DOCSLIB.ORG

Papers on Six Languages of Papua New Guinea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Papers on Six Languages of Papua New Guinea Papers on six languages of Papua New Guinea Pacific Linguistics 616 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the School of Culture, History and Language in the College of Asia and the Pacific at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: I Wayan Arka and Malcolm Ross (Managing Editors), Mark Donohue, Nicholas Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson, and Darrell Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne Harold Koch, The Australian National Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African University Studies Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Auckland Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- John Lynch, University of the South Pacific Universität Mainz Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander David Bradley, La Trobe University Studies Lyle Campbell, University of Utah William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- Malaysia Universität zu Kiel Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la Evolutionary Anthropology Recherche Scientifique Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- at Buffalo Universität Frankfurt am Main Jerold A. Edmondson, University of Texas at Ger Reesink, Universiteit Leiden Arlington Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai‘i Margaret Florey, Monash University Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la William Foley, University of Sydney Recherche Scientifique Karl Franklin, SIL International Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of Charles Grimes, SIL International Auckland Nikolaus Himmelmann, Universität zu Köln Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal John Wolff, Cornell University University Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinica Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Jaya Papers on six languages of Papua New Guinea edited by Joan Hooley Pacific Linguistics College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Published by Pacific Linguistics School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics First published 2010 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Title: Papers on six languages of Papua New Guinea / Joan Hooley (editor). ISBN: 9780858836211 (pbk.) Series: Pacific Linguistics 617. Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Papuan languages ― Grammar. Austronesian languages ― Grammar. Other authors/ contributors: Hooley, Joan. Dewey Number: 499.12 Cover photo: Looking down over more than a dozen houses to the valleys and mountains beyond, the photographer was Kirk Franklin, who took it on behalf of SIL. The photo is of Mangga Village in Morobe province. Copyedited by Melissa Crowther Typeset by Jeanette Coombes Cover design by Julie Manley Printed and bound by Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd, Fyshwick, Canberra Table of contents Preface vi Map: Location of language areas referred to by the authors vii 1 Yongkom discourse: ergativity and topic STEVE CHRISTENSEN 1 2 Participant reference in Namia BECKY FELDPAUSCH 41 3 Elements of sentence construction and cohesion in Awad Bing CAROLYN FINAMOR 73 4 Tense and mood pairs in Umbu-Ungu JUNE HEAD 103 5 Can verbs be cohesive? The multiple roles of wiing ‘do’ in Mangga Buang discourse JOAN HOOLEY 113 6 Ergative in Numanggang DAVID HYNUM 129 v Preface All of the authors whose articles appear in this volume are, or have been, members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics working in Papua New Guinea. Each of their papers included here describes features of morphology and/or syntax in a language in which the author has worked and, where relevant, something of the impact that these features have within discourse. Four of the languages discussed are Papuan languages, two are Austronesian. This volume has been several years in the making. As editor, I am greatly indebted to Marie Keilah, now deceased, for all her work in the earlier stages of preparing the papers for publication. Marie served in the Academic Publishing section at Ukarumpa PNG for many years. I am also most grateful to all of the authors for their hard work and patience, and to my husband Bruce for his encouragement and extensive help in the final stages of proof reading and correcting the manuscripts. Joan Hooley Brisbane 2010 vi vii Location of language