar isula nakaral ma ibombokou. -boobosasaara V_Tr —She collected galip nuts into a basket XXcall urgently with a loud voice and it was nearly full. boogo 47 boozo

bobi N similar: -bokat XXcall, invitation mete iboogo boogo1 N_Stative XXdie unexpectedly, without warning XXdivided, twins Mete iboogi. —He died unexpectedly/ pikin boogo ru/ tel —twins/ triplets suddenly/ without warning. Ni boogo. —He is a twin. -bogboogo V_Tr Redup Kere. Zin bogboogo ru tana ruŋgun tamen. Ni ibogboogo peene mi izi. —He breaks the —Look. Those twins look the same. bows and spears. Moori tana ipeebe zin pikin bogboogo pa ru. -seboogo —That woman had twins twice. XXbend and break off, snap off, break in two -boogo2 V_Intr -boogo4 V_Tr XXbranch, divide XXput up fists, put up one’s dukes (in -bogboogo V_Intr Redup preparation for fighting) XXdivide, branch, fork Ni iboogo namaana be iporou. —He put up Yok ibogboogo ma iwe ru. —The river his fists/dukes to fight. divides into two [branches]. -booŋo V_Intr_Stative Ke namaana ibogboogo ma iwe ru. —The XXbe sour, be fermented tree branch divides into two [forks]. Kini neeriŋana, tabe ibooŋo. —The food is a mia- (i)bogboogo day old, so it is sour. XX two-faced, hypocritical, insincere (Lit. booro N ‘tongue is branched’) XXfood storage area (a temporary structure, -boogo sua it is big, tall, and round and has no roof, XXdrag other matters into a conversation, and it is walled in with sticks) bring up other matters when accusing Tiŋgun booro be tilup kini, to isula pa sam. someone —Once they build a food storage area in Tiboogo sua boozo pini, tabe imar pa uraata which to collect food, then the food will som. (=tiŋgal sua pini). —They brought go down to the conference. up lots of other matters as they accused boozo Quantifier him therefore he did not come to work. XXplenty, many, much -pabogboogo sua V_Tr Redup Zin boozo tila Koobo. —Many of them went XX really get off the topic of conversation, to Aramot Island. digress boozo pe som —not very many Pabogboogo sua pepe. Sua pakan ila igaaba ta boozomen pepe. —Don’t get off the topic. Other talk XXall, every should not accompany it. tomtom ta boozomen —everyone boogoŋa- N_Inal_Stative similar: -map ma XXdivided, forked, branched boozo ŋana ke boogoŋana —forked tree XXquite many, quite a lot, plenty -to zaala boogoŋana bozboozo Quantifier Redup XXtake a side road, branch off from a path XXvery many and different kinds mbule bogboogoŋana mbulu/ŋgar bozboozo XXinsect type, banana bug XXall kinds of bad, evil, sly, cunning Sombe mbule bogboogoŋana ikan/ ipeene behaviour/thoughts talŋom som kulim, na iyoyou. —If a -kam ŋgar boozo pa banana bug bites/shoots your (SG) ear or XXthink about something a lot, ponder, skin, then it hurts. wonder about (often due to something -boogo3 V_Tr being difficult to understand, unusual, or XXbreak off by bending (using only hands) somehow unacceptable) Aŋboogo ke/ boboŋ/ painap. —I broke off a Amkam ŋgar boozo pini. Ko imbot ambai? stick/ wild pitpit/ pineapple. —We (EXC) thought about him a lot. Is he okay? a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z borau 48 boros -kam sua boozo pa Zin aŋela borok pet kizin. —The angels XXtalk about something a lot, be critical of, suddenly appeared to them. complain about similar: ber Tikam sua boozo pa mbulu ta ni ikam. borok V_Intr_Uninfl —They did a lot of talking about what he 3 XXspill out, spill over did./ They were critical of what he did. Yok borok ma isu lene. —The water spilled borau N_Event over. XXmating (used of animals) Ni iute ye zukŋana som, tabe ye kini borok ma Zin mbili tikam borau. —The animals mated. isu. —He didn’t know how to wrap up fish, XXillegitimate sex, illicit sex so his fish spilled down (on the ground). borauŋa- N_Inal_Stative borokrok, borok borok V_Intr_Uninfl Redup XX deaf and dumb Yok ila baket ma borok borok. —Water went Ni borauŋana. Ileŋ sua som, iso sua som. into the bucket and was spilling over. —He is deaf and dumb. He doesn’t hear, Tai borokrok sula wooŋgo leleene mabe he doesn’t speak. XX timon. —The sea (was rough and) spilling stupid into the canoe and they were about to Nu borauŋom! —You (SG) are stupid! drown. similar: kankaanaŋa-, talliŋa-, -gadgaada similar: -miliŋ borbooro N Redup -borok V_Intr XX 4 grass type which has seeds used as beads XXcollapse, break def. Kei ta me wiiniŋana i. Ruunu mololo, Ruumu iborok. —The house collapsed. imbot yok zilŋaana, tikam pwon pwon, Sapalaana iborok. Irao ipa som. Iyoyou ma mi tikes ma iwe aigau. —It has a tuft like tau. —His back went out of joint. He can’t a dog’s tail (type of plant). It has long walk. It really hurts. leaves, is found by water, they take the -kam borok N_Event seeds and string them into decorations. XXbreaking, collapsing borbor1 Adv_Pred0 Redup XX Yaŋ biibi isu Lae ma wo ipet, ta iyaŋgwiiri flat, dull (used of sounds) zin reete ma tikam borok. —It was Kombom imoroobo, tana itaŋ borbor. —The because a heavy rain fell in Lae and a [skin on the] drum is loose, therefore it flood came that the bridges were swept sounds flat/ dull. away and collapsed. -borbor 2 V_Intr_Stative Redup Sapalaana ikam borok. —His back went out XX be deflated, be slack of place./ He injured his back. mbal iborbor —The ball is deflated, slack borokoolo N taia iborbor —The tire is deflated, slack XXtree type (typically found in former kete- borbor XX garden sites that are now becoming stingy (Central) overgrown) Ni keteene borbor pa koroŋ kini. Iyok pizin def. Ke ta ise pa raŋgaata, iwe silo pa biidi. tomtom be tikam som. —He is stingy with —A tree that comes up in a former garden his things. He does not agree for people to site, it is used as bracing sticks for yam take them. XX plants. out of breath (Marile) dial.var. karkoolo (Marile) borok 1 N boros V_Intr_Uninfl XX early morning, dawn (around 5:30 AM) XXburst open, spill out Borok su. —It became dawn. Kinkin boros. —The baby’s soft spot burst similar: berek open. borok 2 V_Intr_Uninfl Ŋge kopon kopon boros ma ipet mat. —The XX appear suddenly entrails of the pig spilled out. Tomtom ta imbot su leleene ma borok maare Mbeteŋgal boros ma ipet. —The boil burst kar. —A man suddenly appeared here open. from the forest and came aside to the similar: -mapaala village. borot 49 bude borot N bubuŋ ise. —After the rain has fallen and XXmedicinal plants with fragrant leaves the sun shines again, then vapour from that are steamed to help sick people the ground rises. Tikam borot, mi titunpaara pa mete. ka bubuŋ sanaana —bad smelling vapour —They took fragrant medicinal plants and -to bubuŋ steamed them as a treatment for the illness. XXsteam, cook with steam (by placing def. Alakam, morom, keege, lakiki, ina borot. stones inside the pot with a little bit of —Alakam, morom, keege, lemon grass, water, and banana leaves to cover the these are fragrant medicinal plants. stones, only steam cooks) Borot isula yok, tonabe ka bubuŋ ise. —The Moori tana ito serembat bubuŋ. —That fragrant medicinal plants [are put] down in woman is steaming the sweet potatoes. water, and then the vapour from them rises. def. Moori iso ito kini bubuŋ, nako iyo tiama -bot V_Intr_Stative isula kuuru raama yok rimen, to iur pin XXbe damp, be slightly wet (but not dripping) ruunu ikoto pat tina, tona iyo kini isula. Musu pa taol ti. Pa tina na, ibot kek. —Dry Kaimer to ikuubukaala kini pa pin ruunu yourself with this towel. For that one is toro mini, to kuuru kwoono isala. Mi already damp. ipambutul kuuru tana isala you. Indoundou Kiliigi tio ibot pa motoŋ luluunu. —My you lala mi bubuŋ izze itekteege kini tina. pillow is wet with my tears. —When a woman steams food, then she similar: -wizis ‘visibly wet’ collects cooking stones down into a pot botiau N with a little bit of water, then she covers XXplace to sit when one is pulverising sago those stones with a banana leaf, then she similar: mbuleŋse, bodiau, bodtiau collects food down into it [the pot]. Later, bou N she covers the food with another banana XXvine type (seeds are used in blowguns) leaf, then the lid of the pot goes on top. Zin naŋgaŋ tila titeete len somsom, mi And she sets it on the fire. She keeps tikam len bou pwoono be tipilkat zin me heaping fire around it and the vapour pa. Sombe me timar be tien, to tipilkat keeps rising and affecting [lit. ‘holding’] zin. —The young boys went and cut the food. themselves some bamboo [to use as bubuŋa- N_Inal blowguns], and got themselves some XXbreath, spirit seeds from a bou vine to blow at the dogs. Bubuŋanda iwedet pa kwondo. —Our (INC) When the dogs come to defecate, then breath comes out of our mouths. they will shoot the seeds at them. -yaaru bubuŋa- —take a deep breath boubou Adv_Pred1 Redup Bubuŋana ipas kek (=imeete kek). —He is XXdully, dull sounding (used of instruments dead already. (Lit. ‘His breath has gone which do not produce a clear sound away.’) because of something being too loose or Bubuŋana imap pini. —He is dead. (Lit. having a hole in them) ‘Breath ended for him’) Ni ise kombom kini na, itaŋ boubou. —When bubuŋana ambaiŋana —good spirit he hit his drum, it produced a dull sound. bubuŋana sananŋana —evil spirit similar: borbor Ni iziiri bubuŋana sanaŋana ma iko pini. bubuŋ N —He drove the bad spirit away from him. construction: ka- bubuŋ Bubuŋana Potomŋana XXvapour, mist, steam (visible) XXHoly Spirit (Biblical key term) Indeeŋe niam ampi tiama na, kini ka bubuŋ bude N ta kuziini ambaiŋana ise. —When we XXwriting, handwriting (EXC) opened up the cooking stones, good- Nio bude tio itooro ma isaana mini. —My smelling food vapour came up. handwriting has changed and gone bad Yaŋ isu makiŋ mi zoŋ iyaara, tona toono ka again. a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z buga- 50 -burakraaga

Nio aŋkilaala bude kini. —I recognised his na indeeŋe. Paso, ni lutuunu moori handwriting. muŋgamuŋga. —When N. ceremonially note: Irregular nominalization of -beede ‘to honours his daughter, it is right. For she is write.’ his first-born daughter. buga- N_Inal (Event) buk V_Intr_Uninfl XXobligation, commitment to provide XXboil up (used of a large amount of smoke something for a ceremonial purpose, rising up) ceremonial obligation XXmove in an agitated manner Nio aŋla som. Pa nio bugoŋ pizin leembe You ka koi buk ma ise. —The smoke from tio, tana aŋso aŋurpe murin. —I am not the fire boiled up. going. For I have the obligation to provide Laŋla ka koi buk ma isala. —The smoke from for my visitors, and therefore I want to Mount Langila [a volcano] is boiling up. prepare a place for them. bukbuk V_Intr Redup Nio bugoŋ pa lutuŋ moori pa skulfi kini. —I XXbubble up am obligated to provide school fees for Yok bukbuk ma ise. —Water is bubbling up my daughter. [referring to a spring]. Nio bugoŋ pa ruumu tio. —I need to attend Kini inoi ma yok bukbuk, to tatke ma isu. to the needs of the people who are —Once the food starts boiling, then take working on my house [i.e. provide some it off from the fire. food for them, etc.] bukbukŋana N_Inal_Stative Redup Nio bugoŋ pa Martin waene, ta aŋdoundou yok bukbukŋana —water from a spring mbio i. —I have ceremonial obligations -pabukbuk towards Martin’s [future] wife, and that XXcause to bubble up, fill something so is why I am heaping up [i.e. collecting] that water bubbles up inside it (like wealth objects [for the brideprice]. bottles) Niam bugoyam pa ampal lutuyam bizin. Kam botol tio ma la, to pabukbuk mi lili —We (EXC) have ceremonial obligations muŋgu, to kut mi imar. —Take my bottle associated with circumcising our sons. and go, then let water bubble up inside it Mailaŋ na, takam pa pikin bugaana and rinse it first, and then fill it and bring (reeteŋana, ni iwe kuapu pa kar, urum it back. poŋana) —Feasting, we (INC) do it to see also: -purri honour children ([The common occasions bulbul V_Intr_Uninfl for it are] circumcision, or if s/he is a first construction: ŋgure- bulbul pa time visitor to some village, or the building XXbe nauseated, be disgusted, be revolted, of a clan house in his/her honour.) nearly vomit, almost throw up similar: le- uraata pa ‘to have work for’ Aŋyoozo buzur buuzuŋana ma ŋgureŋ Sako iloondo pio pa lene ŋge. Mi tamen nio bulbul pa. —I smelled a dead animal and aŋkam pini som, pa nio bugoŋ pa lutuŋ pa nearly threw up. yok kamŋana. —Sako ran to me to get bur V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl himself a pig. But I did not give it to him, XXripe to touch, feel ripe (used only of because I have obligations for my child to soursop and mango) provide a pig for [his/her] baptism. Ni isala kun tubudu be imbim na bur. To ike -kam buga- ma imar ma amkan. —He climbed up a XXperform ceremonial obligations in order soursop tree and when he tried one it felt to honour one’s first-born child (Involves ripe. Then he took it and came down and reserving valuable things for a special we (EXC) ate [it]. ceremony that is held in their honor) see also: -mbur, purpur Takam pikin bugaana (=Tombo mboe, -burakraaga V_Intr_Stative Redup takam naroogo pini. —We (INC) XXbe spread out ceremonially honour the child. (=Sing for Ke namaana iburakraaga. —The tree him, dance for him.) branches are spread out (i.e. they have N. isombe ikam lutuunu moori bugaana, grown out in different directions). burbur 51 buudu burbur V_Intr_Uninfl Redup Burup ma loŋa mi kala! —Get up and get XXmake a flapping sound going quickly! Mbia begeene burbur ma ila. —The wings of Burup burup! —Each of you get up! the bat were flapping. Moori tana pataŋana kat. Loŋa mi burup see also: babur babur ‘flapping movement’ burup som. —That woman is really slow buri Adv_PredP in getting going. She does not get up XXright now, right at this moment quickly. Buri mar i? —Are you (SG) just coming now? XXrise (from death) Loŋa men mi la ta buri! —Go quickly right Ni ipai zin meeteŋan ma burup ma timaŋga. now! —He raised the dead and right away they Buri ŋonoono, maŋga ma la, to re zin. —Get arose. up right now and go, and then you (SG) busbus N Redup will see them. XXpeelings from tubers, rubbish a ina buri Intj def. kini kulin kulin XX Yes!, “Now you finally did it well!”, “At Siiri busbus ku ila ne! —Sweep your (SG) last you did it well!” (expresses approval) rubbish away! Sombe tomtom ikam kat uraata sa, to toso: “A, mok/ serembat ka busbus —taro/ sweet ina buri!” —When someone does something potato peelings really well (after some unsuccessful tries), see also: musmuuzu ‘general term for we (INC) say: “A, ina buri!” rubbish/trash’ def. A. muŋgu imbo kat mboe som. Mi buri -but V_Tr imbo kat. Tabe B. iyok pa, to iso sua tana alt. -mbut —In the past, A. didn’t really sing well. construction: -but nama- But now he sings well. So B. approves of it XXmeasure out one cubit’s length and says that expression. Kala kakam soolo, to re ta mi kubut buriŋa- N_Inal_Stative nomoyom. —When you (PL) go get XXsomething recent flooring, then [get pieces that are] one Mbulu kini buriŋana? Ni ikamam ta muŋgu arm span and one cubit in length. mi imar. —Is that behaviour of his Kam senso be teete ke, to mololo pepe. Mi something recent? He has been doing it but nomom men. —When you (SG) take the from a long time ago up until now. chain saw and cut the wood, then do not Mbulu kini buriŋana som. Aliŋgumoroŋana. cut pieces that are too long. Just cubit Inoknok ma imar koozi. —His behaviour lengths. is not something recent. [It is] ancient. He Sombe tikin koroŋ sa, to re ru mi indu yok has kept at until today. (=tubut [namanda]). —When we (INC) buriigi N_Stative measure something, then [we say] two XXlight brown, tan (used only of pigs) arm spans and up to the inner part of the ŋge buriigi —light brown pig elbow (=we measure up to the elbow). buriigi muk buudu N XXdark brown XXtree type (used for planks in house- burikriigi N Redup building. It flowers before the time for XXdragonfly planting taro, around March-April) XXfish type Amre la pa buudu iruŋ, to ina nol ki mok XXcreature found near water paazaŋana. Tona loŋa mi ŋonon, mi dial.var. yok naana (Central) ŋonon bibip. —We (EXC) watch for the burup V_Intr_Uninfl buudu tree to flower, and then it is the XXdo at once, do right away, jump up from time for planting taro. [If the planting one’s place is done at that time], then the taro will Burup ma maŋga lak! —Get up right now! grow quickly and produce tubers, and the ..iwit yom ma burup ma kamaŋga. —He tubers will be big ones. lifted you (PL) and you stood up right away. a B d e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -buuzu 52 -daaba

buudu siŋiini —sap of a buudu tree (can be mbulu buzaanaŋana —rotten/ repulsive used as glue) behaviour XXplanting time for taro (around March- buzi- N_Inal April) XXsemen Zoŋ buudu imar zen. —The planting time Nu niomru waem kekeene, ta buzim iur for taro has not yet come. pikin ti. —It is because you (SG) slept with -buuzu V_Intr your wife that your semen put/ created XXrot this child. Kini ibuuzu kek. —The food has rotted. note: taboo word, usually only said in a Aŋsupaala ni ma ibuuzu, to aŋpiri ila ne. context of quarrelling over paternity or —I cut down a coconut palm and once it as an insult rots, then I will throw it away. similar: yok, suru- (used as a euphemisms) -buzbuuzu V_Intr Redup buzur N -pubuuzu V_Tr XXmeat, game, wild edible animals, animal XXcause to rot, cause to become soft, soften protein Kam kilaŋ ise mbeteŋgal be ipubuuzu. —Put Kala kuru kanda buzur sa lak! Pa basmai ti a kilang leaf on the abscess to make it kek. —Go and look for some meat for soft. us (INC)! For we are hungry for meat. Ur kaŋar tana isula yok, be ipubuuzu Neeri tila ma timbel kat kan buzur. kuliini, to tupus. —Put those galip nuts —Yesterday they went hunting and got down into water to soften the skins, and themselves a lot of meat to eat. then we (INC) will wash them [the skins] off. buzbuuzuŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXrotten Serembat buzbuuzuŋan, to tondou lae. —If the sweet potatoes are rotten, then we D (INC) heap them off to one side. -daaba V_Tr buza N XXput something inside, push inside, stuff XXmachete, knife, sword inside Asiŋ iseket buza tio mini? —Who has taken Kala kakam kini ma kamar kadaaba lela my knife again? badabada kiti. —Go and get the food and -twooro buza —sharpen a knife put it inside our (INC) storage area. buza mataana —edge of a knife XXfill up buza lutuunu —small knife Niom munmun na, kadaaba ruumu loŋa buza biibi —machete pepe. Pa zin kolman timar i. —You little Timeete pa buza kwoono. —They will die ones, don’t fill up the house so quickly. by the sword. For the old people are coming. buza kwo muriini —wound made by a XXdevour food, stuff oneself with food knife/ sword Daaba kini rimos! —Don’t stuff yourself buzaana N_Stative with food! XXrotten, disgusting, revolting, repulsive similar: -puŋgaara (used of food, thinking, behaviour) -dabdaaba V_Tr Redup def. koroŋ ta lelende pa risa som kat Ou, kadabdaaba mi riŋa. Pa gaaga! —Hey, —Something which we (INC)really don’t go easy on stuffing yourselves. Leave like even a little bit! something for tomorrow! kini buzaana —rotten, revolting food daabaŋa- N_Inal Koroŋ buzaana sa imbot pa lele ti. XXfilled up, stuffed —Something rotten is in this place. kiri daabaŋana —basket that is completely buzaanaŋa- N_Inal_Stative filled up Ŋgar buzaanaŋana tina, aŋso kakam mini -padaban V_Tr pepe. —Those rotten thoughts, I tell you XXfill up completely (PL) to not think them again. -daabakaala 53 daudao

-daabakaala V_Tr chasing after me, so I hid by flattening construction: siŋ idaabakaala myself on the ground by the side of the XXblack and blue, bruised road, and they went past me. Siŋ idaabakaala mataana. —He has a black similar: -ke eye. -daadakaala V_Tr XXbleed internally, haemorrhage XXprotect, close off (by fencing or roping Moori tana ipeebe, tona siŋ idaabakaali an area, in order to prevent people or ma imeete. —That woman gave birth and animals from going inside) then had heavy internal bleeding and died. Daadakaala zaala pa wooro. —Close off the Pikin muriini isu som, ta siŋ idaabakaala i. road with a rope. —[It was because] the placenta did not Kadaadakaala zaala, pa iŋgi kuumbu come out that she was bleeding internally. boozo. —Close off the road, for now there -daada V_Tr is much stealing going on. XXpull something tight horizontally, draw -padaada sua V_Tr tight, tighten (used of rope, cane) XXargue back and forth over something, alt. -dada wrangle over words, have a dispute (in a Daada wooro! —Pull the rope tight! meeting, Lit. ‘intensely pull talk’) Kadaada ma ndeŋdeŋ pepe. Ko put. —Don’t daadaŋa- N_Inal_Stative pull it too tight lest it snap in two. XXtightened, taut Tidaada teene ma iliu ruumu. —They Teene daadaŋana tiŋga, ndeŋdeŋ kat som. pulled the cane around the house. Kala kadaada mini. —That tightened cane Aŋdaada talŋaana. —I pulled his ear (in is not really taut. Go and pull it tight again. order to punish him). dadaadaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Peene naana ka palam imorou. Kadaada XXstringy mini ma ndeŋdeŋ. —The bowstring is Kun abe tiŋgi, mazaana dadaadaŋana. loose. Pull it on again and [make it] tight. —This ripe breadfruit, its flesh is very XXtie up something stringy. Ni ikam marakete mi iup lae pa ŋge ta XXstretchy, ductile tidaada i lae mbaruumu na. —He took a Kun siŋiini, ina dadaadaŋana. —The sap of spear and speared at the pig that they had a breadfruit tree is stretchy. tied up under the house. dadaru N_Event Ŋge tana, kala kadaada i lela mbaruumu ti. XXdoubt, indecisiveness —That pig, go tie it up under that house. Dadaru ikami. —He had two minds about XXhold someone back it./ He was undecided. Kadaada yo pepe. Nio iŋgi be aŋla pa Dadaru ikam yo ma aŋso aŋmar, som aŋbot. uraata. Pa zoŋ mataana ise kek. —Don’t —I was undecided and thought do I want hold me back. I am about to go to work. to come, or to stay. For the sun has already risen. dargeene N -dadaada V_Tr Redup XXleftover food (still edible) -daada lae V_Middle kini dargeene —leftover food XXflatten oneself against something for Kolo meene kiti dargeene mi takan. —Heat shelter or in order to hide up our (INC) leftover sago and let’s eat it. Amtartaara meene, mi yaŋ isu, to amdaada daudao N yam lae meene uunu. —We (EXC) were XXwest wind, southwest wind (not a strong chopping down the sago palm, but wind, comes from the mountains, often when the rain came, then we flattened brings with it heavy dew) ourselves against the base of the sago Iŋgi tamar iwaara lene. Mi iŋgi parei ta iwe palm for shelter daudao mini? —We (INC) have come to the Zin wal sananŋan tiketo yo ma timar, tana northwest wind season. How is it that [the aŋdaada yo lae zaala zilŋaana, mi zin winds] have become (south)west again? tikam aus ma tila. —Some criminals were a b D e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -deebe 54 -didi talŋa- dibiini Miiri daudao imar/ isu/ ipol pa abal. —The XXearlobe (south)west wind comes down from the La piye talŋa dibiini. Pa iŋga talŋa pampam. mountain. —Go pull on his ear [a form of physical loan from: Mutu language punishment]. Because that one is not -deebe V_Tr XX listening. clear off (the brush from an area) dibi- dibi-ŋa- XXcut down (bushes and small trees) XXbuttress roots of a tree Kala kedeebe swoi? —Which area did you Aŋtaara ke ta dibindibinŋana, mi nakabasi (PL) go and clear? tio ipol. —I was cutting down a tree Ni ideebe zaala piti. —He cleared the road which had lots of buttress roots and my for us (INC) (=prepared the way for us). axe broke. -debdeebe V_Tr Redup Ke dibindibinŋan na, kaŋar, kuriimi, kun, deebeŋa- N_Inal_Stative mala, ne, mi ŋanraamba. —The trees XXcleared off having buttress roots are galips, erimas, Lele ti deebeŋana kek. —This place is breadfruit trees, Banyan trees, New already cleared off. Guinea walnut trees, and rosewood. see also: dobo ‘new garden site that has didi N been cleared off’ 1 XXtree type (commonly used for making deede N 1 walls) XXpupa (stage in the development of Taara didi tina ma isu, mi tusupaala. —Cut butterflies and moths when they are down that didi tree and we’ll (INC) split it. inside the cocoon) XXwall def. Ina motmooto ta timbombot lela wooro i, Koozi na, tipun didi mi tikamam ma wooro lwoono tina ipuŋpuŋ. ila ruumu. —Today —These are ‘worms’ that live inside they nailed the cocoons (Lit. ‘vines/ropes/threads’) and walling onto the cause the cocoons to swell. house. Nio aŋre deede ru ta uriizi, mi aŋkam ma War murin la ki didi, aŋtuumbu. —I saw two pupae three days mi tima tikeene. —Spread their sleeping ago, and got them and roasted them gear close to the wall and they will come wrapped in leaves. dedeede and sleep [there]. N Redup didi unu/ diditu -deede 2 V_Tr XXfood storage area located near a wall XXfile incorrectly, make blunt by filing -didi V_Tr with the file at too much of an angle 2 XXbuild walls, wall in, enclose Deede buza tio pepe. Imbot ma ko ituŋ Mark iso ipo ruumu, mi ididi pa meene kiini. aŋtwooro kat. —Don’t make my knife —Mark wants to build a house and wall it blunt. Leave it alone, and I myself will in with sago fronds. sharpen it properly. XXblock Deede so tio mataana paso? —Why did you A, niom na, kididi zaala paso? —Hey, why (SG) make my saw blunt? did you (PL) block the road? -dedeede Redup XXtap, hit lightly dibi- N_Inal (PL) XX Kididi kombom irao! Kese kat. —You thin part of something have tapped the drums enough. Hit them —It is not thick, it def. Puŋpuŋ som, iminip. properly. is thin. -didikaala kumbu- dibiini XX XX block, make a barrier by standing up back of the ankle, heel sticks Mooto iŋa la ta kumbu dibiini ma imelek. Tididikaala zaala. —They made a barrier —A snake bit at his heel and he was on the road. crippled. similar: -ŋgunkaala diditu 55 -dubup -didiut pouring down through it. XXdivide up the interior of a building by XXmove together, move as a big group making walls (used of people, pigs, birds) Beeze tana, tipamender to tididiut pa Tomtom dodot ma tiyooto pa urum. —The kawaala biibi ma leleene iwe ru. —That people came out of the church in a big temporary dwelling, they erected it, and group. then they divided the interior with a big Ŋge dodot ma timar Karapo. —The pigs cloth making two rooms. came to Karapo in a big herd. diditu N XX def. Wal boozo mi tikam. —Many people storage area (for food) do it. Koozi, niom ko kala mokleene. Pa diditu kiti similar: dudut, baram baram, -map ma ikolkol kek. —Today you (PL) will go to the dogo N garden. For our (INC) food storage area is XXslope, sides of the riverbanks, sides of completely empty. hills or mountains, hill Ou, niom diditu tiom kini sa, na kere yam A, dogo tamen ta ti. Wek sala na, imap. muŋgu. —Oh, if your (PL) storage area [has —Ah, there is only this one slope here. some food], see that we (EXC) get food first. Once you get up it, that is all. XXstore (i.e. a small village store) dogodogoŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Aŋla ta diditu musaari ki awoŋ na, aŋtwi XXarea with many river valleys and hills, nomoŋ ila pa koroŋ pakan ta aŋute zin rolling country som, to ni isope yo pa koroŋ tana. —When Lele ti dogodogoŋana. —This area has lots I went to my uncle’s little store, I pointed of valleys and hills./ This area is rolling. at some things that I did not know, and opposite: lele keteeneŋana then he explained those things to me. dokŋa- N_Inal_Stative dial.var. didiunu XXswollen dobo N alt. ndokŋa- (see under ndok) XXnew garden site where the smaller brush duboolo N has been cleared off alt. dubolo Takam buza ma tedeebe su makiŋ, ina dobo. construction: ka- duboolo Tedeebe mi ke timbot. To takam nakabasi XXwater bubbles mi tataara ke. Takas dobo ka ke na, iwe yok ka duboolo —water bubbles taamba. —We (INC) take a bush knife and Zin pikin tiyaago ma tila mi kan dubolo after having cleared the brush, it becomes ise. —The children swam away and their a dobo. We clear the brush, but the large bubbles floated up. trees are still there. Then we take axes Zin naŋgaŋ tindu ma tisula yok ma kan and cut the trees. When we cut the trees dubolo itaŋ. —The young boys went down of the dobo, then it becomes a taamba. into the water, and there was the sound of Dobo ku na, kas kek? —Your (SG) cleared their bubbles and splashing. area, have you cut down the trees from it? see also: duubu ‘waves’ XXtools used to do the clearing (i.e. machete) dial.var. muniŋniŋ (Marile) Dobo ikan. —The clearing tools cleared it -dubup V_Intr [the new garden site]. XX dobo tiene sink down into mud or loose sand, get XXsmaller trees and bushes bogged down, walk in swamps Telela to tapa zaala toro. Pa niam ampet Takas dobo tiene. —We (INC) cut down the —When we smaller trees and bushes. kena ma amdubup sula tiiŋgi. (INC) similar: ke raurauŋan go inland, let’s take a different path. For when we (EXC) came out that way, we dodot V_Intr_Uninfl got bogged down in mud. XXpour down Amdubup la tiiŋgi mi amyo koyam ip. —We Kooto sumbuunu, mi yaŋ dodot su. —The (EXC) walked in swampy area and collected roof thatching has a hole and the rain is ip nuts. a b D e g h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z dudut 56 e-e dubupŋa- N_Inal_Stative —The wave swelled up and came and XXmuddy, swampy broke at the edge of the reef. lele dubupŋana —muddy area maaŋga dubupŋana Iti ko tala Mereu som, pa iŋgi tai duubu mete. —We will not be able to go to XXwatery sand, quicksand northwest New Britain, for now the sea is -padubup V_Tr too rough. XXstep into, make sink, sink into XXstorm at sea Opopop, aŋso ma som, mi ipadubup Duubu biibi ipol. —A big storm came up. kumbuunu isula tiiŋgi kek. —Whoops, -kan duubu before I could warn him, he had sunk his XXsurf, ride waves foot into the mud. dudut Zin naŋgaŋ tikan duubu. —The boys are V_Intr_Uninfl surfing/riding waves [with their canoes]. alt. dodot duubu zoŋo ŋirŋir/zirzir XX move together in a big group (used of XXwhite caps in the ocean people, birds, fish, pigs, inanimate objects) dubduubu N Redup Zin wal dudut ma tila. —The people went XXlittle waves in a big crowd. Iti ko tombot. Pa iŋgi duubu biibi kat. Soom, Aŋmendernder we uunu, mi miiri imar na duubu sa? Iŋgi sa dubduubu na. Tepeeze mi we dudut ma tisu. —I was standing at the tala. —Let’s (INC) stay. For these waves are base of a mango tree, and the wind came too big. No, are these (big) waves? These and a lot of mangoes came down. are just little waves. Let’s paddle and go. similar: kakut kakut Kamam dubduubu paso? —Why are you (SG) dugduk N Redup making waves (by stirring up the water)? construction: -we dugduk pa see also: duboolo, muniŋniŋ XXloan, obligation, something given to another person with the expectation that it obligates them to do something Koroŋ tana iwe dugduk pu. Kaimer ko re ka pataŋana. —That thing is only on loan to E (SG) you . Later you will experience trouble e Intj concerning it [if you do not have the XXyes (introduces an affirmative answer) means to repay it]. E, ina ŋonoono. Nio aŋso ta kembei na. Kam pepe. Ko iwe dugduk piwi ma asiŋ ikot? —Yes, that [is] true. That is what I said. —Don’t take it. It will be an obligation for e wai Intj you (SG) and who will repay it? XXwow! similar: mbun La su, na yo kom we sa? E wai, aŋbel kat i! dial.var. dudu (Marile) —When you (SG) went to the forest, did XXobstacle, something that causes one to you collect any mangoes? Wow, I really hesitate to do something, something got a lot! preventing one from doing something Eba N_Proper Aŋma som, pa pikin tiwe dugduk pio. —I XXEve, Eva did not come, because of my obligations Adam ziru kusiini Eba. —Adam together for the children. with his wife Eve. Kamar kakam kini tiom ma kala. Pa aŋla e-e som mi iwe dugduk pio ta aŋnamnaama Intj XXexpresses disagreement “No it is not yom gi. —Come get your (PL) food and go. I haven’t gone because I have to wait for quite like that” (introduces a polite you. negative answer) similar: -biigi, -yalele, -yaraama def. Tomtom leleene be iyok pa sua ku som. —Someone doesn’t want to agree with duubu N what you (SG) said. XXwaves, rough sea E-e, takembena pepe. —No-o, not so. Duubu imbuk ma imar ipol su kur kezeeene. see also: Mm-mm (which expresses stronger ee anaŋ 57 gabana

disagreement) cannot be seen right now by the speaker, ee anaŋ Intj or has just happened) XXHey! (expresses disapproval) Ta buri mi keteene isu beeze ga. —Just now Ee anaŋ, nu kam koroŋ tana paso! —Hey, she is resting over at the garden house. why did you (SG) do that! Ni isula ise yok ga. —She has just gone to XXexpress surprise get water. Ee anaŋ, iŋgi so na? —Hey, what is this? Aŋpekel sua ta ni iso ga. —I am replying to XXexpress strong feeling what he just said. Ee anaŋ, nindi isaana lak! —Wow, are we -gaaba V_Tr (INC) ever tired! XXaccompany, go with, associate/ join with Ee anaŋ, uraata irao lak mi tala lende! —Hey, Sur taltal toro imar igaaba tiŋgi mi ila pizin this is enough work for now, let’s go! kolman. —Get another tied cluster of eeraa Intj coconuts to accompany this one and take XXOh sorry! (expresses sympathy) it to the older men. def. Koroŋ ikam lelende —Something makes Nio ko aŋgaaba yom, mi itiŋan takam us (INC) feel something [bad]. uraata. —I will accompany you (PL) and def. Lelende isaana pa tomtom ire work with you. yoyouŋana. —We (INC) feel bad because -gabgaaba V_Tr Redup someone sees/experiences pain. gaabaŋa- N_Inal Eeraa, tipuni tipuni ma niini isaana. —Oh XXassociate, companion (someone with sorry, they hit him [and] hit him until his whom one does things together like body was in bad shape. working, hunting, travelling, joking, note: This expression is mostly used by dancing, etc.) women. Men tend to use raa. Nio leŋ gaabaŋoŋ asiŋ be niamru amkam ei Intj uraata? —Whom do I have as a XXWow! (expresses delighted surprise) companion to work with me? def. Ketem ikam keŋ pa koroŋ ambaiŋana ta -pagaaba V_Tr imorsop u. —Your (SG) liver snaps [=you XXjoin something together with something are surprised] at something good that else happens to you unexpectedly. gaaga Adv_PredP XXOuch! (expresses that one feels pain) XXtomorrow def. Sombe tutkat kumbum, to so: “Ei!” Gaaga, ko kam uraata su swoi? —Tomorrow, —If you (SG) strike your foot against where will you (SG) work? something, then you say, “Ei!” Niam ko amla ta gaaga i. —We (EXC) will go eraa Intj tomorrow [and not at some other time]. alt. oraa dial.var. gaa (Gauru), mankwono (Kampalap) XXOh sorry! (expresses sympathy) gaaza N XXpoor [thing/ man/ fellow/ woman/ XXhole, nesting hole under water, hiding child/girl/ boy] place, place where creatures live see also: raa Puge/ tuunu/ mooto imbot gaaza kini. eron Intj —The crocodile/ eel/ snake lives in its XXHey! (expresses surprise) underwater hole. Eron, nu mar i! —Hey, you (SG) have come! Ndep na, gaaza kizin puge. —The deep part note: Kampalap dialect form of the river is the place where crocodiles have their nests. gabana N G XXgovernor Ni gabana ki Rom. —He was the Roman ga Adv_S governor. alt. a loan from: Tok Pisin, English XXREMOTE (something is happening which a b d E G h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -gabgap 58 -gagaara

-gabgap V_Intr_Stative gadgaadaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXbe dark coloured, black (=dark, non- tomtom gadgaadaŋana —retarded or bright colours, includes dark green, dark confused person blue, and brown as well as black) -pagadgaada V_Tr Kuuru tana igabgap kat. —That pot is really XXconfuse black (with soot). Kakam sua boozo ma kapagadgaada zin XXdark, overcast kolman ndabok! —You (PL) have talked a Lele igabgap, ta iŋgi be yaŋ isu i. —The sky lot and confused the older men enough! is dark, so it is about to rain. similar: -pakankaana, -patalli gabgapŋa- N_Inal_Stative -gagaaga V_Intr XXdark-coloured, black XXhang on an edge, about to fall down, Niam kuliyam gabgapŋoyam. —We (EXC) are balanced on an edge, in midair dark-skinned people. Tiyaaru wooŋgo sala, mi igagaaga su yok see also: aigap ‘very dark-skinned person’, kezeene. —They pulled up the canoe and keskeezeŋa- ‘intense, bright blue or green then it was about to fall down into the colour’ river [but did not fall]. -gabiizi V_Tr Ke itimbil ma isula yok som. Igagaaga. —The XXcontrol, restrain, practise self-restraint log rolled, but did not fall down into the Gabiizi itum! —Control/ Restrain yourself! river. It stopped at the edge. Nio aŋgabiizi ituŋ pa malmal/ sua. —I Miiri iwi kapa ma imar igagaaga sala ŋgeele. restrained myself from fighting/ talking —The wind blew the roofing iron and it similar: -yaraama, -koto, -mboro itu-, -biigi came and hung on the ridge of the roof. XXevaluate, check, keep eye on gagaama N Gabiizi lutum moori pa pai kini! —Check XXtree type (used to make a kind of the behaviour of your (SG) daughter! liniment to alleviate pain) -pargabiizi V_Middle Nio aŋla aŋkin anaŋ le gagaama be aŋto XXpractise self-restraint and consider others pini. —I’ll go and pick some gagaama Niomru kulup kek, tana kapargabiizi ituyom leaves for my mother to give a leaf pa mboti tiom ma kombot. —The two of treatment for her. you have become united (i.e. married), so Gagaama siŋiini ise rel. —The sap of a practise self-restraint and consider each gagaama tree is put on fungus-infested skin. other as you live together. see also: -to note: Perhaps a loan word from Mutu -gagaara V_Tr gabman N XXhold together tightly XXgovernment Nio aŋgagaara ŋge kumbuunu, kokena Zin bibip ki gabman ta tikamam peeze piti. ipiŋpiŋ. —I am holding the pig’s legs —The leaders of the government who are together tight lest it wiggle out. ruling us (INC). Gagaara ŋgamar kwoono! —Hold the mouth loan from: Tok Pisin, English of the basket shut! -gadgaada V_Intr Redup XXdraw to oneself XXbe confused or unable to do the kinds of Gagaara pikin ru tana ma timar kerem uunu. things that people normally do (because —Draw the two children to yourself. of being drunk, confused, retarded, etc.) Gagaar yam e ama ku. —Draw us to Ni iwin ma igadgaada. —He got drunk. yourself. [from a local hymn] Me igadgaada. Ikam mboŋ som. —The dog XXgather to oneself, be selfish, claim for is confused. It is unable to catch any prey. oneself def. Ŋgar kini ambai som, tabe irao ikam kat Gagaara koroŋ pa nu itum tamen? Ute uraata som. —His thinking is not good/ ta rai pa toŋmatiziŋ ku pakan na som? right, and so he is not able to perform well. —Are you (SG) going to hold everything to similar: -kankaana, -talli yourself? Don’t you know to share with some of your other relatives? -gaigai 59 gedeeŋe

Mbulu ki tagagaara lende koroŋ ta -garaurau/ -garrau V_Tr Redup boozomen ma iwe lende men, ina ambai XXhave a close relationship with someone, som. —The behaviour of keeping things associate with to ourselves, that is not good. Nio irao aŋkam koroŋ piom som. Niom see also: -kiskis, -yo pa itu- men, -sei le-, kete- kagaraurau yo? —I am not going to give borbor things to you (PL). Are you in a close -gaigai V_Intr Redup relationship with me? XXappearance of breasts of girls that are Nio aŋgaraurau N. som. Pa ni ikam mbulu about 14-15 years old and not quite ambai piam som. —I do not associate with ready to marry yet N. For he has not behaved well towards Moori taŋga zuzuunu igaigai kek. Kolouŋana us (EXC). be iwoolo. —That girl’s breasts show that Wal zorzooroŋan, garrau zin pepe. she will soon be ready to marry. —Rebellious people, do not associate with galam N them. alt. ŋgalam -pargarau V_Middle XXtaro kongkong XXbe near each other, have close mutual Kozo kapaaza kanda galam isula maaŋga relationship, associate with each other tina. —Plant us (INC) some taro kongkong Kapargarau yom pepe, ko kapartaara yom. in the sandy area there. —Don’t get too near to each other lest galaplaaba N Redup you cut each other. construction: ka- galaplaaba Zin tipaaza kakau tipargarau zin mete. XXmouth (inner part), palate, roof of the —They planted the cocoa trees too near mouth to each other. Ni ka galaplaaba iyoyou/ ituntun/ mbeete. Nio niamru Mark ampargarau yam. Pa —The inside of his mouth hurts/ is mboti tiam ambaiŋana. —Mark and I have burning/ has a sore. a close relationship with each other. For Kauziŋ imamaaza, mi mioŋ isekap sala koŋ our life (together) is good. galaplaaba. —My saliva is dried up, and my garba- N_Inal XX tongue is sticking to the roof of my mouth. shell (used of crustaceans like prawns Galiki N_Proper and lobsters) XXGaliki (proper name) ŋgereeme/ mantai garbaana —crayfish/ galiki N_Stative lobster shell

XXfirst-born daughter, ‘princess’ (used gargarŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XX of the daughter of an important man. easily broken, breaking open easily (used Traditionally, such a daughter was of galip nuts. Such nuts are preferred.) highly honored, deserved a respected def. Kaŋar gargarŋan, to tiboobo lutun moori husband, had a big wedding and lots of bizin zan pa, kembei ‘Awan kalŋaana’, servants.) ‘Aitago siŋiini’, ma… —Galip nut trees that moori galiki —young woman with high status produce easily broken nuts, these are often -garau V_Intr/Tr given the names of one’s daughters, like XXapproach, come close to, draw near ‘Awan’s voice’, ‘Aitago’s blood’, etc. Iti tagarau kar kek. —We (INC) have come Kaŋar ŋonoono tiŋgi, ina gargarŋana. —These close to the village. galip nuts are the easily broken type.

