The world tree of languages: How to infer it from data, and what it is good for
Gerhard Jäger
Tübingen University
Workshop Evolutionary Theory in the Humanities, Torun
April 14, 2018
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 1 / 42 Introduction
Introduction
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 2 / 42 Introduction Language change and evolution
“If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world; and if all extinct languages, and all intermediate and slowly changing dialects, had to be included, such an arrangement would, I think, be the only possible one. Yet it might be that some very ancient language had altered little, and had given rise to few new languages, whilst others (owing to the spreading and subsequent isolation and states of civilisation of the several races, descended from a common race) had altered much, and had given rise to many new languages and dialects. The various degrees of difference in the languages from the same stock, would have to be expressed by groups subordinate to groups; but the proper or even only possible arrangement would still be genealogical; and this would be strictly natural, as it would connect together all languages, extinct and modern, by the closest affinities, and would give the filiation and origin of each tongue.” (Darwin, The Origin of Species)
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 3 / 42 Introduction Language phylogeny
Comparative method 1 identifying cognates, i.e. obviously related morphemes in different languages, such as new/nowy, two/dwa, or water/voda 2 reconstruction of common ancestor and sound laws that explain the change from reconstructed to observed forms 3 applying this iteratively leads to phylogenetic language trees
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 4 / 42 Introduction Language phylogeny
Scope of the method reconstructed vocabulary shrinks with growing time depth maximal time horizon seems to be about 8,000 years grammatical morphemes and categories arguably more stable and less apt to borrowing problem here: limited number of features, cross-linguistic variation constrained by language universals, frequently convergent evolution comparative method is hard to apply in regions with high linguistic diversity and without written documents (Paleo-America, Papua) tree structure might be inappropriate if there is a significant effect of language contact (cf. Australia)
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 5 / 42 Introduction Computational Methods
both cognate detection and tree construction lend themselves to algorithmic implementation Advantages: easy to scale up comparability of results affords statistical evaluation Disadvantages: cognacy judgments require lots of linguistic insight and experience tree construction should be subject to historical (including archeological) and geographical plausibility
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 6 / 42 Introduction From words to trees
Swadesh lists
training pair-Hidden Markov Model
sound similarities applying pair-Hidden Markov Model
word alignments
classification/ clustering
cognate classes
feature extraction
character matrix
Bayesian phylogenetic inference phylogenetic tree
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 7 / 42 Introduction From words to trees
Swadesh lists
training pair-Hidden Markov Model
sound similarities applying pair-Hidden Markov Model
word alignments
classification/ clustering
cognate classes
feature extraction
character matrix
Bayesian phylogenetic inference phylogenetic tree
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 7 / 42 Introduction From words to trees
Swadesh lists
training pair-Hidden Markov Model
sound similarities applying pair-Hidden Markov Model
word alignments
classification/ clustering
cognate classes
feature extraction
character matrix
Bayesian phylogenetic inference phylogenetic tree
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 7 / 42 Introduction From words to trees
Swadesh lists
training pair-Hidden Markov Model
sound similarities applying pair-Hidden Markov Model
word alignments
classification/ clustering
cognate classes
feature extraction
character matrix
Bayesian phylogenetic inference phylogenetic tree
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 7 / 42 Introduction From words to trees
Swadesh lists
training pair-Hidden Markov Model
sound similarities applying pair-Hidden Markov Model
word alignments
classification/ clustering