areas referred to by the authors 1 Yongkom discourse: ergativity and topic STEVE CHRISTENSEN 1 Introduction 1.1 The Yongkom language and people Yongkom is a Papuan language of the Trans New Guinea phylum, Central and South New Guinea stock, Ok family, Lowland Ok sub-family (Voorhoeve 1975). The name of the language Yongkom [jo.om] is a self-referent name which has no inherent meaning. The Yongkom people live in the north-western part of Western Province in Papua New Guinea. They are mostly subsistence farmers, although some have jobs in town, either in the trades or services. They live west of the lower reaches of the Ok Tedi (Alice River) from its mouth at the Fly River to the foothills at the junction of the Ok Birim. From there their land extends north-west into West Papua to the Ok Kao (Kowo River). They also live in the area south of Kiunga as far as the northern shores of Lake Murray and over into the northern part of where the Fly River bulges into Papua. There are roughly 20,000 Yongkom, of which approximately 6000 live in Papua New Guinea. The author lived off and on with the Yongkom people between 1991 and 2004 working under the auspices of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Ukin Kerem, Akope Katupon, Kanin Amyap, Dayop Omet and Jude Dagi have been most helpful in teaching me the language. The data in this paper represents the Kabom/Kagaip dialect which is spoken in the Yongkom villages along the Ok Tedi. 1.2 Phonology The language has contrastive vowel length, which is represented orthographically by writing the vowel twice. There is loss of voicing in the syllable coda for the plosives. Plosives following nasals tend to be voiced. The orthograph <r> is phonetically [R]. The orthograph <k> tends to be voiced or even pronounced as a fricative intervocalically. Primary stress is on the first syllable of the word, and the language uses intonation rather than being a tonal language. There are three morphophonemic processes to note here. When a stem ends in a vowel, and the following suffix starts with a /b/, an /m/ is inserted between them: ari ‘up’ plus -bed (locative marker) is realised as arimbed. When a stem ends in a vowel, and the following suffix starts with a vowel, a /y/ is inserted between them: baku ‘nail’ plus -iib 1 2 Steve Christensen ‘with’ is realised as bakuyiib. Finally, when a stem or a suffix ends in a /b/, and the following suffix starts with a vowel, the /b/ becomes /w/: bereeb ‘fat’ plus -iib ‘with’ is realised as bereewiib. 1.3 Morphology and syntax Li and Lang (1979:308–309) state that ‘the general structural characteristics of the Papuan languages [are]: (i) The basic word order is SOV. (ii) The Papuan languages are overwhelmingly postpositional. (iii) Modifiers (i.e. adjectives, numerals, demonstratives) generally follow the head noun. (iv) The genitive construction typically has the order genitive + head. (v) Verb morphology tends to be complex. (vi) The relation between two clauses within a complex sentence is normally indicated by an affix on the subordinate verb. (vii) There are no relation-changing rules such as passive, raising, dative movement. (viii) Those Papuan languages which have case systems are mostly ergative … Almost all the languages with case marking systems are members of the Trans-New Guinea phylum.’ Yongkom has all of these characteristics. The SOV word order mentioned in (i) is the most common word order for Yongkom, with 75 per cent of the clauses which have both subject and object noun phrases being in that order. Relation changing rules, item (vii), are briefly discussed prior to example (35) below. (In summary, there are no morphological processes for passive, raising, and dative movement, but the semantics of these processes can be attained in other ways.) Characteristic (viii), that the case system is ergative, is part of what I hope to demonstrate in this paper.1 The remaining characteristics, listed (ii)–(vi) above, can all be seen illustrated in 2 example (1), which is a typical Yongkom sentence. 1 Among the other Ok languages, Ninggirum has an ergative marker (H. Oates pers. comm.); Faiwol, Telefol, Bimin and Mianmin do not (F. Mecklenburg pers. comm.; P.M. Healey 1965b; T. Weber pers. comm.; Smith 1977). 2 Abbreviations used in examples in this paper are: 1 first person HAB habitual aspect PA past tense 2 second person IMP imperative PERF perfective aspect 3 third person INDEF indefinite PL plural ADVR adverbialiser INST instrument PROHIB prohibitive CAUS causative INT intensifier PROM prominence COMP completive IO indirect object RCP recipient DESIR desiderative IRR irrealis REFL reflexive DUR durative LOC locative S singular ERG ergative M male SM sentence medial EXCL exclamatory NEG negation SWR switch reference F female NOM nominaliser TOP topic FUT future O object Ø zero form or zero anaphora Yongkom discourse: ergativity and topic 3 (1) Karub kuu ye okad yaa wen-e ambib embeng yenb-ekor-e, man TOP his land to go-SM house small tie-PERF-SM kuyaa dober-embir-imam-een.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania
    Abstract of http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/thesis/ch1web/ABSTRACT.htm Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania by Glendon A. Lean In modern technological societies we take the existence of numbers and the act of counting for granted: they occur in most everyday activities. They are regarded as being sufficiently important to warrant their occupying a substantial part of the primary school curriculum. Most of us, however, would find it difficult to answer with any authority several basic questions about number and counting. For example, how and when did numbers arise in human cultures: are they relatively recent inventions or are they an ancient feature of language? Is counting an important part of all cultures or only of some? Do all cultures count in essentially the same ways? In English, for example, we use what is known as a base 10 counting system and this is true of other European languages. Indeed our view of counting and number tends to be very much a Eurocentric one and yet the large majority the languages spoken in the world - about 4500 - are not European in nature but are the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. If we take these into account we obtain a quite different picture of counting systems from that of the Eurocentric view. This study, which attempts to answer these questions, is the culmination of more than twenty years on the counting systems of the indigenous and largely unwritten languages of the Pacific region and it involved extensive fieldwork as well as the consultation of published and rare unpublished sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages with Longer Words Have More Lexical Change Søren
    Languages with longer words have more lexical change Søren Wichmann and Eric W. Holman 1. Introduction: Aims and data1 The findings to be presented in this paper were not anticipated, but came about as an unexpected result of looking at how the application of a version of the Levenshtein distance to word lists compares with cognate counting. We were interested in the degree to which the two correlate. The results of this investigation are intrinsically interesting and will be presented in the following section 2, but even more interesting is our finding that differ- ences between counting cognates and measuring the Levenshtein distances vary as a function of average word lengths in the word lists compared. This observation will occupy the remainder of the paper, with section 3 devoted to establishing the sta tis tical significance of the observation across language families, while section 4 establishes the significance within language groups, and section 5 discusses competing explanations. First we briefly explain the specific version of the Levenshtein distance used and the concept of cognate identification. In numerous previous papers, beginning in Holman et al. (2008a), the present authors as well as other members of the network of scholars partici- pating in the project known as ASJP (or Automated Similarity Judgment Pro gram) have applied a computer-assisted comparison of word lists in order to derive a measure of differences among languages. Our method consists in comparing pairs of words to determine the Levenshtein distance, LD, which is defined as the number of substitutions, insertions, and deletions necessary to transform one word into another.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Amio-Gelimi Language Area
    DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2013-017 ® A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Amio-Gelimi Language Area Juliann Spencer, Sara Van Cott, and Bonnie MacKenzie A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Amio-Gelimi Language Area Juliann Spencer, Sara Van Cott and Bonnie MacKenzie SIL International® 2013 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2013-017, September 2013 © 2013 Juliann Spencer, Sara Van Cott, Bonnie MacKenzie, and SIL International® All rights reserved 1 Abstract In October of 2009 SIL conducted a survey of the Amio-Gelimi language, located in West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea. Amio-Gelimi is listed as Lesing-Gelimi [let] in the sixteenth edition of the Ethnologue and belongs to the East Arawe subgroup of Austronesian languages. The goals of the survey were to determine language and dialect boundaries and evaluate language vitality. Research was conducted through group interviews in each village in the language area, interviews with leaders of institutions in the area, collection of wordlists and observation. The findings of the survey indicate that Amio-Gelimi has two dialects and is spoken in four villages to the east of Gasmata: Amio, Kaskas, Atui and Poronga. Amio and Kaskas belong to the Amio dialect, while Atui and Poronga belong to the Gelimi dialect. The vitality of the Amio-Gelimi language is currently high. 2 Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Language location 1.2 Language name and classification 1.3 Population 1.4 Goals 2 Methodology 2.1 Tools 2.2 Sampling 2.3 Critique 3 Language and dialect boundaries 3.1 Previous research 3.2
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Metatypy in the Bel Languages
    A HISTORY OF METATYPY IN THE BEL LANGUAGES Malcolm Ross The Australian National University 1. Introduction The title of this paper invites two definitions: of ‘metatypy’ and of ‘Bel languages’. Metatypy, as its etymology suggests, denotes a change in (morphosyntactic) type which occurs when speakers are bilingual and restructure the morphosyntactic constructions of one of their languages on the model of constructions from their other language (Ross 2006, 2007a). The Bel languages are a small eight-member group of Oceanic Austronesian languages. Figure 1 shows a Bel genealogy, based on shared phonological and morphological innovations which are very unlikely to have been transmitted by contact (Ross 2007b). One of the Bel languages is Takia, which I have described in various publications, principally Ross (1994) and Ross (2002). The Bel family is part of a larger Oceanic group, the Ngero-Vitiaz network, and the map in Figure 2 shows the locations both of the Bel languages and of other Ngero-Vitiaz languages referred to in this paper (Ross 1988:160-183). The case study of contact-induced change which is briefly described here has arisen out of one of the central concerns of my work, reconstructing the history of Austronesian and Papuan languages. In previous work I have compared Takia with its Karkar Island neighbour, Waskia, a member of the Madang subfamily of the Trans New Guinea family of Papuan languages,1 to show that much of the grammar of Takia can be explained as the outcome of metatypy on the model of a Madang language (Ross 1987, 1996, 2003, 2007a).
    [Show full text]
  • Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo
    Oceania No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 1 ’Are’are [alu] Iouo Solomon Islands 2 ’Auhelawa [kud] Iouo Papua New Guinea 3 Abadi [kbt] Iouo Papua New Guinea 4 Abaga [abg] Iouo Papua New Guinea 5 Abau [aau] Iouo Papua New Guinea 6 Abom [aob] Iouo Papua New Guinea 7 Abu [ado] Iouo Papua New Guinea 8 Adnyamathanha [adt] Iouo Australia 9 Adzera [adz] Iouo Papua New Guinea 10 Aeka [aez] Iouo Papua New Guinea 11 Aekyom [awi] Iouo Papua New Guinea 12 Agarabi [agd] Iouo Papua New Guinea 13 Agi [aif] Iouo Papua New Guinea 14 Agob [kit] Iouo Papua New Guinea 15 Aighon [aix] Iouo Papua New Guinea 16 Aiklep [mwg] Iouo Papua New Guinea 17 Aimele [ail] Iouo Papua New Guinea 18 Ainbai [aic] Iouo Papua New Guinea 19 Aiome [aki] Iouo Papua New Guinea 20 Äiwoo [nfl] Iouo Solomon Islands 21 Ajië [aji] Iouo New Caledonia 22 Ak [akq] Iouo Papua New Guinea 23 Akei [tsr] Iouo Vanuatu 24 Akolet [akt] Iouo Papua New Guinea 25 Akoye [miw] Iouo Papua New Guinea 26 Akukem [spm] Iouo Papua New Guinea 27 Alamblak [amp] Iouo Papua New Guinea 28 Alawa [alh] Iouo Australia 29 Alekano [gah] Iouo Papua New Guinea 30 Alyawarr [aly] Iouo Australia 31 Ama [amm] Iouo Papua New Guinea 32 Amaimon [ali] Iouo Papua New Guinea 33 Amal [aad] Iouo Papua New Guinea 34 Amanab [amn] Iouo Papua New Guinea 35 Amara [aie] Iouo Papua New Guinea 36 Amba [utp] Iouo Solomon Islands 37 Ambae, East [omb] Iouo Vanuatu 38 Ambae, West [nnd] Iouo Vanuatu 39 Ambakich [aew] Iouo Papua New Guinea 40 Amblong [alm] Iouo Vanuatu 1 Oceania No.