Mazwaana kini igarau be imeete. —His gedeeŋe N XX time to die had drawn near. rubbish around the village (typically XXbe near to thrown further away from houses) Tikam uraata igarau kar. —They worked Kor gedeeŋe tina ma ila ne. —Scoop up that near the village. rubbish and [take] it away! similar: kolou, kolouŋana Man tila titaata gedeeŋe. —Chickens went and scratched through the rubbish.

a b d e G h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -geede 60 gegeene

XXdump, place where rubbish is thrown therefore he fled. Kam musmuuzu ila ta gedeeŋe a. —Take the Tikam kombol pio, tana aŋgeeze ma aŋko. rubbish to the dump. —They used bad language in my presence see also: musmuuzu ‘rubbish, litter, trash [i.e. in order to insult me], and therefore I near to houses’ became very upset and ran away. -geede V_Tr geezeŋana N_Inal_Event XXwatch, fix eyes on, stare at, look at XXgrieving, desperation, despair Tomooto tana igeede yo totomen. —That -kam geezeŋana pa man is continually watching me (said by XXgrieve over someone that has died and a woman). therefore lose interest in life (i.e. not -gedgeede V_Tr Redup want to hear or do anything). Niom na, kegedgeede yam paso? —Why do -ur geezeŋana pa itu- you (PL) keep staring at us (EXC)? XXbe desperate (and therefore be in danger XXobserve a situation without getting of committing suicide or otherwise involved in it harming oneself), suicidal Tikam mbulu tana, mi niom kegeede zin men. Ni leleene isaana kat. Tana zin kolman tila be —They did that, and you (PL) just watched tipotor leleene. Kokena ila ma iur geezeŋana them [without doing anything about it]. pa itunu. —He was feeling very badly. Padei ta gedgeede koŋ koi bizin, mi tikamam Therefore the old men went to comfort him mbulu tiŋgi pio? —Why are you (SG) just lest he go and try and harm himself. watching my enemies and allowing them Ka tomooto ikam moori toro, ta ni iur to do this to me? geezeŋana pa ma ipasaana itunu. —It dial.var. -repe (Gauru) was because her boyfriend got another -geege V_Tr girlfriend that she felt very bad and XXcollect together (things that are scattered) harmed herself [i.e. committed suicide]. Aŋgeege meene muunu mi aŋzuk koŋ. —I gege N collected all the little bits of sago and XXtree preferred by pigeons (where they wrapped them up for myself to eat. like to gather and make their nests. def. Koroŋ boozo ta timbot leŋaleŋa, mi tulup Because of this, galip nuts are often la mbata —There are many things that found at the base of it) are scattered, and we (INC) gather them def. Gege, ina ke ta mbalmbal tikenne sala together into one group. pa mbeŋ, mi tien izzu uunu. —[A] gege is a verb + geege V_Tr tree where birds sleep at night and where XXact on things that are somehow separate their excrement falls at its base. from each other Kala koyo guuzu pa gege taŋga. —Go and -kasgeege —cut down a number of trees collect the galip nuts (which the birds (many) have defecated) from under that tree that -ndougeege —heap together they like over there. -nogeege —visit different houses gegeene N_Stative -salageege —go up and down different trees XXextra, something additional, a bit more -yogeege —collect from different directions XXinterest, more of something -geeze V_Intr pat ŋonoono ma gegeene ri isala ki tomini XXfeel very bad, upset and want to escape —the original money and some additional from an unpleasant situation by going to money as well another area, be in despair and commit Ni ikam uraata gegeene. —He did some suicide extra work. Ni igeeze ma iko ma ila imbot Koobo. Pa similar: kwoono lutuunu imeete su tiŋgi. —He was very -kam gegeene pa upset and went away and lived on Aramot XXget/ give extra Island. For his child died here. Ni ikam pat mi ikam gegeene pa. —He gave Ni igeeze pa ka sua tana ma iko. —He felt the money and gave a little extra. bad about the talk [said] about him, and XXexcessively, too much, overdo gereŋ gereŋ 61 -giibi

Nin ma ila gegeene pepe. Tataŋa na, irao. XXmake someone give up —Don’t count out too many. A few is Kokena pagesges zin, to kam ma lelen be tire enough. u mini som. —You (SG) might wear them Kam ma ila gegeene biibi pepe. —Don’t do it out, and then they would not want to see excessively. you again. similar: zaza -pargesges V_Middle Redup gereŋ gereŋ V_Intr_Uninfl Redup XXexasperated with each other, tired of XXrattle (=make a rattling noise) each other, weary of each other, no Mooto zaanaŋana ileleele wiini, to kakaaba longer wanting to be involved with each gereŋ gereŋ. —When a famous/magical other snake wiggles its tail, then it rattles. Zin tipargesges pizin. —They are tired of -gesges V_Intr_Stative Redup each other. XXbe tired of, be weary of, be fed up gi Adv_S with, be sick of, no longer want to do alt. i something, be annoyed with, be irked, XXPROXIMATE (immediate progressive be irritated action that is happening now and visible) Niŋ gesges kat pa uraata tiŋgi. —I am really Ni ila gi. —He is going now [I can see him]. fed up with this work. Buri na, tapas la itunu kwoono gi! —Now Niam amgesges piom. —We (EXC) are tired of we (INC) have extracted [a confession] you (PL)./ We are annoyed with you. from his own mouth! kwo- gesges pa XXimminent action that is soon to happen XXtired of talking about something Iŋgi be tomon gi! —We (INC) are about to sink! similar: kwo- (i)yoyou pa giibi1 N talŋa- gesges pa XXtree type (used for making parts of XXtired of listening to something canoes and roof braces. The bark is used similar: talŋa- (i)yoyou pa for tying things.) ni- gesges pa Zin moori tisek len giibi kuliini be tituugu ke XXfed up with, weary of, tired of, sick of, pa. —The women stripped off some giibi annoyed with, bothered by, irritated by bark with which to tie up their firewood. Aiss, nio ti, niŋ gesges pa rwondo moori -giibi2 V_Tr bizin ru tiŋga. —I here am so fed up with XXthrow those two daughter-in-laws of ours (INC). Giibi ma ila ne! —Throw it away! Niyom gesges pa mbulu ambaiŋana Tigiibi zin sula zugut leleene. —They threw kamŋana pepe. —Don’t become weary of them down into the darkness. doing good. XXpay gesgesŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Tigiibi takes. —They paid the taxes. XXeasily annoyed, uncooperative, tired of -giibi nama- doing something, weary of, fed up with, XXstart a fight (Lit. ‘throw one’s hand’) no longer wanting to do Ni igiibi namaana muŋgu, tabe ziru tiporou Ni gesgesŋana kat pa peŋ kamŋana. —She is pa. —He started the fight, and so they fed up with caring for [the children]. fought. Ni gesgesŋana. Leleene be ileŋleŋ orooro -giibi nama- pa som. —She is fed up. She doesn’t want to XXwave good-bye to someone hear the noise [any more]. XXpay one’s share towards, contribute -pagesges V_Tr Redup towards XXannoy, exasperate, irritate, tire out, -giibi sua sorok / -giibi sorok sua disturb, bother XXspeak without prior thought, speak out Radio itaŋtaŋ ma ipagesges yo. —I am with no basis for what one says, speak annoyed by the radio’s continuous noise. out too quickly Nu pagesgesi pa mboe. —You (SG) annoyed Niom kala sam, na kigiibi sua sorok pepe. him with the song(s). Kakam kat ŋgar, to koso. —When you (PL) a b d e G h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z gili- 62 golo

go to the conference, don’t speak without from the present either before or after, prior thought. Think well, and then great-great-great grandparents/children speak. Nio goboŋ bizin tiute Anutu sua kini som. -giibi sua pa —My ancestors did not know God’s word. XXsay something bad to someone -gogoomo V_Intr_Stative Ni igiibi sua sananŋana pini. —He said bad Zaala ti igogoomo kat. —This pathway is talk to him (=put a curse on him, spoke very narrow. badly to him). -pagogoomo V_Tr Tigibgiibi sua repiiliŋana pini. —They were XXmake narrow, make too narrow throwing scornful talk at him. Ni ipagogoomo ŋgamar. —He made the similar: -piri basket very narrow. -gibgiibi V_Tr Redup Tipagogoomo pooto tiom. —They made gili- N_Inal your (PL) veranda too narrow. XXside of body (under the rib cage) goi N Ŋgal giliŋ pepe. —Don’t poke my ribs! construction: ka- goi Giliŋ imaliklik. —My side is itching. XXsmell of roasted pork (roasted on hot Tiŋgal Yesu giliini. —They pierced the side stones) of Jesus’ body. Tito ŋge sala tiama, mi ka goi imar. —They -giligilik V_Tr Redup roasted the pork on hot stones, and the XXtickle smell of it came. Nio aŋgiligilik giliini ma iseeŋge. —I tickled gol1 N his side and he laughed. XXgold XXscratch Iti tere pat gol kembei koroŋ zaanaŋana. Vilkku igiligilik ŋge ma ikeene. —Vilkku —We (INC) view gold as being something scratched the pig and made it fall asleep. important. see also: -maliklik, -pamaliklik You ikanan gol mi silba, bekena kan muk ila giris N_Event lene. —Fire burns gold and silver in order XXslipping, sliding, losing one’s footing to consume the dirt from it. Lele isipir mi tapa na, takam giris. Rimen so loan from: Tok Pisin, English ‘gold’ temel. —The area was slippery and when gol2 N we (INC) walked [there], we slipped. We XXplant type (has big flat leaves with large almost fell. crenulations, used for wrapping up sago Irao kumbum ikam giris ma mel na som. flour) —Your (SG) foot will not slip and [cause] golo N you to fall down. XXshield (decorative, used giris giris N Redup in dancing ceremonies XXslippery (too slippery to climb up) but not in fighting) …to tizem kun tana ma imborene. Pa Naroogo Aiyu na, amteege ina giris giris. —…then they left that golo. —In the Aiyu dance, breadfruit tree alone. For it was too we (EXC) hold ceremonial slippery to climb up. shields. similar: -sipir Kaimalaŋ ipabilbil golo go Adv_S kini mi irak Bokoi. alt. o —Kaimalang turned his XXREM (remote, completed action, only ceremonial shield and occurs in affirmative statements), has … danced the Bokoi dance. ed, has already happened def. Tisap pa ke pakaana mi tipun mos pa be Nio aŋleŋ go. —I have already heard it. tirak Lou som Aiyu. To titeege izi ila naman Ni ila go. —He has already gone. pakaana mi golo ila pakaana be tipabilbil. see also: kek ‘perfect aspect’ —They carve it from a piece of wood gobo- N_Inal and carve (Lit. ‘hit’) a design into it, so XXancestor, descendant, fifth generation goloa 63 gorgor

they can dance Lou or Aiyu dances. Then used to wrap up things, to make a loop they hold a spear in one hand, and the around one’s feet for climbing coconuts, decorative shield goes in the other hand etc.) to be turned back and forth. Tiwar googo isu be iwe sau, mi tiur kini see also: kaboŋ, siŋgiao ‘battle shield used ise. —They spread ginger [leaves] on the when one is really fighting’ ground to be serving leaves, and put the goloa N food on [them]. XXcongregation Googo na, kini kizin moozo. —Googo is the Zin goloa tilup zin. —The congregation met. food of bandicoots. Goloa ki Yaŋla na, biibi. —The Yangla Niom munmun, kozo kakan googo uunu congregation, it is big. mini pepe! —You kids, don’t eat the googo Loan word: from Yabêm shoots again! similar: lupŋana ki Krisi gor N golobloobo N Redup alt. gorok alt. ŋgoloobo construction: ka- gor molo XXditches XXlong time Kar keteene ka golobloobo boozo. —There Kom gor molo na, noknok mbulu ta kembena are many ditches in the middle of the men. —For a long time you (SG) have been village [i.e. the ground is very uneven, persisting in that kind of behaviour. with many mounds and ditches]. XXperiod of time (when one did something similar: yok niiniŋana a lot), extended period of time -golok V_Intr_Stative Ka gorok molo ta koroŋ to isombe: “Nio iŋgi XXbe loose, not be firmly attached, come mernan ta…” —For a long time she had loose (used of rope and other things that been saying: “I here am a queen…” are tied) gorgor1 N Redup Sombe zoŋ mataana ku ka koroŋŋana tina XXperiod of time igolok, inabe itop su lene ta tina. —If that indeeŋe gorgor tana —at that time part of your (SG) watch [Literally ‘eye of gorgor ki yaŋ —rainy season the sun’] is loose, then it [=your watch] is gorgor ki kini ŋgaamaŋana —time for about to fall off right then. harvesting food golokgolok V_Intr Redup gorgor ki re mi iwaara —time of the Ibibiizi som. Igolokgolok. —It is not tight. It southeast and northwest winds [i.e. the is loose. two main winds in the year] kopo- igolok gorgor ta boozomen —all the time, always XXvery hungry (Lit. ‘stomach is loose’) similar: mazwaana ‘space between, time’ Kopoŋ igolok. —I am very hungry. gorgori Adv_PredP similar: petel- kat XXalways, all the time -paguluk V_Tr Gorgori lelen imbotmbot molo pio. —All the XXloosen a bit (for example, a knot, bond, time their hearts are far from me. loop) Suŋŋana ta gorgori, nio aŋleŋleŋ sua sa gomsaaba N kembei som. —The worship services that alt. ŋgomsaaba are happening all the time, I haven’t ever XXbasket type (round, used for betel-nuts, heard that kind of talk [in them]. sweet potatoes) similar: mazwaana/ aigule ta boozomen Ibaada pelpeele gomsaaba, mi iwwa pa gorgor2 V_Intr_Uninfl Redup mbum zilŋaana. —He carried a round mia- gorgor basket and walked around the dance area. XXhave a speech problem (cannot say [r] googo N properly) XXplant type, ginger (=Tok Pisin gorgor, Ni miaana gorgor. —He has a speech a tall type of ginger Alpinia, leaves are problem. a b d e G h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z gorogorok 64 guraaba

mia- gorgorŋa- N_Inal_Stative gubur tiene N XXhave problems in saying [r] properly XXcloud (stationary, high up, includes high Ni miaana gorgorŋana. —He has a problem overcast) pronouncing [r] properly Gubur tiene imender sala. —The cloud is gorogorok N_Event Redup stationary. XXcroak (used of frogs) gubur tiene metmetŋana —scattered, Ŋgeu itaŋ “gorogorok”. —The frog was broken up clouds/ fast-moving clouds croaking. dial.var. guburu tiene (Marile) -gorok V_Intr_Stative gubut N XXbe dried out (used of vegetation) XXstick (used for lifting grass, branches, Aŋkut ni ma igorok kat. —I smoked the etc. off the ground in order to cut them) coconuts really dry. Koroŋ ru timbot namaana: gubut mi buza. Taamba igorok kek. Irao tutun. —The new —Two things were in his hands: a stick garden site is dry. We (INC) can burn it. for lifting the grass and a machete. Koi igorok kek. —The tobacco has dried out. guluk guluk N_Event gorokŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXrattling noise (made by something inside XXdry of something hollow) lele gorokŋana —dry area Sokorei ikam guluk guluk sula katen mbunmbuutu gorokŋana —dry grass leleene? —What is making the rattling Ke wooro tana imeete ma gorokgorok. noise inside the carton? —Those vines have died and dried out. -paguluk V_Tr gorok gorok N_Event Redup XXloosen something construction: -kam gorok gorok XXcause something to rattle around inside XXrustling sound something else Ŋge iwwa ma ila mi ikam gorok gorok. —As see also: golok ‘be/become loose’ the pig walked along it made a rustling guma N_Stative sound. XXoil-less, bland, plain Su ikam gorok gorok. —There was a Meene guma taiŋgi, kekeŋana kat. —This rustling sound in the forest. plain sago is very hard. got N gungun N Redup XXblack palm XXstuds that go all the way from the Got iwe soolo. —The black palm was used ground up to the roofing as flooring. similar: temboŋ Mbalmbal tikanan got pwoono. —The gunmboono N pigeons were eating black palm seeds. XXsnake type (edible, big, white, yellow gubi N and black in colour, lives in swamps and XXsnake type (brown, resembles a python, rivers, some think it is like an eel) sometimes found in water, bites people) note: Marile Amla amtun mi amre gubi siŋaanabi kat. dial.var. mboolo (Yangla) —We (EXC) went with lights at night to fish guraaba N and saw a huge gubi snake. XXclose friend living in another village or Gubi na mooto biibi. Irao ipiu man, ŋge language area, partner (can be a distant lutuunu ma… —A gubi is a big snake. It relative by blood or marriage, or a friend can wrap around chickens, piglets, etc. living in another village or language area. gubu- N They are trading partners and people on XXdust, leavings, ashes, residue (can’t be whom one can count for help. held, it falls apart in your hands) def. Guraaba na, tomtom ta itiŋan taparkam ke gubuunu —sawdust ti ma taparute iti. Mboti kembei ta ila imar. you gubuunu —ashes of a fire Pakan na ito siŋ ta imet molo kek, mi pakan gubun gubun ta miiri iwilaala —The wind na tomtom tiparkam zin ma mbotŋana kizin blew the dust particles. kembei ta iwe tamen. Tala tere zin sorok na som. Sombe pataŋana indeeŋe iti, to toloondo guragou 65 -guugu

pizin. Mi sombe uraata sa ipet su lele kizin XXloosen mi iti tala, to iti tapaŋuru zin. Taparuulu see also: -golok ‘be/become loose’, -paguluk iti. —A guraaba is someone with whom ‘loosen’ we (INC) have reciprocal relationship, and guruŋ1 N we know each other well. It is a give XXdusk, twilight and take relationship. Some of them are Iŋgi be guruŋ i. —It is getting to be dusk distant relatives, and some are people now. who have developed this kind of mutual Guruŋ isu kek. —It had become dusk. relationship. We don’t just go to them for Lele guruŋ kek. —It is dusk already. no reason. If we experience trouble, we similar: baram run to them [for help]. And if some big guruŋ2 V_Intr_Uninfl event happens in their area and we go to XXfall down with a thumping sound it, then we will run to [stay with] them. Got ikoleege tau. Tabe amtaara kat ma We help each other. guruŋ su. —The black palm got caught Leŋ guraaba bizin —my close friends who [when it was being cut down]. So we (EXC) live in other villages really cut it and then it came all the way Ni guraaba tio ŋonoono kat. —He is a true down with a thump. friend of mine. guruŋ guruŋ V_Intr Redup guragou N_Stative XXlow-pitched sound made by something XXblack dried out wrinkled skin (used of falling down, rumbling, sound of falling galip nuts) water or a distant motor Kaŋar guragou. —black, dried out galip nut Yok ndunduŋana ta ikam guruŋ guruŋ a. def. kuliini ilulul, imazzo —A waterfall is making the rumbling -guragura V_Intr_Stative Redup noise over there. XXbe dried up, be withered after having Wooŋgo ka masin ta ikam guruŋ guruŋ a. been separated from the stem for a while —The ship’s engine is making a rumbling Kaŋar iguragura. —The galip nut tree noise over there. leaves are dried up. alt. ŋguruŋ ŋguruŋ Ni/ Meene ruunu iguragura. —The -guubu V_Intr_Stative coconut/ sago palm frond is dried up. XXbe ripe (blue-black in colour, used of guruk V_Intr_Uninfl galip nuts) XXmove a bit, shift around Kaŋar ti iguubu kek. —This galip nut is Guruk ten ri, to irao. —Shift (the plank) a already ripe. bit and then it will be okay. -gubguubu V_Intr_Stative Redup kete- guruk/ gurukguruk Kaŋar komboono igubguubu makiŋ,… XXimpulsive, impetuous, doing things in a —After the galip nuts have all ripened,… hurry without too much thought, jump guugu1 N into an activity, become excited/ upset XXsago hammer (used for too quickly, react too quickly (Lit. ‘liver pounding sago pith to is shifting’) produce sago flour) Ketem guruk pepe. —Don’t react too Tamaŋ mata muriini na quickly. guugu tel. —My father left Keteyom gurukguruk sorok pepe. —You (PL) three sago hammers as an should not get excited for no reason. inheritance. Peter keteene gurukgurukŋana. —Peter was dial.var. guu (Gauru and impulsive. Northern) -paguruk V_Tr -guugu2 V_Tr XXmove something aside a bit XXpound, pulverise (sago) XXrush and therefore do carelessly Tala tuguugu meene. —Let’s go and pound XXstartle, frighten, alarm sago. a b d e G h i k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z guutu 66 haiss

-guguugu V_Tr Redup owner of the land is coming. Let’s run XXpounding away! Nio aŋsula na, zin tiguguugu meene. def. Tomtom ru tikam mbulu sananŋana sa —When I went down, they were pa mokleene. Mi mokleene tamaana, ni buri pounding sago. ila to izzo sua ma koroŋ. Tona wal ru tina, dial.var. -guu (Gauru and Northern) kizin ta ileŋ, to ikam sua tana be toroono ileŋ. guutu1 N Naso iute kembei wal sa timar kek. Kokena XXflat part of a head dress that stands up tire zin. Tanata ziru loŋa mi tiko. like a spring and to which feathers can XX“Huh, what was that?” (expresses that be attached one is puzzled about something) Guutu, tiurpe pa pen kuliini. Ila saŋsaŋ be def. Tomtom sa ileŋ la pa bobi sa, som koroŋ isala ruumu lutuunu be tirak Sia pa. —[A] toro sa kalŋaana, mi tamen ileŋ kat som, guutu is made of turtle skin. It is attached mi tomini iute kat som, ko imar ki padei. To to the saŋsaŋ part of the headdress so tomtom tina ikam sua tana. they can do the Sia dance. hai Intj guutu2 N XX“Hey, pay attention!” (expresses that one XXpiece of wood that is inserted under the wants the hearer to pay attention) foreskin before cutting Hai lutuŋ Silas, loŋa ma mar! —Hey, my Sap guutu be reete/ pal lutuŋ pa. —Carve a son Silas, come quickly! guutu stick with which to circumcise my Hai, nu ru so la tana? —Hey, what are you son. (SG) looking for there? guuzu N def. 1. Tomtom sa ipa ma ila, mi nu lelem XXgalip nut without its outer skin (only has be ni mataana ima ku, o lelem be ni ima the hard brown inner shell. Galip nuts ku. Tana so “Hai!” mi boobo zaana. have three concentric shells) —Someone is walking away and you (SG) kaŋar guuzu —galip nut without its outer want him to look at you or you want him skin [only has the hard inner shell] to come to you, therefore you say “Hai!” Kaŋar komboono, toyo sula ŋgamar ma and call out his name. tuur lae ma ibuuzu. Ibuuzu, to tupus ma def. 2. O iti takamam uraata ta mokleene a, iwe guuzu. To teke pooro mi taŋgal sula. mi mete sa isu kar. To tiŋgo tomtom ta —Galip nuts with their outer skins, we ma imar be ipiyar ti. To ikam sua tana mi (INC) collect them into a basket and put iso: “Hai, kamar ma tala, pa tomtom tiŋga them aside until [the outer skins] rot imeete kek.” —Or we (INC) are working and become soft. After that, we remove over in the garden and a death happens in the shells and what is left are the nuts the village. Then they send someone to us with just their hard inner shells. Then to hurry us up, and he says, “Hey, come we weave netbags [for storage] and put with me, for that person has died.” [them] down into them. XX“Hey stop it!” (express that one wants Mbalmbal iwon kaŋar komboono ma ibuuzu the hearer to stop doing something bad) la kopoono. Beso tiene na, kaŋar guuzu. def. Tomtom sa ikam mbulu ŋoobo sa, o iso —A pigeon swallows a whole galip nut sua ta ambai som. To nu peteke i pa sua and the outer skin rots in its stomach. tana. —Someone does something wrong, When it defecates, the galip nut no longer or says something that is not good. Then has its thick outer skin. you (SG) stop him with that expression. haiss Intj XXexpresses frustration H def. Nu kam supurpuuru koroŋ, to so sua tana —You (SG) are only able to do something ha Intj part way, so then you say that expression. alt. a XX“Go away!” (expresses that one wants XXUh-oh! Look out! (expresses dismay) something annoying to go away) Ha, lele katuunu imar! Toko! —Uh-oh, the def. Ne lelem be ser tomtom sa, som ŋge ma hait 67 iili

ila ne. —You (SG) want to drive a person or uriiz-i —two days ago (contrast uriiz-a pig away. ‘three days ago’) hait Intj -i6 Suffix XXStop it!, Halt! (expresses that one wants alt. e the hearer to stop doing something) XXnominalising suffix (less common than Hait, imbot! Kam pepe. —Stop, leave it. Do -ŋa-) not do it. -boobo/ bobi —’to call’/ ‘a call’ -keene/ kene —’to lie, sleep’/ ‘a sleep’ -mbot/ mboti —’to stay, live, exist, be at’/ ‘life’ -mbo/ mboe —’to sing’/ ‘song’ I -pa/ pai —’to walk, move’/ ‘journey’ i1 Adv_S -parkap/ parkapi —’sleep together as a alt. gi newly wedded couple’/ ‘sexual guidance XXPROX (on-going, visible action) for a newly married couple’ Zin timar i. —They are coming (and I can -ŋooŋo/ ŋoŋi —’to quarrel’/ ‘a quarrel’ see them) -ŋgalsek/ ŋgalseki —’to forbid, prohibit’/ XXimminent action ‘taboo, prohibition’ Zin tizza tomtom tabe imar i. —They are -ŋguŋ/ ŋguŋi —’to cough’/ ‘a cough’ waiting for the person who is about to -sapaara/ sapaari —’refrain from’/ come. ‘restriction, restraint’ i2 Pronoun -seŋ/ siŋi —chew betel-nut/ ‘things needed alt. =i (i.e. an enclitic) for chewing betel-nut (betel-nuts, betel- XXhim, her, it (third person singular pepper, and powdered lime)’ accusative pronoun) -seeŋge/ seŋge —’to laugh’/ ‘laughter, Tire i. —They saw him/her/it. mocking’ Ampun=i. —We (EXC) hit him/her/it. -seŋgeere/ seŋgeri —’send something’/ Tiboob=i —They called to him/her/it. ‘something sent’ or ‘‘something to be sent’ note: the clitic (=i) is phonologically note: Use of -e is very irregular, occurring bound to a preceding consonant. When on only a few forms. it occurs on a multisyllabic verb root -beede/ bude —’to write’/ ‘(hand)writing’ ending in a long vowel + consonant + -peeze/ puze —’to paddle’/ ‘way of paddling’ homorganic vowel, the final vowel is lost. Iburu N_Proper When it occurs after a monosyllabic verb XXHebrew speaking people root ending in a vowel, this final vowel is Ni tomtom ki Iburu. —He is a Hebrew. retained. XXHebrew language i-3 Subject prefix Sua ‘Mesia’, ina Iburu kalŋan. —The word XXhe, she, it (third person singular Subject ‘Messiah’ is a Hebrew language word. prefix which occurs on inflected verbs) i-i Intj i-mar —She/ He/ It comes, came, will come. XXdenial (response to a question meaning -i4 Suffix “I do not know.” or “I do not want to XXall say.” It is pronounced with high falling gorgori —all the time intonation.) karkari —all the villages I-i, nio aŋute som. —I don’t know. see also: i-wal ‘all the people’ iili N -i5 Suffix construction: ka- iili XXclose temporal proximity XXtail feathers of birds which can be used kooz-i —today for dance decorations neer-i —yesterday Man tana ka iili molo. —That rooster’s tail mbeŋ-i —last night feathers are long. mankwoon-i —this morning a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z iimi 68 iŋga iimi N conditionals) XXsoft fibres of anraŋ pandanus roots (This Nu sobe kam bakai pini, inako ikanu. —If type of pandanus has a lot of roots above you (SG) mistreat it, then it will bite you. the ground, and it is used for making Mazwaana ta sobe amla gi, inako amaŋga rope, netbags) pa mankwoono. —When we (EXC) go, we Tiyembut anraŋ ka uraana, titarpaala ma will start off in the morning. tikam kokouŋana ma tikurik la yok, to … inako ka kilalan padeiŋana? —… what iwe iimi. —They cut anraŋ pandanus then will be the sign/omen for it? roots, split them and take the white [part] indeeŋe Complementiser and scrape that in the water, and then it XXwhen, at the time that becomes a soft strip. Indeeŋe zin tileŋ sua tana na… —When Zin moori titwooro iimi be tike kaari. —The they heard that talk,… women roll the soft pandanus fibres Indeeŋe Bamla imar, nu mbot, som som? together [into rope] so they can weave —When Bamler came, were you (SG) netbags [with them]. around or not? imban N Indeeŋe nio aŋbot Lae na, pataŋana biibi alt. yamban ipet pa lutuŋ. —While I was in Lae, my XXsago frond on which sago pulp is put child had a big problem. when it is being squeezed indeeŋe Preposition dial.var. yamban (Birik and Marile) XXat note: People say that the processing of sago Indeeŋe mazwaana tana, ni imar imbot kar is a relatively recent innovation and the kek. —At that time, he had already come words are probably borrowed. (Yamban is to live in the village. the local name for the Finschafen area). Pa indeeŋe tina, ina rourou kek. —For at imzal(bi) N that time, it was already afternoon. XXwoman whose child has died (used as a XXuntil term of address for the rest of her life) Ta muŋgu ma imar indeeŋe koozi… —From Kam imzalbi ka mbu ru ti ma la. —Take long ago until today… these two betel-nuts to the woman whose indeŋdeeŋe Complementiser child has died. XXwhenever Imzalbi, mar! —Mother whose child has Indeŋdeeŋe tau puke iruŋ, to ŋooŋo ikamam died, come! ti. —Whenever the Malaysian apple tree see also: maanda ‘man whose child has died’ is flowering, then we(INC) often have ina Demonstrative Pronoun runny noses. XXthat one (anaphoric pro-form indicating Indeŋdeeŋe ta Atai iriŋ pa naana, na ni a given, known entity) itaŋtaŋ. —Whenever Atai rings her Ina tikam ŋoobo. —That, they did incorrectly. mother, she cries. XXentity located near the hearer see also: -ndeeŋe Ina so tana? —What is that? indi Pronoun XXas for, regarding, concerning (marked alt. =ndi Theme/Topic introducer) XXwe (INC), us (INC) (first person plural Mbulu tana, ina mbulu pareiŋana? (hearer(s) included) nominative and —Regarding that behaviour, what kind accusative pronoun) is it? note: Gauru, Kampalap, and Kabi form Aigule tana, ina be tiurpe kini ma koroŋ ta dial.var. iti ~ ti (Central) boozomen. —That day, that is for them to iŋga Demonstrative Pronoun prepare food and other things. XXthat one over there (away from both Niam sombe ambaada pataŋana, ina be speaker and hearer) iuulu yom. —If we (EXC) endure hardship, Iŋga ŋge tau! —That [thing over there] is a that is in order to help you (PL). pig! inako Conjunction XXthen…will (used in hypothetical iŋgi 69 irao iŋgi1 Adv_PrePredP would be good for you (SG) to stay in. XXnow Iŋgoi ta ambaiŋana, mi iŋgoi ta sananŋana? Iŋgi ko padei? —What now? —Which one is good, and which one is Mi iŋgi aŋwe leembe pa lele ti. —But now I bad? am a stranger in this place. XXwhere? (often in rhetorical questions where Kozo keleŋ la kalŋoŋ mi koto sua ta iŋgi a negative answer is expected) aŋur piom i. —You (PL) must listen to my Anutu tiom, mburaana iŋgoi? —Your (PL) voice and follow the talk that I am now God, where is his strength? [i.e. He does giving to you. not have any.] Mi iŋgi buri na, aŋute kat. —But now I Len mburan iŋgoi tabe tipasaana yo? Som. really know it. —Where is their power/ability to harm Iŋgi tomtom mburan som. —This (what me? No [They do not have such power.] we have just now experienced) is not Pa iti boozoŋanda iŋgoi? —Where are our something brought about by human big numbers? [i.e. we are too few to do strength/ power. what needs to be done.] Iŋgi kembei ta aŋso piom na. —It is as I told ip N you. XXTahitian chestnut (=Tok Pisin aila, iŋgi2 Demonstrative Pronoun Scientific name: Inocarpus fagifer, nut XXthis one, this thing is edible, and the leaves are used for Iŋgi sokorei? —What is this? covering up food) Mi iŋgi som. —But this is not the case. def. Ruunu iwe ro be tuzuk koroŋ pa. —The Wai, iŋgi ambai komboono! —Wow, this is leaves become wrappers with which to perfect! wrap up things. XXcataphoric, introducer of lists Ip kizin Tuam na, kuliini imbol som, mi Iŋgi Mose lutuunu bizin zan: —These are keteene imbol som tomini. Mi ip ki toono the names of Moses’ sons: uunu, kuliini imbol, mi tataarut pa buza iŋgi be Adv_PrePredP biibi. —The Tahitian chestnuts from Tuam XXabout to Island, their shells are not hard, and Iŋgi be tomon gi! —We (INC) are about to sink! their kernels are not hard either. But the Iŋgi be aŋmeete. —I am about to die. Tahitian chestnuts from the mainland, XXnow something is going to happen their shells are hard, and we (INC) cut Iŋgi be aŋpaute u pa… —Now I will teach them with large knives. you (SG) about… ipip N Redup iŋgi sa…na Adv_PrePredP construction: ka- ipip XX“I now know this” XXkidney XXrealization (often sudden, contrary to Tikam ŋge ka ipip pio be aŋkan. —They expectation), surprised realization brought me the pig’s kidneys to eat. Iŋgi sa ki Atai na. —Hey, this belongs to Atai! irao1 Adv_PrePredP Wai, iŋgi sa miuŋana toro na! —Wow, this XXcan, could, able is another dream! Neeri, nio irao be aŋla. Mi koozi, nio iŋgis Intj mburoŋ som. —Yesterday, I could have XXhere, pay attention to this, listen to this gone. But today I don’t want to. Iŋgis, la to so pizin mi tikot timbiiri tio. Soom, niomru ko irao kemeete na som. —Listen, go and tell them to pay for my —No, you two will not die. wooden plate. Re pitik ta timbot saamba a. Irao nin? iŋgoi Demonstrative Pronoun —Look at the stars in the sky. Can you XXwhich one? count [them]? Tamaŋ, ŋge iŋgoi ta nu so pa na? —Father, XXmay, permitted, allowed which pig did you (SG) speak about? Ina nu irao kam. —You (SG) may take it. Itum re lele iŋgoi ta ambai be mbot pa. —You Parei, irao nio aŋla mokleene ku? —How is yourself look for [i.e. choose] which area it, can I go to your (SG) garden? a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z irao 70 itu-

XXshould, obligated itiŋan Pronoun Ni irao be ila. —He should go. XXyou (PL) with me, I with you (PL), we (EXC) XXpoliteness marker in questions with you (SG), we (INC) with him, we (INC) Ai, irao liŋ koŋ yok risa ma aŋwin? —Hey, with them, we (EXC) with you (PL), you (PL) could you (SG) please pour me a bit of with we (EXC), 1PL.INC.COMB (first person water to drink? [polite request] plural inclusive combinatory pronoun) irao2 Serial verb Za yam ma amar, to itiŋan tala. —Wait construction: ma irao until we (EXC) come, and then we (INC) will XXuntil, all the way until go together. Mbotŋana ku ko ambai men ma irao we To itiŋan waende bizin taparlup ti ma tewe kolman kat, to meete. —Your (SG) life will tamen. —Then together with our (INC) be only good until you become old, and associates/friends, we will unite and then you will die. become one. Nio ko irao aŋkam kosasa som ma irao niom itu- N_Inal kala kepet kar tiŋga. —I am not able to do XXself, own, reflexive-emphatic pronoun anything until you go and arrive at that (the third person plural form is irregular: village over there. zitun ‘themselves’) La mbotmbot kini ma irao tom leleene Nio ituŋ ko aŋuri ila Lablab. —I myself will iluumu. —Go and stay with him until take him to Lablab. your brother calms down. Ituyom tau! —It is up to you (PL)! see also: -rao Zin keten malmal pa zitun. —They were iriimi Adv_PredP angry with themselves. XX4 days from now Nio sombe aŋkam sanaana, nako aŋpasaana Iti ko gaaga tombot, malama tombot. Upeele ituŋ. —If I sin, then I harm myself. to tala, mi iriimi timiili. —We (INC) will ...ila zitun kalŋan —…in their own language be here tomorrow and the day after Tipase pa zitun mburan, mi tipakurkur tomorrow. Three days from now we’ll go zitun. —They rely on their own strength and four days from now we will return. and are always exalting themselves. is Intj ..ni ipekel kalŋaana ma iso: “Oi, nio ituŋ ti.” alt. ii —..and he answered and said: “Oh, it is XXhere, take it! (used when offering me here.” something to someone) Aŋbel ituŋ kek! —Woe to me! [I am in def. koroŋ ta teege mi sara —Something trouble now.] which you are holding and offer O iŋgi aŋboro ituŋ. Tana sombe leleŋ be Is, koroŋ ku! —Here, take it, it is yours! [said aŋkam, nako aŋkam. —Now I am my own when handing something to someone] boss. So if I want to do it, then I will do it. Ii, kom! —Here, this is for you (SG) to eat! Aa buri, ituyam amre katu. —O now, we iti Pronoun (INC) ourselves have seen you (SG) with our alt. =ti (enclitic) own eyes. itutamen/ itutamen XXwe, we (INC) N_Inal XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) included) alt. ituta XX nominative and accusative pronoun alone, only one, by oneself Ouo, iti tala tewe lende. Pa rorou kek. Mi ituŋ tamen na, aŋrao aŋkam kosa sa —Hey, let’s go and wash. For it is already som. —But by myself alone, I cannot do late afternoon. anything. Ni irao ikam=ti pa kar kini. —He can take Nu itum tamen ko la? —Will you (SG) go by us (INC) in his car. yourself? You are the only one who will go? note: Clitic form =ti is preferred for Tana Naomi itutamen imbotmbot. —And so pronominal Objects occurring after Naomi was left alone. consonants Tapase pa Yooba itutamen be iporoukaala dial.var. indi ~ ndi (Gauru, Northern) iti. —We (INC) trust in Yahweh alone to protect us. ituru 71 ka- itutamenŋa- iwe- N XX only one XXseedling, starter (whatever is planted) Tomtom itutamenŋana ta kembei na, ambai Niam ampaaza pin iweene. —We (EXC) som. —A person [being] alone like this, it planted a banana starter. is not good. serembat/ mok/ manioka … iweene Lutuunu moori tana, ni itutamenŋana. —That —starter of food crops like sweet daughter of his, she was his only child. potatoes/ taro/ manioc ituru Pronoun kini iweniwen tiyaaraŋana —sowing of seeds XX you (SG) with me, I with you (SG), you (SG) Sombe lende koi iweene, som yagoŋ iweene, and I, 1DU.INC.COMB (first person dual to timbit se you mataana bekena you/ka inclusive combinatory pronoun) koi iŋgalŋgal (=ikudut). —If we (INC) have Nu ituru tala. —You (SG) go with me. tobacco seeds or corn seeds, then we hang Pronoun them up above a fire so that the fire/ Ituru ko tala. —The two of us (INC) will go./ smoke dries them. You and I will go. izi1 N Ituru tuur zin ma tila Birik, to timiili. XXspear —Let’s (you and I) take them to Birik and izi pam —spear made from a palm tree then we (INC) will return. izi marakete —iron spear (used for hunting iwa- N_Inal pigs) XXsibling-in-law, brother-in-law izi taraŋgo —fishing spear (has several Paradigm: iwaŋ, iwom, iwaana (Central)/ points/prongs) iwaan (Gauru)/ iwana (Northern), zin izi kan —those with spears iwanda, iwoyam, iwoyom, iwan Izi kini mataanaŋana ko iŋgalu. —His iwanda bizin —our (INC) siblings-in-law sharp spear will pierce you (SG). iwa- moori izi kwo muriini —wound caused by spear XX sister-in-law -izi2 V_Tr ni iwaana moori —his/ her sister-in-law XXpenetrate something while moving iwaara N parallel to its surface XXnorthwest wind (during December-April, Ke tipiini iizi nomoŋ. —A splinter went in a time for eating mangoes and breadfruit, under the skin of my hand. fishing, having traditional celebrations, Meene kotiizi (mataana) iizi yo. —A sago and going on long sea voyages) thorn penetrated my skin. def. iwaara imar pa meleebe see also: -ŋgal ‘pierce’ Iwaara ipet. —The northwest winds have begun. Iwaara ipol pa aigule. —The northwest wind began blowing in the daytime (a bit unexpectedly). K Miiri iloondo ki iwaara ma imar. —The wind ka- N_Inal came [Lit. ‘ran’] from the northwest. Paradigm: koŋ ‘1SG’, kom ‘2SG’, ka(na) XX year, age ‘3SG’, koyam ‘1Pl.EXC’, kanda ‘1PL.INC’, similar: ndaama ‘year’ koyom ‘2PL’, kan ‘3PL’ dial.var. yoara (Northern) XXused to express ownership or transfer of iwal N edible or drinkable things, for, have XX large group of people, everyone Kam koŋ pin pakan imar. —Bring me some Ina toso pa som. Pa ina iwal biibi koroŋ bananas to eat. kizin. —We (INC) should not talk about it. Nu kom kini sa imbot? —Do you (SG) have It pertains to all the people. some food to eat? iwal biibi —a large crowd Kam ka yok risa ma iwin. —Give him a bit iwal ta boozomen —everyone, all of water to drink. kanda buzur —our (INC) meat/game to eat a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kaaga 72 kaala

XXof (expresses uncontrolled relationships) one’s arm (Lit. ‘open one’s armpit’) koŋ ndaama —my years/ age Tomtom ikaaga begeene be iŋgal ŋge. —The ka mbeŋ —his birthday man raised his arm to spear the pig. Nio aŋkankaana pa koŋ mete. —I don’t dial.var. -kaa (Gauru, Northern) know the time of my death. -kakaaga V_Tr Redup XXof, unfortunate or ‘bad’ relationships Kakaaga kataama pepe. —Don’t keep nio koŋ koi bizin —my enemies opening the door. ka nooro —his widow kakaagaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup ka moori —his mistress XXhabitually/usually open XXabout, concerning Kataama ti kakaagaŋana. —This door is ka sua —talk about/ concerning him/ her/ it usually open. XXfor see also: -kam kak man ka ruumu —house for chickens, -kinkaaga chicken house XXopen something which is firmly attached ka uunu —the reason for it -pakaaga XXpart-whole relationship XXopen with effort, manage to get open ruumu ka kataama —the door of the house -makaaga kini ka lwoono —leftover food, part of the XXcrack open food kaagu N Uraata tio ka lwoono ri inmbot, ta ko aŋbot XXnortherly wind (comes from the be aŋposop. —A small part of my work is direction West New Britain) still left, so because of that I will stay to def. kaagu imar pa abal Mereu —The finish it. northern wind comes from the mountains XXrelated to, associated with, having to do [of] northwest New Britain. with Iŋgi miiri kaagu ta ilonloondo i. —This is koroŋ su kan —things of the forest the northerly wind that is blowing [Lit. koroŋ kar kana —something having to do running’]. with the village kaala V_Tr mete nomnom kana —malaria (sickness construction: Verb + kaala (only occurs associated with mosquitoes) as the morphologically bound second nio toono koŋ —I am from the ground, I am element of compound verbs, all of which earthly are transitive) pu ŋge kana —a net for catching pigs XXhide, cover, conceal, protect -kaaga V_Intr_Stative, V_Intr/Tr XXgo on top of XXopen, be open -bapkaala Kataama ikaaga piti. —A door opened for XXhide, keep secret us (INC). -daadakaala Kaaga kataama! —Open the door! XXprotect by fencing Kaaga kwom ma win marasin. —Open your -didikaala (SG) mouth and drink the medicine. XXmake a barrier around something Kataama ikaaga kek. —The door has -kamkaala opened, is open already. XXenclose, fence in XXremove, take off (lids of containers) -kankaala Kaaga kuuru kwoono! —Remove the lid of XXprevent someone from revealing a secret the pot! -kanankaala kwo- ikaaga XXconceal one’s food XXspeak up -kennekaala Kwom imun pepe. Kwom ikaaga ma so sua. XXblock the way to something by sleeping —Don’t be silent. Open your (SG) mouth near it and speak up. -kiziukaala -kaaga bege- XXspit at XXlift one’s arm in order to strike, raise kaama 73 -kaama -kokokaala -rekaala XXclose something by tying it off, tie shut XXkeep an eye on, carefully watch over -kokorkaala -roogokaala XXgather in, bring together XXreserve -kotkaala -salakaala XXclose (a door) XXput on top of, cover -kotokaala -sekaala XXcover up XXcover, close, protect -kunkaala -sesekaala XXcover up in order to protect from weather XXpatch up -laskaala -siirikaala XXheat food in order to preserve it XXsurround with something -liukaala -sirimkaala XXsurround protectively XXpatch up, cover -loukaala -sokaala XXput aside food and cover it XXreserve for oneself maŋaanakaal- -soukaala XXfail XXcatch hold of mbeŋkaal- -taŋkaala XXnight falls on someone XXprevent someone from doing something mata- imbiriizikaala by crying XXcompletely forget, forgive -taukaala -mbukkaala XXwrap something around oneself XXtie shut -teegekaala kopo- -mburkaala XXgive refreshments XXjealously protect -urkaala -mbutkaala XXcover XXwrap up and tie -watkaala -miaŋkaala XXdeny XXspeak respectfully to one’s in-laws -zeebekaala -ndukaala XXpatch up, make complete again XXgo early in the morning -zukkaala -ŋgunkaala XXwrap up XXobstruct the way to something by kaama1 N putting sticks in the ground around it XXforked branch (made into a handle of a -ŋooŋokaala sago pounder) XXprotect something by making a fuss over it Yembut leŋ kaama sa pa guugu. —Cut me a -pakaala forked branch for a sago pounder. XXcover, hinder, obstruct, prevent def. Ur ain ila kaama, to iwe guugu. —Once -pasirimkaala you (SG) put a piece of iron in a kaama XXpatch up and cover over then it becomes a sago pounder. -pasomkaala -kaama2 V_Intr_Stative XXneutralise, lessen the effect of something XXbe crippled -peenekaala Namaana woono ikaama. —His right arm XXshield, protect is crippled. -pokaala Ni ikaama ta alok kek ma imar. —She has XXfence in a garden been crippled for a long time. -poroukaala kaamaŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXdefend XXcrippled -pureskaala Ni namaana kaamaŋana. —He [has] a XXspit on crippled hand. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kaame 74 -kaazakaala