cognate classes
feature extraction
character matrix
Bayesian phylogenetic inference phylogenetic tree
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 7 / 42 Introduction From words to trees
Swadesh lists
training pair-Hidden Markov Model
sound similarities applying pair-Hidden Markov Model
word alignments
classification/ clustering
cognate classes
feature extraction
character matrix
Bayesian phylogenetic inference phylogenetic tree
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 7 / 42 Introduction From words to trees
Khoisan
Nilo-Saharan Dravidian Niger-Congo Altaic Swadesh lists Uralic
training Indo-European pair-Hidden Markov Model
sound Afro-Asiatic N n W similarities ra a E h u applying a a r s c as b ri i f a a pair-Hidden Markov Model u u A p Australian S a /P lia ra st Torricelli u Trans-NewGuinea P A Sepik
word alignments a Torricelli p
Trans-NewGuinea u
Trans-NewGuinea a classification/ ia Trans-NewGuinea s clustering A Chibchan E S cognate classes Otomanguean Arawakan A Panoan m Ainu e r Macro-Ge ic feature extraction Cariban a Tucanoan Tupian Austronesian Penutian character matrix Algic NaDene
Otomanguean Bayesian
Hokan phylogenetic Uto-Aztecan Mayan inference phylogenetic Salish Tai-Kadai Austro-Asiatic
tree Quechuan
Nakh-Daghestanian
Hmong-Mien
Sino-Tibetan
Timor-Alor-Pantar
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 7 / 42 From word lists to distances
From word lists to distances
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 8 / 42 From word lists to distances The Automated Similarity Judgment Program
Started as project at MPI EVA in Leipzig around Søren Wichmann covers more than 7,000 languages and dialects basic vocabulary of 40 words for each language, in uniform phonetic transcription freely available used concepts: I, you, we, one, two, person, fish, dog, louse, tree, leaf, skin, blood, bone, horn, ear, eye, nose, tooth, tongue, knee, hand, breast, liver, drink, see, hear, die, come, sun, star, water, stone, fire, path, mountain, night, full, new, name
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 9 / 42 From word lists to distances Automated Similarity Judgment Project
concept Latin English concept Latin English I ego Ei nose nasus nos you tu yu tooth dens tu8 we nos wi tongue liNgw∼E t3N one unus w3n knee genu ni two duo tu hand manus hEnd person persona, homo pers3n breast pektus, mama brest fish piskis fiS liver yekur liv3r dog kanis dag drink bibere drink louse pedikulus laus see widere si tree arbor tri hear audire hir leaf foly∼u* lif die mori dEi skin kutis skin come wenire k3m blood saNgw∼is bl3d sun sol s3n bone os bon star stela star horn kornu horn water akw∼a wat3r ear auris ir stone lapis ston eye okulus Ei fire iNnis fEir Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 10 / 42 From word lists to distances Word distances
based on string alignment baseline: Levenshtein alignment ⇒ count matches and mis-matches
too crude as it totally ignores sound correspondences
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 11 / 42 From word lists to distances How well does normalized Levenshtein distance predict cognacy?
1.00 1.0 0.8 0.75 0.6 cognate
0.50 no LDN yes 0.4 empirical probability of cognacy 0.25 0.2
0.00 0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 no yes cognate LDN
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 12 / 42 From word lists to distances Problems
binary distinction: match vs. non-match frequently genuin sound correspondences in cognates are missed: c v a i n a z 3 - - - f i S -- t u n - o s p i s k i s corresponding sounds count as mismatches even if they are aligend correctly h a n t h a n t h E n d m a n o substantial amount of chance similarities
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 13 / 42 From word lists to distances Capturing sound correspondences
weighted alignment using Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI, a.k.a. log-odds):
p(a, b) s(a, b) = log q(a)q(b)
p(a, b): probability of sound a being etymologically related to sound b in a pair of cognates q(a): relative frequency of sound a Needleman-Wunsch algorithm: given a matrix of pairwise PMI scores between individual symbols and two strings, it returns the alignment that maximizes the aggregate PMI score but first we need to estimate p(a, b) and q(a), q(b) for all soundclasses a and b q(a): relative frequency of occurence of segment a in all words in ASJP p(a, b): that’s a bit more complicated...