    [Show full text]
  • Word Order Change in Papua New Guinea Austronesian
    WORD ORDER CHANGE IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS AUGUST 1982 BY Joel Bradshaw Dissertation Committee: George W. Grace, Chairman Byron W. Bender Derek Bickerton Roderick A. Jacobs Michael Hamnett Anatole Lyovin Lawrence A. Reid We certify that we have read this dissertation and that in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Chairman ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people and institutions contributed to this work. The initial impetus to undertake the research came from George Grace and Andrew Pawley, principal investigators on the Oceanic Comparative Linguistics Project funded by National Science Foundation grant no. BNS 75-19451. That project made it possible for Peter Lincoln, Frank Lichtenberk, and myself to do fieldwork in Papua New Guinea in 1976. George Grace, Andrew Pawley, and Peter Lincoln have been my principal mentors as an Austronesianist. Pete instigated much of my thinking in this study. His wife Satoko provided invaluable help in getting this record of that thinking into proper shape. I have also profited from long discussions with Frank Lichtenberk, who has often done me the favor of being hard to convince. Among the many in Papua New Guinea who helped make the fieldwork a success, I wish to express particular gratitude to the Sawanga family--Yali (now deceased), Enike, and all their children--who looked after me in their village; and to Jeff Siegel, my host in Lae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lexicon of Proto Oceanic the Culture and Environment of Ancestral Oceanic Society
    The lexicon of Proto Oceanic The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society 2 The physical environment Pacific Linguistics 545 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne University Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Studies Jaya Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- Harold Koch, The Australian National Universität Mainz University Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of David Bradley, La Trobe University Auckland Lyle Campbell, University of Utah John Lynch, University of the South Pacific James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Malaysia Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Studies Evolutionary Anthropology William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- Jaya Universität zu Kiel Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la at Buffalo Recherche Scientifique Jerold A.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF) 978-1-61451-643-9 E-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0070-1 ISSN 1861-0676
    Dwi Noverini Djenar, Michael C. Ewing, Howard Manns Style and Intersubjectivity in Youth Interaction Contributions to the Sociology of Language Edited by Ofelia García Francis M. Hult Founding editor Joshua A. Fishman Volume 108 Dwi Noverini Djenar, Michael C. Ewing, Howard Manns Style and Intersubjectivity in Youth Interaction This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License, as of February 20, 2018. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-1-61451-755-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-643-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0070-1 ISSN 1861-0676 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Cover image: sculpies/shutterstock ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com We dedicate this book to our parents: Widjanarko Djenar and Puji Yuanasari Kusumawardhani Paul and Barbara Ewing Howard Manns Sr. and Christina Myers Acknowledgments This book is the product of a collective intellectual exploration and a shared inter- est in the language practices of young people in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands
    Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands First compiled by Nancy Sack and Gwen Sinclair Updated by Nancy Sack Current to January 2020 Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands Background An inquiry from a librarian in Micronesia about how to identify subject headings for the Pacific islands highlighted the need for a list of authorized Library of Congress subject headings that are uniquely relevant to the Pacific islands or that are important to the social, economic, or cultural life of the islands. We reasoned that compiling all of the existing subject headings would reveal the extent to which additional subjects may need to be established or updated and we wish to encourage librarians in the Pacific area to contribute new and changed subject headings through the Hawai‘i/Pacific subject headings funnel, coordinated at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.. We captured headings developed for the Pacific, including those for ethnic groups, World War II battles, languages, literatures, place names, traditional religions, etc. Headings for subjects important to the politics, economy, social life, and culture of the Pacific region, such as agricultural products and cultural sites, were also included. Scope Topics related to Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai‘i would predominate in our compilation had they been included. Accordingly, we focused on the Pacific islands