Ni kaamaŋana. —He is crippled [i.e. Moori ipoi pikin sula kaari. —The woman unable to walk properly]. carried the child in a netbag hanging kaame N_Event from her head. XX XX string which is woven into netbags sago squeezing setup for one person to kaari ka kweene squeeze sago starch out of sago pulp XX Nio ituŋ tamen aŋkam kaame pa kil ta. strap of a netbag kaata N N. mi L. tikam sopalai pa kil toro. —By XX myself I had a sago squeezing set up that platform on an outrigger canoe where went into one sago trap. N. and L. worked cargo is put together at a squeezing setup for two that Koobo tile pa nol na, kini isala kaata kizin went into another sago trap. ma bokbok mi tipera. —When the inner -kaaŋga V_Tr island people came in for the market, XXdrink from something which is held then they went back out with their canoe away from the mouth, pour into one’s platforms filled with food. -kaaza1 V_Intr mouth without actually putting the XX container to one’s lips screech, squawk Kam sur ma kaaŋga, mi nio koŋ ka lwoono. Ŋerek ikaaza. —A green parrot screeched. -kaaza —Take the coconut and drink from it, and 2 V_Tr XX I will [drink] the remainder. scale, scrape off scales off of a fish Kaaza ye ŋgaraana. —Scrape the scales off kaara1 N XXhandle (of a drum, shield) of the fish. -kaaza Teege kombom ka kaara. —Hold the drum 3 V_Tr XX by its handle. slice up, cut up, butcher kaara ki golo —handle of a shield similar: -tarut, -pal -kaskaaza similar: kweene V_Tr Redup peene kaara, kaara niini Tiŋgal ŋge ma kup, to tineeni ma kiŋ, to XXbow and arrow tipali ma tikaskaazi mi tiur ma irao zin. -zem kaara niini —They speared the pig and killed it, and XXshoot an arrow after they had roasted it, then they cut it similar: peene up and divided it among themselves. -kaaza V_Tr -kaara2 V_Tr 4 XX XXtear and eat raw, rip apart (used of dogs, wipe dry, dry off something by wiping it wild animals) Kam kawaala pasaana, mi kaaza yok pa Me tiŋa ŋge ta. To tikaara pakaana ma murindi. —Take an old rag, and wipe off imap. Mi Yalom ila to ibaada pakaana. the water from our (INC) [sleeping] place. —The dogs got a pig. Then they similar: -mus

completely tore up half of it. And Yalom -kaazakaala V_Tr XX went and carried off wipe something off or otherwise dry it [the other] half. a bit XX see also: -tatut heat in order to reduce the smell -kaara kopo- (particularly fish that has been caught XXupset the stomach, some time ago or other wild game which cause stomach pain has strong smell) kaari N Kaazakaala ye sala you muŋgu, tona ur XXnetbag, string bag, sula kuuru mi inoi. —Dry out the fish by (carried by women heating it over a fire, and then put it into hanging from their the pot and boil it. foreheads, babies are put Takaazakaala ye tina be ka ndaara pakan in them to sleep, =Tok ila lene, to isula inoi. —Let’s heat up the Pisin bilum) fish a bit so that its strong smell goes Nio aŋkewe kaari. —I am away, and then it can be boiled. weaving a netbag. similar: -lo, -kailes, -pabayou, -laskaala kabaŋbaŋŋa- 75 kai kabaŋbaŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative kado somŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXnaked XXfree, without pay, at no cost Tomtom tana, ni kabaŋbaŋŋana. —That -kam kadoono ila person is naked. XXpay for, pay wages Kabe N_Proper -re kadoono pa XXKabi village XXsuffer the penalty of, experience XXpeople of Kabi village punishment because of kaboŋ N Ni ire kadoono pa sanaana kini. —He XXshield used in fighting, battle shield suffered the penalty of his sins. Zaaba mi kaboŋ na, irao pa malmal. —A club -ur kadoono and a shield, they are suitable for warfare. XXset a price, assign a price to similar: siŋgiao ‘battle shield’, golo Nio aŋur timbiiri tio kadoono zen, tana ‘ceremonial shield’ mbot risa. —I have not set a price for my kabuk N wooden dish yet, so wait a bit. XXdipper used for getting water for Tiur kadoono isala mete. —They put the squeezing sago price too high. kabum kabum N_Event Redup -ur kadoono pa XXplay in the water, splash around in the XXpunish, penalise, take vengeance on, water avenge, pay back Zin pikin tikam kabum kabum sula yok. similar: -kot —The kids were splashing around in the kadoono N river. XXturn similar: sabum sabum Zin kadoono tila be tikam uraata. —It is kado- N_Inal their turn to go [and] work. XXprice (to be paid), payment, cost, wages Nu kadoono sula piizi meene. —It is your Koroŋ tina kadoono piizi? —How much is (SG) turn to go down [and] squeeze sago. the price of that thing?/ How much does Kai1 N that thing cost? XXdance type (typically performed during Ŋge ku kadoono tis. —Here is the payment the daytime) for your (SG) pig. def. naroogo aigule kana —a daytime dance Aŋkam lem kadoono kek. —I have given kai2 N you (SG) your wages. XXtorch, light, lamp XXequivalent, equal (in ability, age, or Tutun kai, mi teteege ma tala. —Let’s light a size), fitting torch and hold it and go. Nio kadoŋ sa? —Is there anybody who is kai bolom my equal/ as capable as me? XXtorch made from a kaikai tree. Merere, ni kadoono sa som. —There is def. Ke kaikai ta imeete, tona amla ma nobody like the Lord. amboogo leyam, ma igorok. Amtun ma XXpartner amur la ruumu leleene, be iyaara piam Moori ti, kadoono som. Tana ko irak som. pa mbeŋ. —A kaikai tree that has died, —This woman hasn’t got a partner. then we (EXC) go and break off a piece Therefore she won’t dance. for ourselves and [wait for it to] dry. We XXpenalty, punishment, payback light [it] and put it inside the house, so it Kadoono ise kini. —He is getting the provide us light at night. punishment for it. kai busbus Sanaana kiti ka kadoono ta ise ki Yesu. —It is XXtorch made of coconut leaves the penalty of our (INC) sins that Jesus bore. kai galiau XXreward XXtorch made of the dried leaves of Tomoyom Anutu ko ikam leyom kadoono stinging nettle plants biibi. —Your (PL) Father God will give you a great reward. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kaian 76 kaipa kai ŋgwaara leaves. XXtorch made of dried coconut -kailes V_Tr kaian N_Event XXscorch, parch XXbreathlessness due to laughing Zoŋ ikailes kini ma imap. —The sun scorched Tiseeŋge tiseeŋge ma kaian ikam zin. Irao all the food crops. tiseeŋge mini som. —They laughed and Zoŋ biibi isu ma iŋgi be ikailes mbutmbuutu. laughed until they were out of breath. —A sunny time has begun and it is They could not laugh any more. kaibiim beginning to scorch the grass. N_Stative XXsteam, cook in a pot without adding any XXadult (fertile age, working age) XX extra water or grease attractive, good, nice, pretty Iti takailes ŋgeele isula kuuru. Pa ŋgeele ka naŋgaŋ kaibiim —young man, fit for work tai biibi. —We (INC) steam clams in a pot. moori kaibiim —attractive woman/ woman For clams have a lot of saltwater. fit for work Iti takailes welŋan. —We (INC) steam grubs ruumu kaibiim —attractive house in a pot [because they have a lot of their Re. Mbulu ku tina kaibiim? —Look/Consider. own grease] Is that behaviour of yours (SG) nice? XX XX warm (up) beauty, attractiveness Kailes kumbum, pa izarzar. —Warm your kaibiim kini —her beauty (SG) leg [by putting it close to the fire], for Tomtom tana, kaibiim kini imbot la ki it is swollen. ruŋguunu. —That person’s beauty is in Kaimaŋa N_Proper his/her face. XX kaibiim komboono Mbula language area XXspeakers of the Mbula language (used XXreally good by speakers of other languages in the Mbulu ku tina kaibiim komboono! —That area to refer to Mbula speakers and their behaviour of yours is really good! [said language area) sarcastically] kaimer Adv_PredP -pakaibiim V_Tr XXlater, afterwards, future XXdecorate, make attractive Aŋwe zen. Kaimer to aŋla aŋwe. —I haven’t Tipakaibiim ruumu kizin ma tau! —They bathed yet. I’ll go [and] bathe later. decorated their house and made it really Nio motoŋ ila pa kaimer. —I am thinking nice. kaibiŋa- about the future. N_Inal_Stative Mbeŋ Kaimer XXbeyond childhood, capable of working, the Last Day, end of the world mature physically -pa kaimer Ni kaibiŋana som. —He isn’t mature XXwalk behind someone, follow, go later enough yet. kaimerŋa- N_Inal_Stative Aŋwe kaibiŋoŋ. —I grew up. XXlast-born, younger of two Lwoono ta, ta nio kaibiŋoŋ kek, —One time lutuŋ kaimerŋana —my last-born child when I was already past childhood, kaimer kana see also: kaibiim XXlast, final, concluding kaikai1 N Redup XX uraata kaimer kana —last work, final job eel type (short and fat) mazwaana kaimer kana—last days (in the Naleŋ ikeene tuunu kaikai ta magorbi kat. Bible) —Naleng got a huge kaikai eel. kaipa V_Middle_Uninfl kaikai2 N Redup XX alt. kawai, kawaiwai tree type (has many branches that grow XXelated, self-satisfied, proud, gloating out from the trunk, used for decorations (being visibly pleased with one’s good and torches) situation, which is not viewed as good def. uunu ta mi naman naman boozo behaviour, mainly used of women, not a Moori tikam aigau pa kaikai ruunu. —The well-known word) women made decorations from kaikai kaisiigi 77 -kakat

Niom kaipa yom paso? —What are you (PL) used for making rope, =Tok Pisin tulip, so happy about? scientific name: Gnetum gnemon) Ni kaipa i pa koroŋ kini ambaimbaiŋan. Zin Kampalap tila tisek kaiwos ta abal —He is proud of his good things. uunu. —The Kampalap people went and Moori tana kawaiwai i pa ka tomooto kana. stripped the bark off of kaiwos trees at the —That woman is always gloating because foot of the mountain. of her man. Tiperek kaiwos pa pu ŋge kana. —They similar: ni- (i)se sorok, menmeen sorok braided kaiwos (rope) for making pig nets. kaisiigi N_Event Titwooro kaiwos ma tike pu ye/ kiizi. XXdetermination, resolution, insistence, —They twisted kaiwos (rope) and wove a stubbornness fishing net/ prawn net [out of it]. Ni ikam kaisiigi pa uraata ma ila imap. kak N_Event —He was very determined concerning the XXcoming open, breaking open making a work and completed it. sound, open mbulu kaisiigi —stubbornness, Kataama ikam kak. —The door is open. determination Miaana igolok, mi kwoono ikam kak ma iso Nu kam kaisiigi paso? —Why are you so sua. —Her tongue came loose, and her determined/ insistent? mouth opened, and she spoke. kaisiigiŋa- N_Inal_Stative see also: -kaaga ‘be/become open’ XXstubborn, persistent, determined -kaka V_Intr Redup kaisuluklukŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXbe afraid of heights XXtiny, small Kuinuŋ ikaka pa aŋse kor mi motoŋ sula. serembat kaisuluklukŋan —tiny sweet —I (Lit. ‘my soul/ inner self’) was afraid, potatoes for I went up and looked down. man kaisuluklukŋana —a tiny bird kakaaba N similar: musaana, munmun, katuktukŋa- XXrattles used in dancing (made of ti tree kaiwo N nuts) construction: -seebe kaiwo/kao pa Zin tirak mi titir kakaaba ma itaŋ. —They XXdispute, argue with strongly, contend danced and shook the rattles making noise. against Mooto zaanaŋana ileleele wiini, to kakaaba Niom keseebe kaiwo pa kakam so? —Why are gereŋ gereŋ. —When a famous/magical you (PL) arguing what can you do about it? snake wiggles its tail, then it rattles. Nio aŋseebe kaiwo pizin. —I disputed with -kakak V_Intr Redup them. XXmake a noise like “kak kak” Seebe kaiwo rimos. —Quit arguing. Manboŋ ikakak ma ila. —The sea eagle keze- kaiwoŋa- made a “kak”-ing noise and went away. XXargumentative Me ikakak ma ila. Asiŋ ipuni? —The dog went Ni keze kaiwoŋana. —S/he is argumentative. away making “kak”-noises. Who hit it? similar: kwo- imbol pa sua kakao N -parseebe kaiwo pa XXcocoa tree, cocoa pods, cocoa beans Niomru kaparseebe kaiwo piom ta kembena (=Tok Pisin kakao, scientific name: Thea na ambai som. —When you two argue abroma) with each other like that, it is not good. kakarooŋgo N kaiwor N XXcrab type (edible, small, found in rivers) XXcassowary Zernaŋnaaŋga pakan, kaimer tiwe man kaiwor tiroono —big knife made from kakarooŋgo. —Some z. creatures later a cassowary bone change into kakarooŋgo crabs. Iti mutu kiti ti na, man kaiwor sa som. —On alt. kakaroogo this island of ours, there are no cassowaries. -kakat V_Intr kaiwos N XXcut in half, cut something long in the XXtree type (leaves are edible, the bark is middle a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kakes 78 kalkaalaŋa-

Kakat teu, wooro, teene… —Cut the def. boozo ma boozo kat —many and very sugarcane, vine, cane in half. many XXcut across, go across, take a shortcut kalaana N_Stative Nio aŋkakat ma aŋlae pa ruumu kini. —I took XXgood (typically occurs in negated a shortcut and went across to his house. utterances) Lele ikimit mi iyaara ma ikakat saamba. kalaana som —Lightning flashed across the sky. XXbad, not good similar: -yembut Ruumu tina kalaana som. Reege mi ila ne. kakes V_Intr_Uninfl —That house is not good. Tear it down. XXstep across to, step from one log to Mbulu tana kalaana som kat. —That another (like in a swampy area) behaviour is really not good. Kakes kakes ma aŋla mbaaga. —I stepped ruŋgu- kalaana iŋgoi from one log to another and crossed to XXexpresses contempt (Lit. ‘Where is the the other side. good appearance?’) XXdiverge from, digress, stray to A, nu na ruŋgum kalaana iŋgoi pa lem nama- kakes koroŋ kamŋana! —Hey, you (SG), where is Niam amgo u be la teete pin men, mi miili your ability to do anything! ma mar. La ma nomom kakes pa koroŋ A, nu zzo sua. Mi ruŋgum kalaana iŋgoi pakan pepe. —We (EXC) are sending you (SG) pa uraata? —Hey, you (SG) talk alot. But to just go and cut off some bananas, and where is your ability to work? return back [with them]. When you go, -kalakoikoi V_Intr_Stative Redup your hand is not to stray to other things. XXbe burnt, be seared, be scorched (on the kwo- kakes surface) XXget off the subject in a discussion, digress Kini tana ineene ma ikalakoikoi. —That Iti tamar pa sua ki ula. Kwoyom kakes pa food roasted and got burnt on the outside, sua boozo pepe. —We (INC) have come to but the inside is not yet cooked. talk about the marriage. Don’t digress to similar: -koikoi other things. kalaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Kwom kakes lae! —You (SG) are getting off XXliving, alive, live the topic! ye kalaŋana —live fish kakes lae koroŋ kalaŋan —living things XXmove horizontally from one place to Ni imeete, som kalaŋana? —Has he died or another, cross over to is he [still] alive? Nio aŋsala mbu, mi kakes lae mbu toro. —I Kolman, kalaŋana imbotmbot a? Som went up a betel-nut palm, and crossed imeete kek? —The old man, is he still over to another betel-nut palm. alive? Or has he died? similar: -yabakes, ŋes lae similar: mata- yaryaaraŋa-, matmaataŋa- kakuk N kalau N XXplay shoes (made from coconut shells, XXbird type held on to with ropes, traditionally used Leŋ beso kalau itaŋ, ina lele berekberek kek. to avoid getting one’s feet dirty when —Listen and when the kalau bird sings, it walking through a muddy area) will be on the verge of daybreak. Zin tiwwa pa kakuk. —They are walking on lele kalau kalau V_Intr Redup play shoes. XXearly morning about 5-6 o’clock kakut kakut V_Intr_Uninfl Redup def. zoŋ mataana ise—The sun rises. XXin heaps, do in groups, masses, act as a Lele kalau kalau. =Kalau kalau kek be large group, lots of (filling all the space) lele iborok ma isu. —It is early morning Motmooto kakut kakut la ŋge buuzuŋana. (about 5-6 o’clock). —There were lots of worms/maggots in kalkaalaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup the rotting pig. XXscarred (used of animals) Moori kakut kakut ma tisula yok. —Many ye kalkaalaŋana —fish with scars groups of women went down to the river. Taŋgal ŋge ma kalkaalaŋana. —We (INC) -kalkal 79 -kam kalŋa- molo speared a pig and [found that] it had XXpenetrating voice, far-reaching voice already been wounded. (Lit. ‘voice is long/far’) -kalkal V_Intr Redup Merere kalŋaana molo. —God’s voice goes/ XXblow in the wind, rustle reaches everywhere. Miiri ikam ma plak ikalkal. —The wind is kalŋa- imurur making the flag blow. XX‘choke up’ while speaking (Lit. ‘voice Miiri ikam ma ke runrun ikalkal. —The shakes’) wind is causing the tree leaves to rustle. kalŋa- musaana see also: -palaklak XXspeak in a whisper, speak softly (Lit. kalma N XX ‘voice is small’) crab type (black, found in swamps) kalŋa- ŋerŋer pa Kalma zoŋoono iŋgorut nomoŋ. —The kalma XXspeak sharply to, speak harshly to (Lit. crab bit my hand. ‘voice growls at’) Kalma ikol pa peeze kini (nama babaŋan i). kalŋa- sanaana —The kalma crab moves by using its XXscream loudly, screech (Lit. ‘voice is bad’) flippers. kalŋa- isala Kalma ikarra ma ila. —The kalma crab XXsay with a loud voice, raise one’s voice, crawled along. shout (Lit. ‘voice rises/ ascends’) Kalma naman ipeeze mi iko ma ila. —The kalŋa- ise kalma crab’s flippers paddled and it fled XXsound angry, (Lit. ‘voice rises/ ascends’) away. kalŋa- isu kalŋa- N_Inal XX XX speak quietly, speak softly (Lit. ‘voice sound which something typically makes descends’) kombom/ man/ miiri/ masin kalŋaana kalok N_Event —sound of a drum/ a bird/ the wind/ the XXhiccough machine Kalok ikam yo. —I have the hiccoughs. XXvernacular language -kam V_Tr Aŋsuŋ ila kalŋanda. Aŋsombe… —I prayed XX1. do, give, take, get, put, cause in our (INC) language. I said:… Ni ikam koroŋ sa pio som. —He did not give Nio kalŋoŋ ndel. —My language is different. anything to me. XXsinging voice Nio aŋkam som. —I did not do that/ I did Ni kalŋaana ŋgeezeŋana. —He is a good not receive. singer. (Lit. ‘He has a smooth voice’) -kamam/ -kaam Redup XXloudly XXkeep doing So ma kalŋom (biibi) pepe. —Do not shout! Zin tikamam men. —They just keep doing it. Wal timbo ma kalŋan. —They sang loudly. -kam + Event Noun XXvoice, speech kalŋa- bakai pa -kam aigau —put on decorations -kam muuŋgu —put on mourning symbols XXspeak harshly to someone (Lit. ‘voice -kam azaaŋa pa —show one’s strength by mistreat to’) kalŋa- ila pa challenging another person -kam bakai pa —mistreat, do bad to XXsend word to, notify (Lit. ‘voice go to’) kalŋa- iluumu pa -kam borau —mate (of animals) -kam borok —collapse XXspeak kindly to, speak gently to (Lit. -kam boros —spill out/ burst ‘voice be cool towards’) kalŋa- keteene men (=kalŋa- biibi) -kam buga- pa —perform one’s obligations -kam geezeŋana —feel really bad about XXspeak very loudly kalŋa- imar something and run away to escape from the situation XXmessage comes, word comes (Lit. ‘voice -kam gegeene pa —get/ do more, extra comes’) -kam giris —slip a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kam 80 -kam

-kam kadoono pa —pay, give, receive a -kam ŋurŋur —grunt at reward/ punishment/ wages -kam orooro —make noise/ racket -kam kaisiigi pa —determined to do A. ikam padei pa? —What is A. going to do -kam kak —open, break open about it? -kam kat —move back and forth, jerk -kam pak —open -kam kao —dispute, brag -kam pakaamŋana pa —trick, deceive, lie -kam kauk —yelp (used of dogs) -kam pel —make a sharp cracking noise -kam kausis —persistently do something -kam peŋ —look after a small infant, care viewed as not good for -kam kek —noise of something snapping -kam pilik pilik —wiggle -kam keŋ —snap in two, make a popping -kam piŋ —clear up, light up noise -kam piŋpiŋ —twist, swing back and forth -kam keu (kete- ikam keu) —be dismayed -kam pok —come loose -kam kik —are ringing (used of ears) -kam poto pa —take a photo of -kam kiŋ —be silent -kam pou —work magic in order to cause -kam kutkut —beat, throb the winds to stop -kam kinkin/kinkiini pa —try hard to get -kam pu —work sorcery on something, strain after, strive -kam puk —make the sound of something -kam kini —put on a feast breaking -kam kombol pa —speak insultingly to -kam pus —something which was blocked someone [by using taboo sexual epithets] before comes open -kam kumbu- pa —ready to start fighting -kam put —snap in two -kam kuŋ —make a low pitched, thudding -kam sanaana pa —do something bad noise -kam seeŋge pa —make fun of someone -kam kuumbu pa —steal -kam seu pa —brag, show off, flaunt -kam kuruk —go out of joint -kam siŋ pa —hit someone so they bleed, -kam mbulu ambaiŋana pa —do good to wound someone -kam siloogo pa —keep doing, strive at -kam mbiŋbiŋ —cling on to someone A. ikam so? —What is A. doing? -kam mbulu ki —follow the behaviour of -kam sua pa —teach -kam mburooŋo —bargain, barter -kam supuuru —not do properly, do -kam miiri —fan, go to a breezy place something halfway -kam moondo —be cast down -kam tiro- —try hard, collect one’s -kam mos pa —plan how to distribute, strength, not to give up explain the meaning of, perform a -kam tooro —portray a spirit being in a miracle, create a design dance -kam naborou pa —work magic on, perform -kam uraata pa —work on, work for magic -kam uraata ise ki —appoint someone to do -kam nabel —cast lots something -kam napaala —put on a good appearance -kam yaamba pa —work sorcery on falsely, make a show of something -kam zooroŋana pa —disobey, resist, be -kam nazur —pout at rebellious -kam nduŋ —make a thumping noise, thud -kamam be -kam ŋeu pa —joke about XX2. be about to happen -kam ŋgar (boozo) pa —think about, study, Koroŋ ta boozomen ikamam be imap. be worried about, wonder about —Everything is about to come to an end. -kam ŋekŋek —make a creaky or squeaky Mok ikamam be imbiriizi. —Taro is in the noise, or the noise of gnashing teeth process of disappearing. -kam ŋoŋi —quarrel -kam le-/ -kam ka-/ -kam pa -kam ŋuk —make a noise of disapproval XX3. give -kam ŋunuŋ —make a buzzing noise Zin tikam leŋ buk. —They gave me a book -kam ŋunuŋ ŋunuŋ —speak softly, murmur -kam 81 -kam

Zin tikam koŋ kini. —They gave me food -kam kete- —get someone interested, to eat. attract Zin tikam kini pizin. —They gave food to -kam lele- —comfort, divert attention from them. trouble, attract XX4. get, receive -kam ute- pa —be attracted to Amkam ndaama ambaiŋana kat. —We (EXC) Event Noun + ikam had a good year. XX17. feelings, experience (usually the Amkam pekelŋana sa som. —We (EXC) did experience is negative/ unpleasant or not receive any answer/ anything in not under one’s control) return. biiŋi ikam —afflicted by swollen glands in XX5. sense (non-volitionally) ear area talŋa- ikam —overhear dadaru ikam —be in doubt, not know what Me tikam ŋge kuziini. —The dogs smelled to do a pig. kaian ikam —experience some intense XX6. take, bring feeling like uncontrollable laughter Ni ikam aro kini mi ila. —He took his kalok ikam —have the hiccoughs digging stick and went. mete ikam —be/ get sick Ni ikam pin imar. —He brought bananas. motoŋana ikam —be(come) afraid XX7. think, plan muk ikam —get dirty Ŋgar tio ikam be aŋgiimi leŋ kar sa. —I am ŋooŋo ikam —have a cold thinking of buying a car. oge oge ikam —have many things to carry Aŋkam ŋgar pa —I am thinking, planning pataŋana ikam —be in trouble, experience XX8. arrive in/at, reach hardship, suffer Amkam kar. —We (EXC) reached the village. salaulau ikam —feel ill XX9. make, cause siŋ ikam —bleed Yeŋyeeŋge ikam ma ke ta boozomen tiwolol. sombor ikam mata- —have pimples on one’s —The earthquake caused all of the trees face to fall over. tata ikam —be busy Ni ikam ma nio leleŋ be aŋzemi som. —He tiŋiizi ikam —become weepy, sobbing makes me not want to leave him. tolou ikam —get wet from morning dew XX10. produce, make wer ikam —have spleen sickness Amkam siel. —We (EXC) made the supports -kam -kam ma (for the thatching). XXkeep doing until, continue doing XX11. give birth to Amkam amkam ma… —We (EXC) kept doing Moori ikam tomtom ma isu. —The woman it until… gave birth to a child. -kam + motion verb XX12. travel by (plane, ship, car) XXreach towards Aŋkam wooŋgo ma aŋla Lae. —I travelled -kam lela pa —reach in to by ship to Lae. -kam su pa —reach down to XX13 catch -kam A mi… Me tikam ŋge ta. —The dogs caught a pig. XXwith, instrumental XX14. arrest Ni ikam pat mi ipun tiziini pa. —He took a Tikam Yesu. —They arrested Jesus. stone and hit his younger brother with it. XX15. take something and do something to it -kam muri- Ni ikam toono mi imbuuzu. —He took some XXreplace someone ground and moulded it. -kam ruŋgu- XX16. attract XXrepresent someone Kini ikam ŋgurende. —The food tastes XXinherit the same facial features real good to us. [Lit. ‘The food gets our -kam yok throats’] XXbe baptised -kam mata- —attract [Lit. ‘get the eye’] a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kambasa 82 -kampe -kam yok pa -kamkaala V_Tr XXbaptise XXput taboo mark on something in order to sua ikam A keep people away from it XXbe reached by a message La ma kamkaala mbu kiti, pa tomtom Sua ikam zin zen. —The message has not tipazogzoogo men. —Go and put a taboo yet reached them. mark on our (INC) betel-nut palm(s), because XXbe summoned to give an account of people just keep coming and taking from it. one’s actions similar: -ur napalis pa To tana ko ikam mbulu sa kek. Tabe sua kamkaamba N_Inal Redup ikami. (Zin kolman tiluŋke i.) —That XXfruit or nut tree, or sago palm (which is fellow must have done something wrong. given by the man’s family to his in-laws Therefore they summoned him. (The elders as part of the brideprice or as a present) called him away from what he was doing.) Nio aŋkam we taiŋgi pa iwaŋ/ rwoŋ bizin zoŋ mataana ikam ma iwe Atai’s kamkaamba. —I gave this XXtime, o’clock (Lit. ‘eye of the sun does’) mango tree to my in-laws as a part of Zoŋ mataana ikam laamuru kek. —It was Atai’s brideprice. already 10 o’clock. Kataara meene tana pepe. Pa nio aŋso XXcompound verbs amkam ma iwe Rachel kamkaamba. -pakam, -pakaam —Don’t cut that sago palm. For I plan to XXtrick, lie, deceive give it as part of Rachel’s brideprice. -kamkaala -kamke V_Tr XXput a taboo mark on something XXsave, deliver, shield, intervene for, help -kamke when someone is in great trouble XXsave, deliver from trouble, rescue Yesu ikamke iti la Sadan namaana. —Jesus -kampe saved us (INC) from Satan’s hand [i.e. power]. XXdo good to, show kindness, be gracious Ni ikamke iti pa mailaŋ kiti. —He helped -kampi us (INC) with our feast [by providing XXclear out the things needed for it which we were -kamreege lacking]. XX scatter, drive away kamŋa- N_Inal_Stative -kamtoto XXcharacteristically doing something XX chase after Ni kamŋa leembeŋana. —He is hospitable. -kamyaara Nu kamŋom uraataŋom. —You (SG) are XX attack, scatter people industrious. kamŋana N_Inal_Event Mbulu ki leembe kamŋana na, niyom gesges Ni imbel pat kamŋana. —He has got a lot of pa pepe. —The behaviour of receiving/ money. being hospitable to visitors, don’t become kamŋa- weary of doing it. XXcharacteristically doing something yok kamŋana tomtom ki ye kamŋana—fisherman (Lit. XXbaptism (Lit. ‘water doing’) ‘person of fish getting’) Yoan, ni tomtom ki yok kamŋana. —John, kambasa N he was a water-doing person [i.e. He XXborder (main), boundary, space between baptised people] Nu molo kambasa tio pepe! —Don’t cross Kampalap N_Proper my border! XXKampalap village toono ka kambasa —boundary of the land XXpeople of Kampalap village To kambasa ma re nabut ku, to lela -kampe V_Tr mokleene ku. —Come along the main XXdo good to, show kindness to, show border [of the garden area] until you (SG) favour to, be gracious to, bless see the boundary of your own section, then Merere ikampe yo kat. —The Lord has done come inside [to your own garden area]. many good things for me./ The Lord has see also: seŋgaaŋga, mbut, ŋgalaŋ, pi, nabut, really blessed me. mbasaŋa- -kampi 83 -kan -kampewe V_Tr Redup inalienable noun ka- that is used to Ni ikampewe zin, mi mataana pizin. —He express the possessor or recipient does good to them, and looks after them. of something consumable/edible or kampeŋana N something passively associated XXgrace, kindness, favour, goodness, blessing Tikam kan kini sa som. —They haven’t kampeŋana ki Anutu —the grace of God, given them anything to eat. the blessing of God Tizzo kan sua. —They are talking about Nu ko we zaala be kampeŋana biibi ise them. kizin karkari ta boozomen. —You (SG) will -kan V_Tr become a road/means by which a great 2 XXeat, consume, use up blessing will come upon all people. Nio aŋkan kini. —I ate [some] food. kampeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Ni ire leyam risa som kat. Itunu ikan ma XXkind, gracious imap kat. —He did see fit to give us (EXC) Tomtom taiŋgi, ni kampeŋana kat. —This any of it. He used it all on himself. man is very kind/ gracious. Mbeete ikan kuliŋ ma iur mbel. —The sore -kampi V_Tr ate into my skin and made a scar. XXclear out the area around a tree’s base Siibi lae pa karkoolo ta ikanan manman Ni ikampi we kini. —He cleared the area pwoono. —Catch the butterfly that is around the base of his mango tree. ‘eating’ [from] the hibiscus flower. Kampi kaŋar ti uunu be imbot mat. —Clear XXburn out the base of this galip tree so that it You ikan ma gubuunu men. —Fire burnt it will be out in the open. until it was just ashes. -kamreege V_Tr XX XX dry out scatter, drive away (Lit. ‘do-tear down’) Zoŋ ikan lele muŋgu, tona takintai. —Let Iti tulup ti su kar keteene, to tomtom taŋga the sun dry out the place first, then we imar ma ikamreege iti ma toko. —We (INC) (INC) will pull out the weeds. were having a meeting in the middle of XXbite the village and then that man came and Neeze/Nomnom/Kut tikan yo. —The ants/ scattered us and we fled away. mosquitoes/ lice bit me. -kamtoto V_Tr XX XX sting chase after something or someone who Looto ikan yo ma kuliŋ ituntun. —The is running nettles stung me and my skin is burning. Me ikamtoto ŋge ma ilela pa su. —The dog XXhit, strike, cut into, penetrate into chased the pig into the bush. Waene izoori, to imaŋga na namaana ikani. kamuneeze N —His wife rebelled, and then he struck XX hawk her with his fist (Lit. ‘his hand ate her’). Siizi na, kamuneeze kan mok. —Grasshoppers Iŋgi be nakabasi ikan zin ma tisu len. —An are the favourite food [Lit. ‘taro’] of hawks. axe is about to cut (Lit. ‘eat’) them down. -kamut V_Tr Parpon ke ru tana ma matan iparteege, tona XX take back a child that has been reared kiruuŋu ikan. —Line up those two pieces by someone else, compensating them for of wood, so that their ends overlap, and their efforts (See entry -ut for example) then nail them [together]. -kamyaara V_Tr -kanan V_Tr Redup XXscatter, break up a meeting or gathering, Loŋa kakanan be tala, pa mbeŋ kek! —Keep chase away eating quickly so we (INC) can go, because Ni ikamyaara zin pikin ma timaŋga ma tiko it is already dark. pirik. —He chased the kids and they got -kan la/ -kan mar up and ran off in different directions. XXobey, believe and act accordingly, listen to kan1 N_Inal -kan la sua kini —believe his words XXfor/ to/ about them, their Aŋkan la tamaŋ kalŋaana som, ta buri XXthird person plural form of the a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kan 84 -kan

ŋonoono ipet i. —It is because I did —B. pioneered [work in] the Siassi islands not believe and obey my father’s talk area with God’s word [i.e. he was the first that now I am facing the fruit of it [i.e. missionary to bring God’s word to the area]. consequences]. -kan su Niom kozobe kakan mar tio ma tezem mutu XXgrow up in a certain place taŋga pepe, so tendeeŋe pataŋana ti som. Nu kan su kar ti ma we biibi? —Did you (SG) —If you (PL) had listened to me and we grow up in this village? (INC) had not left that island, then we Aŋkan su tiŋgi ma aŋwe kaibiŋoŋ. —I grew would not have gotten into this difficulty. up here and became an adult. -kan duubu XXkneel down to the ground to worship XXsurf, ride waves Aŋwi yom ta boozomen be iti wal takan su -kan kete- mi tusuŋ pa Merere. —I ask you all to XXact rashly, be impetuous, start doing kneel down and pray to God with me. something too quickly -kan tenten Kan ketem pepe. Ketem su mi leŋ kat uunu. XXtaste something, try out new kind of food —Don’t act rashly. Be patient and listen def. -toombo riŋariŋa carefully to the reason for it. -kan yaŋ similar: kete- pitpit XXbe in rain, get wet in rain -kan koi Zin munmun tikanan yaŋ mi tiyopenpeen XXsmoke tobacco zin pa tiiŋgi. —The little kids were -kan kou [playing] in the rain and got themselves XXrain, mist (that can be seen off in the dirty in the mud. distance) kwo- ikanan Yaŋ ikan kou ma imar i. —The rain is XXnag, speak strongly coming [I can see it off in the distance]. Kwoono ikanan lutuunu bizin be tila pa -kan leleene uraata. —He kept nagging his children to XXhollow out, hew out go to work. Zin Koobo tikan mon leleene. —The inner similar: -maŋmaŋ island people hollowed out the inside of kanŋana N_Event the canoe. XXeating, to be eaten, meal time, feast -kan magat Ou, kakam kini kanŋana kembena pepe. XXforage on the reef for shellfish and other Pa iŋgi peteele. —Hey, don’t eat like that. things during low tide Now is a time of famine. similar: -peŋende Mbuleyom su pa kini kanŋana. —Sit down -kan paŋa-/ -kan kwo- to eat. XXkiss -ŋgalsek itu- pa kini kanŋana -kan peteele XXfast XXexperience famine or hunger Tiŋgalsek zitun pa kini kanŋana. —They …mi kar pakan tikan peteele. —...and some fasted. villages experienced famine. -pakan V_Tr -kansaaba V_Tr XXfeed XXburn up Ni ipakani ma iwe kolman. —He fed him -kansasaara V_Tr until he was big man. XXconsume quickly, burn up quickly similar: -putu ‘feed’ You ikansasaara taamba. —The fire quickly XXpoison someone, get someone to eat burnt the new garden area. something poisonous -kan sok Ni ipakani, tabe imeete. —He got him to XXclear some area for the first time take the poison and so he died. Ni ikan sok pa lele ta. —He cleared an area XXput beeswax on a drumhead (in order to of forest which had never been cut before. tune it and make it sound good) XXpioneer Kasaibi ipakan kombom be itaŋ ambai. Bamla ikan sok pa Siassi pa sua ki Anutu. —Kasaibi tuned the drum by putting kana 85 -kankaala

beeswax on it so it would sound good. recognise [his wrongdoing] at all. (He felt def. Ur bigil ise po kuliini —Put beeswax on that he had done nothing wrong.) a lizard’s skin -kanamalmaala V_Tr Redup -parkan V_Middle Keene to kanamalmaalu pa you, kokena XXbite each other ikanu. Keenemeete pepe. —When you (SG) -parpakan V_Middle sleep be aware of the fire lest it burn you. XXpoison each other Don’t fall into a deep sleep. Mbulu ki taparpakan ti na mbulu ambai? kanda N_Inal —Our (INC) behaviour of poisoning each XXfor/ to/ about us, our other, is it good behaviour? XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) included) -kan pa ru consummable recipient-experiencer XXchanging weather (sun and rain pronoun, used to express ownership or alternating, Lit. ‘eat twice’) transfer of edible or drinkable things Yaŋ ma zoŋ tiparpekel, to kolman tiso: Tikam kanda kini, to ambai. —Once they “Takan pa ru.” —When the rain and the give us (INC) some food to eat then it will sun alternate, then the old people say: be good. “Takan pa ru.” XXpassive, uncontrolled association kana N_Inal Kanda koi bizin irao tilip piti na som. —Our XXfor/to/about him/her/it, his/her/its (INC) enemies are not going to be able to XXthird person singular consummable triumph over us. recipient-experiencer pronoun, used to kandaara N express ownership or transfer of edible XXhorn of an animal or drinkable things makau ka kandaara —cow’s horn Ni ikan kana tomini. —He had something to To ire sipsip ta ka kandaara ikoleege ila ke eat too. namaana. —Then he saw a ram that was XXpassive, uncontrolled association caught by its horns to a tree branch. mburu malmal kana —things for fighting XXcomb moori zaala kwoono kana — prostitute/ Iŋgi kandaara tubudu. —This is a harlot/ whore [lit. ‘woman of the middle white man’s comb. of the road’] kandaara tomtom —locally-made -kanamaala V_Tr comb (made out of bamboo) XXsense (the presence of something), feel -kun kandaara the presence of something, be aware XXflower (used of certain fruit Ziru tikanamaali, to tiko ma tila tike. —The trees) two of them sensed his presence, and similar: -ruŋ then they ran away and hid. -kankaala V_Tr Kuliini ikanamaala kembei ta koroŋ sa XXmake someone to keep quiet about imbot kolouŋana pini. —He sensed (in his something he has seen, prevent someone skin) that something was near to him. from revealing something XXtaste XXkeep secret, conceal Itum kan mi kanamaala. Ko ambai, som Nio aŋkam kon miaana ti be aŋkankaala som? —Eat the food yourself and feel how kwom pa. —I am showing you this leaf it tastes. Is it good or not? [Lit. ‘ghost’s tongue’], in order to close similar: -yamaana your mouth [concerning the secret]. -kanamaala itu- som -kankaala itu- XXhave a seared conscience, not recognise XXdeny what one has done one’s own wrongdoing, be unaware that -kanankaala V_Tr Redup one has done something wrong XXconceal one’s own food in order to live Ni ikanamaala itunu ri sa som. (Iyamaani off of other people kembei ni ikam sosor som). —He did not a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kankaana 86 kaŋar

Nu kanankaala kini ku paso? Kam ma herself on all kinds of food and meat. takan. —Why are you (SG) hiding your XXburn up, consume entirely food? Bring it and let us (INC) eat it. You ikansaaba lele gorokŋana ma imap. Ni kini kini inmbot. Mi ila ipakaam zin —The fire entirely consumed the dry area. wal pakan ma tikam kana ma ikanan. Ni -kansapsaaba V_Tr Redup ikanankaala kini kini. —He had food. But Kansapsaaba kini, mi kam uraata som? he went [and] lied to others, so they gave —Are you (SG) just going to keep on eating him food to eat. He concealed his food. all kinds of foods, and not do any work? -kankaana V_Intr Redup -kansil V_Tr XXbe crazy, be insane XXconsume a lot Ŋgar kini ikankaana, tabe ikam sorok zaaba. Generator tana ikansil yok mete. Kala kere —His thinking is crazy, and therefore he toro. —That generator consumes too harmed [people] without reason. much petrol. Go look for another one. XXbe confused, be ignorant, not understand Aa, nu kansil kini rimos. Maŋga ma la kam (often said to express mild criticism or uraata. —Ah, stop eating so much food. disapproval) Get up and go do [some] work. Nio aŋkankaana pa sua ku. —I am confused kaŋar N about your (SG) talk./ I don’t understand XXCanarium almond tree (=Tok Pisin your talk. [often implying “I think that galip, note: glossed as galip in this what you said doesn’t make sense.”] dictionary, scientific name: Canarium XXbe stupid, be foolish indicum, a very important food item. The mata- kankaana traditional yearly calendar was based on XXnot know, be confused about something the life-cycle of Canarium trees—See the Ko matan kankaana pa ma iŋgi. —Perhaps entry for puulu ‘moon, month’) they just do not know about it. Kot koŋ kaŋar sa! —Break some galip nuts Motoŋ kankaana pa mini. —I have for me to eat! forgotten how to do it. Kotgeege kaŋar mi isu, mi tizim moori ko kankaanaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup ipiili. —Break some galip nuts, and your XXfoolish, confused, stupid, crazy, insane (SG) younger sister will remove the kernels Niom kankaanaŋoyom kat! —You (PL) are from the shells. really fools! Kaŋar gargarŋana, na torou men. Sombe mbulu kankaanaŋana —stupid behaviour patpatŋana na tepetekat muŋgu, to torou. -pakankaana V_Tr Redup —If the galip nut is the softer type, XXconfuse we (INC) just strike it [holding the nut Pakankaana zin pa zaala pepe! —Don’t in a standing position on a stone]. If it confuse them about the road! is the very hard type, we first [lay it -kanke V_Tr horizontally on a stone and] hit it, and XXchew ginger or a meze tree’s bark and then stand it up and strike it. thereby release someone from magical Kaŋar ŋgomsaaba ru na, moŋo ta —Two influences baskets of galip nuts make one moŋo of Pikin ila yok ma yok lwoono kan tikami. galips. [way of counting quantities of Mi kolman ta ikanke i, to mataana ikam galips] pak. —The child went to the river and XXnut of a Canarium almond tree the spirits living in the middle of the def. Toyo kaŋar ta komboono i (kulin river affected him. But one of the old men gabgapŋana), to tala tiliŋ sula ŋgomsaaba. worked magic and released him, and then Tuur lae ma ibuuzu, to tiliŋ sula yok mi his eyes opened again. tupus. To iwe guuzu ma isu mi zoŋ ikan. To -kansaaba V_Tr tepeleele ma gargarŋan ila ndel be takan. Mi XXeat indiscriminately any kind of food patpatŋan ila ndel be teke pooro mi taŋgal and eat a lot of it, gorge oneself on isula. To tuur sala parpaara. Inmbot inmbot Moori tana ikansapsaaba kini mi buzurŋana. ma kaŋar ipit, mi ŋgurende pa, to takam —That woman indiscriminately gorges kaŋar 87 kaŋar kaŋar keteene pooro isu ma teyembut wooro mi takam XXedible kernel of a galip nut (white in kanda kini pa. Sombe lelende be takan, colour) to tokot, mi tesek twiini isu lene mi takam kaŋar putuunu ŋonoono ma takan. —We (INC) go collect XXhard outer shell of a galip nut galip nuts that still have their dark outer kaŋar isalpaala skins, and then go and our them down XXtime when some galip nuts on the trees are into a ŋgomsaaba basket. We put it aside already ripe while others are still green. and once [the outer skins] have rotted and kaŋar sembeene gone soft, then we pour them down into XXbig, round, ripe galip nut water and remove the outer skins. What kaŋar twiini remains are the nuts with their hard inner XXbrown skin that covers the white kernel shells. These are put into the sun to dry. of the nut, or the small stem connecting Then we remove the softer nuts and they an individual nut to a cluster of nuts are put aside for us to eat [right away]. kaŋar siŋiini And the hard ones are put aside to be put XXsap of a galip nut tree into a woven pooro basket. Then we put kaŋar geege them up on a shelf in the house. They XXgalip nut without the outer dark blue remain there until the galip season ends skin but having the hard inner shell and when we desire to eat them, then we kaŋar keteene take down the woven basket with nuts def. Keteene ta tupu twiini ma ila lene —The inside, and cut the string of the basket and kernel is [what remains] after we (INC) make food with the nuts. If we want to eat squeeze off the brown inner skin. [the individual nuts], then we crack open kaŋar ka mbol (=kaŋar tataŋa) the hard shells, and remove the brown XXgalip nuts found here and there (amongst skins, and take the kernels and eat them. kaŋar gargarŋana leaves and small branches after the real season is over) XXeasily breakable galip nuts kaŋar igubguubu Zin moori tila titaata kaŋar ka mbol. —The women went and searched through leaves XXgalip nuts that are ripe, ready to be and for some galip nuts. picked up kaŋar mata peete (komboono) kaŋar guragou/ kaŋar guraguraŋa XXripe galip nut that has just fallen down and XXgalip nut with black and wrinkled up has been left untouched by birds or bats skin [a sign that the nut is about to rot] kaŋar kodaaŋa/ aduŋ/ tetekat Ni iyo ka kaŋar mata peete men. —She only XX collects untouched galip nuts. mixture of roasted galip nuts plus a root kaŋar manbulis/ nabulis/ mbiabulis vegetable (The nuts are crushed and XXgalip nuts whose black outer skin has mixed with the root vegetable, and then been eaten by birds or bats, but which are wrapped with leaves and put on hot still have the small yellow parts left stones to roast.) kaŋar komboono (kuliini) Ni iyo ka kaŋar manbulis men. —She only XX collected galips with partly eaten skins. ripe galip nut [bluish-black in colour] kaŋar guuzu kaŋar gege/ (ke) gege XXgalip nuts which birds or bats have XXother trees than galip trees under which swallowed and then defecated (found galip nuts are found, because birds have under trees where the birds or bats have eaten the nuts and then defecated them been staying) while staying in the tree kaŋarŋa- kaŋar garbaana/ dabaana N_Inal_Stative XXcontaining galip nuts (used of foods XXthin inner skin of the nut (reddish when prepared with galip nuts) the nut is very new, later it becomes meene kaŋarŋana —sago that is mixed with brown and covers the white kernel) galip nuts or the oil from galip nuts and a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kaŋarŋar 88 -kapela

then wrapped up in leaves and cooked on —You (PL) there, don’t gossip about your hot stones associates/ friends. see also: korokete, tetekat aduŋ -pityaara kao kaŋarŋar N Redup XXbring up a matter for discussion XXtree type (galip tree that does not Ni ipityaara kao pa sua ta uriizi timbuk produce nuts, used as building timber) la lupŋana. —He [again] brought up the siizi kaŋarŋar matter that they agreed upon the other XXcicada type day in the meeting. def. siizi ta begeene biibi mi ibaba. —a -piyou kao (pa) grasshopper whose wings are big and broad XXbring up again some issue that has kaŋkaŋ V_Intr_Uninfl Redup caused trouble (and has already been XXdirectly, straight to (go straight to some settled) place) Parei ta su mini ma piyou kao pa mbulu Nio kaŋkaŋ ma aŋmar pa kar. —I came ti! Muŋgu, koroŋ boozomen ambai kek. directly/ straight to the village. —Why did you (SG) have to bring up this XXfirm issue again? Before now, everything was Ni zoŋono imbol kaŋkaŋ ma imete. —His already settled. teeth were still firmly in place when he Muŋgu na, mbulu ambai ta iti tuluplup ti. Mi died [i.e. he was still a young person, buri na mbulu ambai som. Pa niom kipiyou Northern dialect example]. kao pa mbulu boozo tau. —Before, things -mender kaŋkaŋ —stand firm were well and we had unity amongst see also: kuŋkuŋ ‘directly, without ourselves. But now things are not good. hesitation’ For you (PL) keep bringing up all kinds of kaŋkuruŋ su V_Intr_Uninfl things [that are no longer relevant]. XXdrop down, collapse, fall down similar: -pei mini def. Imel o itop su toono. —S/he stumbles -seebe kao (pa) or falls down on the ground. XXargue about, dispute Ituti ma kaŋkuruŋ su. —He stumbled into Zin tiseebe kao pa toono. —They argued something and fell down. about the land. Tomtom ipuni ma kaŋkuruŋ su. Irao imaŋga similar: -parse, kwo- imbol mini som. —A person hit him and he fell -seket kao (pa) down. He could not get up again. XXpass along gossip to someone else Mete ikami ma kaŋkuruŋ su. —He got sick, -yo kao (pa) and collapsed. XXdiscuss, speak in admiration of someone kao N_Event Niman, ni naroogo kini ambai. To tomtom XXargument, dispute, heated discussion tiwe kwoono, mi tiso uruunu ma irao kar. def. Sua ta iporou gi, mbulu sananŋana To zin kar pakan tiyo kao pini. —Niman, ta ipasaana ŋgar kiti. —Speech that is his dancing is good. So then people praise fighting, bad behaviour that ruins/ upsets him for it and tell the news all over the our (INC) thinking. villages. Then some other villages talk Mbot mi ikam ta kembea be iwe kao. —Wait admiringly concerning him. and let him go on like that so that it kaoŋa- N_Inal_Stative becomes a real dispute. XXargumentative, quarrelsome, contentious XXtopic of discussion that is of great Nu kaoŋom kat! —You (PL) are really interest, issue that is very emotional argumentative. -kam kao (pa) similar: kaiwo, zorzooroŋa- XXargue about, disagree over, dispute about kapalaana N Kam kao pepe! —Don’t argue! XXbasket (small, made of coconut leaves, -(pi)nin kao pa used for leftover food) XXgossip about someone, talk about kiri kapalaana —a kapalaana basket someone’s behaviour -kapela V_Tr Niom tina kinin kao pa waeyom bizin pepe. XXcross over to the other side of a body of kapimolo 89 kar

water, ford Nio waeŋ kapkaabaŋana. Tana irao XXtravel (by land or sea) aŋkwaara pu som. —My wife is pregnant. Nio aŋkapela Lae. —I crossed over the sea So I can’t carry nets [for catching pigs]. to Lae. Kwaara pu som paso? Nu kapkaaba? —Why ..amdu ma amkapela yok Sambaana are you (SG) not carrying [pig] nets? Are pakaana. —...we (EXC) forded the Sambaana you [and your wife] expecting a child? river and went across to the other side. kar N Uriizi, nio aŋkapela Kumbai. —Two days XXvillage, inhabited area, place ago, I went over to the Kovai area of the kar biibi —city island. -mbot kar —stay in the village dial.var. -kapelela (Marile) -ur kar —start, establish a new village kapimolo N kar saamba —heaven XXbeads kar sanaana —hell Ina kezes kapimolo ki asiŋ? —Whose beads Kar kopoono isolooŋgo. —The whole village are you (SG) stringing? is in turmoil [there is some big problem dial.var. kapi (Marile), pato (Northern) and a lot of noise] -kapis V_Intr_Stative Kar kopoono iyoyou. —The village is XXbe tight, be firmly attached quarrelling and divided into fractions. Ante ipo wooŋgo kini ka saama ma ikapis Kar mataana ise. —The whole village is kat. —Ante tied the outrigger to his canoe enthusiastic about something. very tightly. Kar mataana isu. —Everyone in the village Tin kwoono na ikapis kat. Takaaga na tarao is hungry. som. —The lid of the tin is on very tight. Timap ma tila, tabe kar putuunu. —They [When] we (INC) [try to] open it, we are all went, so the village was empty. not able. kar zoŋoono —unusually strong, big man Mburu taiŋgi ikapis kat yo. —These clothes [Lit. ‘tooth of the village’] are too tight for me. kar keteene—flat open area in the middle see also: tuŋ, -bibiizi of the village -kapkaaba V_Intr_Stative Redup kar kumbuunu XXbe empty, contain only a small amount XXfoundation of the village, something that Kiri taŋga ikapkaaba. —That basket over helps maintain unity in the village there is empty. Naroogo, ni kar kumbuunu. Naroogo iwedet, XXslack, deflated, flaccid to kar imbot ambai. Pa tomtom ko tilup Balun ikapkaaba. —The balloon is empty, zin mi menmeen zin. —A dance ceremony, deflated it is the foundation of the village. When Moori tiwe kolmanan, to zuzun ikapkaaba. dance ceremonies are taking place, then —When women become old, then their the village is in a good condition. For breasts become slack. people will join together and be happy. kapkaabaŋa- N_Inal kar ka- XXpregnant woman or her spouse (Used XXpeople, inhabitants of the village in the context of hunting and fishing, XXordinary village folk (opposite of those playing soccer, etc. According to who have been educated or lived in traditional beliefs, when the wife is towns) pregnant, neither member of a married Zin tomtom kar kan men. Tila skul biibi couple should go hunting or fishing with som. —They were just ordinary village others, because they will bring bad luck. folks. They had not been to any big school. They can go by themselves, however.) kartu N Itiŋan tala turu buzur som. Pa zin XXpeople who normally live in a particular kapkaabaŋan. —Let us (INC) not go village, resident looking for game with them. For they are Wal tina, zin leembe som. Zin kartu. expecting a child. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kara 90 karau