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 14 / 42 From word lists to distances Substitution matrix for the ASJP data
1. identify large sample of pairs of closely related languages (using expert information or heuristics based on aggregated Levenshtein distance)
An.NORTHERN_PHILIPPINES.CENTRAL_BONTOC An.SOUTHERN_PHILIPPINES.KAGAYANEN An.MESO-PHILIPPINE.NORTHERN_SORSOGON An.NORTHERN_PHILIPPINES.LIMOS_KALINGA
WF.WESTERN_FLY.IAMEGA An.MESO-PHILIPPINE.CANIPAAN_PALAWAN WF.WESTERN_FLY.GAMAEWE An.NORTHWEST_MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.LAHANAN
Pan.PANOAN.KASHIBO_BAJO_AGUAYTIA NC.BANTOID.LIFONGA Pan.PANOAN.KASHIBO_SAN_ALEJANDRO NC.BANTOID.BOMBOMA_2
AA.EASTERN_CUSHITIC.KAMBAATA_2 IE.INDIC.WAD_PAGGA AA.EASTERN_CUSHITIC.HADIYYA_2 IE.INDIC.TALAGANG_HINDKO
ST.BAI.QILIQIAO_BAI_2 NC.BANTOID.LINGALA ST.BAI.YUNLONG_BAI NC.BANTOID.LIFONGA
An.SULAWESI.MANDAR An.CENTRAL_MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.BALILEDO An.OCEANIC.RAGA An.CENTRAL_MALAYO-POLYNESIAN.PALUE
An.SULAWESI.TANETE AuA.MUNDA.HO An.SAMA-BAJAW.BOEPINANG_BAJAU AuA.MUNDA.KORKU
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 15 / 42 From word lists to distances Substitution matrix for the ASJP data
2. pick a concept and a pair of related languages at random languages: Pen.MAIDUAN.MAIDU_KONKAU, Pen.MAIDUAN.NE_MAIDU concept: one 3. find corresponding words from the two languages: nisam, niSem 4. do Levenshtein alignment
n i s a m n i S e m
5. for each sound pair, count number of correspondences nn: 1; ii: 1; sS; 1; ae: 1; mm: 1
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 16 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover the corresponing optimal alignment Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover the corresponing optimal alignment Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover the corresponing optimal alignment Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover the corresponing optimal alignment Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Finding the best alignment
Dynamic Programming − m E n S − 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3 m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47 e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55 n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6 E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62 s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the left and above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover the corresponing optimal alignment Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 17 / 42 From word lists to distances Evaluation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 18 / 42 From word lists to distances Evaluation T m 4 N f a l r t o u n s i 3 ! 7 h k g e j E v d b p w y 5 L c x C z 8 Z S X −5 0 5 10 q G
velar/uvular vowels labials dental
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 19 / 42 From word lists to distances How well does PMI similarity predict cognacy?
expert cognacy judgments used as gold standard
1.00 1.0
0.75 0.8
0.6 cognate
0.50 no LDN yes 0.4 empirical probability of cognacy
0.25 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.00
LDN no yes cognate
1.0 20 0.8 10
0.6 cognate 0 no PMI yes 0.4
−10 empirical probability of cognacy 0.2
−20 0.0 −20 −10 0 10 20
PMI no yes cognate
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 20 / 42 From word lists to distances Calibrated PMI similarity
English / Swedish
Ei yu wi w3n tu fiS ... yog −7.77 0.75 −7.68 −7.90 −8.57 −10.50 du −7.62 0.33 −5.71 −7.41 2.66 −8.57 vi −2.72 −2.83 4.04 −1.34 −6.45 0.70 et −5.47 −7.87 −5.47 −6.43 −1.83 −4.70 tvo −7.91 −4.27 −3.64 −4.57 0.39 −6.98 fisk −7.45 −11.2 −3.07 −9.97 −8.66 7.58 . .