in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (excluding Hawai‘i and New Zealand). Island groups in other parts of the Pacific were also excluded. References to broader or related terms having no connection with the Pacific were not included. Overview This compilation is modeled on similar publications such as Music Subject Headings: Compiled from Library of Congress Subject Headings and Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Abaga in Papua New Guinea Abasakur in Papua New Guinea Population: 200 Population: 2,000 World Popl: 200 World Popl: 2,000 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: New Guinea People Cluster: New Guinea Main Language: Wagama Main Language: Pal Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 20.0% Evangelicals: 28.0% Chr Adherents: 100.0% Chr Adherents: 90.0% Scripture: Unspecified Scripture: Translation Started www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Abau, Green River in Papua New Guinea Abie in Papua New Guinea Population: 13,000 Population: 1,400 World Popl: 13,000 World Popl: 1,400 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: New Guinea People Cluster: New Guinea Main Language: Abau Main Language: Aneme Wake Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 24.0% Evangelicals: 17.0% Chr Adherents: 98.0% Chr Adherents: 92.0% Scripture: New Testament Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Adjora in Papua New Guinea Adzera in Papua New Guinea Population: 7,300 Population: 50,000 World Popl: 7,300 World
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing Literate and Oral Cultures with a View to Improving
    Eastern Washington University EWU Digital Commons EWU Masters Thesis Collection Student Research and Creative Works Spring 2018 Comparing literate and oral cultures with a view to improving understanding of students from oral traditions: an autoethnographic approach Carol Lee Anderson Eastern Washington University Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.ewu.edu/theses Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, and the Other Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Carol Lee, "Comparing literate and oral cultures with a view to improving understanding of students from oral traditions: an autoethnographic approach" (2018). EWU Masters Thesis Collection. 482. http://dc.ewu.edu/theses/482 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research and Creative Works at EWU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in EWU Masters Thesis Collection by an authorized administrator of EWU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMPARING LITERATE AND ORAL CULTURES WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING UNDERSTANDING OF STUDENTS FROM ORAL TRADITIONS: AN AUTOETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH A Thesis Presented to Eastern Washington University Cheney, WA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Master of Arts: English English as a Second Language Emphasis By Carol Lee Anderson Spring, 2018 ii THESIS OF CAROL LEE ANDERSON APPROVED BY Date LaVona L. Reeves, Ph.D. Professor of English Chair, Graduate Studies Committee Date Tracey McHenry, Ph.D. Associate Professor of English Member, Graduate Studies Committee Date Kassahun Kebede, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Anthropology Member, Graduate Studies Committee iii MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Eastern Washington University, I agree that the JFK Library shall make copies freely available for inspection.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature Abbreviations
    Abbreviations * As a prefix, indicates a proto language word /?/ glottal stop 2′ compound for 3 = 2 + 1 or rarely 1 + 1 + 1 but numeral for 4 2″ distinct numeral for 3 but 4 is a compound, usually 2 + 2, rarely 5 - 1 or 2 + 1 + 1 AN Austronesian languages BC or BCE Before Christ, that is before the Current Era taken as before the period of Christ BP Before the present CE or AD In the current era, that is after the year of the Lord (Domino/Dominum) Christ CSQ, MQ Counting System Questionnaire; Measurement Questionnaire d. dialect IMP Indigenous Mathematics Project Manus type Lean used this to refer to counting systems that used subtraction from 10 such as 7=10-3, 8=10-2, 9=10-1, often with the meaning e.g. for 7 as 3 needed to com- plete the group MC Micronesian Motu type Lean used this to refer to counting systems that used pairs such as 6=2x3, 7=2x3+1, 8=2x4, 9=2x4+1 NAN Non-Austronesian (also called Papuan) languages NCQ, CQN Noun, classifier, quantifier; classifier, quantifier, noun NQC, QCN Noun, quantifier, classifier; quantifier, classifier, noun NTM New Tribes Mission, PNG PAN Proto Austronesian PN Polynesian PNG Papua New Guinea POC Proto Oceanic QC, CQ Order of quantifier-classifier; classifier-quantifier respectively SHWNG South Halmahera West New Guinea (AN Non-Oceanic language of the Central- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, a subgroup of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian) after Tryon (2006) SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics SOV Order of words in a sentence: Subject Object Verb SVO Order of words in a sentence: Subject Verb Object TNG Trans New Guinea Phylum Nomenclature The Australian system of numbering is used.
    [Show full text]