—Those people are not visitors. They are XXprepare, make residents of this village. Tikarakiti kanda kini. —They prepared us karkari (INC) some food. XXall the villages, people from every place XXheal, make well (often done magically) Tikam sua ma irao karkari. —They took Tomtom tana, ni le koroŋ ta irao be ikarakiti the message everywhere. tomtom taŋga ma ambai mini. —That man XXpeople from other areas has the [magical] things that can heal Kala kowoolo koyom zin karkari. —Go and this man [from the effects of sorcery] and marry from other areas. make him well. kara1 N -karakitiwi V_Tr Redup XXbow Yesu, ni ikarakitiwi zin tomtom munŋaana Ni ikam kara mi kara nini kini ma ila mi men. —Jesus healed a lot of people. ipene mbalmbal. —He took his bow and karakitiŋana N_Inal_Event arrow and went and shot pigeons. XXfixing, fixed up kara nini naborou karakitiŋana ka tomtom —one who XXarrow is able to heal from the effects of sorcery note: Northern dialect form and example -karakyaaga V_Intr dial.var. peene naana (Central) XXsuffer from thirst kara2 N_Event Nio aŋkam uraata biibi ma aŋkarakyaaga XXtrick, lie, say something without truth kat. —I have been doing hard work and or real meaning (comes from the name am suffering from thirst. of the former village of Karapet located similar: miri, ŋgure- ikerekere, ŋgure- near Kampalap who used to be known imamaaza for telling a lot of lies) -karambitmbit V_Intr Redup Nu kam kara pa sua. —You are telling lies. XXbecoming sick, getting sick, fall ill Ni ikam kara piam. —He tricked us (EXC). Kuliini ikarambitmbiti. —He feels like he is similar: -so sorok, -pakaam getting sick. -karakaala V_Tr def. Tayamaana kembei iŋgi be mete imaŋga XXcause constipation piti. —We (INC) feel like an illness is Kini ikarakaala pikin kopoono, tabe tiene beginning to affect us. isu som. —The food caused the child to be dial.var. -karambenmbete (Marile) constipated, so he did not defecate. -karaŋeeze V_Intr Pikin sombe ikan meene kaŋarŋana, na XXhave severe pain, suffer from great pain ikarakaala kopoono ma tiene isu som. —If a Moori ti ikaraŋeeze pa pepe. —This woman child eats sago baked with galip nuts, it will suffered a lot of pain in childbirth. cause constipation and it will not defecate. Ni ikaraŋeeze pa yoyouŋana ma imeete. —He Kan kini kekeŋana tina pepe. Ko ikarakaala suffered greatly from the pain and died. kopom. —Don’t eat that hard food. It Yesu ikaraŋeeze biibi sala ke pambaaraŋana. might give you (SG) a stomach ache. —Jesus suffered greatly up on the cross. Aŋseŋ mbu ŋgor ma ikaarakaala kopoŋ. XXsuffer greatly (no relief available) Tieŋ isu som. —I chewed strong, dry Nio aŋkaraŋeeze pa pataŋana tio mi mburoŋ betel-nut and it caused my stomach to be imap. —I am suffering greatly because of constipated. I wasn’t able to defecate. this hardship of mine, and my strength is Kan kini tana pepe. Ko ikaara kopom. —Don’t finished. eat that food. It will give you stomach ache. -karaŋesŋeeze V_Intr Redup see also: -kaara Zin tikaraŋesŋeeze mi titaŋtaŋ pa len -karakiti V_Tr ulaaŋa. —They were suffering greatly and XXstraighten out, fix up, repair were crying for help. Zin kolman tikarakiti kar. —The old men karau Adv_Pred0&1 fixed up the village. XXquickly, be quick, do quickly similar: -urpe, -pazal Kam uraata karau. Pa iŋgi mbeŋ kek. —Do dial.var. -ŋgaraapi (Gauru) your work quickly. For it is already night. karau lae pa 91 -kas

A, nu karau. —Hey, do it quickly. karriŋa- N_Inal_Stative Lele ku imadada kek. Karau mi ndou mi XXripe, juicy paaza. —Your (SG) [garden] area is already we mazaana karriŋana —juicy, ripe mango cleared and ready. Be quick [and] heap up def. Iti tozzo pa we ta mazaana kat ma the rubbish, [and burn it,] and plant it. iŋgaltiti. —We (INC) usually speak [i.e use nama- karau pa this word] about mangoes that are really XXdo/ prepare something quickly (Lit. ripe and have black spots. ‘hand is quick at’) -karrut V_Tr Redup Nomom karau pa kan narabu sa. —Quickly XXnip, nibble on prepare some tapioca bread for them. Rukum zoŋoono ikarrut we, mi iur ila kwo- karau karau pa kwoono. —A crab is nipping at a mango Ni kwoono karau karau pa sua ŋgalŋana. and putting it into its mouth. —He is very quick to criticise/accuse. Kiibi/ Kuzi ikarrut kawaala. —A cockroach/ karau lae pa V_Tr mouse is nibbling on the clothing. XXsnatch, snitch, grab, seize karrut zuru- Ni ikam mbu pio, mi nu karau lae pa sorok, XXbite one’s lip (indicates anger and ta ambai som. —He gave some betel-nuts readiness to fight) to me, and you (SG) just snatched [them Re u. Pa ni ikarrut zuruunu be ipunu. —Be without asking] and that is not good. careful. For he is biting his lip in anger similar: -kam sorok and is about to hit you (SG). Zin polis tire tomtom kuumbuŋana ta kartu N imenderder, to tipa ndemeene ma tila XXcitizen karau lae pini. —The police saw a thief XXresident, inhabitant, permanent resident standing [there], so then they came up Nio leembe su kar ti som, nio kartu. —I from behind him and quickly seized him. am not a visitor in this village, I am a similar: -kis, -kam permanent resident here. karkoolo1 N Niom kewe kartu ki kar saamba kek. —You XXbutterfly (PL) have already become citizens of Karkoolo irie, inemut heaven. manman siŋsiŋŋana, karwaaŋga1 N ma mataana kat. —A XXfishing rod (made of bamboo or the butterfly flies, licks red midrib of a palm frond with a string hibiscus flowers, and attached) has very bright colours. Iti tuurpe lende karwaaŋga pa got kiini be karkoolo2 N tekeene ye pa. —Let’s make ourselves a XXtree type (in Marile dialect) fishing rod out of the midrib of a black karoozo N_Stative palm frond, so we can catch some fish XXpoorly drained, swampy, muddy with it. lele karoozo, ina tiiŋgiŋana —a place with karwaaŋga2 N_Stative poor drainage, that is muddy XXmuscular, tall, well-built (used of men) similar: tiiŋgiŋa- Tomtom tana, ni peeŋge mi karwaaŋga. -karra V_Intr Redup —That person, he is muscular and well- XXcrawl built. Lutum ikarra kek, som zen? —Is your (SG) similar: kar zoŋoono, tomtom us child crawling already or not? -kas1 V_Intr Po tikarra ma tisala ke uteene. —The po XXmake one’s way through the forest not lizards crawled up to the top of the tree. following any path karraŋa- N_Inal Nio aŋkas ma aŋla leŋ pa su. Pa zin tiketoto XXcrawling yo tau. —I made my way through the bush koroŋ karraŋan and went away. For they were chasing me. XXcrawling things, insects similar: -ŋgor a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kas 92 kat

-kas2 V_Tr mountains on Umboi Island XX cut down many things, chop down, hack Tezem tiiŋgi, tese kasek, mi tasala abal. down, fell —When we (INC) leave the swampy area, Nio aŋkas ke. —I felled trees. we go up onto the solid land, and then XX clear trees off of an area climb up the mountain. Zin tikas taamba. —They cut down a place Wok nap tiwedet kasek som. —Tree for a new garden. kangaroos don’t come down to the land at XX rout in a battle, win in a battle the base of the mountain. Zin tikas kan koi bizin makiŋ, mi tila len. Toono kasek (=tiiŋgi) ise kumbuyam. —After they routed their enemies, they —Clayish ground (=mud) got stuck on went away. our (EXC) feet. kasŋa- N_Inal_Stative kaskas N XX cleared off XXsmall trees, bushes, new growth area Lele tiŋgi kasŋana. —This area is cleared off. Tisambar makiŋ, ta iŋgi amla ma -kazas V_Tr Redup amtarkatkat zin kaskas ta tisu len. —They -kasgeege V_Tr have finished cutting the grass, and XX hit and scatter into different directions that is why we (EXC) are now going and Sombe keteyam malmal pizin pikin mi chopping up the small trees that have amkasgeege zin, to Riti ila ma itaŋtaŋ, fallen down. Akolo ila kea mi itaŋtaŋ. —If we (EXC) are Lele ti kaskas men. Ke ŋonoono sa som. angry with the children and hit them —This area has only new growth. There and drive them away, then Riti goes are no true (i.e. large) trees [here]. away crying, and Akolo goes off in that Taamba tio ti, kaskas ise ma bok. —This direction and cries. new garden site of mine, small trees have -kaspi V_Tr grown up on it and it is full [of them]. XX clear area near the base of big trees Kala kaskas ma kakam kas ma bou ma Tala takaspi mokleene tio. —Let’s go and clear sorbor be topo ruumu pa. —Go to the new around the big trees in my garden area. growth area and get some kas and bou kasaana N and sorbor trees, with which we (INC) can XX residue, pulp, remains (after edible build houses. things have been removed) kaskasŋa- N_Inal_Stative teu kasaana —residue of sugarcane, once XXnewly-grown up all the sugary juice is gone Lele kaskasŋana ta kembena, na ipata som. meene kasaana (=kis) —remaining sago pulp Kena so sok lak! —A newly grown up after the sago starch has been removed area like that, it is not difficult [to make a Kasaana, to isu lene. —The leftover garden in it]. If it were virgin forest, [then remains, throw them away. it would be hard work]! Piizi ni makiŋ, to kam kasaana ma putu zin kasmeeze N ŋge pa. —Once you have squeezed the XXsharp knife or sword made of a pig’s coconut, then take the leftover remains bone, bone knife and feed the pigs with it. def. Ŋge tiroono ta tisap be iwe buza, bainat kasakasaŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup mataanaŋana. —A pig’s bone that they XX tasteless, bland, lacking flavour (without sharpen in order for it to become a sharp salt or oil) knife or bayonet. Meene guma ti, kasakasaŋana kat. —This Titeege kasmeeze, mi tiŋgal zin tomtom pa. dry sago is really tasteless [it has no oil —They held bony knives and stabbed in it]. people with [them]. Rais kasakasaŋana. —Tasteless rice (no kat1 Adv_Pred0&1&NP coconut oil or salt in it.) XXvery, really, truly, extremely kasek N Nio leleŋ ambai kat. —I am very happy. XX solid clayish land between swampy [Lit. ‘My insides/feelings are very good.’] coastal areas and the base of the som kat —not at all -kat 93 -kat -kokat Isaana kat. —It has really gone bad. XXpull off using something with a hook biibi kat —very big on the end (betel-peppers—peege—are XXopenly, directly, forthrightly (when used collected this way) with speech verbs) -petekat Aŋso kat pini. —I spoke openly/ directly/ XXbreak something longish into pieces forthrightly to him. -ŋgorkat XXproperly, correctly, carefully, well XXbite off a piece of something using one’s Ŋguuru kat! —Wash it well!/ Wash it teeth properly. -utkat Ni ikam kat uraata. —He works properly. XXcut off, cut up Kan ketem pepe. Ketem su mi leŋ kat uunu. -yakat —Don’t act rashly. Be patient and listen XXpull away from, take away from carefully to the reason for it. XX -kat3 V_Tr exactly XX ru kat —exactly two coil up, roll up, wind up (rope, string) katkat Adv_Pred0&1&NP Redup Sula yok ma kat yaaba ta aŋbit sula mbeŋi. Zin tiŋgimŋgiimi katkati som. —They were —Go down to the river and wind up the continuously underpaying her. fishing line that I tied there last night. XXopenly, directly, forthrightly (no hidden Kakat pu mi tala pusou toro. —Roll up the talk involved) net, and let’s go to another place where Ni izzo katkat sua. —He speaks forthrightly. we have set up a net. XXsuddenly see also: -tal -kat4 V_Intr/Tr Yaŋ ipol katkat ma imar. —The rain came XX suddenly. shake -meete katkat Rut, la ma kat Atai namaana. —Ruth, go XXunconscious and shake Atai’s hand. -kadat V_Intr Redup Ni imeete katkat. —He was unconscious for XX awhile. jerk, shake (as in death convulsions or -win katkat yok epileptic fits) XXdrown (Lit. ‘really drink water’) Tomtom ikadat be imeete. —The person is jerking in death convulsions. -kat2 V_Tr XXbreak off from the base using one’s Welŋan ute kadatŋana. —The sago grubs’ hands (used only of breaking off head is moving back and forth (a stage in sugarcane, and ginger plants) its development). def. Aŋteege teu ruunu/ googo mi aŋyakat to Ni ikadat mi ka toptoobo izzu ma mburaana ikam pok la ta uunu a, ina aŋkat teu/googo imap. —He was shaking [i.e. he had an tau. —I hold on to a sugarcane or ginger epileptic attack] and his spittle was running plant and yank on it, then it snaps off at down and his strength was finished. mata- katkat the base, in doing this, I break off the XX sugarcane/ ginger stems. helpless, not knowing what to do next, -kat bege- left without help (Lit. ‘eye shakes’) XXraise one’s arm in order to hit something Motoŋ katkat, mi aŋmendernder men ma Ni ikat begeene be ipun waene. —He raised ŋgar tio imap. —I kept standing helplessly his arm in order to hit his wife. not knowing what to do. similar: -kaaga bege- Ni le tomtom sa be ziŋan tikam uraata som, -bokat tanata mata katkat ma imbotmbot. —He XXbreak something into two pieces by does not have anybody to work with, and bending it (with one’s hands, or by that is why he is helpless and waiting. ute- kat holding it and stepping on it) XXnod one’s head in agreement Sua ŋonoono. Pa nio aŋwi i na, uteene kat. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kat 94 kau

—The talk [is] true. For when I asked the] short story. him, he nodded his head in agreement. katkatŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup -yelkatkat V_Tr Redup XXmany things that are very short XXshake something inside a container in Yembut ke katkatŋan! —Cut the tree into order to mix it well short pieces! Kam peint mi yelkatkat ma iwe yok. —Take katuktukŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup the paint and shake it real well until it XXsmall, young, short and small, puny mixes properly. Alei, koroŋ katuktukŋan kembena, ko kat5 N_Event takam padei pa? —O my, puny things like XXshaking, vibrating these, what are we (INC) to do with [them]? Toono ikam kat. —The ground shook./ Pikin ti katuktukŋana. —This child is very There was an earthquake. small./ This child is puny. Yeŋyeeŋge itok toono, to toono ikam kat. see also: atuk, tutuk —When an earthquake shakes the XXshort ground, then the ground shakes. Nio katuktukŋoŋ. —I am short. katkat N_Event Redup katuunu N XXshaking, moving, vibrating XXowner, one responsible for Aŋyel ke ma katkat. —I shook the tree and ruumu katuunu bizin —owners of the house it was shaking. Ŋge ti katuunu nio. —I am the owner of kataama N this pig. XXdoor toono katuunu bizin —owners of a piece of ruumu ka kataama —the door of the house land/ landowners Sol kataama. —Push open the door. kini katuunu —one responsible for Kaaga kataama! —Open the [wooden] door! organising a feast Kataama ikaaga pizin. —The door opened naroogo katuunu bizin —the clan that for them. organises a dancing ceremony and its Pakaaga kataama. —Open the lock of the associated feast door./ Get the door open. mos katuunu —teacher [one who is able to Kotkaala kataama! —Close/Shut the door! explain God’s word] -loondo pa kataama —go in through a door koroŋ imap katuunu —owner of everything -pet pa kataama —go out through a door [used of God] -tut kataama —hit [knock on] the door Nu saamba mi toono katuunu. —You [i.e. -pit kataama —flick one’s finger against a God] are the owner of heaven and earth. door to announce one’s presence similar: tama- ‘father, one responsible for’ tomtom ta imborro kataamaŋana i XXone characterised by certain behaviour N_Inal_Stative kampeŋana katuunu —one who is XXdoorman, guard characterised by kind, gracious Zin ta timborro kataamaŋan i timendernder behaviour. [used of God.] mi tizzo len sua. —Those guarding the azuŋka katuunu —one who is characterised door, were standing and chatting. by splendour [used of God.] katarra N Redup katu somŋana—no one is responsible for XXvine type (very thorny) something, no one is in charge of it Katarra iko yo, ta iraaza kuliŋ ti. —The Uraata ti, katu somŋana. —This work has thorny vine scratched me and tore my skin. no one responsible [for making sure it gets katarra iko kete- done]. XXbe hungry kau1 N Katarra iko keteŋ mete. —I am very hungry. construction: kakau katŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXintestine XXshort koŋ kau musaana —my small intestine Ke tana katŋana mete. —That stick is too koŋ kau biibi —my big intestine short. similar: kaaba, kopon kopon Mbol katŋana ri ta ti. —This is the [end of -kau 95 kauzi-

-kau2 V_Tr sheath of a coconut to it and [make it] XXbind, wrap around, go around into a Nakanmut mask. XXtangle, entangle, snarl, ensnarl -kausiŋ la pa V_Intr Wooro ikau yo. —I am tangled up in the rope. XXlong for, recall pleasant memories of the -kaukau V_Intr/Tr Redup past XXtie, wrap up, bind up, bandage Kolman ikausiŋ la pa mbulu ta muŋgu ikam Nio aŋkaukau pikin kumbuunu pa kawaala. na. —The old man is longing to be able to —I tied/wrapped [i.e. bandaged] the do what he used to do. child’s leg with a cloth. similar: -twermiili ‘long for, miss’ XX entangled, tangled up kausis N_Event Mbulu sananŋana ikaukau yo, tana mboti XXstubbornness in defending one’s own tio ambai som. —Because I am tangled up view, persistence in doing something in bad behaviour, my life is not good. which is not viewed as good or proper, Ŋge iti pu, mi pu ikaukau i ma kaŋkuruŋ su, Tikam kausis ta kembena paso? —Why do to tisou i. —The pig got caught in the net, they keep on stubbornly talking like that? and became entangled in the net and fell Kam kausis, ina mbulu ambai som. —[If] down, and then they caught it. you (SG) are stubborn, that is not good XXconfused behaviour. Pataŋana ipet mi zin kolman titoombo be similar: -kam kaisiigi, -kelkel pa, -zooro tipazal, mi som. Pa sua ikaukau mete. kausuru N —There was a problem and the old men XXleftover food on one’s plate tried to fix it, but did not succeed. For the Zin meteŋan na, kan kausuru kizin pepe. Ko talk was all tangled up. mete ikesu. —The sick people, don’t eat XX surround, cover (used of clouds and fog) their leftover food. [Their] sickness might Ŋauŋau ikaukau abal uteene. —Fog is infect you (SG). covering the mountains. Pikin kausuru kini imbot. Beso itaŋ, to -pakaukau V_Tr takam ma ikan. —The child has left-over XX caused to be tangled, mess up, confuse food. So when s/he cries, then we [will] Sua izal kek. Mi nu pakaukau sua mini give it to him/her to eat. paso? —The talk was already straight. XXsaliva, something from another person’s And why did you (SG) confuse it again? mouth pakaukauŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup Kakam kou tio ma kala keseŋ pa pepe. Pa sua pakaukauŋana nio aŋmoto koŋ pa kausuru. Ko mete ikam XX hidden talk, talk that is not intelligible yo. —Don’t take my lime and go and chew XX speaking in tongues (in the Bible), betel-nut with it. For I fear [other people’s] glossolalia saliva. It might cause me to get sick. kauk N_Event E-e, niam kap tiam ima som, pa kausuru. XXyelping —No way, [we are not going to let] Me ikam kauk. —The dog yelped. our cup come to you, because of [your kaukau N Redup infected] saliva. [said to a TB patient] XXbamboo (large-sized, used for making similar: kwo- suru- spears, combs, and as strips to which kautu N sago thatching is attached). Used also in XXcontainer (small, kept out of general view) Nakanmut ceremonial outfits. kautu ki pat Uriizi amsula amkas kaukau ta Taroobo ga. XXpurse, wallet —A couple of days ago we (EXC) went and Ni iweene pat ru pa kautu kini. —He took cut down some large-sized bamboo at the out two coins from his purse. Tarawe river. kautu ki koi —tobacco tin Tomtom tipo kaukau mi tisese ruŋ ila ma kauzi- N_Inal iwe Nakanmut. —People tie [pieces of] XXspittle, saliva (white or red) bamboo together and sew the fibrous a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kawaala 96 -ke

Ni iseŋ mi ikiziu kauziini. —He chewed holds a fire (burns) for a long time. We betel-nut and spat out his spittle. (INC) call them ‘ basis of wood.’ For the fire Ni kauziini siŋsiŋ, pa TB ikami. —His keeps burning inside [for a long time]. spittle is red, because he is infected with ke2 Preposition tuberculosis. alt. kembei, kei kawaala1 N XXlike, as XXloincloth, piece of cloth that one wraps see also: takena ‘therefore, so, things being around oneself like that’ Ni ilil kawaala. —He wrapped a loincloth -ke3 V_Intr around his waist. XXhide, hide away, be hidden Ni iputke kawaala. —He took off [his] Nio aŋke la su leleene. —I hid in the forest. loincloth. -kewe V_Intr Redup -kawaala2 V_Tr keŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXfasten clothing around one’s waist, XXsecret, hidden clothe oneself, dress oneself ki keŋana Ni ikawaali be ipakaala kuliini. —He tied XXsecretly, in secret a loincloth around his waist in order to Ni ikam ki keŋana. —He did it secretly. cover himself. Compound verbs containing -ke -kawalwaala V_Tr Redup XXindicating hidden, secretive, unobserved Loŋa kakawalwaala yom, pa keleŋkeleŋ itaŋ events kek. —Get yourselves dressed quickly, for -keut the small church bell has already rung XXmove while trying to avoid being seen, [indicating the service is about to start.] go secretly -kaza V_Tr -keske XXscale a fish, scrape (scales off a fish) XXinfect Kaza ye ŋgarana. —Scrape the scales off of -luŋke the fish. XXentice, draw away dial.var. -no, -swiili (Central, Marile) -punke XX ke1 N kill secretly XXtree (generic term) -reke XXstick, wood, firewood XXsee secret things ke dibin dibin —buttress roots of trees -turke ke kunduunu —top end of a tree XXhide something ke lwoono —tree trunk -watke ke namaana —branch of a tree XXcheat someone ke ŋonoono —fruit or nut of a tree -zuurke ke ruunu —tree leaf, leaf of a tree XXput inside secretly ke pataana —log -zemke ke pwoono —fruit or seed of a tree XXfall into deep sleep ke siŋiini —sap of a tree -ke4 V_Tr ke tuunu —tree stump XXdo something with all one’s strength, ke uunu —base of tree collect, gather one’s strength, exert ke uraana —roots of a tree oneself ke uteene —top of a tree def. Ikam ma biibi ke pambaaraŋana —cross Zin tike tiron pa malmal. —They gathered ke uunu their strength for the fight. XXbest firewood (burns well for a long Ke tirom! —Push strong! (said to a mother time, lit. ‘base/basis of wood’) giving birth) def. Mala, malamben, kaikes ma… Zin ke Zin tike naman pini ma ruŋguunu isaana. ta ikis you ma molo. Tapaata zin be ‘ke —They hit him with all their strength and uunu.’ Pa you ipuŋitŋit mi inmbot. —Mala, beat him up. malamben, kaikes, etc. Trees whose wood -ke 97 -keende

-ke5 V_Tr -ke6 V_Tr XXtwist off, break off XXweave XXsnap off by twisting (one at a time, one Nio aŋke kaari. —I wove a netbag. by one) Ni ike pooro. —She wove a netted container Ke koŋ we/ puke/ moli/ pamken/ peege/ for storing galip nuts. kukamba/ papaya/ lombo. —Twist off a -ke pu ye (kana) —weave a fishing net mango/ Malaysian Apple/ citrus fruit/ Iti teke kiizi pa wooro kaiwos. —We (INC) pumpkin/ betel-pepper/ cucumber/ weave prawn nets out of kaiwos rope. papaya/ chilli pepper for me. XXtie up packets of tapioca bread with -kewe V_Tr Redup vines before they are put on hot stones XXbe twisting off, be breaking off to cook compounds with -ke La sek wooro ma imar be teke narabu pa XXindicating removal ndomondo. —Go strip off a vine, so we -kamke (INC) can wrap up some tapioca bread as XXsave from, deliver from, rescue our contribution. -kanke -keebe V_Intr_Stative XXremove the effects of bad spirits or magic XXbe bent, be curved -kelke Zaala ikeebe. —The path is curved. XXuse a stick to push something down Ke ikeebe. —The tree is bent. -kendeke Peene naana ikeebe. —The bow is curved. XXtwist off fruit keebeŋa- N_Inal_Stative -kinke XXbent, curved XXtake off something, remove zaala keebeŋana —curved road -kotke ke lwoono keebeŋana —bent tree trunk XXknock off something similar: -koogo ‘crooked, be bent, not -meke straight’ XX move as a group keembe1 N -ŋgalke XXshellfish type (=kina shell, edible) XXrinse off Zin Madoogo tipekes keembe ma tile. —The -putke Mandok people came inside bringing kina XXuntie shellfish. -peteke -ndop keembe XXthrow a stick at something to knock it XXfeel in the mud with ones hand’s for kina down, forbid, stop from doing, halt shellfish -seke Mbimbim tiiŋgi, mi ndop keembe. —Grope XXmove to another location or time in the mud [with your hands] and feel -sipke around for kina shellfish. XX cut off a branch keembe2 N -tatke XXvine type (used for making rope) XXtake off/out/ away, remove Tike pu ye kana pa keembe. —They wove a -tirke fishing net out of keembe vines. XXshake off Wooro keembe, siŋiini pakpakŋana kat. -unke —The sap of a keembe vine is very bitter. XXremove keembe uunu ta -wike XXblood relatives XXblow away similar: siŋ tamen -yake Wal ru tana, ina zin keembe uunu tamen tau. XXtake out, draw out —Those two people are blood relatives. -yelke -keende V_Tr XXshake off XXtwist off something that is hanging from a stem a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -keene 98 -keenekaala

Keende koŋ ni/ pin mazaana tasa! —Twist keeneŋana N_Inal_Event off a coconut/ ripe banana for me to eat! XXsleep, sleeping -kendende V_Tr Redup mburu keeneŋana —things needed for Nu ta kendende sur na, asiŋ paazaŋana? sleeping —You (SG) who are twisting off the green Lele ti ki keeneŋana. —This place is for drinking coconuts, who planted it? sleeping. -mekeende V_Intr Keeneŋana ku ko ambai? —Will you (SG) be XXcome loose from a bunch/ cluster, drop off able to sleep well? def. Koroŋ imbot korkooro, mi ta itop su Ŋiizi na zem keeneŋana mi maŋga? —When lene. —Things are in a cluster and one will you (SG) quit sleeping and get up? falls away. Ni imbel keeneŋana. —He slept a long time. XXdrop out of a group of people, fall off kene N from a group XXsleep, sleeping position, orientation Kozo munŋoyom mi kombotbot. Tomtom sa Aŋkeene kene tio ambai. —I had a good sleep. imekeende pepe. —You (PL) all must stay Ruumu ka kene be padei? —How is the [together]. Not one should drop out of the orientation of the house to be? group. -keene2 V_Tr mekenkeendeŋa- N_Inal Redup XXcatch fish with a fishing line Ni iyo kaŋar mekenkeendeŋan ma indou Nio aŋkeene ye pa yaaba men. —I caught a ila mbata. —He collected the galip nuts fish using only a fishing line. that had fallen off from their clusters and XXcatch with a rope, catch in a snare heaped them up into a pile. XXget caught in a trap -keene1 V_Intr Aŋseembe wooro bekena aŋkeene ŋge. —I XXsleep, lie down, be in horizontal position made a noose to catch a pig. Mbeŋ na, tomtom tikeene. —At night Kilis ikeeni, tamen ipurus. —A trap caught people sleep. it, but it managed to get free. XXbe oriented, situated Ko iwe kilis pu be ikeenu. —It will become a Ruumu ikeene be parei? —How is the house snare to catch you (SG). orientated? XXattract, entice, draw XXhave sexual relations, have intercourse Niam amkam kini bekena amkeene zin (euphemism) tomtom. —We (EXC) prepared food in order Tomooto ziru moori tikeene. —The man and to attract people. the woman slept together (i.e. had sexual Tikeene zin tomtom pa naroogo. —They relations). attracted the people with the dance. -keenemeete V_Intr -keene ŋgure- XXbe in a deep sleep, sleep soundly, XXhang oneself soundly asleep (Lit. ‘sleep-die’) Ni ikeene ŋgureene ma imeete. —He hung Neeri, aŋbel uraata. Tabe mbeŋi aŋsu ma himself and died. aŋkeenemeete mi niom kala. —Yesterday, -keenekaala V_Tr I did a lot of hard work. So at night I lay XXblock the way by sleeping near something down and fell into a deep sleep, and you Ni ikennekaala kataama kwoono. —He (PL) went. slept by the door blocking it. -kenene/ -kenne V_Intr Redup Akep ikennekaala kaŋar kini. —Akep -kennekaala mata- som V_Tr died near his galip nut tree and this now XXnot able to sleep makes the area restricted [until certain mata- ŋenŋeene ceremonies are performed]. XXsleepy, drowsy -keenekaala mata- som -pegeene/ -peŋeene V_Tr XXunable to sleep XXput to sleep Mbeŋi na, aŋkennekaala motoŋ som. Tana Peŋeene/ Pegeene pikin isu mi. —Put the motoŋ ŋenŋeene. —At night, I am not able child to sleep down on the mat. to sleep. Therefore I am feeling sleepy. -keenelaama 99 kek sala

-keenelaama V_Intr -ketkeete V_Intr Redup XXdo magic in order to get information via Zin tiketkeete ma timar. —They are coming a dream, divine as a group. Ni ikeenelaama be ire Akum, ko asiŋ ta -pekeete V_Tr ipusuki ma imel. —He divined/did magic XXmove all of a group to another place, in order to find out in a dream who lead, go ahead of pushed Akum and made him to fall down. keeze1 N -keenelamlaama V_Intr Redup XXstick supporting yams -keenemeete V_Intr La kas keeze pa biidi. —Go and cut some XXneglect work, not fulfil one’s obligations, sticks to support the yams. be negligent similar: silo Ni ikeenemeete pa uraata kini. —He neglects -keeze2 V_Tr his work./ He is negligent about his work. XXhusk, remove the skin of coconuts similar: mata- meete pa, mata- iŋgal som Ni ikeeze ni. —He husked the coconut./ He -keenetondo V_Intr removed the skin of the coconut. XXsleep very lightly and see something -kezeze/ -kezze V_Tr Redup XXhave a vision Aŋmar ma aŋdeeŋi ikezze ni. —I came and Nio aŋkeenetondo, mi aŋre pikin tasa ko found him husking the coconuts. imeete. —I had a vision that a child will die. kei Preposition Nio aŋkeenetondo mi aŋleŋ Merere iso sua pio. alt. kembei, ke —I had a vision and the Lord spoke to me. XXlike, as, similar to -keeŋge V_Tr kek1 Adv_PredP XXsuck XXperfect aspect, already Pikin ikeeŋge tui. —The child sucked milk. XXhas + verb-en, has + verb-ed Me lutuunu bizin tikeeŋge tui ki nan. —The Koroŋ boozomen imap kek. —Everything puppies sucked their mother’s milk. has finished. -keere V_Tr Iŋgi berek kek. —It is dawn already. XXscrape using something which has many Imeete ma kup kek. —He has died. sharp points, grate dial.var. ket (Gauru) Ni ikeere ni pa natoŋ —He scraped/ grated kek2 N_Event coconuts with a grating iron. construction: -kam kek Natoŋ ikeere nomoŋ. —The grating iron XXsound made by something snapping or scraped my hand. being broken in two XXshred Aŋbokat ke namaana ma ikam kek. —I Kiibi na, tikeere kawaala, ma buk, ma... snapped off the branch. —The cockroaches shred clothing, and Ni kumbuunu ise pa ke ma ikam kek. —He books, and [other things as well]. stepped on a piece of wood and it snapped. -kerre V_Tr Redup kek3 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl -keete V_Intr XXbe sufficient XXcome/ go/ move together as a group Kek ta tina! —That is enough! Zin Koobo tikeete ma tile i. —The inner island note: Kampalap dialect form people are coming inland in a large group. kek sala4 V_Intr_Uninfl Sombe petel yam, inako amlup yam ma XXgrab hold of, seize amwe boozo, mi amkeete ma amla amru Arba izibziibi marakete. Beso izem na, koyam kini. —If we [dolphins] are hungry, tiŋ sala. To ŋge itortoori ma ikaam, mi then we gather together and form a large Peenebi kek sala (isou i). To ziru tikoto i group and go together and look for food. ma isu. —Arba was arranging the spear Zin tamuriŋ tikeete ma tila pa uraata. in his hand. When he let go of it [i.e. —The girls went in a group to work. threw it], it went straight into the pig. Then as the pig was turning, old Peene a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -keke 100 -kelke

grabbed hold of it (=caught it). Then the The sun quit shining and it began to rain.] two of them wrestled it down. XXchange (one’s clothing) similar: -sou Nio aŋla aŋkel yo muŋgu. —I’ll go and -keke V_Intr_Stative Redup change [my clothes] first. XXbe hard, stiff, rigid -kelel V_Tr Redup Meene ti ikeke. —This sago is hard. kwo- ikel Nu keke pa naroogo. —You (SG) are too stiff XXspeak strongly to someone, order/ in dancing. charge someone to do something (Lit. XXbe unwilling to do what is asked, ‘mouth digs’) reluctant, disinclined Kwon ikeli be ila ikam mbio sa be iurpe Zin naŋgaŋ tikeke pa uraata ki zaala. —The pataŋana kini. —They ordered him to go youngsters are unwilling to do the road get a wooden dish to settle his trouble (i.e. work. give the wooden dish as compensation). keze- keke kelŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXspeak forcefully (Lit. ‘chin is hard’) XXreplacement, offspring that take one’s Kezem keke pa sua paso? —Why are you (SG) place when one dies so forceful in your speech? Nu so takena, mana ko kelŋana asiŋ tabe kwo- keke pa imender pini. —If you (SG) speak like that, XXbe forceful, vigorous, intense, speak then who will be his replacement and forcefully or loudly, harsh (Lit. ‘mouth is take his place? hard/rigid concerning’) Ziru waene tipeebe som. Tana len kelŋana Kwom keke pizin kolmannan pepe! —Don’t sa som. —He and his wife did not have speak harshly to the older women. any children. So they have no offspring to Kwoyom keke pa mboe! (Mboe mburaana take their place. mi kembei tomtom matmaataŋan timbo). XXchange of clothes —Sing louder! (The song should have Nio motoŋ mbelele kelŋoŋ. —I forgot [to strength and [sound] like living people bring] a change of clothes. are singing it). -pekel kekeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXreplace XXhard, harsh, severe XXpay back, refund, repay, return sua kekeŋana —strong, harsh talk (said in XXanswer, respond to, reply to what has anger) been said Meene guma taiŋgi kekeŋana kat. —This -parpekel dry sago is really hard. XXexchange Kam sua kekeŋana pizin tomtom pepe. Kam XXtake the place of a previous generation sua luumuŋana men pizin. —Don’t be XXalternate harsh with people. Speak gently to them. pekelŋa- -kam kekeŋana pa XXanswer, response XXspeak firmly to someone see also: -pekel -pakeke V_Tr keleŋkeleŋ N Redup XXhold firmly XXsmall bell -kel V_Middle/Tr Mankwoono mi keleŋkeleŋ itaŋ. —It was in XXdig the morning that the bell rang. Nio aŋkel toono. —I am digging up the keleŋur N ground. XXecho XXdig up and collect -kelkat V_Intr Amkel namaraurau, puke tai ma…. —We (EXC) XXtake a shortcut dug up coral creatures and collected them. Ni ikelkat lae zuruunu ma ila. —He took a XXreplace shortcut across the peninsula and went. Tomtom taŋga, ni ikel yo. —That man over -kelke V_Tr there, he replaced me. XXpoke at something with a stick in order Yaŋ ikel zoŋ. —Rain replaced the sun. [i.e. to get it to fall down -kelkel 101 -kelpaala

Nio aŋkelke ni. —I poked at the coconuts Moori itaarut mbutmbuutu ma ikelko pa with a stick in order to get them fall urum zilŋaana. —A woman trimmed down. away the grass (including the roots) from XXcarry along, carry away, tear away (one the side of the church. tries to hold on to something against a similar: -kelpet, -kelwai, -pai, -wailep current but is not strong enough and so -keloogo V_Intr_Stative is carried away) XXbe twisted, warped, curved, sinuous Sere ikelke i. —The rapid current carried Ke lwoono ikeloogo. —The trunk of the tree him away. is twisted/ curved. -kelkel V_Intr Redup -kelogloogo V_Intr Redup XXtry hard, be persistent, be determined, Ke tana ikelogloogo na imborene. Mi kakam insist, desire strongly zalŋana. —That tree is too twisted. Forget Nio aŋkelkel be aŋsala mbu, tamen mbu it. Get a straight one. lwoono isipirpir. —I tried hard to climb up a Wooro tana ikelogloogo ma kembei ta mooto betel-nut palm, but the trunk was slippery. i. —That vine is twisted like a snake. “Ai, sala pepe! Ko mel.” Mi ni ikelkel. keloogoŋa- N_Inal_Stative —“Don’t go up! You (SG) will fall.” But he XXcurved, crooked, warped, winding was determined [to go up]. ke keloogoŋana —crooked/ curved piece of Tikelkel pio be aŋla Lablab. —They spoke wood forcefully to me that I should go to Lablab. zaala keloogoŋana —winding/ curved road Zin tikelkel pa sua be ipet mat. —They insist buza keloogoŋana —sickle (knife with a that the talk come out into the open. curved blade) XXstrong, powerful, forceful similar: -koogo, -keebe Sere ikelkel kat. —The current is very strong. -pakeloogo Sua kizin ikelkel mete. Tepeteke na, tarao XXbend something into a hook shape som. —Their talk is too forceful. If we (INC) -kelpaala V_Tr try to stop it, we won’t succeed. XXcut into sections (sago, breadfruit, using Ni ikelkel pa moori tana be iwooli. Mi naana a sharp instrument) ziru tamaana tiyok som. —He insisted that Kam ŋge ka peeŋge/ buza mi kelpaala kun/ he marry that woman. But his parents did meene siŋ, mi rai pizin. —Take the pig’s not agree. shoulder blade/ knife and divide the XXdifficult, hard breadfruit/ parcel of sago, and distribute Uraata ikelkel mete. —The work was too it to them. difficult [so we could not finish it quickly]. XXthrust into and break kwo- ikelkel pa Zin kolman tisap aro, be tikelpaala pat ki XXspeak forcefully to someone, demand mooto Kasare. —The men sharpened Kwon ikelkel pini be ikot koroŋ tana. —They sticks in order to thrust them into the spoke forcefully to him that he must repay snake Kasare’s stone and break it. that thing. XXthrust into and make a hole -kelko V_Tr Wak, taŋgal kek. Kelpaala mi tiliŋ ŋgere XXpry off, strip off, remove (using some isula. —The starchy pudding, we (INC) instrument) have already mashed it. Make an opening Kelko tiiŋgi pa sandol ku! —Pry off the mud [into it] and we will pour oil down into it. from your (SG) sandals! XXshow or say how something is to be Kelko ke kuliini. —Strip off the bark from divided (between family members) the stick. Taman ikelpaala toono mi mba ma iwe ru, Kelko mbutmbuutu pa kar keteene. —Strip to Apoi lutuunu bizin tikam pakaana, mi away (using shovel or stick) the grass Pita bizin tikam pakaana. —Their father from the village area. showed (by a motion of his hand) how the Kelko peint muŋgunana ma ila ne. land and fruit trees were to be divided, —Remove the old paint. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kelpet 102 -kelut

and then Apoi’s children received half, —Push the canoe’s bow away from the and Peter’s folks received half. shallow water. similar: -peete similar: -pusuk -kelpet V_Tr XXspring, bound, bounce XXpluck out, dig out (using knife, stick, Wok iko pa kumbuunu ma namaana, shell knife) mi ikeltapaara pa wiini tomini. —The Kelpet yuugu mataana isu lene. —Dig out wallaby runs on its legs and hands and the eye of the taro shoot first. also bounds with its tail. Kam sul ma kelpet mok buzaana tana isu XXpush oneself lene. —Take a shell knife and dig out that Pen ikeltapaara pa maaŋga. —A turtle is rotten taro. pushing itself [forward] on the sand. Kelpet motom! —Pluck out your (SG) eye! Puge ikeltapaara pa wiini ma ikam tomtom. similar: -kelko, -kelwai,-pai, -wailep —The crocodile springs up using its tail -kelpis V_Tr and catches people. XXpierce, make a hole into something -keltoto V_Intr Redup Ni ikelpis talŋaana ma sumbuunu. —He XXcontinue, keep going on (used of work, made a hole into his ear. people, rain, and speech) Kelpis sur pio. —Make a hole in the green Uraata ikeltoto takena? Ketende su som? coconut for me [so I can drink it]. —Is the work just going to keep going on XXlance like that? Aren’t we (INC) going to rest? Kelpis ma suruunu isu lene. To iyoyou mini mata- keltoto som. —Lance it so the pus can drain XXstare at, keep eye on, follow somebody’s away. Then it won’t hurt anymore. movements by looking similar: -petepis Motom keltoto pa moori tana paso? —Why kelsuk Adv_Pred0 are you (SG) following that woman with XXlimp, walk gingerly your eyes? Bob kumbuunu ikeltaanda ta ipa kelsuk ma -keltuundu V_Intr ila. —Bob’s ankle got twisted and now he XXgo down into the water front first is limping. Wooŋgo ikeltuundu, zuruunu imon muŋgu. -keltaanda V_Intr —The canoe went down into the water kumbu- ikeltaanda with the bow sinking in first. XXone’s ankle gets twisted Oo, wooŋgo ti ikeltuundu sula yok. Ko Nio aŋpa ma aŋla na, kumbuŋ ikeltaanda, takam padei be ise? —Oh, the front of this to aŋmel. —As I walked along, I twisted canoe has gone down into water. What my ankle and then fell down. should we do in order to get it up again? Kan ra pepe, ko kumbum ikeltaanda (kembei -kelut V_Tr ra). —Don’t eat ra shellfish lest your ankle XXpress down into, press down into and become twisted [like a ra shell]. turn, dig into -keltapaara1 V_Intr Ŋge kumbuunu ikelut toono ma ila XXkeep coming one after another, (kumbuunu muriini imbotmbot). —The continuously come pig’s feet pressed down into the ground Ni oda kini ikeltapaara. —His orders [of [leaving footprints]. store goods] keep coming all the time. Kelut wak (pa nomom) ma takan. —Dig Mbun ku ka sua ikeltapaara, sua imar imar into the pudding (with your (SG) hands) imar. —The talk concerning your (SG) debt [and scoop some out], and let’s eat [it]. keeps coming. The talk [about it] comes, XXstick into and stir [and] comes, [and] comes. Sombe lelende be taŋgal wak pa ndapndap similar: imar toŋa toŋa men som, to tuur manioka isula timbiiri, mi -keltapaara2 V_Tr tekelut pa aitar. —If we (INC) do not want XXpush, pole a canoe away from an to pound starchy pudding with a wooden obstacle when it is floating mortar, then we put the tapioca into a Keltapaara wooŋgo zuruunu pa magat! wooden dish and stir it with a stick. -kelwai 103 kembei