values along diagonal give similarity between candidates for cognacy (possibility of meaning change is disregarded) values off diagonal provide sample of similarity distribution between non-cognates
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 21 / 42 From word lists to distances Calibrated PMI similarity
let s be the PMI-similarity between the English and Swedish word for concept c English vs. Swedish 15 − 10 calibrated string similarity: log(probability that 5 random word pairs are more similar than s) 0 −5 PMI similarity −10
language similarity: average word similarity for all −15
−20
concepts −25
different meaning same meaning
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 22 / 42 Cognate clustering
Cognate clustering
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 23 / 42 Cognate clustering Cognate clustering
clustering of ASJP strings into automatically inferred cognate classes (Jäger and Sofroniev, 2016; Jäger et al., 2017) (take “cognate” with a grain of salt) supervised learning, based on expert cognacy judgments as goldstandard sources (only the 40 ASJP concepts were used)
Dataset Source Words Concepts Languages Families Cognate classes ABVD Greenhill et al. (2008) 2,306 34 100 Austronesian 409 Afrasian Militarev (2000) 770 39 21 Afro-Asiatic 351 Chinese Běijng Dàxué (1964) 422 20 18 Sino-Tibetan 126 Huon McElhanon (1967) 441 32 14 Trans-New Guinea 183 IELex Dunn (2012) 2,089 40 52 Indo-European 318 Japanese Hattori (1973) 387 39 10 Japonic 74 Kadai Peiros (1998) 399 40 12 Tai-Kadai 102 Kamasau Sanders and Sanders (1980) 270 36 8 Torricelli 59 Mayan Brown et al. (2008) 1,113 40 30 Mayan 241 Miao-Yao Peiros (1998) 206 36 6 Hmong-Mien 69 Mixe-Zoque Cysouw et al. (2006) 355 39 10 Mixe-Zoque 79 Mon-Khmer Peiros (1998) 579 40 16 Austroasiatic 232 ObUgrian Zhivlov (2011) 769 39 21 Uralic 68 total 10,106 40 318 13 2,311
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 24 / 42 Cognate clustering Cognate clustering
calibrated word similarity and language similarity were used as predictors to train a Support Vector Machine → probability of being cognate for each pair of synonymous ASJP entries Label Propagation (Raghavan et al., 2007) for clustering 0.84 B-cubed F-score with cross-validation on goldstandard data
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 25 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Clustering via Label Propagation
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 26 / 42 Cognate clustering Cognate clustering
doculect word class label ALBANIAN vet3 0 ALBANIAN_TOSK vEt3 0 ARAGONESE ombre 1 ITALIAN_GROSSETO_TUSCAN omo 2 ROMANIAN_MEGLENO wom 2 VLACH omu 2 ASTURIAN persona 3 BALEAR_CATALAN p3rson3 3 CATALAN p3rson3 3 FRIULIAN pErsoN 3 ITALIAN persona 3 SPANISH persona 3 VALENCIAN persone 3 CORSICAN nimu 4 DALMATIAN om 5 EMILIANO_CARPIGIANO om 5 ROMANIAN_2 om 5 TURIA_AROMANIAN om 5 EMILIANO_FERRARESE styan 6 LIGURIAN_STELLA kristyaN 6 NEAPOLITAN_CALABRESE kr3styan3 6 ROMAGNOL_RAVENNATE sCan 6 ROMANSH_GRISHUN k3rSTawn 6 ROMANSH_SURMIRAN k3rstaN 6 GALICIAN ome 7 GASCON omi 7 PIEMONTESE_VERCELLESE omaN 8 ROMANSH_VALLADER uman 8 ALBANIAN_GHEG 5eri 9 SARDINIAN_CAMPIDANESE omini 9 SARDINIAN_LOGUDARESE omine 9
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 27 / 42 Cognate clustering Cognate clustering
