Dwi Noverini Djenar, Michael C. Ewing, Howard Manns Style and Intersubjectivity in Youth Interaction Contributions to the Sociology of Language Edited by Ofelia García Francis M. Hult Founding editor Joshua A. Fishman Volume 108 Dwi Noverini Djenar, Michael C. Ewing, Howard Manns Style and Intersubjectivity in Youth Interaction This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License, as of February 20, 2018. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-1-61451-755-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-643-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0070-1 ISSN 1861-0676 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Cover image: sculpies/shutterstock ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com We dedicate this book to our parents: Widjanarko Djenar and Puji Yuanasari Kusumawardhani Paul and Barbara Ewing Howard Manns Sr. and Christina Myers Acknowledgments This book is the product of a collective intellectual exploration and a shared inter- est in the language practices of young people in Indonesia. Through numerous meetings, both face-to-face and via Skype, we have discussed and debated differ- ent theoretical concepts as well as the many examples that appear in this book. Though the three of us have known each other for some years, writing a book together has afforded us the opportunity to appreciate the differences in our aca- demic background and interest and given us the courage to meet the challenge of aligning differing analytical perspectives in order to provide a rich account of the multi-situated nature of language use. Meeting that challenge was not always easy but was always a fruitful process. When we embarked on this project, we knew that examining youth language practices would be a satisfying endeavour. We are very grateful to the young par- ticipants in Bandung and Malang for allowing us to record their conversations, and to authors of Teenlit in Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta and Surabaya for granting us interviews. Editors of Teenlit at Gramedia Pustaka Utama and Gema Insani in Jakarta, and Mizan in Bandung have been particularly welcoming. We also thank Simon Chandra of Cendana Art Media Publishers, Sheila Rooswitha Putri and Ronny Amdani of Curhat Anak Bangsa Publishers for kindly granted us permission to reproduce the comic work presented here. We owe a debt of gratitude to our research assistants, who dedicated many hours to transcription and annotation, and helped us with the occasional tricky teen word or youth cul- tural reference: Eliyana, Refdinal Hadiningrat, Asdit Leonitara, Linda Mayasari, Harni Kartika Ningsih and Catrine Ana Prastyari. Particular gratitude is due to Enung Rostika, who led the collection and transcription effort in Bandung, and Catur Siwi Dia Rachmatika, who did the same in Malang. Our sincere thanks also go to Jo Taylor whose keen editorial eye efficiently refined this manuscript in its closing days. Our respective institutions have provided study leave to enable us to work on this project and financial support in the form of travel grants, research assistant funding and editing assistance. We are grateful for the generous support provided by the University of Sydney (Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences), the University of Melbourne (Faculty of Arts) and Monash University (Faculty of Arts). Novi would also like to thank the Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies for granting her a fellow- ship to work on parts of this book in 2014. In particular, Novi thanks Associate Professor Asako Shiohara for her support during this fellowship. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614516439-201 VIII Acknowledgments We would like to thank many scholars who have provided valuable input at seminars and conferences in which we presented our ideas: Atmajaya Catholic University in Jakarta, Australian Linguistic Society Conferences, International Pragmatics Association Conferences, International Symposium on Malay/Indo- nesian Linguistics, the Grammar and Genre Conference at Åbo Akademi (Turku, Finland), Monash University (Department of Linguistics), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa) and University of California at Santa Barbara (Department of Linguistics). We are also grateful to the anonymous reviewer for their criticisms and suggestions. Our