XXstep on something and crush it sheath breaks, then it produces the fruit Kumbuŋ ikelut kiibi taiŋgi ma imeete. —My of the coconut. foot ground this cockroach and it died. -kem2 V_Tr -kelwai V_Tr XXsteal XXdig out Nio aŋkem mok kizin. —I stole their taro. Kam sor, mi kelwai keembe ŋonoono tana. Kem pepe! —Do not steal! —Take a needle and dig out the clam similar: -kam kuumbu from its shell. -kemem V_Tr Redup Mar ma kelwai motoŋ pa nomom paso! Tikemem len pat tau. —They are just —Why do you (SG) come and poke your (SG) stealing money for themselves. finger in my eye! [said when quarreling -kemut V_Tr and someone is pointing their finger too XXsteal something small, take secretly, close to one’s face] pinch, snatch, filch mata- kelwai kembei1 Complementiser XXmotion with one’s eyes, (signal to XXas, like, that someone to do something, or entice or Tire i kembei ni za somŋana. —They view seduce Lit. ‘eye digs’) him as having no status. XXwink one’s eye Aŋkam kembei ta so na. —I did as you (SG) Motom kelwai pio paso! —Why are you (SG) told me. winking your eye at me! [implied: I do Tikilaala kembei ni iso sua tana ise not like it.] kizin.— They perceived that he said that Motoŋ kelwai pini be imar ruumu tio. —I concerning them. winked at him so he would come to my Iyamaana itunu kembei ni le uunu sa som. house. —He felt like he had no guilt. Ni mataana kelwaiwaiŋana. —He is always Nio aŋleŋ kembei tomtom imeet kek. —I trying to entice women. heard [from other people] that your (SG) -kelyaara V_Intr father has died. XXshine at, shine into kembei2 Preposition Zoŋ ikelyaara la motoŋ. —The sun shined alt. kembe, kembea, kei into my eyes. XXlike, similar to, as -kelzeebe V_Tr Ŋgar kini kembei ta ŋgar ku na som. —His XXpush inside, stuff [way of] thinking is not like your (SG) Nio aŋkelzeebe mburu tio isula pelpeele. —I [way of] thinking. pushed/ stuffed my things into the basket. mburu matakiŋa kei ta kizin misis -kelzuuru V_Tr —different kinds of clothing like those of XXpush something away from something else white women Tikelzuuru wooŋgo pa magat. —They pushed Lwoono ta, kei ta niamru tiziŋ moori amla. the canoe away from the shallow area. —One day, it was like I with my younger similar: -pusuk sister went. XX kem1 N around, approximately XXcoconut flower sheath Indeeŋe kei ndaama 1958… —Around the def. Ni ka kem, ina kuliini ta izuk ni ŋonoono year 1958… raama ka korkooro. —The coconut flower Ni ikam pat biibi kat kembei 500 kina. —He sheath is the skin that covers the coconut got a lot of money, around 500 kina. fruit together with the flower. ta kembei Adv_Pred1 Ni ka kem na, zin moori titeege you pa. XXlike this —The sheath of a coconut flower, the Aŋso ta kembei. —I spoke like this. women cook with it. ta kembes Ni ka kem imapaala, tonabe ipiyooto ni XXjust like this (used in spoken language ŋonoono. —When the coconut flower when pointing directly at something) a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kemer 104 -kenut ta kembena Adv_Pred1 XXso, if so then, if that is the case then alt. takembea Kena, padei ta… —If that is the case, then XXlike that why is it that… Ni ikam ta kembena. —He did like that. Kena ko nu kam leŋ sokorei? —What, then, ..mi ko tekteegi ta kembena ma irao swom. will you (SG) give me? —…and it will be like that for you (SG) Kena so ituŋ aŋre. —In that case I wish I until the end of your life. myself had seen it. Yeŋyeeŋe sa ta kembea, itok toono pasa zen. kende- N_Inal —No earthquake like that has ever shook XXvagina, female sex organ the ground. note: taboo term, the term ni- is normally ta kembeiŋa- N_Inal_Stative used as a more polite euphemisim alt. ta kembeaŋa- XX kendeere N like that, typical XX Tomtom tana, naana ipeebi na, ni ta opossum, cuscus, phalanger (white, kembeŋana. —That person, when his lives up in trees, tail curls around tree mother gave birth to him, he was like that. branches) Iti tomtom toono kanda ta kembeaŋanda. Kendeere timbot sala ke uteene. —Opossums live up in the tops of trees. —We (INC) people of this earth are like that. -kemer -kendeke V_Tr V_Intr XX XXfollow after, come after, come behind twist off, pick Petrus ikemer mi itoto zin. —Peter came Kelela ma kekendeke peege sa pa Aboi bizin. —Go inland and twist off some betel- behind and followed them. peppers for Aboi’s family. Nu muŋgu, mi nio aŋkemer mi tala. —You Kala kendeke kanda kun sa. —Go twist off (SG) go first, and I will follow [after you], a breadfruit for us (INC) to eat. and we (INC) will go. -kemermer similar: -keende V_Intr Redup kene Nu muŋmuuŋgu pio, mi kemermer pio. N_Event XXsleep —You (SG) always go in front of me, and follow after me. [said to God in prayer] Aŋkeene kene tio ma imap zen, pa wal Ni imuŋmuuŋgu mi ikemermer. —He is the tikam ŋonoŋ ŋonoŋ. —I did not finish my first and the last. [=“He is the Alpha and sleep because people made noise. the Omega” in the Bible.] Aŋkam kene tio ambai men mi aŋmaŋga mini. —I had a good sleep and got up again. similar: -la/ -mar/ -pa kaimer XX see also: kaimer ‘later, afterwards’ position, orientation -kemkeem- V_Middle Redup def. ruumu ikeene be parei —how a house is XXwalk quietly and secretly situated/ orientated Ka kene ta kembei som! —Its orientation Kozo kemkeemu, ko tireu. —You (SG) must go was not like that! very quietly and secretly lest they see you. similar: -pa riŋariŋa Ruumu ka kene be padei? —How is the -kemut orientation of the house to be? V_Tr kenkenŋa- XXsteal something small, take secretly, N_Inal_Stative Redup construction: molo kenkenŋa- pinch, snatch, filch XX Ni ikemut balpen tio ma ila. —He pinched very long —a very tall tree my ballpoint pen and went away. ke molo kenkenŋana —a very long Kemut waem toro pin kini paso? —Why did suŋŋana molo kenkenŋana prayer you (SG) pinch your friend’s bananas? kena -kenut V_Tr Adv_Pred1 XX alt. kembei snap off, break off (something that XXlike that, so comes off easily) —I E-e atoŋ, kena pepe. —No my older brother, Nio aŋkenut pin/ naŋale/ geene ruunu. broke off banana/ / leaves. it is not so. naŋale geene XXpinch Conjunction Kenut Aloi pepe! Ko itaŋ. —Don’t pinch keŋ 105 -keraama

Aloi! She will cry. keŋkeŋ1 N_Event Redup -kennut/ -kenutnut V_Tr Redup XXcracking noise heard in one’s joints -parkenut V_Middle Namaana ikam keŋkeŋ. —The knuckles in XXpinch each other his hand made a cracking noise. -parkennut V_Middle Redup Koŋ ŋgereeze ikam keŋkeŋ. —My shoulder Niomru na, kezeŋzeeŋge mi kaparkennut joint made a cracking noise. yom paso! —Why are you two laughing keŋkeŋ2 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup and pinching each other! XXhave sufficient resources to complete keŋ1 N_Event something, have enough XXsnapping in half, snapping loose, def. Re kat ma irao posop uraata tana. —You breaking loose (SG) evaluate well and make sure there is Wooro ikam keŋ. —The rope snapped loose. enough for you to finish the work XXmuscle cramp Molo mi ur/paraŋraŋ koroŋ ma irao, mi Aŋno dogo ma aŋse ma mozoŋ ikam keŋ, pitpit itum ma keŋkeŋ kat, mana maŋga to mbuleŋ borok su ma aŋbot. —I was pa. —Ready enough of everything well in climbing up the hill and got a cramp in advance, and evaluate yourself and make my muscle [Lit. ‘my flesh snapped’], so sure there is enough to complete it, and then I sat down and waited. only after that actually begin. Aŋkam mburu biibi, ma uroŋ ikam keŋ. —I Moori tamaana mi wal kini tila tiwi la took (i.e. carried) a large load and my pa tomooto tamaana ma naana ma wal muscles cramped [Lit. ‘my veins cramped’]. kini ta kembei: Niom karao? Kipitpit kete- ikam keŋ yom ma keŋkeŋ kat, to kakami. (sua XXbe startled, get a fright, have a fright, be mburaanaŋana) —The woman’s father shocked, excited at, heart stops from fear and her [other] relatives go and ask the or shock, heart sinks man’s father and mother and his [other] Nio aŋleŋ tamaŋ uruunu ma keteŋ ikam keŋ relatives like this: “Are you able? Evaluate pini. —I heard news about my father and yourselves carefully and if you really was shocked. have enough resources, then you can get Aŋmalaala mabe aŋmel, to ikam ma keteŋ her [for his wife].” (strong talk) ikam keŋ. —I almost fell over backwards, kepe- N_Inal so that gave me a fright. XXremains of something that has rotted away keŋ2 V_Intr_Uninfl Ruumu sa kepeene ti? —Are these the XXhop, jump remains of some house? keŋ sala/ keŋ se Kelamu naala kini kepeene ti. —These are XXjump up onto, go up on to, hop onboard, the remains of Kelamu’s grave. go aboard -kepkep V_Intr_Stative Redup Loŋa mi keŋ se wooŋgo. Pa iŋgi be ila i! XXbe numb and stiff (used of joints) —Hurry up and hop onboard the ship. For Takam uraata pa yaŋ, to namanda ikepkep. it is about to leave! —When we (INC) work in the rain, then similar: -sala wooŋgo our hands get numb and stiff. Tipiindi wooro ma tasala, to keŋ sala ke -keraama V_Intr namaana. —We (INC) tie a rope and go up XXgrip tightly into the ground [the tree trunk], and then [swung] up Serembat tio tiŋgi, buri ta aŋpaaza i. Molo onto a branch of the tree. som, mi uraana ikeraama ma imender i. -keŋkeŋ V_Intr Redup —This sweet potato plant of mine, it is XXhop on one leg just now that I planted it. It wasn’t long Nio aŋtutkat kumbuŋ, tabe aŋkeŋkeŋ. —I before the roots gripped into the ground bumped my foot [against something], and tightly and it stood erect. so I am hopping on one leg. Ke uranuran ikeraama sula toono. —The tree roots gripped down into the ground.

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kere- 106 -kerrut kere-1 N_Inal ta ambai som. —He is always instigating XXfront, face them into fighting and doing all kinds of Mala siŋaanabi tiŋga, kozo taara, to ur [other] things that are not good. kereene imar kei. —That huge mala tree -parkere V_Middle over there, when you (SG) cut it, then make XXstir up each other, egg each other on sure it falls facing this way. Itiŋan waende bizin tiparkere iti ma Kere, kereene ila parei? —Look, which way takamam mbulu bozboozo. —We (INC) and is it facing? our associates incite each other to do all ŋge kereene —front part of pig [a highly kinds of [bad] behaviour. desirable part] kerekereŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXforward alt. kerreŋa- Ni ilala pa kereene, mi imilmiili pa XXagitator, instigator, fomenter, inciter ndemeene. —He went forward and Ni tomtom kerekereŋana/kerreŋana. —He returned walking backward. is an agitator, always leading others to do kere- indu bad./ He is a bad influence. XXprotruding/ bulging stomach similar: -sokere Moori ti kereene indu. Ko kopoono? —This -kerekere V_Intr_Stative Redup woman’s belly is protruding. Is she XXbe dry, be parched pregnant? Toono ikerekere kat. Irao tapaaza kini som. Ni kereene indu mabe imaraaza! —His —The ground is very dry and parched. stomach is so bulging it is about to burst We (INC) can’t plant food crops [right now]. open! ŋgure- ikerekere kere- iparsai pa XXbe thirsty, be parched (Lit. ‘one’s throat XXbe face to face, face each other is dry’) Ituru kerende iparsai piti, be tuguugu Ŋgureŋ ikerekere pa koŋ yok. —My throat meene. —We are opposite and facing each is very dry/ parched for water [i.e. I am other in order to pulverise the sago. very thirsty]. kere- ila mbata Ni ŋgureene ikerekere ma isaana kat. —He XXface each other is really suffering from thirst. Zin keren ila mbata, mi tiwidit mbol. —They kerekereŋa- N_Inal were facing each other and telling stories. XXdry, not sweating kere- uunu Ni imbel uraata mi ka uze isu som. Ni XXright in front of kerekereŋana kat. —He has worked hard, Buk imbot su kerem uunu! —The book is but does not sweat. He is really dry. right in front of you (SG)! kuli- kerekereŋa- —person with dry skin, Ambot la ni kereene uunu. —We (EXC) were person who doesn’t sweat easily right in front of him. kini kerekereŋana —dry food [has little oil -kere2 V_Tr or fat] XX lead (used of children, mother pigs, -kerkeere V_Intr_Stative Redup chicken and its chicks) XXbe swollen full, bulge, bloated Ni ikere zin naŋgaŋ, iso ziŋan tila lele toro. Ni kopoono kerkeere. —His stomach is —He was leading the youngsters saying swollen full. they should go to some other place. Wi baloon ma ikerkeere. —Blow the Ŋge ikere lutuunu bizin ma tila. —The pig balloon, and [make it] swell up. led her piglets away. similar: putput similar: -muuŋgu pa ‘go ahead of’ -kerker V_Tr Redup XXincite, instigate, stir up, foment, lead XXscrape off soot from food that has been someone into doing bad things roasted over a fire Ni ikere zin naŋgaŋ pa yok winŋana. —He Nio aŋkerker biidi pa tuai. —I scraped the led the young men into [heavy] drinking. soot off the yams with a clamshell. -kerekere Redup -kerrut V_Tr Redup Ni ikerekere zin pa malmal ma mbulu boozo XXcut up, tear up (something that is soft, keruunu 107 kese-

into little pieces) Ni ikes yo pa mete kini. —He infected me Iti tekerrut zeere ma munmun be tonoi with his disease./ He transmitted his yambon pa. —Let us (INC) cut up the leafy disease to me. vegetables into small pieces in order to XXinfluence, incite boil soup with them. Gaaba zin pepe. Kokena tikesu pa mbulu Kerrut pa nomom, som keembe, o buza. kizin sananŋana. —Don’t accompany —You (SG) cut/tear up [things] into pieces them lest they ‘infect’/ influence you(SG) using your hands, or a clamshell, or a with their bad behaviour. knife. -parkes V_Middle keruunu N XXincite each other construction: le- keruunu (bizin) Tiparkezes zin pa mbulu sanaana. —They XXgreat-great-grandparent(s) keep inciting each other to bad behaviour. XXgreat-great-grandchildren (4th similar: -keske, -kere generation) -kes6 V_Tr leŋ keruunu moori —my great-great XXpour liquid from one container into grandmother/daughter another dial.var. keurana (Marile, Northern), Kes leŋ kerosin isula botol taiŋgi. —Pour me keruun (Gauru) some kerosene into this bottle. kes1 Adv_Pred1 -kes7 V_Tr XXright this way XXstring, thread (beads onto a string) “Kamar kes!” —“Come right this way!” Zin moori tikes natabu/ kapimolo/ kes2 N borbooro. —The women were stringing construction: kakes natabu/ kapimolo/ borbooro beads. XXterm of address for one’s sister’s husband -kezes V_Tr Redup after her death, widowed brother-in-law Ni ikezes bensin ila putuunu. —He was Muŋgu na, Akui iwatwaata Dick be iwaana, pouring gasoline into a container. mi buri na ipaati be ka kes. Pa Akui le -kes8 V_Tr tamuri Elen ta Dick iwooli na, imeete kek. XXwalk along something narrow (like a tree —Before, Akui called Dick his brother- trunk, bridge, side of a ship), crawl along in-law, but now he calls him his kes Kekes wooŋgo kezeene pepe. Iŋgi toko pa (=widowed brother-in-law). For Akui’s mbeŋ. —Don’t walk along the side of the cousin sister Elen, whom Dick married, has ship. We (INC) are travelling at night now. died. Moolo tikes ke ma tila. —The ants crawled -kes3 V_Intr_Stative, V_Intr along the stick. XX(go) out of joint, (become) dislocated Nio aŋkes ke pataana ma aŋla. —I walked Taŋi imomo ma kezeene ikes. To tila on top of the log. Butawen. —Tangi yawned and her jaw kese- N_Inal became dislocated. Then they went to XXred coals left under the ashes of a fire [the mission hospital at] Butawen. Ur pin sala you keseene. —Put the bananas keze- ikes on the red coals of the fire [to roast]. XXunable to talk Talas ye sala you keseene. —Let’s roast the Mete nomnom kana ikam pikin ma kezeene fish over the coals. ikes. Irao iso sua som. —Malaria causes a Mbooro keseene raraate kembei mala child’s jaw to freeze up. He can’t talk. keseene, mburaana men. Ka you izzu -kes4 V_Tr karau som. —The red coals left after XXcollect sea anemones (live corals) burning a coconut shell are like the Tala tekes tiimi. —Let us go and collect sea red coals from mala wood, they burn anemones [on the reef]. intensely. The fire from them does not -kes5 V_Tr quickly die down. XXinfect, transmit a disease to someone see also: -tiŋirŋir ‘burn down to coals’ a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -keske 108 kete-

-keske V_Tr dial.var. kek (Central) XX infect kete-1 N_Inal Nio aŋkeske u pa mete tio. —I infected you XXflat-shaped part, flat/level area (SG) with my illness. kar keteene —flat open area in the middle Ŋgar toono kana ikeske zin. —Worldly of the village thinking infected them. toono keteene —plain, flat/ level area similar: -kes ‘infect, transmit, influence’ XXsurface keskeeze N Redup zaala/ tai/ magat keteene —surface of the construction: ka- keskeeze road/ ocean/ reef XXjaw, jaw bone XXliver (internal organ) Ŋge ka ze ilamlaama paŋaana, to ikurum Tomtom boozomen lelen be tikanan kan ŋge kuliini ma tuŋ la ka keskeeze. To tipun ŋge keteene. —Many people like to eat the tana ma imeete, mi tiseebe ka keskeeze pig’s liver. raama ze ma tisap ze ma isu. —The pig’s XXinternal organs (general term, can refer molars rub against its cheek, and then to lungs, stomach, heart, etc.) [they] break through the skin, going all XXchest the way to the jaw. Then they kill the pig, Aigau imbot la keten. —They had and loosen the jaw bone with the tusks decorations hanging on their chests. and knock out the tusks. Keene mi ketem ise. —Lie on your back dial.var. keskees (Gauru) (with your chest facing up). see also: keze- ‘chin’ Keene mi ketem isula. —Sleep on your keskeeze boozo stomach (with your chest facing down). XXeveryone talking about something, jaw kete- bilbil about XXreally hungry (Lit. ‘liver is wandering/ Sua tiŋga pakaamŋana, mi zin keskeeze flaming’) boozo tiso sorok. —That talk is false, but kete- borbor everyone is talking/ jawing about it with XXout of breath (Marile dialect) no basis for their words. kete- imurur keskeezeŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXbe surprised (Literally ‘liver trembles’) XXblue or green colour that is bright/ kete- nono intense/ strong XXbe sick to one’s stomach, be nauseous def. mataana men, mos iyaara men —[It is] XXheart racing, out of breath intense, the colour really shines. kete- salaklaaga saamba keskeezeŋana —bright (blue) sky XXnauseous, sick to one’s stomach similar: saamba komboono kete- su see also: -gabgap, gabgapŋa- ‘dark coloured, XXrest (Lit. ‘heart, chest descends’) including dark blue or green’ aigule potomŋana tabe ketende su pa i. mbura- keskeezeŋa- —Sabbath (Lit. the holy day when we (INC) XXall-powerful, almighty (used of God) are to rest) Anutu, ni mbura keskeezeŋana. —God, he kete- isula is all-powerful. XXlie face down (Lit. ‘chest descends’) tiro- keskeezeŋa- kete- wek se XXpowerful, tough XXturn chest up Tomtom tiŋgi, ni tiroono keskeezeŋana. Aloi ikeene mi itimbil ma keteene wek se. —This person, he is a really tough man. —Aloi was sleeping and rolled over on (Lit. “He has powerful bones.”) her back with her chest facing upwards. ket Adv_PredP kete- iyoyou XXalready, perfect aspect XXvery hungry (Lit. ‘liver hurts’) Ni imar ket. —He has come. katarra iko kete- Iŋgi rourou ket. —It is already [late] XXvery hungry (Lit. ‘a type of thorny vine afternoon. scratches one’s liver’) note: Gauru dialect form Katarra iko keteŋ mete. —I am very hungry. kete- 109 kete- -koto kete kete-3 N_Inal XXrefresh, strengthen with food (Lit. ‘cover XXseat of strong emotions, ‘heart’ (mainly one’s liver’) used for various types of uncontrolled, Aŋkam koyom kini ri sa be ikoto keteyom. strong feelings) —I’ll give you (PL) a bit of food to refresh kete- ibayou you. XXvery upset (Lit. ‘liver is hot’) -pespeeze ketekete- ibeleu XXslap one’s chest (done when volunteering XXfly into rage (Lit. ‘liver slips away’) to do something, or bragging, or kete- biibi challenging someone) XXslow in reacting (a positive trait), -wat kete- V_Intr unemotional, patient (Lit. ‘liver is big’) XXpant, be out of breath (can be heard) def. Le ŋgar, loŋa mi ikam koroŋ som. —He kete-2 N_Inal has [correct] thinking; he doesn’t do XXheart (organ) things quickly. kete- ikam keŋ Wai, ŋge isus lele ku mi ketem biibi mete. XXstartled, scared, shocked, stunned (Lit. Ŋgali som? —Hey the pig dug up your (SG) ‘heart, chest does snapping’) area and you didn’t react. Why didn’t you kete- ikam kuŋ shoot it? XXone’s heart stops, stop breathing, die kete- borbor (Lit. ‘heart makes a thudding noise’) XXstingy (Birik dialect) Ni keteene ikam kuŋ. Imeete kek. —He Ketem borbor pa koroŋ ku. —You (SG) are stopped breathing. He has died. stingy with your things. kete- ikam wek kete- gurukguruk XXget a fright, be stunned by something XXimpulsive, impetuous, do something unexpected happening (and therefore quickly but carelessly, jump into an unable to take action) activity without thinking, become kete- imap excited/ upset too quickly (Lit. ‘liver is XXdie (Lit. ‘liver/heart ends’) shifting’) kete- nono Keteyom gurukguruk sorok pepe. —You (PL) XXbe sick to one’s stomach, be nauseous should not get excited for no reason. XXheart racing, out of breath kete- kembei ta lai (aras) kete- ipas XXeasily infuriated, short-tempered (Lit. XXbe out of breath (Lit. ‘heart pulls out’) ‘liver is like a wild yam’) XXdie kete- koroŋŋa- kete- (ikam) kutkut XXstingy XXchest is heaving similar: -rutruutu koroŋ XXheart is racing, be anxious, be nervous, kete- iluumu tremble with fear, ‘have butterflies in XXbe at peace, calm, quiet (Lit. ‘liver is cool’) one’s stomach’ (Lit. ‘heart is beating’) kete- malmal Imeete zen. Keteene ikam kutkut. —He isn’t XXangry (Lit. ‘liver fights’) dead yet. His chest is moving up and down. kete- malmalŋa- kete- kutkutŋana XXhabitually angry, always angry (Lit. XXheartbeat, pulse ‘liver fighting’) Ni keteene kutkutŋana imap. —His kete malmalŋana heartbeat stopped [i.e. he died]. XXwrath, anger -peke kete- Anutu kete malmalŋana kini —wrath of God XXkill, hasten the death of, finish off kete- imaraaza completely XXfeel upset because no one gives help Sombe loŋa imeete som, to tepeke keteene when it is badly needed ma imeete. —If it does not die quickly, XXupset then we (INC) finish it off. Aŋnok aŋnok ma keteŋ be imaraaza. Pa a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kete- 110 kete- -kam kete- tomtom sa be iuulu yo som. —I kept at it XXwant to help, relieve burden [working] and was about to get upset. For Tomtom ikwaara mburu biibi, to nu kam there was nobody to help me. kete- (-)meete keteene (=uuli pa). —When a person carries a big load, then you (SG) get his XXbe patient, not easily upset, take time to liver =want to help him. do something carefully, methodical (Lit. Kam keteene risa lak! —Help him a bit [so ‘liver dies’) he can rest for awhile]. Ketem meete! —Be patient! -kam nama- keteene pa Ketem meete pa uraata ku, mi kam. XXdo careful/ skilled craftsmanship Aŋpiyaru som. —Take your (SG) time to do Kaari ta imbotmbot na, Atai ikam nama your work. I am not hurrying you. keteene pa. Kala mi kere. —The netbag Ni ikam uraata mi keteene imeete mi ikam. that is there, Atai made it skilfully. Go —He works very slowly and carefully. kete- meeteŋana and see it. -kan kete- XXpatient, careful XXbe rash, be impetuous, respond too XXslow in giving kete- molo mete quickly, overreact (Lit. ‘eat one’s liver’) Kan ketem pepe! Ketem su mi leŋ kat uunu. XXstingy kete- imurur —Don’t be rash. Take it easy and listen XX well to the reason [for the dispute]. be surprised (Literally ‘liver trembles’) -pamalmal ketekete- (i)pakpak XX XX provoke, anger, make angry very angry (Lit. ‘liver is bitter’) -pas kete- Ni keteene ipakpak pa wooŋgo kini. —He XXinfuriate, enrage, make angry (Lit. ‘pull was very angry about his canoe. kete- patŋana out someone’s liver’) Meŋel talŋa pampam mete ma ipas toono XXstubborn, unmoved, implacable, keteene, tabe toono ibalisi pa ke. —Mengel unyielding to requests (Lit. ‘liver is stony’) was very disobedient and infuriated his similar: ute- patŋa- older brother, so his older brother struck Nu ŋooŋo pio, mi irao aŋkam pu na him with a stick. (SG) som. Nio keteŋ patŋoŋ. —You are -pei kete- quarrelling with me, but I am not going XXarouse, stir up, stimulate (Lit. ‘stir up to give it to you. I am unmoved. kete- pitpit someone’s liver’) Nu so sua tina, tabe pei keteene malmalŋana XXhurry up too much, react too quickly kini ma niomru koŋooŋo. —You (SG) said (Lit. ‘liver/heart jumps’) that and therefore you stirred up his anger Keteyom pitpit pepe! —Don’t you (PL) react and the two of you are now quarrelling. too quickly! -potor ketekete- rokokaala XXrestrain one’s anger (Lit. ‘comfort one’s XXstingy, unwilling to give something liver’) (SG) Ketem rokokaala koroŋ ku. —You are -pun kete- stingy concerning your things. XX kete- ise pa stop one’s anger, restrain oneself (Lit. XX ‘hit one’s liver) become aroused, get excited, enthusiastic -suulu kete- (Lit. ‘liver arises concerning’) XXcalm down, control oneself Keten ise pa naroogo, tana tikam aigau def. Ketem malmal ma zaza pepe. Kokena pizin be tirak. —Because they got excited mbel itum. (=suulu ketem) —Don’t get too about the dance ceremony, they gave angry lest you (SG) harm yourself. decorations to them so they could dance. kete- somŋa- Kozo suulu ketem. Kam mbulu sa pepe. XX —Calm down. Don’t do anything [rash]. generous, always giving things freely to -tut kete- others (Lit. ‘lacking a liver’) XXcontrol one’s temper, restrain oneself similar: rairaiŋa-, mata- merereŋa- kete- 111 keze-

(Lit. ‘hit/hammer one’s liver’) boozo. —Go after the kids, for they are Kan ketem pepe, tut ketem! —Don’t be too making a lot of noise. rash, restrain yourself. keu N_Event similar: -yaraama, -koto itu- construction: kopo- ikam keu kalŋa- keteene men —speak very loudly XXalarmed, upset, worried -so sua mat keteene Kopoono ikam keu ma itaŋ, pa ire toono XXpublicly use offensive, insulting ipun supuuri pa pat. —He was alarmed language (often involves using sexual and cried, for he saw his big brother only taboo expressions) struck it a glancing blow with the stone. kwo- keteketeŋa- similar: kete- ikam keŋ XX good, effective speaker -keukeu V_Intr_Stative Redup similar: kwo- suaŋa- XXbe wrinkled, be crumpled, be crinkled kete-4 N_Inal Mburu ikeukeu. —The clothes are wrinkled. XXinner part, core, kernel, edible part kuli- ikeukeu Tarpaala mbu makiŋ, mi kam keteene ila XXbe old and lack strength lene, mi kam kuliini men ma iwe soolo. Ni kuliini ikeukeu kek. —He is very old and —After you (SG) cut a betel-nut palm, lacks strength. remove the core, and just take the outer similar: -morou, -mulul ‘shrivelled, wrinkled’ bark [Lit. ‘skin’] to become the flooring. keurana N kaŋar keteene —inner part/ kernel of a construction: le- keurana (bizin) galip nut [edible part] XXgreat-great-grandparents, great-great- Kinsek mbala isu mi tere mbeete keteene. grandchildren, 4th generation blood —Pick off that dressing from the sore and relatives let’s see how the sore looks. dial.var. keruunu (Central), keruun (Gauru) mata- keteene -keut V_Intr XX iris, pupil of the eye (Lit. ‘inner part of XXmove secretly, go away secretly, move the eye’) stealthily Aŋre kat pa motoŋ keteene. —I saw it with Keut pizin ma la. —Go away from them my own eyes. stealthily. meene keteene Keut ma la. Kokena ire u to itaŋtaŋ. —Go XX sago flour away secretly. For if she sees you (SG), then Aŋreege kis mi yok isu lene bekena meene she will cry. keteene imbot mat mi iraaza. —I scattered -keudut V_Intr Redup the processed sago pulp [from around the see also: -ke, -ut sago trap] and the water ran away, so that keze1 N the sago flour would be exposed and dry. XXplant type (resembles googo ‘type of keteene men Quantifier ginger’, tall, soft, used as a kind of cough XX vast amount, intensifier medicine) siizi keteene men —teaming with Nio aŋguŋ. Tana la yembut koŋ keze sa. —I grasshoppers have a cough. So go and cut me some keze. -keto V_Tr keze-2 N_Inal XX chase, chase after, go after, chase away XXside, edge Me tio iketo zin kuumbuŋan. —My dog wooŋgo kezeene —side of a canoe chased away the thieves. kur kezeene —edge of a reef Yaŋ iketo yo su zaala lwoono. —The rain Koko ŋgamar kezeene. —Close the basket! chased me on the way. XXbank (of a body of water) -ketoto V_Tr Redup yok kezeene —river bank, edge of the river Aigule ta boozomen tizaŋzaaŋa yo mi XXchin, lower jaw tiketoto yo. —Every day they are lying in Ni keze rumun rumunŋana. —He has a wait for me and chasing after me. hairy beard. La ketoto zin pikin, pa tikam ŋonoŋ ŋonoŋ a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z ki 112 ki- -maata ki XX manner of speaking XX keze- kaiwoŋa drag behind, be too slow Kamaata ki pepe. Kombo ma ŋes pa tamen. XXforceful speaker (Lit. ‘disputatious/ —Don’t drag behind. Sing in time. contentious chin’) -pete ki keze- mbolŋana XXdo something gently, slowly and XXadamant, insistent (Lit. ‘strong chinned’) keze- imbol carefully, haltingly, pause (in speaking, walking) XXtalk forcefully (Lit. ‘chin is strong’) Pete ki sua pepe. So karau, to tomtom toro similar: kwo- mbolŋa-, kwo- imbol keze- keke kadoono iso. —Do not be slow in your (SG) speech. Speak quickly, and then it will be XXstiff jaw someone else’s turn to speak. XXsharp tongued, speaks forcefully (Lit. Sombe kisiŋ meteŋana sa ila, na kapa tiktik ‘chin is stiff’) pepe. Kepete ki pai. —When you (PL) carry ki Preposition 1 a sick person, do not walk vigorously. XXlocative preposition XX Walk gently. to, towards, at, with (typically directed -potor ki to or located at an animate entity) XXdo carefully or properly see also: tio, ku ~ kiwi, kiu, kue, kini, Rak, to potor ki naroogo. Karau karau sorok kiti, kindi, tiam, tiom, kizin (=Locative pepe. To kombom. —When you (SG) dance, pronouns formed with ki) then do it properly. Don’t be too quick. Pas ila ki Atai. —The letter went to Atai. Follow [the rhythm of] the drums. Ni imbot ki tiziini. —He is with his younger -re ki brother. XXconsider the limited quantity of Nu mbot ki asiŋ ta mar? —From whom are something and act accordingly you (SG) coming? XXconsider the time (and complete what -urla ki Anutu —believe in God/ commit needs to be done), think of the time oneself to God (said as a warning) XXof (presupposed, alienable genitive) Re ki mi loŋa la pa kar, pa mbeŋ kek! ruumu kini (ki-ni) —his house —Think of the time [and finish off ŋge ki Aibike —Aibike’ s pig whatever you (SG) are doing now], and XXabout then quickly go back to the village. For it mbol ki me —a story about a dog is already night! XXassociated with Kam ma bok kat pepe, re ki! Kokena imiliŋ. ruumu ki man —chicken house —Don’t make it really full, think [of how biibi ki kar —big man/ leader of the village much space is left in the container] lest it XXhabitual/ typical relationship spill over. tomtom ki sua —A person who habitually XXwatch out, take care, be conscious of, be does a lot of talking. aware of, consider Ni imbot ki mbulu kini. (=mbulu kini ko Re ki uraata ku tina mi irao. Kokena imbot raami) —He continues to have his mbeŋkaalu. —Consider the time lest night [same] behaviour. falls on you (SG) [before you realise it]. ki2 Preposition -sapaara ki alt. =ki XX XX do good family planning, abstain from applicative (possible reflex of Proto- sexual relations for the benefit of one’s Oceanic *aki(ni). When added to verbs youngest child it makes them more intensive and often ki-3 N_Inal slightly changes the meaning) XX -boobo ki midrib of a leaf koi kiini —midrib of a tobacco leaf XXcall on a spirit for help or to put curse meene kinkin —midribs of sago palm leaves on someone, invoke XXstalk Ni iboobo ki us kini. —He called on his Koroŋ tana kiini tamen. Mi isala kor to totem for help. kiibi 113 kikik

ibogboogo. —That thing only has a single child is not strong enough yet. stalk. But higher up it divides. Ampeebe Aloi ma ikiiri zen, mi amkami …ber ma ise, to iur kiini ma isala. —…it ma amla amre naroogo pa mbeŋ ma tolou sprouted up, and then it put forth a stalk iteegi. To ampet na, ni iŋguŋ ma ibayou. and [grew] up even taller. —We (EXC) gave birth to Aloi, but before Yagoŋ ŋonon tipet la kiini. —The ears of she was really strong, we took her to see corn appeared on the stalk. a dance ceremony at night and the cold XXstem dew got on her. Then when we came back Bela isekap kat la kiini, tona iur ŋonoono. home, she was coughing and sick. —It must be joined to the stem, for it to tiro- ikiiri bear fruit. XXphysically strong XXhandle Kakam mburu bibip pepe, pa niom tiroyom nakabasi kiini —axe handle ikiiri zen. —Don’t take big loads, for your Spun kiini ipol. —The spoon handle broke. (PL) bones are not yet strong enough [said kiibi1 N to small children]. XXcockroach kiizi1 N Kiibi na, koroŋ sananŋan. Tiŋgorut/ construction: ka- kiizi Tikeere kawaala ma buk, ma aigau, ma… XXenduring hatred, deep-seated hatred, —Cockroaches are bad things. They eat/ enmity (often used in the context of shred clothing, and books, and ceremonial killings to avenge some wrong-doing) decorations, and [other things as well]… Kanda kiizi inmbot mazwanda. —We (INC) kiibi2 N have deep-seated hatred between us. XXlooped rope or vine put around one’s Kiizi tana imap zen. Tana motoyom iŋgalŋgal ankles to help in climbing up trees ituyom. —That enmity is not yet finished. Mol kiibi be aŋsala ni. —Tie a loop so I can So watch yourselves and be careful. climb up the coconut palm. -ŋgeele ka- kiizi -kiili V_Tr XXplot to kill XXtake off, take out, take down, take apart, Zin tiŋgeele ka kiizi be tipuni. —They undo, remove plotted against him to kill him. Nio aŋkiili ke ta nu ŋgun. —I removed the -mbuk ka- kiizi stick that you (SG) put in the ground. XXplot against, decide to kill Nio aŋkiili kataama ma isu. —I took down -tut ka- kiizi the door. XXplot to kill, determine to kill Tikiili kapa ma isu lene. —They took off the kiizi2 N roofing iron. XXnet for catching prawns/crayfish (woven Dokta ikiili zoŋoŋ ru. —The doctor removed out of twisted rope, usually used by two of my teeth. women) kiiliŋana N_Inal_Event Zin tike kiizi pa wooro kaiwos. —They Nu nok ke kiiliŋana paso? —Why do you made/ wove prawn nets out of tulip rope. (SG) keep removing the sticks. Moori tikam kiizi kizin ma tila be tizibuuru. kiin Pronoun —The women took their crayfish nets and XXto him/ her/ it, with him/her/it went to catch crayfish. XXof him/ her/ it, his/ her/ its kik N_Event XXthird person singular locative pronoun XXringing (used of ears, could be note: Gauru dialect form interpreted as a sign of somebody dial.var. kini (Central, Northern) wanting to do something for you) -kiiri V_Intr_Stative Talŋoŋ ikam kik. —My ears are ringing. XXbe strong and healthy, robust (used of similar: talŋa- itaŋ children) kikik N_Event Pikin ikiiri zen. (=kuliini imbol zen.) —The XXnoise made by a chick when it is about to break out of its egg a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kil 114 -kilili

Man lutuunu ikam kikik, ko ikotpaala? at the age [Literally ‘His eye was strong’] —The chick is making noise in its egg, is when he was aware of his surroundings. it going to break out? Ni iute Baibel, tamen ikilaala som. —He kil N knows about the bible, but does not XXsheath of a black palm, sago trap (When understand it [i.e. how it applies to what processing sago, the sheath is folded and he is doing]. made into a container where the sago and see also: -ute water collect in order to trap the dissolved -pakilaala V_Tr sago starch, which is released by squeezing XXteach, help to understand sago pulp soaked in water.) kilalan N_Event Mbereeme ka kil na, tipiizi meene isula. XXsign, mark, omen —The sago trap made from a black palm Za iwe kilalan pa sua mbukŋana ki Merere. frond sheath, we (INC) squeeze sago —The rainbow became a sign of God’s down into it. promise/covenant. Ampun kis isu kil zilŋaana ma ise ta kil Inako ka kilalan padeiŋana? —Then what kezeene i, ina ampeene tau. —We (EXC) put will be the sign for it? processed sago pulp around the edges of XXmark of ownership the sago trap up to the tops of the folded Ni ikam kilalan pa mbolkai ku. —He put a edges [to prop it up it in right position], in mark of ownership on your betel-nut palm. doing this, we ‘shoot’ it. Asiŋ kilalan kini? —Whose [identifying] Nio ituŋ tamen aŋkam kaame pa kil ta. N. mark [is it]? mi L. tikam sopalai pa kil toro. —By myself note: irregular nominalisation of -kilaala I had a sago squeezing set up that went see also: -patooŋo, patooŋoŋana into one sago trap. N. and L. had a double kiliigi1 N squeezing setup that went into another trap. XXpillow (something on which to rest one’s def. Tikam kil, tona tila meene uunu. Mi tilek head, traditionally carved out of wood) la ki suruunu ta mi tipokat makiŋ, tona Pat iwe kiliigi pini. —A stone served as tikam meene kiini mi tisap ke lutun lutun be pillow for him. tiŋgunŋgun sula. Naso ikisraama/ ipakeke Yesu iur uteene se kiliigi mi ikenne. —Jesus kil tana. Kokena zilŋan zilŋan itop. —They put his head on a pillow and was sleeping. take the sheath of a black palm and go to -kiliigi2 V_Intr the place where the sago is being processed. XXlay one’s head down on something And they fold up part of it and after they Ni ikam pat ma ikiliigi pa mi ikeene. —He tie it well, then they take the stem of a sago took a stone and lay his head on it and frond, and carve some pegs and stick them slept. into the ground around it, so that they hold kiliiti N up/support [the folded sides of] the sheath. XXpiece of firewood that has been burning, Then the sides won’t fall down. but the fire has died out or is about to die see also: kolou,mbukul Ŋgalaken kiliiti, to you ikan. —Put the -kilaala V_Tr pieces of firewood closer together, and XXperceive, recognise then the fire will burn [better]. XXrealise, understand Ur kiliiti matan ila mbata, to wi. —Put the XXbe aware, know well ends of the firewood together, and then Niam amkilaalu kek. Pa nu itum tamen ta blow [on them]. mbesmbeeze piam. —We (EXC) know you (SG) kiliizi N well. For you are the only one who serves XXnut of a breadfruit us. kun ka kiliizi —breadfruit nuts Mbulu sosor ta kam na, kilaala itum pa -kilili V_Intr_Stative Redup som? —The wrong-doing that you (SG) did, alt. var. -killi aren’t you aware of it? XXglisten, shine brightly, flash, gleam, Mataana imbol mi ikilaala koroŋ. —He was dazzle -kilip 115 -kin

Natiloŋa ikilili, mi ikam ma motoŋ ikululu. Piri kumbum ten, ko irao kin piizi? —Pace —The mirror flashed and dazzled my eyes. it [Lit. ‘throw your leg’], [and we will see] killiŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup how many measures long it is. XXshiny, shining, flashing, gleaming, XXmeasuring stick dazzling XXexample to be followed Koroŋ killiŋana imilmil. —Something Ni iwe kin ambaiŋana piti. —He was a good flashing shines. example for us (INC). similar: -milmil -kin2 V_Tr -kilip V_Intr_Stative, V_Intr XXmeasure, lay out measurements for XXbe dented, get dented Nio aŋkin ruumu. —I laid out [the outline Kuuru tio taiŋgi ambai som, pa ikilip. of] the house [on the ground]. —This pot of mine is not good, because it Kin la nomom lutuunu. —Measure between is dented. your thumb and forefinger./ Measure in Giibi kuuru ma isala pat pepe. Ko ikilip. hand spans. —Don’t throw the pot on the stones. It Kin pa nomom mi re ten. —Measure it in might get dented! cubits, measure using the distance from kilipŋa- N_Inal_Stative your (SG) elbow to your fingertips. XXdented Kin pa re. —Measure by arm spans. Kuuru ti kilipŋana. —This pot is dented. Kin sula kumbum lutuunu ma isala utem. kilis N —Measure from your (SG) toes up to your XXtrap, snare (used head [i.e. measure using your own height] to catch pigs, kinŋa- N_Inal_Event wallabies, birds, XXmeasuring, something used for measuring bandicoots) ke (ki) kinŋana —measuring stick Nio aŋur kilis isu XXfitting, suitable, appropriate (because of putar ki ŋge be ikami. —I put a trap in the age, size) pig’s path in order to catch it. To tina, ni kinŋana moori tiŋga som. Pa Kilis na, iti tuurpewe pa wooro mi ke. moori tiŋga kaibiŋana. —That man he is —Snares/Traps, we (INC) make [them] not appropriate for the woman over there. with vines/ropes and sticks. For that woman is older. -kilkiili V_Intr Redup Nu kumbum katŋana mete. Mbot mi tom ila. XXswim under water Pa ni ziru Aibike, to kan kin raraate. Irao Nio aŋkilkiili sula yok. —I swam deeper tisiŋ meene. —You (SG) are too short. Stay down into the water. behind and [let] your older brother go. Nio aŋkilkiili ma aŋsula ta maaŋga. —I swam For he and Aibike are the same size. They down to the sand on the river bottom. can carry the sago [which is hung from a kimbiŋa- N_Inal stick that is carried on their shoulders]. XXtiny bit similar: kado- sua kimbiŋana —short postscript -kin3 V_Tr kimbiŋana rimen —tiny bit of something XXsnap off with fingers, pick -kimit V_Intr Kala kikin koŋ kemyo sa/ peege ruunu sa. alt. -kinmit —Go and pick me some fern leaves/ XXflash, lightning betel-pepper leaves. Lele ikimit. —It is lightning./ Lightning -kinin V_Tr Redup flashed. -kin- V_Tr def. lele ikam bil, ina lele ikimit tau. XXdo something using one’s fingers (in -kimitmit V_Intr Redup compound verbs) kin1 N -kinmumu —crumble up with one’s fingers XXmeasurement, measures -kinkaaga —open a lid that is tightly Tebol ti, ka kin piizi? —This table, how attached much are its measurements? a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kindi 116 -kinke