concept doculect glot_fam transcription eye DORASQUE Chibchan oko eye NORTHERN_LOW_SAXON Indo-European ok eye NORTH_FRISIAN_AMRUM Indo-European uk eye STELLINGWERFS Indo-European ok eye ASSAMESE Indo-European soku eye CHAKMA_UnnamedInSource Indo-European sog eye DALMATIAN Indo-European vaklo eye FRIULIAN Indo-European voli eye ITALIAN Indo-European okkyo eye ITALIAN_GROSSETO_TUSCAN Indo-European okyo eye JUDEO_ESPAGNOL Indo-European oxo eye LATIN Indo-European okulus eye NEAPOLITAN_CALABRESE Indo-European woky3 eye ROMANIAN_2 Indo-European oky eye ROMANIAN_MEGLENO Indo-European wokLu eye SARDINIAN Indo-European ogu eye SARDINIAN_CAMPIDANESE Indo-European oxu eye SARDINIAN_LOGUDARESE Indo-European okru eye SICILIAN_UnnamedInSource Indo-European okiu eye SPANISH Indo-European oho eye TURIA_AROMANIAN Indo-European okLu eye VLACH Indo-European okklu eye BELARUSIAN Indo-European voka eye BOSNIAN Indo-European oko eye BULGARIAN Indo-European oko eye CROATIAN Indo-European oko eye CZECH Indo-European oko eye KASHUBIAN Indo-European wokwo eye LOWER_SORBIAN Indo-European voko eye LOWER_SORBIAN_2 Indo-European woko eye MACEDONIAN Indo-European oko eye OLD_CHURCH_SLAVONIC Indo-European oko eye POLISH Indo-European oko eye SERBOCROATIAN Indo-European oko eye SLOVAK Indo-European oko eye SLOVENIAN Indo-European oko eye UKRAINIAN Indo-European oko eye UPPER_SORBIAN Indo-European voCko eye UPPER_SORBIAN Indo-European voko eye BAINOUK_GUNYAAMOLO Atlantic-Congo g3li eye USINO Nuclear_Trans_New_Guinea ogo Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 28 / 42 Phylogenetic inference
Phylogenetic inference
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 29 / 42 Phylogenetic inference Modeling language change
Markov process
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 30 / 42 Phylogenetic inference Modeling language change
Markov process Phylogeny
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 30 / 42 Phylogenetic inference Modeling language change
Markov process Phylogeny
Branching process
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 30 / 42 ... transition rates and ancestral states can be estimated based on Markov model
Phylogenetic inference Estimating rates of change
if phylogeny and states of extant languages are known...
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 31 / 42 Phylogenetic inference Estimating rates of change
if phylogeny and states of extant languages are known...... transition rates and ancestral states can be estimated based on Markov model
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 31 / 42 Phylogenetic inference ASJP word lists → character matrix
1 Automatically inferred cognate classes each cluster cc defines one character doculect l has value 1 if its word list contains an element of cc, undefined if the slot of the corresponding concept is undefined, and 0 else 2 Soundclass-concept characters each combination (c, s) of an ASJP concept c and an ASJP sound class s is a character doculect l has value 1 if one of its entries for c contains s, 0 if not, and undefined if there is no entry for c
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 32 / 42 Phylogenetic inference Character matrix → trees
validation correlation with geographic distance phylogenetic inference (Maximum Likelihood) + comparison to Glottolog expert tree on 100 random sample of ASJP doculects, containing between 20 and 400 doculects using Stamatakis’ RAxML (which is great) partitioned character-based inference seems to work best
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 33 / 42 The world tree
Glottolog family Macro-Area
Atlantic-Congo.D27 BANGUBANGU MUTINGWA
Atlantic-Congo.KOUNDOUMOU BAMBOMBA BOMITABA
Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD PLATEAUX CONGO Atlantic-Congo Atlantic-Congo.BANGUBANGU KABAMBARE Africa