respective families knew we were working on something interesting and fun as they often commented on how much laughter they could hear during our meetings. But our time working on the book also meant a big chunk of time that we could not be with them. Novi is grateful to Peter and Haris for being supportive and valuing what she does. Michael thanks Brett for his support and forbearance. Howie is grateful to Ali, Oisín and Darragh for their patience and support. Lastly, Howie thanks Novi and Mike for inviting him to be part of such a challenging and thrilling project. Contents List of Tables XII List of Figures XIII Glosses XIV Transcription Conventions XV Common Address Terms in the Data XVI Common Discourse Particles in the Data XVII 1 Style, intersubjectivity and youth sociability 1 1.1 Opening remarks 1 1.2 Intersubjectivity 2 1.3 Style 5 1.4 Youth, sociability and language 7 1.5 Language resources available to Indonesian youth 12 1.6 Youth interaction in context 16 1.7 Summary 21 2 Referring to self and other 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Person reference, multiple indexicalities and intersubjectivity 24 2.3 Indexing private and public selves 28 2.4 Ethno-local indexicality 37 2.4.1 Gua and lu 37 2.4.1.1 Gua and lu in Jakarta 37 2.4.1.2 Romantic stance 40 2.4.1.3 Metasemiotic awareness and othering 42 2.4.1.4 Bravado 45 2.4.2 Other ethno-local identities 47 2.4.3 Names, kin terms and titles 49 2.5 Beyond ethno-local indexicality 53 2.5.1 Religious identities 54 2.5.2 Online personae 57 2.6 Summary 60 X Contents 3 Interactional particles and perspective management 64 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Discourse markers and intersubjectivity 67 3.3 Invoking common ground with kan 73 3.4 Modulating perspectives 82 3.4.1 Registering speaker’s desire with sih 83 3.4.2 Registering indifference with deh 89 3.4.3 Registering accountability with dong 95 3.5 Summary 103 4 Grammar as style 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 Grammar and intersubjectivity 107 4.3 More minimal structures 108 4.3.1 When referents are implied 112 4.3.2 When referents are explicit 130 4.4 More elaborated structures and stylistic variation 139 4.4.1 More elaborated structures 139 4.4.2 Interplay between expository and interpersonal styles 141 4.5 Summary 149 5 Presentation of voice in discourse 150 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 Voice presentation and the significance of frame 151 5.3 Style of voicing in the four discourse types 154 5.3.1 Frames and framing preferences 155 5.3.2 Narrator and the construction of voicing 160 5.3.3 Frameless presentation and indeterminacy of voice 165 5.3.4 Voice embedding 167 5.4 Framing and intersubjectivity 172 5.4.1 Introducing a key referent through framing 172 5.4.2 Framing and foregrounding a main point 177 5.4.3 Framing and positioning 179 5.4.4 Framed voice and epistemic claims 186 5.5 Summary 191 6 Youth and language play 193 6.1 Introduction 193 6.2 Small talk, sociability, ideology 195 Contents XI 6.3 Language play in interaction 197 6.3.1 Dicari language game 197 6.3.2 Metaphor and metonymy 201 6.3.3 Savouring language 205 6.3.4 Child talk and positioning 208 6.3.5 Multilingualism and metalanguage 214 6.3.6 Mocking foreignness 217 6.3.7 Playing with person terms 220 6.3.8 Polite and impolite ways of speaking 221 6.4 Words and emoji 225 6.5 Summary 229 7 Concluding remarks 231 7.1 Understanding youth sociability through intersubjectivity 231 7.2 Youth sociability through stylistic practices 232 7.3 Final thoughts 234 References 237 Index 251 List of Tables Table 2.1 Personal pronouns in standard Indonesian. Table 2.2 Frequency of first and second reference forms in Kaskus data. Table 5.1 Frequency of voice presentation in the four discourse types. Table 5.2 Voice embedding in fiction and comics. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614516439-202 List of Figures Figure 2.1 Contrasting public saya and private aku (Bijak 2011: 96). Figure 2.2 Indexing the romantic with aku and kamu (Seven Artland Studio 2011: 16). Figure 3.1 Uptake of deh in interaction (Seven Artland Studio 2011: 56). Figure 3.2 Dong to make a generalisation relevant to current discourse (Putri 2009: 23). Figure 4.1 Allusive reference in comics (Putri 2009: 94). Figure 4.2 Apanya: What is the referent you are alluding to? (Seven Artland Studio 2011: 81).