-kinmeete —squeeze out, put an end to, He has the money. cause to die XXhis, her, its -kinsek —scrape off, pull off using one’s ruumu kini —his/ her/ its house fingers dial.var. kiin (Gauru) -kinpaala —break into pieces using one’s -kinin V_Tr fingers XXrestrict in eating, ration in order to make -kintai —weed a new garden area something last longer, eat slowly kindi Pronoun Nio aŋkinin yom pa kini kanŋana, pa iŋgi XXto us, at us, with us (INC) peteele. —I am restricting you (PL) in eating XXour (INC) food, because now it is a time of famine. XXfirst person plural inclusive locative Nio aŋkinin yo pa ti winŋana, kokena teu pronoun, hearer(s) included tio loŋa imap. —I am restricting myself Waende bizin timar kindi zeen. —Our (INC) from drinking tea lest my sugar [supply] friends haven’t come to us yet. quickly come to an end. note: Gauru and Kampalap dialect form Pat kiti biibi som. Tikinin iti pa. Kokena dial.var. kiti (Central) loŋa mi imap. —We (INC) do not have a lot kini1 N of money. Let us ration it/ be careful with XXfood (generic term) it lest it quickly finish. XXstarchy foods (root crops, rice, etc.) Kininu pa kini kanŋana. Kokena tum ma kini mbitiŋana —fresh food, uncooked pata kat. —Restrict yourself in [your] food, raw food eating of food lest you grow fat and kini mazeene —cooked food become very heavy. Kini re na kaŋar. Mi kini iwaara na ni. Ni ikinini pa kini. —He eats very slowly. —The food of the southeast monsoon see also: -re ki season is galip nuts. And the food of the kiniŋniiŋgi N Redup northwest monsoon season is coconuts. XXrib of a coconut leaf Kini men ko ikis zin tomtom ma timbot Ndaama ta uriizi na, siizi tikan ni ruunu ndabok na som. —Food by itself will not ma kiniŋniiŋgi men. —Last year the sustain people and help them to live well. grasshoppers ate the coconut leaves and -urpe kini —prepare food/ fix food only the ribs were left. -kan kini —eat Tasal zin kiniŋniiŋgi mi tiŋgiu zin, to tulup XXfeast ma iwe malwe. —We (INC) rip off the leafy kini biibi —feast/ large amount of food part from the ribs of coconut leaves, -kam kini —put on a feast and then put [the ribs] together, and it XXfood crop becomes a broom. -paaza kini —plant food crops dial.var. sasar (Marile) kiniŋa- N_Inal_Stative -kinkaaga V_Tr XXbountiful in food, having food XXopen, take off a lid by pulling it up Lele tina na, ka kiniŋana mi yokŋana. Kinkaaga tin kwoono. —Open the tin! —That area has lots of food and water. Kinkaaga kwoŋ muŋgu, tona aŋswe sua mata- kiniŋa- turkeŋana. —Pay me first (Lit. ‘open my XXthinking a lot about food, gluttonous mouth’), and then I will reveal a secret. (Lit. ‘food eye’) -kininkaaga V_Tr Redup Sombe nu motom kiniŋom, na rre be yaraama see also: -kaaga itum. —If you (SG) think a lot about food, -kinke V_Tr make sure you control yourself. XXremove, take off something that has kini2 Pronoun been fastened XXto him/her/it, at him/her/it, with him/ Ni ikinke kawaala kini be iwe. —He took off her/it his clothes in order to bathe. XXthird person singular locative pronoun Kinke nomom pio! —Take your (SG) hands Nio aŋla kini. —I go to him. off of me! Pat imbot kini. —The money is with him./ Kinke mburu ta ise wooro na, pa yaŋ. kinkiini 117 -kinsek

—Take in the clothes that are on the line, Matan iparkinmeete pizin. —They winked for [it is about to] rain. at each other. Kinke zin bigil. —Remove the wax seals. -kinmumu V_Tr kinkiini N_Event Redup XXcrumble up using one’s fingers, break construction: -kam kinkiini into pieces with one’s fingers alt. kinkin Nio aŋkinmumu meene keteene. —I crumbled XXeffort, trying hard, striving up the dry sago flour using my fingers. Aŋkam kinkiini be aŋto mbulu ambaiŋana Kinmumu toono muŋgu, to paaza biidi isula. men. —I am trying hard to follow [i.e. —Crumble up the ground first, and then practise] only good behaviour. plant the yams down into it. Wal tana tikamam kinkiini be tikam kinmumuŋa- N_Inal_Stative leleyom. —Those people are striving to XXcrumbled up attract you (PL) to their point of view. meene kinmumuŋana —crumbled up sago see also: -kam siliigi flour kinkin1 Adv_Pred0 Redup kinoŋo N XXindistinctly, faintly (when one hears XXhooked stick (used for collecting galip something partially, but not the actual nuts and breadfruit) words) Sombe tasala kaŋar na, bela takam kinoŋo Teleŋ kat som. Teleŋ kinkin. —We (INC) did be toko kaŋar muruunuŋana, som tabalis not hear it well. We heard it indistinctly. kaŋar pa. —When we (INC) climb up a kinkinŋa- N_Inal_Stative galip nut tree, we must take a hooked XXindistinct, faint stick with us in order to hook clusters of kalŋa- maŋgilini kinkinŋana —faint echo galip nuts or knock down the galip nuts kinkin2 Adv_Pred0 Redup with it. alt. kinkiini -kinpaala V_Tr XXpersistently XXbreak/ pick apart, remove using fingers Nu wi kinkin yo paso? Nio aŋkam? —Why (used when breaking fish) do you (SG) keep asking me? Did I do it? Kinpaala ye kutŋana tana mi isula yambon. kinkin3 N Redup —Break up the smoked fish into pieces construction: ka- kinkin and [put it] into the soup. XXsoft spot in a baby’s skull similar: -paala, -palpaala, -tete ma iwe surun Pikin ka kinkin ikam kutkut. —The baby’s surun soft spot is pulsating/ throbbing. -kinpaala wooro -kinmeete V_Tr XXsplit a vine or rope in half, make thinner XXsqueeze out something by removing part of it Kinmeete ŋgereeme mataana. —Squeeze out Tikinpaala wooro be tizuk peege/ tituuru the crayfish’s eyes. ye. —They split the vine in half [thereby XXput an end to something (living), kill, making it more flexible] in order to tie up put out a fire by squeezing or pinching, betel-peppers/ string up the fish. stub out -kinsek V_Tr Kinmeete koi ma imeete. —Put out the XXscrape off, scratch off, pick off cigarette. (something using one’s fingernails) mata- -kinmeete pa def. Tikipin/ Tikinsek pa namanda kukuunu. XXwink at another person (in order to —We (INC) scrape with our fingernails. entice them to do something bad, often Kinsek mbeete mbakereene ila ne. —Scrape done to members of the opposite sex) off the scab from the sore. Mi sombe matan ikinmeete pu, na tikam lelem Kinsek mbala isu, mi tere mbeete keteene. pepe. —And if they wink at you (SG), don’t —Pick off that dressing from the sore and let them get your insides [i.e. don’t allow let’s see how the sore looks. yourself to become attracted to them]. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kintai 118 kipin -kinsek lae pa kiŋakiŋa Adv_Pred0&1 Redup XX irritate someone who easily becomes XXscattered in many different directions upset, rub someone the wrong way Tiwwa kiŋakiŋa pa zaala naman naman. Kozobe tomtom sa ikinsek lae pini ta —They walked all over on different paths. uriizi, so takankaana pa. Pa tomtom Tipiri zin kiŋakiŋa. —They threw them in tina ambaiŋana som. —If somebody had different directions. irritated him the other day, we don’t Tiko kiŋakiŋa pa lele ta boozomen. —They ran know [what he would have done]. For that off in different directions going everywhere. fellow is not a good man. similar: leŋaleŋa, papirik -kintai V_Tr matakiŋa XX weed a new garden area XXdifferent kinds def. Sambarŋana muŋgu, to amkintai pa tomtom matakiŋa —different kinds of people. nomoyam mi buza. —First there is the kini matakiŋa —different kinds of food. cutting of the garden area, and then we -ur kiŋa (EXC) weed it using our hands and a knife. XXput into different places Nio aŋla aŋkintai mokleene tio. —I went Ur kiŋa zin mburu paso? Ur ila mbata. and weeded my garden. —Why did you put the things in different similar: -palailai places? Put them together in one group. kinzai N -kipiiri V_Tr alt. kizai XXhold in place, hold fast, stabilise XX magical practise, magical fetish, magical Kipiiri (=kis) mooto uteene. —Hold the object (The fetish is made out of tree snake’s head in place. [using a forked bark and ginger. Reciting spells and stick, one’s foot, etc.] chanting are also involved. This type Kam kiruuŋu mi kipiiri soolo pa. —Take a of magic is done to keep someone from nail and nail the flooring in place with it. becoming interested in a member of XXstrengthen, sustain, fortify the opposite sex. Often a way of taking Tikan kini be ikipiiri zin ma tila tikam pai revenge on someone by trying to destroy molo. —They ate the food so that it would their marriage.) strengthen them as they went on a long def. Naborou ta, zaana kizai. —One [kind journey. of] magic, its name is kinzai. XXinstruct and strengthen someone, charge, kinzi N make steadfast XXvine type (used for tying up smaller Tamaana ikipiiri i pa sua pakan pa uraata. things, making baskets for galip nuts, —His father instructed and strengthened tying sago bundles, etc.) him with some words concerning the work. Tamaŋ ila isek wooro kinzi be ike narabu. -kipiizi V_Tr —My father went and stripped the bark XXhide, conceal, hold something small in off of the kinzi vine in order to tie up one’s hand packets of tapioca bread with it. Aŋkipiizi mbu/ pat ila nomoŋ, kokena tire. kiŋ1 N_Event —I hid the betel nut/ money in my hand, XXsilence, quiet so they would not see it. Lele ikam kiŋ paso? —Why is it so quiet? see also: -piizi kiŋ2 V_Intr_Uninfl kipin1 N XXfinish, end XXstake that holds up the sieve when sago Ni iso ma kiŋ, mi … —After he finished pulp is being squeezed and filtered. talking, … def. koroŋ ta iteege —Something that holds similar: -map [something] kiŋa Adv_Pred0&1 Niam amsaaza meene kiini ma iwe kipin. XX scattered, dispersed, moving in different —We (EXC) pulled off the sago frond and directions made it into stakes. Zin tileŋ kiŋa sua ta boozomen. —They Ni ipo kipin ru be ikipiiri ruŋ pa, to ipiizi listen to talk from different sources. meene. —He tied two stakes to hold the -kipin 119 kiri ka teene sieve in place, and then squeezed the sago. mata- ikir XXtongs made of bamboo that are used for XXcheck to make sure that the right handling hot food number of people, dogs, etc are present. Ni ineene serembat, to ikam kipin, mi Motoyom ikir zin tomtom muŋgu, to kala. itooro serembat pa. —She roasted sweet —Check first that there are enough potatoes, and then took the tongs and people, and then go. turned the sweet potatoes with them. Pita mataana ikir me kini makiŋ, to imar kar. Kam kipin mi piindi tiama be to kini. —Take —After Peter checked that all his dogs were some tongs and put the hot stones on top with him, then he came to the village. of the food in order to cook it. -kiraaza V_Tr XX -kipin2 V_Tr scratch (and cause bleeding) XXhold, pick up something gingerly Posi ikiraaza nomoŋ. —The cat scratched with fingertips or toes (usually tiny or my hand. repulsive things) Zin munmun tiparkiraaza zin ma titaŋtaŋ. Teege kat pepe. Kipin men mi piri ila ne. —The little kids were scratching each —Don’thold it too tightly. Just hold it other and crying. with your fingertips and throw it away. XXstrip off the hard outer bark of a sago Kipin su pa zozo tina ma la piri ila ne. palm trunk (in order to start pounding —Pick up those cooking leaves and throw the pithy interior) [them] away. Zin tomooto tila ma tikiraaza meene pa aro, Re kupunpun ta timus pikin mbuleene pa to tiguugu pataaŋa ma isu lene. —The mi isu tina. Kipin pa kumbum ma ila lene. men went and stripped off the sago palm —Look at that coconut husk that they used bark with a sharpened stick, and then to clean the baby’s bottom and [left] there. right away they pulverised it all. Pick it up with your toes and throw away. kiri1 N XXhold with tongs XXbasket made from coconut leaves (both Zin moori tikipin tiaama. —The women men and women can carry it.) picked up the [hot] cooking stones with kiri (nakaral, kapalaana, meene siŋ, tongs. ŋgamar, saaga, nasaka, pelpeele, taaŋga) -kir1 V_Intr_Stative —different types of baskets woven from XXbe pregnant about 2-3 months (not coconut leaves visible yet) Kakam ŋaara kiti isula kiri. —Put our (INC) def. Moori ikir, to kopoono. —The woman leftover food down into the kiri basket. conceives, and then she becomes visibly Niam amteege kiri. —We (EXC) wove a kiri pregnant. basket. similar: -naami kiri (koroŋ)ŋa- N_Inal XX -kir2 V_Tr basket containing A XXbore/ drill a hole into something kiri ŋgereemeŋana/ mantaiŋana —a basket Niam amkir me zoŋoono, mor, keembe, containing crayfish/ lobsters. yorodiŋ ma koroŋ ta kembei. —We (EXC) kiri2 N drill holes into dogs’ teeth, clam shells, XXnest of sago grubs pearl shells, and other things like this. def. Welŋan ka kiri, ina ruumu ta welŋan similar: -mbenpis, -petepis, -kelpis ikeene lela. —A sago grub nest, that is the -kir3 V_Tr ‘house’ in which the sago grub sleeps. -kir mata- Kiri tina, zin welŋan zitun tiurpe pa kis ki XXmiss someone whom you expect to be meene. —That ‘house’ [i.e. nest], the grubs present themselves made it in the sago pulp. XXlook for someone who is not present kiri ka teene N Aŋkir Misek mataana. Ko ila padei? —I XXcane type looked to see if Misek was around [but XXrope used for making armbands and didn’t see him]. Where might he have gone? tying things a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kirik 120 -kis def. Ampo siiri pa, ambit kooto pa. —We over after something edible has been (EXC) tie fences with it, [and] tie sago processed out) thatching with it. ni ka kis —residue from coconut once the XXarmlet used in dance ceremonies or just oil has been squeezed out any time teu ka kis —sugarcane pulp Kiri na, tisil pa wooro ma isala namanda. Asiŋ mbu ka kis kini ti? —Whose betel-nut —Kiri armlets, we (INC) weave using rope, pulp is this? and they go up on our arms. meene ka kis —sago pulp that is left after kiri silŋana —armband woven of string and the starch has been removed worn above the elbow def. Meene ka kis, ampun su kil zilŋan kirik V_Intr_Uninfl zilŋan. Kis iwe kembei siiri ta ipombolmbol XXturn around without delay kil. —The processed sago pulp, we (EXC) Zin tila ma kirik la, mi timiili ma timar put [it] around the sides of the sago trap to mini. —They went and turned around prop up the edges. The pulp is like a fence right away and came back. that props up [the edges of] the trap. kiriŋ kiriŋ V_Intr_Uninfl Redup Aŋyasureege/ Aŋreege kis mi yok isu lene XXjerk, wave around (used of legs and feet) bekena meene keteene imbot mat mi Ŋge kumbuunu ma namaama kiriŋ kiriŋ ma iraaza. —I scattered the sago pulp [from kup. —The pig jerked its limbs and died. around the sago trap], and the water ran Ni karau su pa pat, mi iyaper lae pa ŋge away, so that the sago flour would be lutuunu ma kiriŋ kiriŋ. —He quickly exposed and dry. grabbed a stone [from the ground] and similar: kasaana hit the piglet, and it [fell down] and was -kis2 V_Tr waving its legs. XXhold on to something Ke namaana itop ma ipun Pita ma itop Kis kat biidi, kokena imesek. —Hold on to su ma kiriŋ kiriŋ, to tila tise yok sala the yam well lest it get scratched. ŋwaana. —A tree branch fell down and hit Kis katu. Ko top. —Hold on well. You might Peter, and he fell down and was waving fall. his limbs, so then they went and poured see also: -teege, -ten some water on him [to revive him]. XXarrest -kiriu V_Middle/Tr Zin tikisi. —They arrested him. XXscratch oneself XXsustain, keep alive Kumbum ituntun na, kiriu ma kiriu pepe! Kini men ko ikis zin tomtom ma timbot Ko imesek to iwe mbeete. —If your (SG) leg ndabok na som. —Food by itself will not itches, don’t keep scratching it! The skin sustain people and help them to live well. might break and then it would become a XXpeel sore. Naŋgoŋ ikam buza mi ikis mok. —My -kiriuriu V_Middle/Tr Redup mother took a knife and peeled the taro. XXkeep scratching XXdamage a bit, nibble on Posi tiene makiŋ, mi ikiriuriu toono sala. Kuzi ikis kawaala, mattress. —A rat has —After the cat defecated, it was scratching been nibbling on the clothing, mattress. ground on top of [its excrement]. -kiskis V_Tr Redup Man tatariigi tikiriuriu toono. —The XXkeep holding on to something chickens are scratching the ground. Nio aŋkiskis posi ti. Kokena isala pa ruumu kiruuŋu N uteene. —I am holding on to this cat lest alt. kiruŋu it go up on the roof of the house. XXnail Nio aŋkiskis ŋgar tana men. —I am still To ikam kiruuŋu ma iro ke pakaana ila holding on to that way of thinking. kataama —Then he took a nail and nailed XXcontinue without change a board to the door. Koozi tamen mi zoŋ ikiskis ma rou. —Only kis1 N today has the sun continued to shine the XXresidue, inedible pulp (what is left whole day through to the afternoon. kisa 121 -kitik Ndaama ta ila kek na, zoŋ ikiskis men pa [ordinary] knife. puulu tel. Yaŋ risa som. —Last year, it kiskatŋa- N_Inal_Stative was sunny for three months. There wasn’t XXvery steep, sheer (used of gorges, gullies, even a little bit of rain. ravines) -kis kuli- Re lele kiskatŋana tina. —Look at that very XXstrengthen physically, nourish (Lit. ‘hold steep gulley. skin’) similar: sipkatŋa-, taraŋgatŋa- Ni ikan kini be ikis kuliini. —He ate food to kiti Pronoun give himself strength. XXto us, at us, with us (INC) similar: -pombol kuli- XXour (INC) -kisraama V_Tr XXfirst person plural inclusive locative XXhold someone back from doing pronoun, hearer(s) included something, hold up, prevent someone Ni imar kiti ta neeri. —He came to us (INC) from doing something by holding on to yesterday. them or staying with them Ina mbulu kiti tomtom. —That is the usual Zin tikisraama yo, tana aŋla lele sa som. behaviour of us human beings. —They stayed with me and held me back, dial.var. kindi (Gauru, Northern) and therefore I did not go anywhere. kitiimbi N mbule- kisraama XXpost, house post (thick and large in size) XXsit with someone a long time and keep Niam amsap kitiimbi lamuru. —We (EXC) cut them from working and hewed ten house posts. Mbulem kisraama yam rimos. Pa leleyam be Ruumu imender se zin kitiimbi. —The house amla pa uraata. —Don’t hold us (EXC) up stands on the posts. any longer by sitting here with us. For we Aŋpaaza kitiimbi isula toono. —I planted want to go to work. the house posts down in the ground. -soukiskis see also: tiili ‘fence post’ XXhold on to strongly, keep holding -kitiini V_Tr -teegekis V_Tr XXchoosy concerning food, picky about alt. -tekis Kitiini kini paso? Kan men. —Why are you XX hold very tightly (SG) so picky about the food? Just eat it. kisa N kitiiniŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXwidower Ni kitiiniŋana. —He is picky about food. def. Sombe kusim moori imeete, na nu we kitik1 N kisa. —When your (SG) wife dies, you XXhard, dark coloured ground (mostly found become a widower. near the Kampalap-Kabi village area) kisabi Kar Kampalap na, toono kitik. —Kampalap XXwidower, form of address (respectful village, the ground [around it is] hard term used to address a widower whose and dark in colour. marriage lasted a long time. He will be kitikŋa- N_Inal_Stative addressed with this term for the rest of XXgrey colour his life, even if he remarries.) kitiktikŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup dial.var. kisabe (Marile) XXhard, solid see also: nora ‘widow’ toono kitiktikŋana —hard ground (but -kiskat V_Tr not strong like stone. It is still easily XXcut off cleanly (by holding to the root breakable. Often found in riverbanks). crop) -kitik2 V_Tr Kiskat mok iweene/ yuugu isu, mi la paaza. XXremove the top and new shoots off of an —Cleanly cut off the new taro shoot and edible root crop (used of taro and yams) go plant it. def. Iweene ilae, mi ŋonoono ta kam. —The Tikiskat pa sul som buza. —We (INC) cleanly shoot is put aside, and it is only the edible cut off [things] with a shell knife, or an part that you (SG) take. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kitoka 122 -ko

Kitik mok pa yooro. —Remove the taro them for two days [lit. ‘nights’]. shoots using a pearl shell. -kiziu V_Intr/Tr Puru mok ma isu makiŋ, to kitik mok iweene XXspit isu lene, mi kam ŋonooo ma poi mi la kar. To ikiziu kauziini ise namaana mi ipaŋoneŋ. —After you (SG) pull out the taro and lay —Then he spit on his hand and mixed it. it down, then remove the new shoots and -kiziuziu V_Intr/Tr Redup take the edible part and carry it and go to Kiziuziu sorok paso! —Why are you (SG) the village. spitting around! -kitiktik V_Tr Redup -kiziukaala V_Tr kitoka Preposition XXspit in disgust or anger, spit out of scorn XXtogether with Kiziukaali paso? —Why do you (SG) spit at Nio aŋkan ye kitoka serembat. —I ate fish him? [the spitting is not directed at the together with sweet potatoes. person, but is done while looking at the note: Gauru dialect form person] dial.var. raama (ki) (Central) XXspray one’s saliva on something in order kiu1 N to work magic XXyam (large-sized, long, only a single see also: -pures, -pureskaala, -luai tuber occurs in each plant) -kiziulaala V_Intr Iti tulu kiu. —We (INC) planted yams. XXspit at Zin tipei kiu ma tikan. —They dug up the Tikiziulaala pa koroŋ kuziini sananŋana. yams and ate [them]. —They spat at the bad smelling thing. Zin moori ta siŋ ikam zin na, irao tila Kiziulaala uri tiam paso? —Why do you (SG) ma tipa pa biidi ma kiu leleene pepe. spit in the presence of our (EXC) dead body —Women that are menstruating are not [considered to be rude behaviour]. allowed to go walk in yam gardens. ko1 Adv_PrePredP kiu2 Pronoun XXfuture, dubitative, irrealis marker XXto you, for you, with you (singular) XXmay, might, will, perhaps XXyour (singular) Nio ko aŋla Lae. —I will go to Lae. XXsecond person singular locative pronoun Ni ko ila kek. —He has perhaps already gone. note: Gauru dialect form Iti ko talliŋanda kat! —We (INC) have dial.var. ku ~ kiwi (Central), kue (Kabi, probably been really stupid! Sakar) XXlest, otherwise kiwi Pronoun Re ko mel! —Look out lest you (SG) fall! alt. ku see also: kola ‘certain future’, kokena ‘lest, XXsecond person singular locative pronoun otherwise…will’ XXto you, for you, with you ko2 N XXyour XXbamboo type (grows by rivers, does not note: Central dialect form grow very tall, up to its limit and then dial.var. kiu (Gauru), kue (Kabi, Sakar) bends over) Amar kiwi be amgiimi koyam kini. —We def. Tiŋgal kooto pa, tise yok pa, iwe kipin. (EXC) came to you to buy ourselves some —They sew sago leaves onto it when food. making thatching, they carry water with Mbotŋana kiwi ko ambai men. —Your (SG) it, it is made into tongs. life will only be good. [i.e. You will have a ko3 N very good life.] XXchalk kizin Pronoun Pauteŋana ibeede sua ila blakbod pa XXto them, at them, with them ko. —The teacher wrote talk on the XXtheir blackboard with a piece of chalk. XXthird person plural locative pronoun -ko4 V_Intr Iŋgi koroŋ kizin. —This is their thing. XXrun away (from), escape (from), flee La kizin pepe. —Don’t go to them. (from) Nio aŋbot kizin pa mbeŋ ru. —I stayed with -ko 123 koi -kotaata Pikin iko pa tamaana. —The child ran XXscratch, sharp thing gets stuck into away from his father. something and pulls it Tiso tipuni, ta iko pa su. —It was because koborbooro V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup they intended to hit him that he ran away XX to the forest. be unclear, be blurry XXmove or travel in some vehicle, run Ŋguuru kat ŋgalas ku. Pa ŋgalas ku Wooŋgo iko pa tai. —The canoe runs on mataana koborbooro. —Clean your glasses/ goggles. For they are blurry. sea. XX Mbalus iko pa maŋaana. —The aeroplane not see properly (because of some defect flies in the air. in one’s eyes) Nio ituŋ aŋteege peeze, mi amko ma amla. Motoŋ koborbooro, tabe aŋre kat lele som. —I myself held the steering wheel as we —My vision is blurry, so I can’t see well. kodaaŋa (EXC) N travelled along. XX XXleave, disappear from, end from mixture of crushed galip nuts and some Mete iko pini. —The sickness left him [i.e. root vegetables that are wrapped up in he became well]. leaves and put on hot stones to roast Tutu lwoono musari sa ko iko pa som. —Not kaŋar kodaaŋa —a large wrapped up one little bit of the law will disappear parcel of roasted galip nuts + vegetables from it. see also: aduŋ, tetekat -ko papirik koi1 N XX XXgo or run away in different directions enmity, hatred, hostility, animosity, -kowo V_Intr Redup enemy (=Tok Pisin birua), adversary Mbalus ikowo ta kor a. —The plane was Nomnom, ina kanda koi bizin. travelling high up in the air. —Mosquitoes, they are our (INC) enemies. Ni iwe kanda koi kek. —He has become our -ko5 V_Tr XXhook (INC) enemy/ adversary. -ur koi pa Ni iko ye/ kaŋar. —He hooks fish/ galip XX nuts down. hate, be the enemy of, be hostile towards def. Koroŋ imbot molo, mi aŋkam kinoŋo ma Ni iur koi pizin kat. —He really hates aŋkam. —Something is far away, and I them./ He is really an enemy of them. mata- koikoi pa V_Intr_Uninfl Redup use a hooked stick and get it. XX XXget stuck into, scratch avoid someone (because of having done Kwiili iko yo. —A fishhook scratched me. something wrong), evasive (Lit. ‘eye Katarra iko yo, ta iraaza kuliŋ ti. —A thorny enemy’) vine scratched me and tore my skin. Naŋgaŋ tana ipetepaala ruumu tiam, tana katarra iko kete- mataana koikoi piam. —That youngster XXbe hungry (Lit. ‘a thorny vine scratches broke into our (EXC) house, and therefore one’s liver’) he is avoiding us. Katarra iko keteŋ mete. —I am very hungry. Nu motom koikoi pio paso? —Why are you -ko la pa avoiding me? XX XX‘hook’ talk (which does not concern shy, timid, wild you), happen to hear, overhear tomtom mataana koikoi —a shy, timid Nu ko la pa sua taŋga, pa sua ku? —Are you person [who avoids other people] Posi tana, mataana koikoi. —That cat is (SG) ‘hooking’ into that talk, is it your affair? -kowo V_Tr Redup skittish and easily frightened. -kokat -pakoikoi V_Tr Redup XX XXsnag frighten, make jumpy, make nervous -koki koi2 (ka koi) N XX XXsnatch away smoke (from a fire, volcano, etc.) -koleege You ka koi ta ikumuundu. —The smoke XXget caught on from the fire rises up. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z koi 124 -koko

You ka koi ibiriŋ. —The smoke spread out. sweet potatoes lest they get burnt! Laŋla ka koi buk ma isala. —The smoke from koikoiŋa- N_Inal_Stative Mount Langila [a volcano] is boiling up. XXburnt, scorched You ka koi ikurzan yo. —The smoke went manioka koikoiŋana —burnt manioca into my eyes and nose and irritated them. similar: -kalakoikoi You ka koi ikut motoŋ. —The smoke from the -kokat V_Tr fire went into my eyes and irritated them. XXsnag Ambit yagoŋ iweene se you mataana, bekena Posi namaana ikokat la pa kuzi. —The cat you ka koi iŋgalŋgal. —We (EXC) hung snagged the rat with its paw. seeds of corn up above a fire so that the Kam kinoŋo, to kokat la pa kaŋar namaana. fire would dry them out. —Take a hook and snag the galip tree koi kusuunu branch with it. XXblack residue from smoke, soot kokena Conjunction Tondou you mi ka koi ikut kooto ma igabgap XXlest, otherwise…might/will kei ta koi kusuunu. —We (INC) made a fire Iti teke. Kokena Atai ire iti. —Let’s hide. and its smoke smoked the thatching and it Otherwise Atai will see us. became black like the smoke’s soot. Taara ke na, pakeke nakabasi. Kokena Kuuru ku, koi kusuunu ikam ma igabgap taaru. —When you (SG) cut a tree, hold ma tau. —Your (SG) pot, the soot from the the axe firmly. Otherwise you might cut smoke has really made it black. yourself. koi3 N XXit would not be good if... XXtobacco (=Tok Pisin brus, smok, Kokena Naleŋ isa yam. —It would not be scientific name: Nicotiana tabacum) good if Naleng has to wait for us. koi talŋa palŋana —type of tobacco [Its -koki V_Tr leaves hang down, whereas the leaves of XXsnatch away, take without asking, take other types of tobacco stand up.] away secretly koi koboono/ koi talŋaana —extra growth Nio aŋkoki glas ki Atai ma aŋla. —I took between the stem and leaf Atai’s glasses and went away. Peseebe koi koboono be itum ambai. —Prune Ni ikoki moori taŋga ma tila pa su. —He the extra growth off of tobacco plant, so it snatched that girl and they went to the will grow well. forest. koi repreebe —bundle of tobacco -koki itu- V_Tr koi porpooro —a big bundle of tobacco XXrun to save one’s life (Lit. ‘snatch oneself’) Koi piuŋana, tizuk pa pok, to iwe koi Koki itum ma la! —Run for your (SG) life! porpooro. —Tobacco leaves that are tied -koki ute- putuunu together, when they are wrapped with pok XXrun away from danger, flee (Lit. ‘snatch leaves, then it becomes a bundle of tobacco. one’s skull’) -kan koi Tila tikoki uten putuunu, pa ke ipol. —They XXsmoke (a cigarette or cigar) ran away from the falling tree. -maata koi -koko V_Tr Redup XXsmoke, inhale XXtie shut (baskets, mouth of bags when Ni imaata koi. —He is inhaling [sucking they are very full, so that the sides the smoke in so that the burning end of do not touch), cover with leaves or the cigarette glows]. something (so that things do not fall off) -sen koi Koko ŋgamar kezeene. —Tie the basket shut. XXinhale smoke (from a cigarette or cigar) kokoŋa- N_Inal_Stative -koikoi V_Intr Redup XXtied shut XXget burnt, get scorched on the outside Pelpeele tiŋgi kezeene kokoŋana. —This (but the inside is not cooked yet) basket is tied shut. Serembat tiŋgi ineene mi ikoikoi. —This -kokokaala sweet potato was roasted and got scorched. XXcover the contents and tie shut Re pa serembat, ko ikoikoi! —Look after the Kokokaala kaŋar tana, kokena pikin kokou 125 -kolkol tiyapas. —Cover the galip nuts and tie it Yesu kola imiili. —Jesus will certainly return. [the basket] shut lest the kids snatch some. Sua tana kola imbotmbot ma alok. —That kokou1 N talk will certainly endure forever. XXwhite ashes Pa aigule ta sombe kan, na kola meete. Mbuleene isu kokou uunu mi imbotmbot. —For on the day when you (SG) eat it, you —He sat by the ashes and stayed [there]. will certainly die. Zin tiwe kokou men. —They were reduced -koleege V_Intr to ashes. XXget caught on, get snagged on -tut kokou Kwiili ikoleege la pat. —The hook got XXput ashes or white dust on oneself (as a caught on a stone. sign of sorrow, or in order to decorate Wooro ikoleege lae ke namaana. —The rope oneself when dancing) got caught on a tree branch. Titut zin pa kokou makiŋ, to tirak. —After, -kolekleege V_Intr Redup they finished decorating themselves with -pakoleege V_Tr white ashes, then they danced. XXcause to get caught on, get snagged on Sombe sala peege neezeŋana, na tutu pa Asiŋ ipakoleege wooro tana lae ke kokou, to sala. Naso neeze tikanu som. namaana? —Who got that rope caught on —If you (SG) climb up [to get] betel-peppers the tree branch? and [the tree] has a lot of biting ants, then -parkoleege V_Middle put white ashes on yourself before you go XXget caught on each other up. Then the ants won’t bite you. Zin tikeene ye ma yaaba kizin tiparkoleege. see also: kou ‘powdered lime’ —They were fishing and their fishing -kokou2 V_Intr_Stative lines got caught on each other. XXbe white see also: -ko, -leege Mburu kizin ikokou kat. —Their clothing kolekole N_Event Redup was very white. XXskin disease (possibly yaws) Mbenmbeete sananŋana ikam namaana ma dial.var. sakusaku (Central) ikokou kat. —Bad sores made her hands -koliuliu V_Intr Redup very white. XXgo around something several times kokouŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXstay around, hang around XXwhite Ni ikoliuliu su paiaman. —He stays/hangs man kokouŋan ru —two white birds around the smokehouse. mata- kokouŋana ise —eyes roll, faint Ni ipa ma ila molo som. Ikoliuliu ruumu mi -kol V_Intr inmbot. —He does not go far away. He XXflap, move in the water (used of turtles, keeps hanging around the house. squids) Lokon tikoliuliu ti. —The flies are all Pen begeene kol pa ru na lele pakaana imap. around us. —A turtle only needs to flap its fins twice -pakoliuliu V_Tr Redup and it will have gone a long distance. XXwalk around, go around kolkol/ -kolkol V_Intr Sombe naŋgaŋ tipakoliuliu Karapo, nako XXflap, move hands/flippers/wings back Nakayobi iyaamba zin. —If the youngsters and forth, wave walk around in Karapo, old Nakayo will Ye ikolkol ma imbotmbot. —The fish is scold them. moving [its fins] but not going anywhere. see also: -liu Mbia begeene kolkol ma inmbot sala kun i. -kolkol V_Intr_Stative Redup —The flying fox is flapping its wings up XXbe empty in the breadfruit tree. Kuuru ikolkol. —The pot is empty. Nomom kolkol paso? —Why are you (SG) Nio ti aŋute yaamba som. Leleŋ ikolkol waving your hands back and forth? kat. —I do not know black magic. I don’t kola Adv_PrePredP have anything at all inside me. [=I am XXcertain future completely innocent.] a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kolman 126 kolou

Kiri kini leleene ikolkol kek. Ye kini, ta something that we (INC) are looking over at tiŋgiimi ma imap. —Her basket is already it, and in the blink of an eye it is gone. empty. All of her fish has been bought. kolom kolom V_Intr_Uninflected Redup kolkolŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXflutter, blink (used of one’s eyes, due to XXempty some irritation) Ni namaana kolkolŋana ma imar. —He Motom kolom kolom paso? —Why are you (SG) came empty-handed. blinking your eyes? kolman N_Stative kolomboŋ N XXolder person, adult, village elder XXplant type (cane type, very thorny) Zin kolman timboro kar. —The older men Sombe kolomboŋ ikotaata mbeete ku, are looking after the village. to isaana kat. —If a kolomboŋ plant kolman tiam —our (EXC) old men scratches your (SG) sore, then the sore will XXhigh in status get much worse. Ni isu kaimer pio, mi tamen ni kolman pio. Koroŋ boozomen ipakalkaali ma kembei —He was born later than me, but he is kolomboŋ ikowo i. Mboti kini ambai som. still my elder [i.e. he has higher status —Everything is against him and it is like than me, because his father was born thorny plants are scratching him. His life before my father]. is not good. XXfellow (can be used of any male, nama- ikolomboŋboŋ V_Intr Redup including young children) XXfiddle with other people’s things Kolman tis! —This fellow here [did it]! Nomoyom ikolomboŋboŋ pepe! Kaŋkaŋ -we kolman pa ma kamar. (=Kumbuulu koroŋ kizin wal XXbecome experienced in pakan pepe) —Don’t go aside and fiddle Ni iwe kolman pa uraata tana. —He became with other peoples’ things [on the way]. experienced in that [line of] work. Come straight home. kolman nan koloŋ koloŋ N_Event Redup XXolder women XXbanging sound note: from kolman + na- ‘mother’ Sokorei ikam koloŋ koloŋ ila ruumu leleene? kolmanŋa- N_Inal_Stative —What is making the banging sound XXolder (out of several people) inside the house? Iŋgi lutuŋ kolmanŋana, mi taŋga ni kolop kolop V_Intr_Uninfl Redup naŋgaŋŋana. —This one is an older child of XXflap slowly mine, and that one over there is younger. Pen/ Mbia kolop kolop ma ila. —A turtle/ Nio kolmanŋoŋ mi ni naŋgaŋ. —I am older flying fox was slowly flapping [its than he is. flippers/wings] and going along. lutuŋ kolmanŋana —my first-born child, kolopu N my older child XXspider type (black and yellow, has a see also: muŋgamuŋga ‘first-born’ sticky nest) kolok V_Intr kolopu tiene XXclick shut, bang shut XXspider web Tilela mi kataama imar kolok la. —They Aŋla pa su ma aŋre kolopu tiene som mi went inside and the door clicked shut. aŋur yo la, tabe ipokapkap yo. —I went Sokorei ikam koloŋ koloŋ la ruumu leleene? to the forest and did not see the kolopu La ma yakat kataama kolok la mini. spider’s web and walked into it, and so it —What is causing the banging sound got stuck on me. inside the house? Go and pull the door so kolou1 N that it clicks shut again. XXsheath of a betel-nut or coconut palm kolom V_Intr_Uninflected frond (used to wrap up things) construction: mata- kolom Nio aŋzuk koi pa kolou. —I wrapped up the XXblink of an eye tobacco with betel-nut palm sheaths. ...kembei ta koroŋ ta terre la pa, mi matanda similar: mbukul, kil kolom na, ila ne kek. —...it is like XXperitoneum kolou 127 komboono mata- kombo pa ŋge ka kolou —pig’s peritoneum XXdo something neatly and well see also: kalala Ni mata kombo pa pelpeele weŋana. —He kolou V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl 2 is good at weaving baskets [i.e. He can XXbe near, be nearby, be close make unusual designs, does neat work]. Lele kolou? —Is the place nearby? similar: mata- mbolŋana pa Kampalap kolou som. Molo kat. XXlook after, protect —Kampalap [village] is not near. [It is] Ni mata kombo piam, tabe izemzem yam really far away. som. —He looks after us (EXC), and kolouŋa- N_Inal_Stative therefore he never leaves us. XXnear, nearby, close (in time or space) kombol N_Event Kar kolouŋana taiŋgi. —This nearby village. XXinsult, foul language, profanity Zin timbot kolouŋana pa kar. —They live XXuse sexually explicit language (involves near the village. saying the names of taboo body parts. Krismas imar kolouŋana kek. —[The time This is done when someone is extremely for] Christmas has come near. angry, in order to insult someone or koloulouŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup in order to make sexual advances after XXnear, nearby, close (+ plural) being rejected. Considered extremely Kar koloulouŋan na, kar boozo kat. —The offensive.) villages nearby are very many. Ni ikam kombol pio. —He used insulting, kom N_Inal sexually explicit language with me. XXfor/ to/ about you, your (singular) -so sua raama kombol (=-so mat keteene) XXsecond person singular form of the —speak using taboo words (=speak inalienable noun ka- that is used to [forbidden things] out in the open) express the possessor or recipient kombolŋa- N_Inal_Stative of something consumable/edible or XXsexually explicit and insulting, foul something passively associated Kwoono kombolŋana. —He is always Parei, kom kini sa imbotmbot? —How is it, using sexually explicit language to insult do you (SG) have any food to eat? people. / He has a foul mouth Kom ndaama irao pa skul zen. —You (SG) are kombom N not old enough to go to school yet. [Lit. XXdrum (=Tok Pisin kundu) ‘Your years are not yet enough for school’] Mbeŋi kombom itaŋ ma tau. kombo- N_Inal 1 —Last night the drums played XXround seed, nut really loud. kaŋar komboono —ripe, round, bluish- Kasaibi isap kombom, mi ipun mos black galip nut pa. —Old Kasai carved a drum ni komboono —new, immature coconut that and carved designs onto it. is not yet usable for anything Tiriibi kombom. —They fastened a -kombo2 V_Intr XX lizard skin on the drum [as become ‘rounder’, fatten up the drumhead]. Pikin ikombo, tona takwaari. —After the kombom ka kaara, kweene child fattens up a bit (1-2 weeks after XXhandle of a drum birth), then we (INC) carry it around. -se kombom Pikin imbot ruumu leleene ma ikombo, to XXplay a drum/ hit a drum iyooto mat. —The child stays inside the -ŋgal kombom house until she gets fatter, and only then XXplay/ hit a drum [one person doing it by does she come outside. himself] kombokomboŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup komboono N_Stative XXspherical, round 1 XXperfect, very good Nu karakiti kanda bret kombokomboŋana. Mbulu kini ambai komboono. —His —You (SG) made us (INC) some round bread. behaviour is really good/ perfect. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z komboono 128 kon

Ni kaibiim komboono. —He is very XXfeatherless (used of newly-born birds) handsome. Man taiŋgi komokŋana. —This chicken is me mboŋ komboono —a good hunting dog featherless. Ni malmal komboono. —He is a very good see also: namnamŋa- ‘having little body hair’ fighter. kon N Saamba komboono, iŋgeeze kat, guburtiene XXghost, spirit of the dead (These are often som. —Perfectly clear, bright blue viewed as threats, but they can also help cloudless sky. people.) komboono2 N_Stative def. Kuinun na tere som. Tayamaana men. XXperson from another area (derogatory Mi kon na, irao tere zin. Iur balakŋana. term, used to distance oneself from the Tamanda mi nanda bizin, takam ŋgar person.) pa kon som. Mi zin wal pakan, to toso Ni Malei komboono. Ila lene lak! —He is a kon. —People’s spirits, we (INC) don’t see guy from Malai Island. He should go away [them]. We only sense [them]. But ghosts, from here! we can see. There is a distinction. Our komkom N Redup [dead] fathers and mothers, we don’t XXpalm type (has edible seeds which think [of them] as ghosts. But [the spirits are called ansau, leaves are used for of] other people, we say that they are decorations) kon. Titeege komkom ruunu ma irao zin. —They def. Kon na pamotoŋana. Kon irao ikanu. all held palm fronds in their hands. Sombe kon ise motom, to motom mburri. komo- N_Inal —A ghost is a threat. A ghost can eat you construction: ka komoono (SG). When a ghost appears to you, then XXsteps, stages, phases, aspects (used you will get confused. of processes where things are Zin kon irao tipamototo iti. Tikam ke ma manufactured) namaana ipol, o tiwenen, tile ruumu def. ka mbulu mi ŋgar, tomtom le ŋgar be leleene, me tikuk pizin, tizugutgut ma ikam uraata pa koroŋ —the procedures and tila, tikam param param su soolo, tipitpit ideas associated with something, a person kataama, tikiriuriu didi ma... (koroŋ ta has knowledge of how to do something teleŋ). —Ghosts can frighten us (INC). They Nu ute kombom sapŋana ka komoono? —Do cause the branches of trees to break, or you (SG) know the different steps involved they whistle, they enter houses, dogs in making drums? bark at them, they move around when Ute ka komoono lup, to po. —Once you (SG) it is dark, they stamp on the floor, they know all of the different steps for it, then knock on doors, they scratch on walls [of you can build it. houses] (something that we hear) Urum ka komon komon boozo. —The Atai ka kon —Atai’s ghost building of a men’s house has many kon moori —spirit woman different stages. kon tumbuunu komok V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl XXclan leader (traditionally led in warfare, construction: ute- komok witchcraft, peace, putting on feasts, XXhairless, shaven off completely and dance ceremonies, literally: ‘ghost’s Uteŋ komok pa kut ikan yo. Tabe tipup uteŋ grandchild’) ruunu isu lene. —My head is completely Ŋas mi Tiambi, zin kon tumbuunu kizin shaven, because lice were biting me. So Salapoŋgo. —Ngas and old Tiam, they they cut off all my hair. were the chiefs of the Salaponggo clan. similar: ute sipirŋa- kon ubuŋ ubuŋ komokŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXmask type (rare, used to be used in old XXhairless ceremonies which are no longer practised) Pikin ti, naana ipeebi ma isu ma uteene def. Ka naroogo ndel, ka mboe ndel. komokŋana. —This child, when his Tomooto men irao tiur mi tirak. Moori irao mother gave birth to him, he was hairless. ire koroŋ tana som, irao irak som. Kon konoŋai 129 -konye tumbuunu bizin men irao tisap kon ubuŋ Zin tiŋgun moori tana. Tikam konoŋai ubuŋ mi timboro i. Zin iwal tipou pa mi pini, tabe mburaana pa ula mini som. tileŋ sua. —[The ubuŋ ubuŋ mask type] —They made the woman disinterested is associated with different dances and [in her spouse/fiancée]. They performed different songs. Only men can use it when konongai magic on her, and therefore she they dance. A woman is not allowed to is no longer interested in marriage. see that thing, or dance [with it]. Only the Tikam konoŋai pa lutuŋ, bekena talŋaana clan leaders are permitted to carve such a pampam. —They performed konoŋai decoration and look after it. Everyone has magic on my son in order to make him respect for it, and listens to the talk [of stubborn and disobedient. the person wearing such a mask]. Sombe pikin tamaana ma naana tipomoli, to kon kwoono wal pakan tikam konoŋai pini, mi kuliini XXgable of a house (Lit. ‘ghost mouth’) imar mini [ambai mini]. —If a child’s kon ninŋana parents do not practise good family XXfairy tale, legend (Lit. ‘ghost counting’) planning (and as a result the child suffers kon miaana due to malnutrition), then some people XXleaf that is held up as a sign to stop [will] perform konoŋai magic on the child someone from revealing something (Lit. and he/she will become healthy [Lit. ‘his/ ‘ghost’s tongue’) her skin comes’] again. Nio aŋkam kon miaana, bekena aŋkankaala Konoŋai2 N_Proper kwom pa. —I got a leaf to stop you (SG) XXname of a person who introduced from revealing the secret. various magical practises to people kon patwen living in Mongo village XXstring art design def. Konoŋai, ni tomtom. Imbot Kumbai ma -kam kon patwen ipet ta Moŋo. Ni tomtom sananŋana. Iso XXmimic, imitate (kind of game, first a ma yaŋ biibi imar. Ni iso pa Mereu imar string art design is done on one’s hands. kolouŋana. Ipaute zin tomtom pa koroŋ Then it is put on one’s head. After that boozo. Konoŋai pat kini mi lum kini. Zin one begins to imitate every gesture/ tomooto tikam Konoŋai buziini, mi titooro action of someone else.) ma iwe koroŋ moori kana be timbel zin mata- kon pa/ mata konŋa- moori pa. To zin moori lelen pa tomtom XXstingy (Lit. ‘eye is a ghost concerning’) tana. Sombe tikam pat ka lum ma lutun kon ise mata- moori bizin tiwe pa, na kaimer ko tituntun XXbecome very confused (Lit. ghost ma tisaana kat. Titooro buziini mi lum ascends [at] one’s eye’) raama somsom, ŋgalaŋ, mermeere, marai, Kon ise mataana, ina ikami ma mataana mi tiurpe ma iwe naborou. zugutgut, mi mataana mburri ma tau. konor N —When the ghost appeared to him, it XXgo-between, mediator, message carrier, caused him to feel faint and become messenger (private messenger who carries really confused. messages between man and woman) Sombe nu popoŋom pa lele sa, to kon ise Paitu iŋgo le tamori be iwe konor pini be motom. —If you (SG) are new to an area, iso pa Atai ma imar kini. —Paitu sent his then a spirit will appear to you and female relative as a go-between to tell confuse you. Atai to come to him. see also: kunu-/ kuinu- ‘shadow, picture, Ni iwe konor pio. —He is a messenger for soul of a dead person’ me. konoŋai1 N -konye V_Intr XXmagical practise (originally introduced XXbecome numb by someone named Konongai, can be Sombe tumbutul ma molo, to mbulende either beneficial or harmful) tikonye. —If we (INC) sit a long time, our buttocks become numb. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z koŋ 130 -koogo koŋ1 N straight towards my house. XXbell, gong (larger in size, gives a low- Nio aŋkoŋuru atoŋ, pa tiso tipun yo. —I pitched sound, =Tok Pisin belo) went straight to my older brother [for Kala kupun koŋ ma itaŋ biibi. —Go and hit help], because they were going to hit me. the bell so it rings loudly. To tana ikoŋuru u pa sokorei? Ko le sua sa? koŋ2 N_Inal —What did that man come straight to you XXfor/ to/ about me, my for? Maybe he had something to say [to XXfirst person singular form of the you]? inalienable noun ka- that is used to similar: -paŋuru express the possessor or recipient Koobo N_Proper of something consumable/edible or XXinner islands just offshore from the main something passively associated island of Umboi, especially Aramot Koŋ kini sa som. —I don’t have any food to Island eat. XXinner island people, Oov people (The Oov Koŋ ndaama irao pa skul zen. —I am not people live on the small inner islands old enough to go to school yet. [Lit. ‘My near Umboi Island: Aramot, Mutu Malau, years are not yet sufficient for school.’] Mandok, and Aronai. They trade with the koŋ3 V_Intr_Uninfl Mbula people. The Mbula people trade XXgo straight to a target with garden products like sweet potatoes, Ni ipiri sua ma koŋ. —He spoke and it went yams, betel-nuts and betel-pepper, galip straight. [The hearer understood it and nuts, breadfruit and trees. The Mutu was unable to reply.] people trade with fish, canoes, carved Aŋgiibi pat ma ila koŋ la didi mi itop su. —I wooden dishes, lime powder, and various threw a stone and it went straight to the types of ornaments. They are speakers wall and fell down. of the Oov dialect of the Saveeng (also see also: alala, bakŋa, pok, tiŋ known as Mutu, Mutu-Tuam, or Tuam- koŋ sala4 V_Intr_Uninfl Mutu) language. The language also has XXright up, as far as, all the way up two other dialects: Malai and Tuam.) Kam ram tana ma koŋ sala kat. —Put that Ampera Koobo. —We (EXC) went out to sago decoration all the way up to the top. Aramot island. Kupun didi ma koŋ sala kat. —Nail the Zin Koobo timar ma tikam koyam ye. —The walling all the way up [to the top of the inner islanders brought us (EXC) fish. wall]. Sombe motom loolo pa koroŋ, nako tiso koŋkoŋ1 V_Intr_Uninfl Redup pu: “Nu Koobo?” —If you (SG) are staring XXdrip at something new [which is thought to Yaŋ koŋkoŋ ma isu pa sumbuunu. —The indicate a lack of sophistication], then rain was dripping from a hole in the roof. people will ask you: “Are you an inner similar: ndoŋdoŋ ‘drip, drop’ islander?” -koŋkoŋ2 V_Intr_Stative Redup -koogo V_Intr_Stative XXbe thin, emaciated, skinny, slender XXbe crooked, bent, curved, not straight Ni ikoŋkoŋ kat. —She is very thin. Ke ikoogo. —The tree is crooked/bent. koŋkoŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative Lele ta zaala ikoogo pa na. —The place XXthin, slender, emaciated (used of where there is a bend in the road. animals), skinny see also: liibiŋa- ‘bent’, -kunkun ‘bent over’ Nio tumŋoŋ, mi ni koŋkoŋŋana kat. —I am koogoŋa- N_Inal_Stative fat but he is very thin. XXcrooked, bent, curved koŋkoŋ ndiloŋa- ke/ zaala koogoŋana —crooked tree/ path XXso thin that bones are evident nomoŋ koogoŋana —my crooked hand [the -koŋuru V_Tr bone was broken at some point, and now XXgo straight toward, come straight it is permanently crooked] toward, go directly to -kokoogo V_Intr_Stative Redup Man ikoŋuru ruumu tio. —A bird came XXbe crooked, twisted, turned wrong way -koolo 131 kopo-

XXtwist one’s body, writhe (sometimes yet put on a ceremonial feast for the associated with aggressive behaviour) opening of the new building). Tupun mooto, to ikokoogo. —When we (INC) koozi Adv_PredP kill a snake, then its body keeps twisting/ XXtoday, now writhing. Nio koozi aŋla Ŋguuru. —Today I went to Man/ Ŋge tikokoogo. —Roosters/ Pigs Gauru village. twist their bodies (when they are about to Muŋgu, tomtom tileŋ la sua kizin kolman, attack). mi koozi na som. —In the past, people Tikokoogo pa malmal. —They are twisting would listen to [i.e. obey] the words of back and forth getting ready to fight. the old people, but not now. similar: -kaam be -porou, -kaam ni- be aigule koozi —today -porou koozo N kokoogoŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup XXdaytime, time XXvery crooked, curved Tisuŋ ikot mbeŋ ma koozo. —They pray Ke taiŋgi kokoogoŋana. —This tree is very both day and night. crooked. Mete ikam koozo molo pini (=mete ikami kumbu- ikokoogo ma molo) —The sickness afflicted him a XXclubfoot long time. -pakokoogo -kop V_Tr XXmake crooked, curved XXconceal, cover (edible things, so others -koolo V_Intr1 will not see them and ask for them) XXsing, crow (used of birds that typically Nio aŋkop kini pa taol. —I covered the food sing at daybreak when it is still dark. with a towel in order to conceal it. Their singing serves as a signal that it is Nio aŋkop mbu bekena aŋkam pa A. —I time to get up) concealed the betel-nuts, so that I could Kalau/ Man ikoolo be berek. —The kalau give them to A. bird/ The rooster is singing (crowing) for -kop yok the morning to come. XXcollect water into a leaf (in order to -koolo2 V_Tr drink later) XXbeckon to come, motion to come (using Takam terteere ruunu ma tokop pa, mi one’s hand) tasala mokleene. —We (INC) took a terteere Ni ikoolo yo be aŋla kini. —He motioned to leaf and collected water into it, and went me to come to him. to the garden. -kololo V_Tr Redup -kopkop V_Tr Redup alt. -kollo kopo- N_Inal Zin moori tiwoori, pa ila ikollo zin. —The XXstomach, belly, stomach area women shouted at him, because he was Ni kopoono iyoyou. —His stomach hurts. beckoning to them to come. XXwomb, uterus kooto N Pikin ipakatkat lela naana kopoono. —The XXthatching made of sago palm leaves, roof child is kicking inside its mother’s womb. Iwe kooto pa ruumu. —It becomes roofing similar: pikin muri- ‘place of the child’ for the house. XXpregnant Ut kooto be moori tipai mi tomooto tiŋgal. Ni kopoono. —She is [visibly] pregnant —Cut sago palm leaves so that the women see also: -naama/ -kir ‘pregnant (but not can pull off the stems and the men can visibly so)’, -kunkuundu/ -kundundu sew it onto sticks [which are then tied on (visibly pregnant) to the roof of the house]. kopo-ŋa- N_Inal_Stative Titun kooto mataana zen. (=Tikam ka kini XXpregnant zen.) —They haven’t burnt the first part zin moori tau koponŋan mi pemyamŋan —the of the sago thatching yet. (They haven’t women that are pregnant and nursing a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kopo- 132 kopo- kopo- somŋa- N_Inal_Stative kopo- mbarmaana XXbarren (Lit. ‘no stomach’) XXunder the authority and protection of kopo- lwoono (Lit. ‘under the stomach of someone’) XXmiddle part Zin timbot kopoŋ mbarmaana. —They are Tomtom taŋga, ni kopo lwoono biibi. —That under my authority and protection. man over there has a big middle/waist. kopo- mbeereŋana Yok kopo lwoono taŋga, ka ye boozo. —The XXhungry middle part of the river over there has a Niam ti kopoyam mbeereŋoyam mi amkam lot of fish. uraata ta amtekteege men gi. —We here kopon kopon N_Inal Redup are hungry but we just keep working. XXintestines, guts, entrails kopo- imeete ka- kopo- XXfeel sick in one’s stomach and therefore XXintestines, guts, entrails not wanting to eat (Lit. ‘stomach dies’) Palpaala ye ma ka kopoono isu lene. —Cut Ni ikan kini som pa kopoono imeete. open the fish and remove the entrails. (=Leleene pa kini som.) —He did not eat, toono kopoono for he felt sick in his stomach. (=He did XXsurface of the ground not want any food.) Toono kopoono raraateŋana. —level area/ kopo- imiizi flat area/ plain XXfeel hungry (Lit. ‘stomach deflates’) similar: toono keteene XXstomach shrinks lele kopo sirsir Kopoono putput, mi ikan kini som, to XXrainy, windy, and cold weather kopoono imiizi. —His stomach was Kere zin pikin. Timbuulu lele pepe. Pa iŋgi bulging, but when he did not eat, then his yaŋ ma lele kopo sirsir. —Look after the stomach shrank. children. They should not be playing kopo- ndokŋana [outside]. For it is rainy, windy, and cold. XXswollen stomach kopo- bok kopo- iŋgwor XXfull, satiated, stomach is full XXstomach makes growling noises due to kopo- ka mbaŋmbaŋ hunger XXall sorts of foods kopo- pa Nio aŋkan men tau. Kopoŋ ka mbaŋmbaŋ. XXtake care of, work for, make sure all is Isula, nako itunu ipeleele. —I just eat well [whatever is offered]. All kinds of food. Kataka, ni kopoono pa Karapo. —Kataka, [But] when it goes down, then it [my he takes care of the Karapo [church] area. stomach] will sort out [the different types similar: -mboro ‘care for’, mata- pa ‘watch of food]. over’ similar: -kan sorok kini kopo- putput kopo- ikeke XXswollen stomach, bulging stomach, full XXconstipated (Lit. ‘stomach is hard/firm’) stomach, also used as an expression of kopo- kiniŋa- mockery XXgluttonous, always thinking about food Nu kopom putput! —You fat belly! kopo- kutkut kopo- ru/ kopo- rru XXheart races, be anxious, have ‘butterflies’ XXanxious, worried, concerned about and in one’s stomach trying to take care of (Lit. ‘stomach similar: kete- kutkut seeks’) kopo- kopo- imap ma indou ise Kopom ru paso? —Why are you (SG) so XXget a bad fright, terrified (Lit. ‘intestines anxious? all heap up’) Ziru timar ruumu tio, tana nio kopoŋ kopo- lumbuunu rru pizin. Ko tikan so? —The two of XXstomach them came to my house, therefore I am similar: ka- pepeebe concerned about them. What will they eat? kor 133 kor kopo- isaana causes problems in the village./ He XXfull up, satisfied after having eaten, upsets people in the village by his bad satiated with food (Lit. ‘stomach behaviour. deteriorates/ goes bad’) kopo- zebelbeele pa Tikan kini ma kopon isaana. —They ate XXhungry, have an empty stomach and were satisfied. kar kopooono iseleeŋge Nu kopom zebelbeele pa kan kini som? —Do you (SG) have an empty stomach because XXpeople are milling around in a village you haven’t eaten any food? Kar kopoono iseleeŋge, pa naroogo biibi ta -kaara kopo- iŋgi be ipet. —Everyone is milling around XXupset the stomach, cause stomach pain in the village because of the big dancing -kuru kopo- ceremony that is about to take place. XX kar kopoono isolooŋgo stir up, incite, provoke, instigate (Lit. XX ‘put through the stomach’) alarmed and distressed because of -ŋgal kopo- something bad happening XXpierce the side of someone’s stomach Kar kopoono isolooŋgo. Tipa som. Timbot XXstir up, incite, provoke, instigate kar men. —The village is alarmed. -paruru kopo- Therefore people are not going anywhere. XXfrighten, alarm They are just hanging around in the village. -po maala ila kopo- kopo- isolooŋgo XXgo to work without eating first, go to XXfeel a sharp pain in one’s side (for work on an empty stomach (Lit. ‘tie example, from running) kopo- suruunu loincloth on one’s stomach’) Ni ipo maala ila kopoono (=kopoono XXdiarrhoea (Lit. ‘juice of the stomach’) mbeereŋana), mi ila pa uraata. —He went Imbel kaŋar kanŋana, tabe kopo suruunu. to work on an empty stomach. —He really ate a lot of galip nuts, so he -pun kopo- has diarrhoea. XX memeene kopo suruunu make sleepy (Lit. ‘hit the stomach’) Kini ipun kopoono, tabe mataana ŋenŋeene. XXvery good climber (not afraid of —The food made him sleepy. climbing) -re pa kopo- Yalom, ni memeene kopo suruunu. —Yalom, XXsee to another person’s need for food he is a very good climber. kopo- tiene (Lit. ‘look to the stomach’) Ni ire zin pa kopon. —She looked after XXone’s own interests, one’s own work their meals. Parei ta nu la pa uraata ki lupŋana som? -teege/ -teegekaala kopo- Motom ŋgal itum kopom tiene men, ina XXprovide refreshments (not the real meal, ambai som. —Why did you (SG) not go to which comes later, Lit. ‘hold the stomach’) [do] the group work? It is not good to Noi yok sa ma ila iteege kopon. —Boil some only think about your own interests/work. kopo- wokwok water [i.e. coffee or tea] to refresh them a bit. XXswollen stomach, bloated stomach kor Adv_Pred1 (because of being malnourished, a 1 XXabove, high derogatory comment) kopo- iyoyou Ur sala kor. —Put it up high. lele maŋaana ta kor a —space really high XXfeel pain in one’s stomach, stomach above hurts, have a stomachache Imbot kor pa koroŋ toro taŋga. —It is above Lutuŋ ti, kopoono iyoyou. —This child of that other thing over there. mine, his stomach hurts. XX Se ta kor i. —Come up here. troubled, distressed, upset (because of peene kor kana someone’s bad behaviour) XXarrow Ni ikam ma kar kopoono iyoyou. —He a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kor 134 koro Anutu kor kana kat -mokor V_Intr XXhighest God, Most High God XXassemble at, gather at kor2 N Iwal biibi timokor la Atai ruumu kini. —A XXrubbish scraper, hard piece of a palm big crowd assembled at Atai’s house. frond used to push together rubbish on -korkaala V_Tr the ground (so that it can be picked up XXcollect, gather together in order to protect and thrown away) kora- N_Inal meene ka kor, ni ka korkooro —hard piece XXarea above of a sago palm/ coconut palm frond. mata- koraana —area above eyes/ eyebrow Amsupaala meene ka palpaaŋga ma iwe area leyam kor. Moori tikam kor ma tikokor ndomo- koraana —top part of the forehead musmuuzu pa ma ila ne. —We (EXC) cut dogo koraana —top part of a hill, slope the sago frond lengthwise and it becomes toono ndomo koraana —top part of a hill our scraper. The women take it and sweep koras Intj away rubbish with it. XX“Give it to him!” (expresses anger and -kor3 V_Intr/Tr the desire that someone be beaten up) XXgather together, heap up, collect Tina koras!/ Tarras! together Puni lak! Tina koras! Pa ina izorzooro sua Nio aŋkor koroŋ. —I collected the things. men. —Hit him! Give it to him! For that Yesu ikor iti ma tewe tamen. —Jesus one keeps disobeying the talk. gathered us (INC) all together. see also: aras XXrake -korkaala V_Tr Nio aŋkor lele. —I raked the area. XXcollect, gather together in order to protect korŋa- N_Inal_Stative Anutu, korkaala yam. —God, gather us XXraked (EXC) together and protect us. Lele ti korŋana kek. —This area has been -kokorkaala V_Tr Redup raked already. Kokorkaala yam mi liukaala yam pa -kor mata- pa mburaana ku. —Keep gather us (EXC) XXall look at intensely, all look at the same together and protectively surround us thing, all stare at (Lit. ‘collect eyes at’) with your (SG) power. Kiap imar igarau kar, ta tomtom tikor korkooro N Redup matan la zaala. —It is because the patrol construction: ka- korkooro officer is approaching the village that the XXstem where a cluster of fruits or nuts are people are all looking towards the road. joined together Zin tikor matan pini ma irao ila ma sam ni ka korkooro —stem where a bunch of lela. —They all looked at him until he coconuts are clustered disappeared all the way inside. mbu ka korkooro —stem of a betel-nut -kor naman pa cluster XXwork together kaŋar ka korkooro —stem of galip nut bunch XXfight together against someone koro N -koror/ -kokor V_Intr/Tr Redup XXshark XXgather around/ at, collect Koro, ni zoŋoono Wal biibi tikoror pini. —A big crowd used mataana kembei to gather around him. ta so. Ikan Niam amkokor la ruumu ki Atai be amre tomtom na, bil video. —We (EXC) gathered at Atai’s house pa tamen tomtom to watch a video. namaana/ kumbuunu put. —A shark, -pakokor V_Intr/Tr Redup its teeth are like a saw. When it bites a XXgather together, bring together person, then in a flash his/her hand/leg Pakokor yam ma ama ku. —Gather us (EXC) is cut off. to yourself. -korok 135 -korpi

-korok V_Tr koroŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative XXpick up and throw by hand (careful XXpart, bit action) Nio aŋzem koroŋŋana ri. —I left out a little Zin tiyembut mbutmbuutu ma tikorok isala bit. you. —They cut the grass and threw it Anutu iur koroŋŋanda ta boozomen. —God onto the fire. created all the parts of our (INC) bodies XXtake a handful Tomtom, ni koroŋŋana tamen som. Ni Nio aŋkorok koŋ pinat. —I took a handful koroŋŋan boozo. —A person is not [made of peanuts to eat. of] one part only. He has many parts. korok korok N Redup Ŋonoono kat, leleŋ, mburoŋ, mi koroŋŋoŋ XXarea underneath veranda (archaic) ta boozomen ko imap ipakur Anutu. ruumu ka korok korok —Indeed, my insides, my strength, and Naana zin ŋge ta tikeene lela korok korok all the parts of me will all praise God. lene na. —Drive away the pigs that are Niom kewe kembei Krisi koroŋŋanŋan sleeping underneath the veranda area. boozo. —You (PL) are like many different similar: mbaruumu ‘area under a house’ parts of Christ’s body. -korok lela V_Intr reduplicated verb + koroŋŋa- XXarrive at the beach touching it, land on XXdenial that someone usually does the beach something (used in insults) Wooŋgo ikorok lela. —The canoe landed on Nu kamam koroŋŋom sa? —Are you (SG) the beach. someone who does things? [implies you see also: -sor lela ‘land on a beach’ don’t normally do anything at all] korokete N_Stative Ni ikamam koroŋŋana sa? —Does he ever XXstarchy foods made with galip nuts give anything,? [implies he doesn’t] mixed in Nu zalla koroŋom sa? —Are you (SG) one dial.var. kodaaŋa, aduŋ, kaŋarŋa- who is able to climb things? [No.] koroŋ1 Intj koroŋ to Adv_PrePredP XXuh (interjection used as a filler when one XXcustomarily, usually, normally is thinking what one wants to say next) La lou lele ta koroŋ to tiluplup zin su na. koroŋ to/ kor to Intj —Go and check the place where they XXwell, uh (indicates some hesitation or usually meet. that the speaker wants to take time to koror N say something, or do something a bit XXbox, case, coffin later) XXplatform, stretcher (something built out Nio iŋgi aŋla i. Koroŋ to, yo zin mburu sala of wood) ruumu leleene. —I am about to go now. Tipo koror pa ŋge be tisiŋi ma isula ma isala Well, take the things inside the house. wooŋgo. —They made a case for the pig to Niom kala. Pa nio ko koroŋ to aŋla aŋre i. carry it down and [put it] on the canoe. —You (PL) go. For I will, uh, go a bit later Tipo koror be tisiŋ tomtom tana ila hausik. to see him. —They built a stretcher on which to carry koroŋ2 N that man to the health centre. XXthing, something -korpi V_Tr Ina koroŋ tio. —That thing is mine. XXclear ground from the base of yams, Koroŋ tina kadoono piizi? —How much taro, etc. does that thing cost? Amkorpi biidi/kiu pa naloŋa bekena itum Koroŋ boozomen imap kek. —Everything is ambai. Kokena kilaŋ ilol ma biibi. —We finished. (EXC) clear the bases of the yam plants Mooto ndomoono iyaara ma kei ta koroŋ sa. with a bailer shell, so it will grow well. —The head of the snake was shining like Otherwise, weeds will cover it. something [unusual/ strange/ odd]. Tikorpi biidi pa kilaŋ. Kokena ilol biidi. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kos 136 -kot

—They cleared the yam plants of weeds smeared themselves with charcoal as a lest they cover the yams. sign of grief and cried. kos N XXink, black colouring, something black construction: -ur kos with which to write XXcause sickness, cause an allergic reaction Tibeede pa koskoozo som. —They did not (due to eating or drinking something) write it with ink. Aŋkan ŋgereeme, to iur kos pio. —When koskoozoŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup I eat crayfish, then it causes an allergic XXblack (used only of animals) reaction in me. ŋge koskoozoŋana —black pig Ŋgereeme iur kos pini. (=Ikami ma mete kot1 Adv_Pred0 biibi ikami./ Ipasaani.) —Crayfish doesn’t XXwell, really (often occurs with the verbs suit her. (=It causes her to get sick./ It see, hear, and know to emphatically harms her.) assert or deny that one has personally Yok mbolŋana iur kos pini. Iwin ma izarzar. experienced something and therefore has —Alcohol (Lit. ‘strong drink’) does not a basis for knowing about it.) suit him. He drank and got all swollen. Nio aŋre kot? Buza ta ituyom kakami. Welŋan iur kos pini ma kuliini imbukmbuk. —Have I seen it [the knife]? [No. So —Sago grubs caused an allergic reaction don’t ask me about it.] The knife, you in him, making his skin break out in yourselves took it. pimples. kot som kosa N XXnot at all, not a bit alt. koroŋ sa def. som ma som kat XXsomething, anything (usually occurs Nio aŋute kot som. —I don’t know anything in irrealis utterances, i.e. negated, about it at all. conditional, interrogative, or doubtful Tire kot zin som. Ko tila padei? —They modality) didn’t see them at all. Where might they Nio aŋpasaana kosa som. —I did not hurt have gone? anything. Nio aŋleŋ kot som. So sua biibi to aŋleŋ. —I Nio, kosa ila leleŋ ta aŋmar, mana ni imeete. don’t hear [what you are saying] at all. —As for me, something went inside me Speak louder so I can hear. causing me to come before he died. see also: kat ‘very, really, well’, pe ‘well’ kosasa N Redup (in negated sentences) XXsome sort of thing, anything, nothing -kot2 V_Tr Nio aŋmoto kosasa som. —I am not afraid XXbreak by hitting with some object so that of anything. it breaks into pieces, crack open, strike, hit Anutu itat pa kosasa som. —God is not Nio aŋkot kaŋar pa pat. —I break open hindered by anything./ There is nothing galip nuts by striking them with a stone. that God can’t do. XXknock out (used of knocking out a pig’s -kosal V_Tr molars) XXgo past, pass by Tikot ŋge ka waŋ. —They knocked out the Zin Koobo titeege ye ma tile mi tikosal yo. pig’s upper molars. —The inner islanders came in holding XXhit something in order to make noise fish, and went past me. Kam pat mi kot zwor be ŋge ileŋ mi imar ikan -kozalzal V_Tr Redup ka kini. —Take a stone and hit the big clam dial.var. -kotzaala (Marile) shell [used for feeding pigs], so that the pig koskoozo N Redup will hear it and come to eat its food. XXcharcoal Kot belo be tomtom tileŋ ma timar. —Hit you ka koskoozo —charcoal left from a fire the [church] bell, so that people will hear Kala you muriini, mi koro koskoozo ise [it] and come. nomoyom. —Go to the fireplace and take kotŋa- N_Inal_Event a handful of charcoal. XXbreaking, striking, knocking, hitting Timoŋ zin pa koskoozo, mi titaŋ. —They uraata ki ŋge ka waŋ kotŋana —ceremony -kot 137 -kotkaala

of knocking out the two upper molars Pokot koroŋ kini ta ikam pu na. from a pig —Compensate him for the things he has def. (Mburu ki uraata kotŋana na: zeeze, sor, given you. mbaara namaana, ŋgereeze, mi pat) Kam sor pokotŋana N_Inal_Event mi ŋgal waŋ uunu muŋgu, to kam ŋgereeze XXrevenge, vengance be kot waŋ pa (pun ŋgereeze pa pat). Zeeze Ni siŋiini iboboobo pa mbulu pokotŋana. na, tuur ila ŋge zuruunu mi ŋge ka keskeeze. —His blood is calling out for revenge. To kam mbaara namaana ma ur la ŋge -kot se V_Tr kwoono mi ŋgal waŋ mi kot waŋ ma isu. To XXrespect, look up to ze indom ma ikoogo. —The things needed construction: mata- kot se ki for the work of knocking out upper molars, Kuur kat leleyom pizin mi motoyom kot se are: a plug, needle, branch of a mbaara kizin. —Love them and respect them. tree, a shoulder blade bone, and a stone. -kot zugut V_Intr Take the needle and stab it into the base XXwalk in darkness of the molar first, then take the shoulder Nio aŋkot zugut ma aŋsoborou sala ke blade bone to knock the molars (=put the pataana. —I walked in complete darkness shoulder blade bone against the molars and stumbled over a log. and hit the bone with the stone). The plug, -kotaata V_Tr Compound we put it in the pig’s lips and jaw. Then XXscratch, sharp thing gets stuck into take the branch of mbaara wood and put something and pulls it it in the pig’s mouth against the molar and Sombe kolomboŋ ikotaata mbeete, to isaana knock out the molar. Then the tusks will kat. —If a kolomboŋ plant scratches a bend around into a circle as they grow. sore, then it will get much worse. see also: -pun, -rou Katarra ikotaata yo. —A katarra vine -kotgeege scratched me. XXbreak nuts and heap them together see also: -ko, -taata -kotmumu -kotgeege V_Tr XXsmash into small pieces (galip nuts, XXhit many things and break them open guumu putuunu, kou) Kotgeege ni rimos! Kot se ru men, na irao. -kotyaara —Don’t break open too many coconuts. XXbreak into pieces (using something blunt If you (SG) break open just two, that is like stone) enough. -kot3 V_Tr Ni ikotgeege ni be ikut. —He broke open XXrepay, pay back coconuts in order to smoke them. Ni ikot ŋge ta aŋkam pini. —He repaid the Kotgeege kaŋar mi isu, mi tizim moori ko pig that I gave to him. ipiili. —Break open the galip nuts, and XX distributed throughout your (SG) younger sister will remove the Sua ikot toono ta boozomen. —The talk kernels from their shells. went to all lands. kotiizi N Tomooto mi moori tikot ruumu. —Men and construction: ka- kotiizi women were distributed throughout the XXthorns of sago palm fronds houses. Meene ti, ka kotiizi somŋana. —This sago XXas long as, for the extent of time that palm has no thorns on its fronds. …ikot mazwaana ta boozomen ta iti tombot meene ka kotiizi —sago thorns taiŋgi. —…for as long as we (INC) live here. dial.var. mataana (Marile) -kodot V_Tr Redup -kotkaala V_Tr -pokot V_Tr XXclose, shut, fasten, cover similar: -pekel Kotkaala kataama. —Close the door. XX repay, pay back, compensate, take Kotkaala kuuru kwoono. —Put the lid on revenge, avenge the pot. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kotke 138 -kotut -koto kete- XXclose in, lock inside XXrefresh with a bit of food Nio aŋkotkaali ila ruumu leleene. —I locked Nio ko aŋkam koyom kini ri sa be kokoto him inside the house. keteyom pa. —I’ll get you (PL) some food kotkaalaŋa- N_Inal_Stative so you can refresh yourselves. XXclosed, fastened -kototo V_Tr Redup kataama kotkaalaŋana —a closed door -kotokaala V_Tr -kotke V_Tr XXcover up XXknock off something using some Kotokaala kini pa lokon. —Cover up the instrument, chip off food from the flies. def. Kam koroŋ ma izem muriini ma ila ne. -parkoto V_Middle —You (SG) cause something to leave its XXlie on top of each other place and go away. Ŋge tiparkoto zin. —The pigs are lying on Ni ikam ke ma igiibi sala na, ikotke we top of each other. mazaana pakan ma titoptop. —He took a -kotoraama V_Tr stick and when he threw it up, it knocked XXignore someone’s talk by not responding off some ripe mangos and they fell down. to it, oppose, downplay (Lit. cover-with’) Wai, mbu tio, tikotke ma ila ne. —Hey, my Tileŋ mi tikotoraama sua tiam mi kwon ila betel-nuts, they have knocked [them] off pa sua toro. —They heard, but ignored and [they are] gone! our talk and spoke about another topic. Kozo kotke siel tana isu muŋgu mi tere ka XXkeep silent about something, keep secret, kene, to rou kiruuŋu isula mini. —Knock not reveal off that rafter and let’s see the proper Lutun moori ni kopoono, tamen zin tiswe place for it, and then you (SG) [can] nail it som. Tikotoraama mi timbot. —Their down again. daughter is pregnant, but they have not similar: -peteke revealed it. They are keeping it secret. kotkot N Redup -kotpaala V_Tr XXdriftwood (floating) XXbreak in half, split in half (Lit. ‘hit-break’) Kotkot tisur ma tisala peende ma bok. Kotpaala mbu. —Break the betel-nut in half. —Driftwood floated onto the beach and it Tamaŋ ikam nakabasi mi ikotpaala ni. was full of it. —My father took an axe and split the -kotmumu V_Tr coconut in half. XXsmash into small pieces using a stone XXbreak open (galip nuts, shells, coral etc) Man ikotpaala kutuluunu. —A chicken Kotmumu kaŋar pepe. Kotgeege men. broke out [from its egg]. —Don’t smash the galip nuts. Just break Man lutuunu ikam kikik. Ko ikotpaala? them open. —The chick is making a little noise [in its Zin Koobo tikotmumu sagar ma iwe kou. egg]. Is it going to break out? —The inner island people smashed dried -kotpalpaala/ -kotwalwaala V_Tr Redup coral and made it into lime powder. -kotut V_Tr -koto V_Tr XXhit oneself unintentionally, get hit XXcover in order to protect Aŋkotut nomoŋ pa hama. —I hit my hand Aŋkan kini mi aŋkoto ka lwoono isu. —I with the hammer. ate [some of the] food and covered up the Aŋwit ke ma itop, to ikotut kumbuŋ. —I was rest of it and put it aside. lifting a piece of wood, and it fell and hit Koto kuuru pa lokon. —Cover the pot from my leg. the flies. -kotutut V_Tr Redup XXdefeat, subdue, subjugate kotutŋa- N_Inal_Stative Ni ikoto ka koi bizin kek. —He has defeated Nomoŋ ta aŋkotut ŋana ti, iyoyou ma his enemies -koto itu- isaana kat. —This hand of mine that I hit hurts very badly. XXhumble, restrain note: Compound of -kot + -tut Koto itum! —Humble/ restrain yourself -kotyaara 139 kozo ko -kotyaara V_Tr pa naroogo ku. Kam koŋ liliibi, kaŋar XXbreak into pieces (using something blunt kodaaŋa, peene koŋ ye. [=pakurŋana] like stone) —Why did you (SG) put lime on me? I put Ni ikotyaara ruumu kini pa pat. —He broke lime on you, because you dance just like his house into pieces by hitting it with your father, and that is why I praise you stones. for your dancing. Give me some Terminalia Keteene malmal pa sokorei ta ikotyaara nuts (=Tok Pisin talis), wrapped up galip ruumu? —What was he so angry about nuts, [or] shoot me some fish. that he broke the house into pieces? see also: kokou, kokouŋa- XXscatter, drive away in different directions koyam N_Inal Zin tikotyaara yam. —They scattered us (EXC). XXfor/ to/ about us, our Nio aŋkotyaara zin mangi. —I drove away XXfirst person plural (hearer(s) excluded) the mangi birds. form of the inalienable noun ka- that is XXgo through, go against, push through used to express the possessor or recipient Amkotyaara duubu ma amar. —We (EXC) of something consumable/edible or came through the waves. something passively associated -kotzaala V_Tr Tikam koyam kini sa som. —They haven’t XXovertake, pass by, go by, go past given us (EXC) anything to eat. Nio aŋkotzaalu mi aŋla aŋmuuŋgu. —I Koyam miaŋ mi amtuundu men. —We (EXC) passed by you (SG) and went on ahead. are ashamed and hang our heads. -kotzalzaala V_Tr Redup koyom N_Inal Ni ikotzalzaala zin mi ila. —He passed by XXfor/ to/ about you, your (plural) each of them and went on. XXsecond person plural form of the similar: -konzaala, -kosal inalienable noun ka- that is used to kou N express the possessor or recipient XXlime powder (made by heating up pieces of something consumable/edible or of coral. It is chewed together with something passively associated mbu—betel-nut, and peege—betel-pepper Parei, koyom kini sa imbotmbot? —How is fruits or leaves, producing a red mixture it, do you (PL) have any food to eat? in the mouth) Koyom koi bizin tizaŋzaaŋa yom. —Your (PL) Iti tiŋgimŋgiimi kou la kizin Koobo. —We enemies are waiting to ambush you. (INC) usually buy lime from the inner kozere Adv_PredP island people. alt. kozeere, kozare, kozari Ur kou ila you ka kokou be ipabayou. Pa XXearly morning (before one can see well) iŋgi ilomo. Teseŋ na, isiŋsiŋ som/ ipeeze Iti tekeene ma kozere kek. —We (INC) slept som. —Put the coral on the fire’s ashes to and it was already early morning. heat it up. For it has cooled down. When Tombot kar ma kozere ŋana, to tala pa su. we (INC) chew it, it [will] not [make our —Let’s stay in the village until it is little mouths] red/ it will be tasteless without bit light, and then we’ll go to the forest. much flavour. kozo Adv_PrePredP Kou na imar pa sagar. Mi kokou na imar pa XXmust, you had better ke gubuunu. —Lime powder comes from Kozo mbuulu kwom pini pepe. —You (SG) had coral. White ashes come from wood ashes. better not verbally bother him. -tut kou Tana iti kozo tala, to nu so pizin. XXput lime on someone’s skin in order to —Therefore we (INC) must go and then you ask for something. (SG) tell them. Aŋtut kou pu pa leŋ klos/ kawaala. —I put Nu tina, kozo re u! —And you (SG) there, lime on you (SG) [to indicate that I want you had better watch out! you to give me] clothing/ a loincloth. kozo ko Adv_PrePredP Tut kou pio paso? Aŋtut kou pu, pa nu rak XXstrong imperative, strong desire, must, raraate kembei ta tomom, ta aŋwe kwom will a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kozobe …, so 140 kue

Nu kozo ko la Lablab! —You (SG) will go to Sombe zoŋ aras to takan ku mi lai. Lablab [whether you want to or not]! (Ŋonoono isula toono som. Imbot se mat). Tana Bamla iso: “Nio kozo ko aŋla aŋre lele —If there is a drought, then we (INC) eat taŋga .” —Therefore Bamler said: “I must ku plants and wild yams. (The edible part go see that place over there.” is not under the ground. It is visible (i.e. it Kozo ko la padei? —Where will you (SG) go? is on top of the ground.) [said in order to threaten, implies you ku2 Pronoun have no way of escape] alt. kiwi kozobe …, so Adv_PrePredP XXto you, at you, with you (singular) XXif …, then would… XXyour (singular) XXcounterfactual XXsecond singular locative pronoun Kozobe kuurla sua kini, so kuurla tio tomini. Nio aŋma ku. —I am coming to you. —If you (PL) believed his talk, then you Ni imbot ku. —He stayed with you. would believe me too. Koroŋ ku. —That is your thing. Kozobe kotooro kat leleyom, so kipiyooto dial.var. kiu (Gauru), kue (Kabi, Sakar) ka mbulu ambaimbaiŋan pakan. Mi iŋgi ku-3 Subject prefix som. —If you (PL) had really changed your XXyou (SG) insides [=repented], then you would XXsecond person singular Subject prefix have produced some good behaviour [as a Ko niu kula, siom siom? —Will you go, result]. But this is not the case. or not? [The Central dialect equivalent kozokek Adv_PredP would be “Ko nu la, som som?”] XXjust now, just recently, a short while ago note: Only the Gauru dialect has this form. (recent perfect) It occurs on all inflected verbs except for Moori ta kozokek imbutultul su zaala those beginning with/k/. In all of the other kwoono na. Mi iŋgi ila padei? —The woman Mbula dialects, second person singular was just now sitting at the entrance to the verbs have no overt Subject prefix. road. Now where did she go? -ku4 V_Tr similar: buri XXcover, swarm/be all over something XXhave done something for some time (The subject must refer to something already which is conceptually multiple) Bob ziŋan wal kini tikam uraata kozokek. Mbetmbeete iku i. —Sores covered him —Bob and his associates have already completely. been working for some time now. Moolo tila tiku kini. —Ants were all over kozolwoono N the food. XXday (24 hour period) Lokon tiku mbeete tio. —The flies are kozolwoono lamata mi ru —seven days [i.e. swarming all over my sore. one week] XXsurround, crowd around kozolwoono toro —the next day Tiku i ma sik, tabe tirekoti som. —They Kozolwoono ta, ni ila Lablab, kozolwoono crowded all around him, and therefore toro ni ila Ŋguuru. —One day he went to they could not see him clearly. Lablab, the next day he went to Gauru similar: ma sik village. kubibi N Redup see also: aigule ‘day, daytime’ alt. kubi Krisi N_Proper XXarea in a clan house where the scraping XXChrist of coconuts usually takes place XXMessiah Urum ka kubibi, ina natoŋ muriini.—The toŋmatiziŋ ki Krisi —Christians, followers kubibi of a clan house is the place for the of Christ, Christian brothers and sisters scraper. lupŋana ki Krisi —Christian congregation, kue Pronoun Christian church XXto you, for you, with you (singular) ku1 N XXyour (singular) XXplant type (wild edible plant) -kuk 141 kuli-

XXsecond person singular locative pronoun Ni kuliini rumun rumunŋana. —He is hairy. note: Kabi and Sakar form tai kuliini —surface of the sea dial.var. kiu (Gauru), ku ~ kiwi (Central) XXbody (whole) -kuk V_Intr Mburu ila kuliini. —She got dressed. She put XXbark on clothes. [Lit. ‘things went on her skin’] Me ta ikuk a. —A dog barked over there. Aigau ila kuliyam, to… —Once our (EXC) -kukuk V_Intr Redup decorations are on, then… kukŋa- N_Inal_Stative Ni ikam ŋgar biibi pa itunu kuliini men. XXsecret, not to be talked about openly, not —He only thought a lot about his body made public [i.e. his physical welfare]. Tamaana ipaute lutuunu pa tutu pakan pa Kuliyam mat kana ikamam be isaana. mbeŋ lukutuunu. Pa tutu ta kembei na, —Our (EXC) earthly bodies are in the koroŋ kukŋana. —A father teaches his son process of getting worse. about some laws at midnight. For such kuli- ibeleege laws are secret [and therefore not to be XXtired, strengthless (Lit. ‘skin is lazy’) talked about openly]. kuli- ikam miaŋ XX kukuugu1 N Redup feel ashamed (Lit. ‘skin has shame’), XXarmlet (made from nar cane) wanting to avoid somebody because he Kukuugu isala namaana. —The armlet or she has done wrong to me went up on her arm. Ni kwo sosor pio, tabe aŋma som. Pa kuliŋ kukuugu2 N Redup ikam miaŋ. —He spoke shamefully to me, XXinsect type, used as bait in fishing so I did not come to you. For I feel ashamed. kuli- ikam la -kukuugu3 V_Intr XXbad, starting to rot (used of foods that XXsense intuitively, feel (Lit. ‘skin gets/ are smelly, soft, not edible any more) receives’) Kini/ buzur ikukuugu. —The food/ meat is Zin unuŋan tiŋga ko tizzo pio. Pa nio kuliŋ going bad. ikam la pizin. —That group of people over def. Kuziini mi itekteege namanda. Takan there are probably talking about me. For I mini pepe. —It has a [bad] smell and can feel it. sticks to our (INC) hands. We should not eat similar: -yamaana ‘feel’ it anymore. kuli- karambitmbit/ kuli- karambenmbete XX kulamo N feel that one is getting sick XXclay pot (has a distinctive shape, made kuli- ikam pirik/prik XX in the Salamoa area) experience a sensation in one’s body or def. Mbuleene iwilwil, kwoono feel a sickness coming on tantaandaŋana. Tipombot kuuru tana isala kuli- ikilaala la pa XX pat mi tindou you. —Its base is pointed, sense something intuitively (Lit. ‘skin [and] it has a wide mouth. They place recognise’, for example to sense that one that [kind of] pot on stones and make a is being talked about) fire [under it]. kuli- ila muriini XX kuli- N_Inal become refreshed, be renewed (Lit. ‘skin XXsurface, skin, bark goes to its place’) Ziiri mete tio ila ne. Naso kuliŋ iŋgeeze Ketem su, mi kulim ila muriini mini. —Rest mini. —Drive this [skin] disease of mine and get refreshed again. kuli- iluumu away. Then my skin will be clean [i.e. XX healthy] again. cool off Kulim ambai lak! —May your skin be healed! Kulim iluumu kek? —Are you cooled off? kuli- imalai ke kuliini —tree bark XX -sek kuliini —remove the skin of animal, feel tired (Lit. ‘skin is lazy’) kuli- imbeeze skin an animal./ Strip off bark. XXwilling and able to do something (Lit. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kuliiŋi 142 kuliiŋi kuli- isu ‘skin is soft/ skin serves’) XX kuli- mburaana pa lose weight, get wrinkled (Lit. ‘skin descends’) XXwilling to do something (Lit. ‘skin is Ni kuliini isu, mi mataana itop ma ikoŋkoŋ strong for’) kuli- mburaana pa som kat. —He has lost weight and looks ill and is very thin. (Lit. ‘His skin descended XXuninterested, unwilling (Lit. ‘skin is not and his eyes dropped.’) strong for’) kuli- iur pa kuli- imele/imelle XXphysically able to partake of something XXbe very tired kuli- imender/ imozooro with no ill effects (Lit. ‘skin puts to’) XXacclimated XXfear causing some sort of bodily sensation Kuliŋ iur pa ŋgereeme som. —I am not able Kosa ipamorsop yo mi kuliŋ imender, to to eat crayfish [they will make me sick]. kuliŋ imoto. —Something startled me and Kulin iur pa lele ti, irao timoto som. —They my skin ‘stood up’, and then I was afraid. kuli- imet pa are acclimated to this area, they are not XX afraid. become used to someone (Literally ‘skin -kis kuli- snaps for’) XXstrengthen physically, nourish (Lit. ‘hold XXbe acquainted with, be familiar, feel skin’) comfortable with someone -rou sorok kuli- pa XX dare, willing to face danger XX kuli- imorou have a one-sided interest in someone (Lit. ‘hit skin to someone without basis) XXshrivel, become old and wrinkled kuli- imozooro ma imap Naŋgaŋ tana irou sorok kuliini pizin moori. —That young man has a one-sided XXreally frightened (Lit. ‘skin all spills interest in the women [They don’t exhibit over/ spreads out’) kuli- imoto the same interest in him.] XX similar: -urur sorok kuli- pa feel afraid (Lit. ‘skin is afraid’) -ye kuli- pa kuli- munŋa- def. imoto kana som, inin pataŋana sa som XXhealthy, unharmed body (Lit. ‘skin is XXwilling to sacrifice oneself whole’) XXso committed or dedicated that one is Makelebi kuliini munŋaana imbot ma imeete. willing to face hardship and difficulty —Old Makele still had a healthy body (Lit. ‘sacrifice skin for’) when he died [i.e. he died unexpectedly]. -zem kuli- pa Tamaŋga kulindi munŋanda. —We (INC) will XXdevote one’s life to, involve oneself rise again with perfectly whole bodies. kuli- puliizi pa physically Zem itum kulim sorok pa mbulu tana, ta XXfeel upset and ashamed ambai som. Re kat kom tomooto to wooli. Tiso sorok sua pini, tana ni kuliini puliizi —Wasting your (SG) life on that [kind of pa. —They talked about him for no bad] behaviour is not good. Look carefully reason, and therefore he felt embarrassed. kuli- irou for a [good] man, and then marry him. XX kuliiŋi N have an intimate close relationship with XX someone (indicates trust and acceptance, man whose sister or brother has died lit. ‘skin hits’) Kuliiŋi, nu la parei? —You (SG) whose sibling kuli- sarakrak has died, where are you going? XX kuliiŋan shiver with cold XX XXhave shivers up one’s spine, hair men whose sister or brother has died standing up (experienced when one Kuliiŋan, kala parei? —You (PL) whose encounters ghosts or other spirit beings) sibling has died, where are you going? XXtremble with anger see also: siluunu ‘woman whose sister or similar: ni- sarakrak brother has died’ kuliyeete 143 kumbu- kuliyeete N Ni ila mokleene, mi ire ŋge imbot sala XXsurface (used of water) kulumbo. —He went to the garden and Wooŋgo ipotpot se tai kuliyeete. —A canoe saw a pig impaled on the sharp sticks. was floating on the water. Tuŋgun kulumbo pa lele malaŋ som. Tuŋgun Mooto siltiau iko se yok kuliyeete ma ilae pa mokleene/ siiri ki mokleene. —We (INC) mbaaga. —The siltiau snake moved on the do not set up sharp sticks in open areas. surface of the water and went across to We set [them] up in gardens/ near the the other side. fences around gardens. dial.var. tai ŋgauliini (Birik) kuma N dial.var. tai ŋgalwiini (Marile) XXarea which is ready for gardening after dial.var. tai kuliini (Northern) having been burnt off kulkuulu N Redup Kuma kini ta sorok som! —His burnt off area construction: ka- kulkuulu for gardening is not something small! XXantennae of insect, shellfish -ndou kuma karkoolo ka kulkuulu —antennae of a XXprepare a garden area for planting butterfly Ni indou kuma be tipaaza biidi pa. —He ŋgereeme, mantai ka kulkuulu —pincers of prepared a big garden area where they a crayfish, lobster could plant yams. XX deadly enemy, killer Kumbai N_Proper Yesu ka kulkuulu bizin ta iti. —It is we (INC) XXKovai language area of Umboi Island who are Jesus’ deadly enemies. (=centre and western half of the island) def. kanda koi ta ikamam pataŋana piti XXpeople living in the centre and on the totomen, ikam pa tamen som —our (INC) western half of Umboi Island who speak enemy that is causing problems for us the Kovai language continually, he doesn’t just do it one time kumbu- N_Inal mailoŋ ka kulkuulu XXleg, foot XXcentipede (Lit. ‘Mailong’s enemy’ kumbu- dibiini According to one traditional story, there XXback of ankle, Achilles tendon area was once someone named Mailong who kumbu- keteene was bitten by a centipede and died.) XXbottom of foot, sole (Lit. ‘flat part of the Mailoŋ ka kulkuulu, zirkuumbu, mi leg/foot’) tambuuru tipeene iti. —Centipedes, kumbu- kukun kukun scorpions, and wasps sting (Lit. ‘shoot’) us. XXtoenails -kululu V_Intr kumbu- lutuunu XXbe dazzled, be blinded XXtoe (Lit. ‘child of the leg/ foot’) Zoŋ iyaara ma mburaana, ta ikam ma kumbu- mazaana motoŋ ikululu. —The sun is shining so XXback of leg, calf (Lit. ‘meat of the leg/ strongly that it dazzles my eyes. foot’) see also: -kilili ‘glisten, gleam, shine’ kumbu- mazaana puŋpuŋŋana —strongly- kulumbo N muscled legs XXsharp, pointed sticks (made from betel- kumbu- mbukuunu nut or pam palms) XXknee (Lit. ‘joint of the leg’) XXtrap to catch pigs (made with lots of kumbu- weŋge mbukuunu sharply pointed sticks standing) XXankle Ni iŋgun kulumbo pa lele kini. —He set up kumbu- naana sharp sticks in his area [as a trap for pigs]. XXbig toe (Lit. ‘mother of the leg/ foot’) Ni isap kulumbo be ila iŋgunkaala mokleene kumbu- ndemeene kini. —He sharpened pointed sticks in XXtop of foot (Lit. ‘back of the leg/ foot’) order to go and put them around his kumbu- ndomoono garden to protect it. XXshin (Lit. ‘forehead of the leg/ foot’)

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kumkuumu 144 kun kumbu- ŋuzuunu Tikam kumbun be tiporou. —They were XXheel (Lit. ‘back of the leg/ foot’) kumbu- katŋa- jumping around showing they were ready to start fighting. XXshort-legged, short in height kumbu- molo similar: -maŋga be -kam malmal -lek kumbu- pa XXtall, long-legged XXkneel before, bow down before, worship Namoŋo, ni kumbuunu molo kat. (Lit. ‘fold one’s legs to’) —Namongo is very tall. kumbu- mbinbin similar: -ŋgun kumbun pa, -kan su -pakeŋ kumbu- XX thin, small legs XX yaŋ kumbu mbinmbin alarm, frighten -pei kumbu- XXend of a rain (when only a small amount XXgrab by the legs of rain is still falling) -petekat nama- mi kumbu- kumbu- muriini XXinterrupt someone and prevent them XXfootprints kumbu- paoŋa- from completing their work (Lit. ‘break XX the hands and legs’) not good at kicking, not accurate XX kumbu- u(u)nu stop someone from working, put an end to someone’s work XXin front of, at the feet of (Lit. ‘base of the Ni imar ma ipetekat nomoyam mi kumbuyam. foot’) kumbu- zalaana Tanata amposop uraata som. —He came and stopped us (EXC) doing the work. That is XXpath that one usually follows kumbu- tuunu why we did not finish the work. -yaaru kumbu- XX behaviour, conduct, way of life XX XX walk slowly footsteps, path in life that someone has -yo kumbu- followed (figurative) XXwalk very slowly similar: mbulu -kumkuumu V_Intr Redup Iti toto ni kumbu tuunu. —We (INC) follow construction: mata- ikumkuumu his way of life/ in his footsteps. XX kumbu- paipaiŋa- be/become dim, not put out a lot of light Tos tio mataana ikumkuumu. —My torch’s XXrestless, always going somewhere (Lit. light is dim. ‘walking leg’) kumbu- leŋleŋŋa- Zoŋ/ You mata kumkuumu —The light of the sun/ fire grew dim. XXone who is always ready to go, obedient kumuro N (Lit. ‘listening/ obedient leg’) XX kumbu- ipolpol cleared off area for garden, ready for XXfinished, brought to an end planting Uraata ta boozomen kumbuunu ma dial.var. kuma (Central, Marile) -kumuundu V_Intr namaana ipolpol lup kek (=imap). —All XX the work in the gardens and woods is smoke rises from a fire, smoke, put forth nearly finished. [So only the work that can smoke be done in the village remains undone.] def. You ikan popoŋana ma ka koi biibi kat. kumbu- rakrik rakrik/ rikrik —A fire begins to burn and there is a lot XXbe on the move, walk around of smoke. Kumbun rakrik rakrik paso! Nu tomooto? You ka koi ta ikumuundu. —The smoke Mbulem su. Tomooto ta tiwwa. —Why are from the fire rises up. -kumunmuundu you on the move all the time! Are you a V_Intr Redup man? Sit down. Men are the ones who Tire you ikumunmuundu ma maŋgiliini should be walking around. [said to a girl] izalla. —They saw the fire smoking, and -kam kumbu- the flames going up. kun XXagitating to start fighting (Lit. ‘do leg/ 1 N XX foot’) breadfruit tree, fruit (=Tok Pisin kapiak, scientific name: Artocarpus altilis) -kun 145 kundu

kun abe —ripe breadfruit pakunuŋ —hat, something that is put on -ko kun —pull off a breadfruit using a stick the head for covering with a hook on the end. -kunkaala V_Tr -keende kun —twist off a breadfruit XXprotect by covering oneself Kun ipit. —The breadfruit season is finished. Kunkaala pikin tana pa zoŋ. —Cover the Kun iseeze. —The breadfruit is ripe. child so she will be protected from the sun. Kam kun ruunu ma pakaalu pa yaŋ. —Take Takam mi ma tukunkaala iti pa yaŋ. —Let’s a breadfruit tree leaf and cover yourself take pandanus mats and protect ourselves from the rain. from the rain. Ke kun uunu ru. Ta na, man roŋana. Mi -kun kandaara toro na, tomtom paazaŋana. —There are XXflower (used of mango,galip nut, two sources for breadfruit trees. One Malaysian apple) [type] are those that are carried by birds We/ kaŋar/ puke ikun kandaara. —The in their feet and dropped in various mango/ galip nut/ Malaysian apple [tree] places. And the other [type] are those is flowering. that are planted by people. similar: -ruŋ Teege kun siŋiini pepe, kokena isekapkap kunaana N_Stative la nomom. —Don’t touch the sap of a XXhuge, gigantic, very big, very large breadfruit lest it make your (PL) hands pat kunaana bi —huge stone sticky. ke kunaana —huge tree kun dadaadaŋana —stringy breadfruit ruumu kunaana —huge house [edible, but not very good to eat] tuunu/ ŋge kunaana —huge eel/ pig kun malwoono —pods that hang from a similar: siŋaanabi, magor breadfruit tree -kundak V_Tr kun pereezeŋana XXeat bland, plain food (without any meat, XXbreadfruit tree that has lobe-shaped coconut grease, or leafy vegetables in it) leaves Koozi ko kukundak kini mini. —Today you kun putput (PL) will eat bland food again. XX breadfruit tree that has egg-shaped kundu1 N leaves with smooth edges construction: -we kundu pa kun ka kiliizi XXperson whose presence provides safety XXbreadfruit seed (used of children given to another kunti village in order to satisfy a ceremonial def. Kun ta kuliini isiŋsiŋ/ (itoto). obligation. This custom is no longer XXred/purple breadfruit practised.) kun tubudu def. Ni iwe kundu: Sombe tiŋgiimi moori som XXsoursop tree (Lit. ‘European breadfruit’) (=tire moori puliini som), to popoŋana -kun2 V_Tr ki moori tana sa imiili ma ila bekena XXcover oneself by putting something over ikam muriini. Pikin tana iwe kundu pa or on one’s head, have a covering on woono bizin. Irao tipun zin som, pa tipou Mose ikun mi, mi ipet tiam. —Mose covered pini. Pikin tana ndomoono (=ipakaala himself with a pandanus mat and came to sanaanaŋana) pizin. Iyembut malmal ma us (EXC). koroŋ ta boozomen. Pa zin lelen ambai pa Aŋkam ambrela ma aŋkun mi aŋmar. —I pikin tana men. —He became a person took an umbrella and covered myself with providing safety: If they don’t buy a it and came. woman (=they don’t see any brideprice mi kununŋana —pandanus mat used as an for the woman), then some descendant umbrella of the woman returns and goes back [to Ruumu ikun mi kek? —Has the house’s roof her original home village] to take her been put on? place. That child is a connection for his

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kundu- 146 -kunkun

maternal uncles. They [=the people of dial.var. ropen (Kovai language) his new village] won’t hit them, for they -kunkat V_Intr have respect for him/her [=the child]. On XXrun away without taking anything along, account of that child, they are protected. flee away He prevents bad things from happening to Waene ipun moori tana, tana ni ikunkat ma them. He stops fights and all other [kinds ila ne. Mataana imiili som. —Her husband of bad things from happening]. For they hit that woman, and therefore she fled are happy on account of that child. away. She did not look back. see also: -kam uteene pa, ndomo- pa similar: -ko pa pataaŋa kundu-2 N_Inal kunkel1 N_Event XXtop part (of a garden, river, or tree), construction: -we kunkel pa, -kam kunkel head, source XXoccasion of, cause, lure, inducement, yok kunduunu —head/ top/ source of the enticement (leading someone to do river something with bad results) Ke ta titaara kek, to toso ke uunu mi ke Ni iwe kunkel pini, tabe ila ma indeeŋe kunduunu. —A tree that has been cut pataŋana. —He was the occasion of him down, then we (INC) speak of the base of going and getting into trouble. the tree and the top part of the tree. -kam kunkel XXend, place where an area ends XXinsist, urge repeatedly, press, put lele kunduunu —end/ last part of an area pressure on someone Amsambar ma imap pa lele kunduunu. similar: -kelkel, -maŋmaŋ —We (EXC) cut the grass and finished off at -kunkel2 V_Tr the end of the area. XXlead someone to do something which kundun kundun leads to a bad result, entice, lure, induce XXend parts Zin tikunkel yam be niamŋan amla pa su. sua kundun kundun (=mbukun mbukun) —They enticed us (EXC) into going with —expressions, words them to the forest. Iti Mbula kalŋanda tamen, mi sua kundun similar: -we uunu, -luŋke kundun na ndelndelŋa. —We (INC) Mbula -kunkun V_Intr_Stative Redup people have the same language, but XXbe bent over [some] expressions/words in the language Ni ipa ma ikunkun. Irao imender ma ipazal are different. [i.e. there are dialectal ndemeene mini na som. —He walks differences] bent over. He is not able to stand and mata kunduunu straighten his back anymore. XXouter edge of the eye Ke ikunkun. —The tree is bent over. kundua N Moori ikunkun pa mburu ma ipet. —The XXspider (biggish in size) woman came bent under a heavy load. XXshooting star (Marile Tabaada pataŋana, mi tukunkun pa. —We dialect) (INC) are bent under the heavy load we are XXcreature type (Marile carrying. dialect) (It often flies Kunkun rimos. Mender kat! —Quit standing along rivers at night. It bent over. Stand straight! seems to have appeared more frequently Moori tana, bubuŋana sananŋana ipasaani in the past, but is now found mainly on ma ikunkun ki pai ma irao ndaama boozo the Kovai side of Umboi Island. It eats kek. —That woman, a bad spirit has rotten things and dead bodies, has wings afflicted her and caused her to walk bent and eyes like a bat. People claim they over for many years. see them mainly when they sleep in -pakunkun V_Tr Redup gardens located near a river.) XXmake bent, bend dial.var. kunda (Northern) Pakunkun ke pepe. Ko ipol. —Don’t bend dial.var. ndwaaza (Central) that piece of wood. It will break. -kunkuundu 147 kuŋ

kunkunŋa- N_Inal_Stative Redup with, be accustomed to (someone or XXbent something and therefore not be shy or ndeme- kunkunŋana —bent back afraid any longer, literally ‘soul snaps in -kunkuundu V_Intr_Stative Redup two concerning’) XX be obviously pregnant, be visibly Nu kunum imet pa lele ti. —You (SG) are pregnant (rare sense) familiar with this place (and therefore not Moori ikunkuundu. —The woman is afraid of it any more). obviously pregnant. similar: kuli- imet pa note: Central dialect form -mbuk kunu- similar: kopo- XXwork sorcery on someone (often done kunu- N_Inal by tying up various things in leaves and alt. kuinu- heating them while saying spells, Lit. ‘tie dial.var. koini- (Northern) the spirit’) XXpicture, image, reflection To tana imbuk Paitu kunuunu pa mermeere, Nio aŋre kunuŋ imbot sula yok. —I looked tana Paitu ibayou ma ikeene. —That at my reflection in the water. fellow worked sorcery on Paitu with a XXshadow Victory leaf plant, and therefore Paitu is Zoŋ ikam kuinuŋ su toono. —The sun made sick and sleeping. my shadow on the ground. Waene imeete kek. Mi ni itunu imbuk waene XXimage of oneself (often as seen in dreams) kunuunu, tabe mbeŋ imar ma imbulmbuulu Nio aŋmiu be kuinuŋ aŋmendernder la yok zin. —His spouse has died. But he himself kezeene. —I dreamed that I was standing worked sorcery on her, and therefore she by the river. comes at nights and is disturbing them. XXinner self similar: -mbuk mbura-, -po, pu, yaamba Kuinuŋ ikaka pa aŋse kor mi motoŋ sula. -ur nama- kunuunu —I was afraid for I had climbed high up XXhelp even a little bit (literally, ‘put the and looked down. shadow of one’s finger’) XXspirit/ghost (of someone who has Kuur nomoyom kunuunu risa som. —You recently died. Later it becomes a kon) (PL) don’t lift your finger a bit to help. Amla ma amre Tabit kunuunu imbutultul sala -kunyaara V_Tr beeze kini. —We (EXC) went and saw Tabit’s XXgo through, go against, buck (wind, current) ghost sitting in his garden house. [Tabit is Wooŋgo ikunyaara miiri biibi. —The canoe someone who has very recently died.] went against a big wind. Ni imeete, to kunuunu iwe kon. —When he Iti tukunyaara yaŋ mi wo ma tamar men. dies, then his spirit becomes a ghost. —We (INC) came through the rain and flood. Tamanda ma nanda bizin kunun, to timboro see also: -reege, -rambuuzu, -kotyaara, -seebe iti. —The ghosts of our (INC) fathers and XXgo ahead in spite of difficulties mothers, they look after us and care for us. Ni ikunyaara pa uraata, malmal…. —He XXsoul/spirit (the part of people who have went ahead with the work, fight despite died that becomes a ghost, or goes to the difficulties. heaven or hell) see also: -ye kuli- pa, -zem itu- pa Sombe temeete, na kuinundu ila kar saamba. kuŋ1 N —When we (INC) die, our souls/spirits go to construction: -kam kuŋ heaven. XXboom, thudding noise (the kind of see also: kon ‘ghost’, -patoron ‘invoke, low-pitched sound heard when one is sacrifice to a spirit being’ mashing something in a wooden bowl, toono kuinuunu which is also called a kuŋ) XXmap (literally, ‘picture/image of the Mbeŋi peene ikam kuŋ la Koobo raŋgaata. ground’) —Last night a gun boomed in the new kunu- imet pa growth garden area of the inner islanders. XXbecome familiar with, be acquainted a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kuŋ 148 kuri

Ke ipol ma ikam kuŋ. —A tree fell making a him. thudding noise. see also: kaŋkaŋ kuŋ2 N kup V_Intr XXwooden bowl, mortar (used for mashing XXbe completely, truly dead starchy foods or galip nuts) Ni imeete ma kup. —He really and truly note: Northern dialect form died [He was not just unconscious. The dial.var. ndapndap (Central) verb -meete on its own is ambiguous kuŋ niini between ‘become unconscious’ and ‘die’]. XXstick used for mashing, pestle Kup kek? —Has it truly died? Wai, kam kuŋ men? Mi niini iŋgoi? —Hey, Tipuni ma kup. —They killed him. did you (SG) only bring the mortar? Where Zin naŋgaŋ tila ma tire i kup su ma is the pestle? imbotmbot. —The young men went and kuŋkuŋ N Redup saw him lying down dead. XXsmall mortar (used by people with poor kupunpun N Redup teeth for mashing betel-nuts before XXhusk, fibrous outer part of a coconut chewing them) shell kuŋkuŋ kizin kolman be titut siŋi ila. —the ni ka kupunpun —coconut husk small mortar of the old men in which Re kupunpun ta timus pikin mbuleene pa mi they mash [their] mixtures for chewing isu tina. —Look at that coconut husk that betel-nut. they used to clean the baby’s bottom and -kuŋ3 V_Tr [left] there. XXmash, crush, pound (in a wooden mortar kur N with a wooden pestle) XXplace where the sea breaks, surf zone, Nio aŋkuŋ kaŋar. —I mashed galip nuts. edge of a reef -kuŋ wak —pound starchy pudding Duubu ipol sala kur kezeene. —The waves Kuŋ koŋ siŋi sa. —Mash some betel-nut broke at the edge of the reef. mixture for me. kuramba N -kuŋkuŋ V_Tr Redup XXroots of a betel-pepper vine (edible, kuŋŋa- N_Inal_Stative chewable) XXmashed La yapuras kanda kuramba sa. —Go and kuŋgekuŋgek N_Event Redup pull up some betel-pepper roots for us. construction: -kam kuŋgekuŋgek kure- N_Inal XXhanging and swinging back and forth XXbunch, cluster (used of nuts, coconuts, Motoŋ sala we uteene na, aŋre mbia soŋgol bananas) ikam kuŋgekuŋgek. —When I looked up at ni kurenkuren —bunches of coconuts the top of the mango tree, I saw a flying mbu kuren —bunches of betel-nuts fox hanging [upside down] and swinging Pin kureene tana, mazaana ma imap. Keteete back and forth. ma kakan. —That bunch of bananas is Pikin isula kaari, to ampusuki mi ikam completely ripe. Cut it and eat them. mbia kuŋgekuŋgek. —The baby was put Ni kureene rouŋana. Ŋonoono men. —The down into the netbag, and we (EXC) pushed cluster of coconuts is full. There is him and he was hanging and swinging nothing but nuts. back and forth like a bat. kuren N kuŋkuŋ V_Intr_Uninfl Redup XXsaltwater crayfish XXmove directly without delay or type, edible hesitation to a destination. kuri N Ni pai kini, keteene isu pa som. Kuŋkuŋ XXdolphin men. —His way of walking, he doesn’t Zin kuri tiyakyaago ve tikamam miiri stop to rest. He just goes directly [to kembei zin tomtom. —Dolphins swim and where he is planning to go]. breathe like people do. Ni kuŋkuŋ ma karau lae pini. —He went kuriri N Redup directly (without hesitation) and grabbed XXmany small dolphins kuriimi 149 -kuru kuriimi N Tikeere ni sala urum, ta kurkuuru isu ma XXerima tree type (biggest tree found in bok. —It is because they were scraping the Siassi area, used for making dugout the coconuts up in the men’s house, that canoes, and carved into planks as well, the area under the house was filled with scientific name: Octomeles sumatrana) empty shells. Zin Mutu tisap ke kuriimi ma iwe mon bibip. see also: mbooro ‘coconut shell’ —The inner island people carve kuriimi XXouter part, outer shell trees into big canoes. construction: ka- kurkuuru kuriiti N You ikan ke tana ma ka kurkuuru men mi XXoctopus imendernder. —The fire burnt that tree Tutun kuriiti pa mbeŋ. and only the outer part is still standing. —We (INC) catch -kuru V_Tr octopuses at night XXput through a hole, put into a hole, using lamps. thread Kuriiti na, namaana Nio aŋkuru tret ilela sor sumbuunu, tona aŋsil lamata mi tel. —The octopus has eight kiri. —I put the thread through the eye of arms / tentacles. the needle and then sewed an armlet. Kuriiti irokiskis pat, mi ipa pa naman Aŋkuru simber la mbu mi aŋbaada. —I naman. —An octopus holds on to stones put a carrying stick through a betel-nut and walks using its arms. [bunch] and carried it. kuritriiti N Redup Aŋkuru gaaza pa tuunu. —I put a stick into XXmany small octopi a hole [in the river] trying to find eels. -kurik V_Tr Tikam nar mi tikuru ila sumbuunu pa tuunu XXscrape off (done using a seashell) be iyooto. —They took a nar plant and Nio aŋkurik serembat be aŋnoi. —I scraped put it into a hole in order to get an eel to off the sweet potato skins. come out. Kurik kanda kiliizi. —Scrape off the skin of XXput a paddle deep into water the breadfruit nuts for us (INC). Kuru peeze sula yok. —Put the paddle deep XXscale fish into the water. Kurik ye ŋgauliini isu lene be aŋnoi. -kururu/ -kurru V_Tr Redup —Scrape off the scales off the fish so I -pakuru V_Tr can boil it. XXcarefully put something through a hole similar: -no Nio aŋpakuru tret ila sor sumbuunu, tona nu -kurikrik V_Tr Redup yaaru. —I’ll put the thread through the Kurkur N_Proper eye of the needle, and then you (SG) pull it. XXRitter Island (a volcanic island that blew -kuru kopo- up on March 13, 1888, destroying most XXstir up, incite, provoke (Lit. ‘put into the of the island and causing deadly 14 m. stomach’) high tidal waves) Ni ikuru kopon pa sua pakaamŋana. —He XXlegendary figure whose quarrel with his got them upset with false talk. older brother led to a great explosion -kuru lele- and the appearance of Ritter Island. XXstir up, incite, provoke (by saying Muŋgu, Kurkur imbot yok ta kizin something, literally ‘put into the Kampalap. Imbot ma ziru toono Morkok insides’) tiŋooŋo. —In the past, Kurkur lived in Ni ikuru leleŋ, tabe aŋla aŋpun A. —He one of the rivers belonging to Kampalap provoked me, and so I went and hit A. village. He lived there and he quarrelled -kuru ŋgure- with his older brother Morkok. XXclear blood and mucus from a new-born kurkuuru N Redup baby’s throat XXouter shell of a coconut (just after the def. Moori naman isula, mi tikam siŋ ta imbot coconut flesh has been scraped out of it) pikin ŋgureene. —The women put their a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kuruk 150 -kus

hands down [into a baby’s throat] to clear thunder along with spoken words. away the blood that is in the baby’s throat. kuruŋ kuruŋ V_Intr Redup Nu naŋgaŋŋom ma tikuru ŋgurem? —Did XXmake a loud noise they clear your (SG) throat when you were Pa ki mos, kuruŋ kuruŋ pepe. —Walk a child [and that is why you are now such quietly. Do not make a loud noise. a good singer]? see also: guruŋ -kuru sua pa -kurus V_Intr XXaccuse falsely, stir up, incite XXget startled and run away making noises Kuru sua pini paso? —Why are you falsely (used of pigs) accusing him? def. Imorsop, iso “uuh,” mi iko ma sisiraana similar: -ŋgal sua pa ‘throw talk at’ ise. —It gets startled and makes the kuruk1 N noise “uuh”, and runs away with its hair XXbrackish water, saltwater mixed with standing on end. freshwater Ŋge ikurus mi iko ma ila. —The pig got def. Yok kwoono ta ber la tai, na tapaata startled and ran away squealing. be tai kuruk. Tiwin na kei yok kat som, tai see also: -mboros kat som. —The water at the mouth of the -kuruumu V_Tr river that meets the ocean, we (INC) call it XXspear, stab, stick, gore kuruk. When we drink it, it is not like real Ni ikuruumu ŋge. —He speared a pig. freshwater, nor like real saltwater. Ni ipas buza kini, mi iso ikuruumu itunu ma kuruk2 N_Event kup. —He pulled out his knife intending construction: -kam kuruk to stab himself to death. XXcreaking noise Makau saŋsaŋŋan tikamam be tikuruumu Ni imbutul ma imaŋga ma kumbu mbukuunu yo pa kan kandaara. —Wild cows are ikam kuruk. —He was sitting and got up trying to gore me with their horns. and his knee joint made a creaking noise. XXgive an injection Nama lutuunu ikam kuruk. —[The joints Mary ikuruumu yo. —Mary gave me an in] her fingers made a creaking noise. injection. -kuruk3 V_Intr_Stative similar: -ŋgal ‘pierce, throw a spear at’ XXbe burned down to red coals (food can -kuruuzu V_Intr be cooked on them) XXslide down You ikan ma kuruk kek. Ibilbil mini som. Amyaaru wooŋgo ma amla yok, to wooŋgo —The fire has burned down to red coals. ikuruuzu sula yok. —We (EXC) pulled the It is not flaming any more. canoe to the river, and then the canoe slid Re mbooro beso ikuruk, to kam mban isala down into the water. be ilas. —Look at the coconut shells [used -pakuruuzu V_Tr as fuel for a fire], and when they burn XXpush something causing it to slide down down to red coals, then put the fish over a slope them to roast. -kurzan V_Tr kurum N XXgo into one’s eyes and nose and causing XXpalm type (a bit like a betel-nut palm, irritation (used of smoke) fruit is chewable) You ka koi ikurzan yo. —The smoke went def. Lwoono mi ruunu kei ta mbu, mi into my eyes and nose and irritated them. ŋonoono munmun. Itum ma isala molo kei ta -kus V_Tr mbu som. —The trunk and leaves are like XXnot recognise someone, get mixed up a betel-nut palm, but the nuts are small. about someone It does not grow as tall as a betel-nut palm. Tipup yo ma ruŋguŋ itooro, tabe nu kus yo. -kuruŋ V_Intr —They cut my hair and my appearance XXthunder, make the rumbling sound of was different, and therefore you(SG) did thunder not recognise me. Lele ikuruŋ. —It is thundering. Kusi paso? Ni Apei lutuunu. —Why are you Saamba ikuruŋ raama sua. —There was (SG) confused about him? He is Apei’s son. kusi- 151 -kut similar: -kilaala som Tondou you mi ka koi ikut kooto ma igabgap XXconfuse, bewilder, mix up (ground spirits kei ta koi kusuunu. —We (INC) made a fire can do this to people if they are not and its smoke smoked the thatching and it familiar with them) became black like the soot. Zin undu tikusu. —The ground spirits are kut1 N confusing you (SG). XXlouse kusi- N_Inal Kut ikan uteŋ ma ituntun. —Lice are biting XXspouse, husband my head and [making] it itch. Namoŋo, ni Atai kusiini. —Namongo is Utem tana ko kut isala kek, pa leeze bok Atai’s spouse. kat. —Your (SG) head, lice must be on it, similar: wae- ‘associate, friend, spouse’ for [it] is full of nits/ louse eggs. kusi- moori -ru kut —look for lice [in order to kill them] XXwife -pun kut —-kill lice kusiiniŋa- see also: leeze XXmarried kut2 V_Intr_Uninfl Ni moori kusiiniŋana. —She is a married construction: kut ma ila woman./ She is a woman with a husband. XXgo down (used of things that are being similar: ulaŋa- swallowed, refers to the motion the throat kusiksik V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup muscles make as the food goes down) XXbe numb def. Toŋo kini som, mi tapabeleu ilae imar mi mbule-/ nama- kusiksik —buttocks/ hands kut ma ila ne, ina teteene. are numb Kut ma ila. (=teene) —We (INC) don’t chew Kumbum kusik, mbulem su lak! Nu mender the food, we move it around in our ma molo kek. —Your legs are numb, sit mouth, and then it goes down, in doing down! You (SG) have already been standing that, we swallow. a long time! Kut ma ila kek? (=teene ma ila kek?) —Has it similar: -konye gone down? (=Have you (SG) swallowed it?) kuskuuzu N Redup -kut3 V_Tr construction: ka- kuskuuzu XXfill up a container having a narrow XXgum mouth from a pipe or rivulet that runs Koŋ kuskuuzu iyoyou/ mbeete. —My gums from inside the ground hurt/ have sores. Nio aŋkut yok sula putuunu. —I filled the Painap iyes koŋ kuskuuzu. —Pineapple bottle with water. hurts my gums. Kam botol tio ma la, to pabukbuk mi lili kusu- N_Inal muŋgu, to kut mi imar. —Take my bottle XXgallbladder, gall (the fluid) and go, then let water bubble up inside it Re pa ye kusuunu. Takan to ipakpak [to rinse it] first, and then fill it and bring kwondo. —Watch out for the fish’s gall it back. bladder. If we (INC) eat it, then it will taste -kut4 V_Tr bitter in our mouths. XXsmoke for a long time in order to dry out XXblack ink that squids and octopuses (done to fish, cocoa, and coconuts) squirt out Niam amkut ye. —We (EXC) smoked the fish. Re kat kuriiti, to ŋgali. Ko kusuunu isu, to Niam amurpe ruumu be amkut kakau tiam. ipakaala motom mi ŋgali som. —When —We (EXC) prepared the house in order to you (SG) see the octopus clearly, then spear dry our cocoa. it. Otherwise its ink will come out and Tukut kopra ma igorok, to ila bek mi tala prevent you from seeing it, and then you takam ŋgomo pa. —We (INC) smoke the will not be able to spear it. coconuts until they are dry, and then koi kusuunu [they are put] into bags, and we go and XXblack residue from smoke, soot sell them.

a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z kuti- 152 -kutun

XXirritate (used of smoke irritating the kutkutu N Redup eyes) construction: ka- kutkutu You ka ka koi ikut motoŋ. —The smoke XXheart, ‘pump’ irritates my eyes. nge ka kutkutu, tomtom ka kutkutu —pig’s -kudut V_Tr Redup heart, person’s heart kutŋa- N_Inal_Stative see also: -ka abal, kete- XXsmoked -kutkuutu V_Intr_Stative Redup ye kutŋana —smoked fish XXbe dried out and light in weight (used of kuti- N_Inal firewood, driftwood, coconuts) XXpenis, male sex organ def. Imeete ma potpotŋana —It has dried note: taboo term, the term ni- ‘being, and is light in weight. physical body’ is usually used as a more Ke ikutkuutu. —The wood is dried out. polite euphemisim kutkuutuŋa- XX kutkut1 N_Event Redup dried out construction: -kam kutkut Ni kutkuutuŋana, ina ka pir indom sala XXbeating, pounding, throbbing, pulsating uteene a, mana itop su toono. —A dried Ni imeete zen. Keteene ikaam kutkut. —He out coconut, it sprouts way up in the top isn’t dead yet. His heart is still beating. of the coconut palm, and after that it falls Siŋ kini ikam kutkut. —His blood (pulse) down to the ground. was beating/ throbbing. kutu- N_Inal XXshaking XXclot, lump (used of blood) Ŋgini ki ŋge ikam kutkut. Ŋge sa ko imbot siŋ kutuunu —blood clot lela? —The pig nest is shaking. Perhaps Siŋ kutuunu gabgapŋana kembei kizin there is a pig inside? tomtom ta timeete. —[His] blood was XXwiggle black like that of people who have died. Welŋan ikam kutkut sula kis. —The sago kutu-kutu- grub is wiggling inside the sago residue. XXlumps of blood kete- kutkut Moori taŋga ipeebe ma siŋ kini kutun kutun XXheart beats strongly, heart pounds kat. —That woman gave birth and her Ni iloondo ma keteene kutkut. —He ran and blood was really lumpy. his heart was pounding. kutulu- N_Inal Motoŋana ikami ma keteene kutkut. —His XXegg heart was pounding with fear. man/ pen/ mooto kutuluunu —chicken/ kete- kutkutŋana turtle/ snake egg XXheart is pounding, nervous Repal kutuluunu, sombe isekap la kosa sa, ŋgure- kutkut pa na irao kinke na som. —A gecko egg, if it XXdesire, really want to eat or drink is attached to something, you (SG) will not something (Lit. ‘neck beats/pounds for’) be able to remove it. def. Takam ŋgar pa koroŋ, lelende be takan mata- kutuluunu o tiwin. —We (INC) think of something, we XXeyeball (Lit. ‘egg of one’s eye’) want to eat [it] or drink [it]. Ke iŋgal mata kutuluunu ma isaana. —A stick kutkut2 V_Intr_Stative_Uninfl Redup pierced his eyeball and it has gone bad. XXbe really full -kutun V_Tr Prime Minister imar ma tomtom tila Lablab XXturn upside down (with the concave side ma ta kutkut kat! —The Prime Minister pointing downwards) came and people went to Lablab, and it Nio aŋkutun plet. —I turned a plate upside was really full [of people]! down Motmooto ikan ŋge mbeete kini ma kutkut. Wooŋgo itapel ma ikutun zin pikin. —The —The worms were eating the pig’s sore, boat capsized and came down on top of the and it was full of them. children (and as a result they drowned). similar: bok ma bok kat ‘full and really full’ kutunŋa- see also: -kuutu XXupside down -kuubu 153 kuuru

Kam timbiiri ta kutunŋana na ma imar. Sande na, iwe kuumbu potomŋana ki Anutu. —Bring the wooden dish that is upside —Sunday, it is God’s holy time of rest. down. -kuundu V_Tr -kutunkaala V_Tr XXcarry something on one’s head, carry XXcover food with another container which on the back of the neck, carry on one’s is turned upside down shoulders (mainly women carry things in Nio aŋkutunkaala kini pa lokon. —I this way) covered the food because of the flies. Nio aŋkuundu kuuru/ yok sala uteŋ. —I see also: -tapel ‘capsize’ carried a pot/ water on my head. -kuubu V_Middle/Tr Zin tomooto mi moori tikuundu zin pikin se XXcover up, protect (using wings or hands) kan bolboolo. —Men and women carry Man naana tiŋga ikuubu lutuunu bizin, children on the back of their necks. tana tere zin som. —Because that hen XXpush over there is covering her chicks with her Yagoŋ ikuundu toono ma ise. —The corn wings, we (INC) can’t see them. pushed up through the ground. Tomtom tana ikuubi pa bedsit. —That -kuundu wooŋgo (=-zuuru ma isula) person covered himself with a bed sheet. —push, shove a canoe (using one’s -kupkuubu V_Tr Redup shoulder, done when something really -kuubukaala V_Tr heavy needs to be pushed) XXprotect by covering, shelter, safeguard Kala kakam maaŋga ma kele, to kukuundu (as a hen does to her chicks) wooŋgo ise muriini. —Go and get some Man naana ikuubukaala lutuunu bizin pa sand, and [when you (PL) come back] then uloto. —The hen is sheltering her chicks push the canoe up into its place. under her wings from the uloto hawk. XXtake one’s lineage to another village kuumbu1 N_Event Leŋ saaza ikuundu tumbuŋ ma imar kar XXstealing, theft tiŋgi, ta popoŋana kini ta nio aŋpet i. —It Nio aŋkam kuumbu pa wal mbu kizin. —I is because my great-grandparent brought stole people’s betel-nuts. my grandparent to this village to settle here tomtom ki kuumbu —a person of theft [i.e. that I, his/her descendant, appeared here. a thief] see also: kundu Ŋerek, ni kuumbu tiene/ tieneŋana. —The -kunkuundu/ -kundundu V_Tr Redup green parrot, it is a real thief. XXpregnant (can be visibly noticed, this kuumbuŋa- N_Inal_Stative sense is relatively rare) XXthief Moori tana ikunkuundu/ ikundundu. (=Ni Ni tomtom kuumbuŋana. —He is a thief. kopoono). —That woman is obviously similar: -kem pregnant. kuumbu2 N_Event kuuŋgu N XXtiredness caused by socialising with XXgrasshopper type (big, brown, edible, has other people that drains one of energy a painful bite, used as a bait for fishing) Kuumbu ikam yo. —I am tired [after Kuuŋgu iŋgorut yo ma aŋtaŋ. —A (big) having socialised a lot]. grasshopper bit me and I cried. Leembe timar ma tikam kuumbu piam. —The kuuru N visitors came and made us (EXC) tired. XXclay pot Lutuŋ ka kuumbu ikam yo. —My child’s XXpot for cooking, kettle visit wore me out [because we stayed up (generic term) late talking, etc.]. kuuru kwoono —mouth Kuumbu ikami ma ibeleege kat. —Tiredness of a pot is taking hold of him and made him really kuuru kulamo —clay pot tired/ worn out. with a tapered bottom XXresting time, time of rest kuuru makia —clay pot made in Markham Valley area a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kuutu 154 kuzi-

Kuuru mbot, ina siŋsiŋŋana mi mbolŋana. sweet potato. Imar pa Madaŋ. Tiŋgiimi moori pa, tonoi Kuzi iŋgor kumbuunu. —A mouse chewed kini pa. —The mbot pot is red and strong. on his/her feet. It is made in Madang. We (INC) buy brides Iti tuute: Posi tiwe kuzi kan koi. —We (INC) with them and use them for cooking. know that cats are the enemy of rats/mice. kuuru sakrai —clay pot made near Sialum Kuzi ikis/ iteete kawaala, mattress. —A rat (small, not so valuable, and not very strong) has nibbled/ torn into shreds the clothing, kuuru namaana mattress XXhandle of a pot sticking out from the side kuzi aimus —aimus rat kuuru kweene Kuzi polop, zin kuzi su kan. —Polop rats, XXhandle of a pot (curved, goes from side they are rats of the forest. to side over the top of the pot) meene kuzi tiene -kuutu V_Tr XXsago flour that has turned brown XXfence in kuzi-2 N_Inal Tukuutu ŋge muriini. —We’ll (INC) make a XXscent, smell, smelly fenced enclosure for the pigs. kuziini ambaiŋana mi kuziini sananŋana XXencircle, gather around —good smell and bad smell Kala kukuutu zin paso? —Why are you (PL) Me ru tiyoozo ŋge kuziini. —The two dogs gathering around them? smelled the scent of the pig. -kutkuutu V_Tr Redup Yok ko kuziini mi isaana kat. —The water Mi iwal biibi ta tikutkuuti ma ziŋan tila. will smell and be very bad. —And there was a large crowd that was Ŋgere tana kuziini irao ruumu leleene. gathered around him and walked with him. —The [good] smell of that oil went see also: kutkut throughout the house. -kuuzu V_Intr/Tr Amtwi i ka mbeŋ paŋ kek. Ko kuziini ma XXlook for something underwater iŋgi. —It is already four days since we (EXC) Zin tamuriŋ tikuuzu kweeŋge yok kana. buried him. He will probably smell bad. —The girls looked underwater for Tiyoozo meeteŋana kuziini. —They smelled freshwater shellfish. the smell of death. XXfall into water, unintentionally splash/go kuzi mboŋboŋ into water XXfishy smell Kolman isula yok mi kumbuunu sala pat ma kuzi- ndaara pat imbukil, to ikuuzu sula yok. —The old XXsmell of blood, fresh fish man went down [to the river to wash], -kam kuzi- and his foot went on a rock and the rock XXsmell, catch the scent of something (Lit. shifted, and then fell down into the water ‘get the smell’) with a splash. Me ikam/ iyoozo ŋge kuziini. —The dog -kuskuuzu V_Intr/Tr Redup smelled a pig. Kuskuuzu paso? —Why are you (SG) looking XXstalk for it underwater? -kamam kuzi- -parkuuzu V_Intr XXstalk, pursue stealthily XXsplash water on each other Ikaam moori tana kuziini ta iwwa. (=Ni irru Kamar tala taparkuuzu lende. —Come let’s moori tana.) —He is walking because he is go and splash water on each other for fun. stalking the woman. (=He is seeking that Seleŋ iparkuuzu lene sula Mbam. —Seleng woman.) was having fun splashing around in the kuziiniŋa- N_Inal_Stative Mbam river. XXgood-smelling -mukuuzu V_Intr ŋgere kuziiniŋana —good-smelling oil fall off (used of leaves of plants) kuzirieŋa- XX kuzi1 N strong scent that can be smelled from a XXrat, mouse distance Kuzi ikeere serembat. —A rat scratched at a def. koroŋ ta kuziini ila molo, ambaiŋana kuzizaala 155 -kwaara —something whose smell goes a long -kwaara V_Tr way, and has a good smell XXcarry something on one’s shoulder kuzizaala N Ni ikwaara ke. —He carried a piece of XXbottom plate of a wall (Lit. ‘rat road/path’) wood on his shoulder. kuzu- N_Inal Koobo tikwaara timbiiri boozo ma timar. XXnose —The inner island people came carrying kuzu- parŋana —flat-nosed, broad-nosed many wooden dishes on their shoulders. [considered unattractive] see also: -baada ‘carry on one’s back or kuzu- mbin(ŋana) —narrow-nosed shoulder’ [considered attractive] XXsupport, uphold kuzu- molo —long nose Kolekta ikwaara uraata ki Anutu. —The kuzu tuunu—nostril collection money supports God’s work. kuzu- ikam XXcarry holding to one’s breast XXsmell involuntarily, happen to smell (Lit. Zin naŋgaŋ tikwaara pat mi tiwa sula yok ‘nose gets’) leleene be tire asiŋ ta keteene pas karau kuzu- ise som. —The young boys held on to stones XXsmell, catch the scent of (Lit. ‘nose [to make them less buoyant], and walked ascends’) under the water to see who could hold his Me kuzuunu ise. —The dog smells breath the longest. something. -kwaara pikin kuzu- itoŋou XXcarry a child XXsmell involuntarily Ni kadoono ikwaara lene! —It is her turn to kuzu- iyoozo have the pleasure of carrying [the baby]. XXsmell (Lit. ‘nose smells’) -kwaara pu lele kuzuunu XXgo hunting for pigs using large pig nets XXland between two branches of a river/ -kwaara naala stream where they come together (Lit. XXpush up earth (used of root crops that ‘nose of the area’) grow and thereby push up the earth on kV- Subject prefix top of them) alt. ka-, ke-, ki-, ko-, ku- Serembat itum ma iwe biibi, tana ikwaara XXyou (PL), second person plural Subject naala. —The sweet potatoes grew big and prefix which occurs on inflected verbs therefore caused the ground on top of (V=harmonizing vowel) them to swell. -kwarara/ -kwarra ka-la —you (PL) go, you went, you will go V_Tr Redup XX ke-re —you (PL) see, you saw, you will see carrying -pakwaara (=-ur ila kor) ki-siiri —you (PL) sweep, you swept, you XX will sweep help to develop, advance, cause to ko-mbot —you (PL) stay/live, you stayed/ progress lived, you will stay/live. Kaimer kaimer ko ro tiŋgi ipakwaara koroŋ ku-ruutu —you (PL) withhold, you withheld, pakan ma ipa ndel. —Long after now this you will withhold book will help some things to advance kwa N and be different. XXoutskirts of a village (in the past, defensive Skul ka ŋonoono ko ipakwaara yom ma fences were built around the villages) kombot sala kor. Tana gesges pa skul pepe. kwa uunu ki kar —School will help you (PL) to develop and XXoutskirts of a village advance. So don’t grow weary of it. Yana bizin timbot kwa uunu pa Karapo. Sombe nu kan la ki sua ki Merere, nako sua —Yana’s family live on the outskirts of kini ipakwaaru ma mboti ku ipet ambai. the Karapo area. —If you (SG) accept the word of the Lord, kwa kwoono then his talk will help you advance and XXgate, entrance to village your life will become better. a b d e g h I k l m mb n nd ŋ ŋg o p r s t u w y z -kwaaza 156 kwo-

-kwaaza V_Tr construction: ka- kweene XXcarry away, elope, take away without kaari ka kweene —strap of a netbag permission (used often of a man taking a kombom ka kweene/kaara —handle of a woman against the will of her parents) drum Ni ikwaaza sorok moori tana, ma tila su be kuuru kweene —handle of a pot (curved, tiwoolo. Iwooli, mi iŋgiimi som. —He just goes from side to side) took that woman, and they went to the mata kweene forest and had sexual relations (=were XXstem that joins a nut, fruit, or tuber to married). He married her but did not pay the main part of the plant the brideprice. serembat/ ni/ mbu/ we/ ip mata kweene kwaazaŋa- N_Inal_Stative —sweet potato/ coconut/ betel-nut/ XXcarried away, eloped mango/ ip nut stem. moori kwaazaŋana —woman who has been Tou serembat uunu, som ru mata kweene. taken away against her parents’ will —Dig up the sweet potatoes from the XXmid-sized (and therefore able to be mounds or look for the stems. carried by one person) kweeŋge N def. Irao kem ma kwaara. —You (SG) are able XXfreshwater shellfish (generic term for all to steal it and carry it away. types of edible shellfish that are found in ŋge kwaazaŋana —mid-sized pig that is freshwater) still small enough to be carried off by one galwai, kausiŋsiŋ, kezemyaaba, zun, kolopu, person puro —specific types of freshwater shellfish -kwai V_Intr Niam amla amkuuzu kweeŋge. —We XX sail to another area/ go on a sea voyage (EXC) went and searched underwater for in order to trade freshwater shellfish. Iti takwai pa kanda ŋge. —We (INC) went Tiyo kan kweeŋge. —They collected sailing in order to get ourselves some pigs. shellfish for themselves to eat. Zin tikwai ma tila Mereu be tiŋgiimi ŋge Tipai kweeŋge. —They removed the pa sam. —They went on a sea voyage to shellfish creatures from their shells. northwest New Britain to buy pigs for the Iti tonoi kweeŋge, som tutuumbu sala you. church conference. —We (INC) boil shellfish, or roast [them] -kwaiai V_Intr Redup on fire. kwaiaiŋana N_Inal_Event Redup kwiili N XXsailing XXfishhook Nok kwaiaiŋana paso? —Why do you (SG) Mbit kwiili ila yaaba, to keene ye boozo. keep going on sailing voyages? —Tie a hook onto a fishing line, and then kwapu N you (SG) will catch a lot of fish. XXfirst-time visitor to the village (such a ŋgereeme kwiili person requires ceremonial washing XXmale prawn (which has pincers) and a feast in order to be properly def. ŋgereeme zoŋoono ru kana na ŋgereeme introduced to a village. This custom is kwiili said to have been recently borrowed kwo-1 N_Inal from the Finschafen area.) XXmouth Ni iwe kwapu pa kar Yaŋla. Tana zin moori kwo-ŋa- tiwe kini (yaalaŋana, menmeen zin pa badly biting (used of insects) Muŋgingin na naroogo, tikam ŋeu). —She is a first-time wal kwonŋan. —Sand-flies really bite. visitor to Yangla village. Therefore the kwo- ikanamaala women organised a welcoming ceremony XXtaste, feel in one’s mouth for her (throwing water, they danced kwo- putput happily, they did some funny things) XXmouth is full (Literally: ‘mouth bulges’) loan from: from Yabêm kwo- isagor kweene N XXeat all kinds of things XXhandle, strap