Atlantic-Congo.HEMBA BWINYANYEMBA Atlantic-Congo.KONGO SAN SALVADOR 2
Atlantic-Congo.H166 KONGO MANYANGA
Atlantic-Congo.B78 IWUM WUUMBU SUD TEKE Atlantic-Congo.K15 MBUNDA GANGELA Atlantic-Congo.KONGO SAN SALVADOR
Atlantic-Congo.IBOLO BAMBOMBA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.SONGOLA KASENGA
Atlantic-Congo.B44 LUMBU YI BANDA Atlantic-Congo.LEGA SHABUNDA 2
Atlantic-Congo.SONDE GISOONDI
Atlantic-Congo.SONGOLA ULINDI Atlantic-Congo.LEGA SHABUNDA Atlantic-Congo.L31a LUBA KASAYI Atlantic-Congo.HEMBA MAMBWE Atlantic-Congo.NGWI MATEKO KINGOLI Atlantic-Congo.L21 KETE KATAMB Atlantic-Congo.H12 VILI MAYUMBA Atlantic-Congo.SONDE KYAANZA Atlantic-Congo.TOUKOULAKA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD EKEMWA Atlantic-Congo.B63 NDUUMO KUYA Atlantic-Congo.OYUOMI TCHERRE Atlantic-Congo.D28 HOLOHOLO Atlantic-Congo.L51 SALAMPASU
Atlantic-Congo.ENYA KIBOMBO
Atlantic-Congo.LEGA MWENGA Atlantic-Congo.B87 MBUUN LABAEMPI Atlantic-Congo.B70 TEKE OMVULA
Atlantic-Congo.LUMBU YI TANDU Atlantic-Congo.H42Atlantic-Congo.H42Atlantic-Congo.H42Atlantic-Congo.H42 HUNGANA HUNGANA HUNGANA HUNGANAAtlantic-Congo.KONGO 3 2 4 1 MBOMA Atlantic-Congo.MASHI ZAMBIA Atlantic-Congo.BANGUBANGU Atlantic-Congo.L21 KETE IPILA Atlantic-Congo.RUUMBU KIMWAANSA Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBA LIWEME Atlantic-Congo.K15Atlantic-Congo.K15 MBUNDA MBUNDA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.L221Atlantic-Congo.L221 LWALWA LWALWA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.OYUOMI MBAMA Atlantic-Congo.YAKA PELENDE Atlantic-Congo.MOKENGUI BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.L32Atlantic-Congo.L32 KANYOK KANYOK 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.ENYA MANDA Atlantic-Congo.BUJA BUMBA YAMOLOTO Atlantic-Congo.KWANYAMA 2 Atlantic-Congo.LIOUESSO BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.SONDE FESHI Atlantic-Congo.BONDEKO BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.TEE TEKE KALE Atlantic-Congo.L22 MBAGANI Atlantic-Congo.K14Atlantic-Congo.K14 LWENA LWENA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.NKOMO KELLE Atlantic-Congo.KWANGALI 2 Atlantic-Congo.B414 VARAMA Atlantic-Congo.H41 MBALA 1 Atlantic-Congo.MULONGAAtlantic-Congo.MULONGA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBA SIBITI Atlantic-Congo.UMBUNDU 2 Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD SAIO Atlantic-Congo.K11 CIOKWE Atlantic-Congo.MBUKUSHU Atlantic-Congo.HOLOHOLO Atlantic-Congo.BUJA MONOGO BUMBA Atlantic-Congo.B77aAtlantic-Congo.B77aAtlantic-Congo.TEKE KUKUYA KUKUYA 2 BOUNDJI 1Atlantic-Congo.NKOMO OLOLI Atlantic-Congo.KWANYAMA Atlantic-Congo.MONGO LOSAKANI NTOMBA Atlantic-Congo.BOSSELAAtlantic-Congo.MATOKO BOMITABA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.TEKE KOMONO Atlantic-Congo.B86 DZING BISEY Atlantic-Congo.MBALANHU Atlantic-Congo.MBANZA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.B42Atlantic-Congo.SHIRA SANGU 2 BWALI Atlantic-Congo.NGANGELA Atlantic-Congo.MFINU KIFULUNGA Atlantic-Congo.L62 NKOYA Atlantic-Congo.YANZ KUMAKUMA Atlantic-Congo.KWANGAAtlantic-Congo.KWANGAAtlantic-Congo.KWANGA 2 1 4 Atlantic-Congo.TSAMBAAN YANZ Atlantic-Congo.B431 VUNGU Atlantic-Congo.KWANGALI Atlantic-Congo.KWANGA 3 Atlantic-Congo.NDONGA 2 Atlantic-Congo.BOTALAAtlantic-Congo.MBOUA BOMITABA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.HERERO 2 Atlantic-Congo.BAMBOMBAAtlantic-Congo.BOLEKE BOMITABA EPENA Atlantic-Congo.UMBUNDU Atlantic-Congo.D55 BUYU Atlantic-Congo.DZING KAANTSAAtlantic-Congo.SAKATAAtlantic-Congo.KESAA SAKATA KESHA Atlantic-Congo.TEKE NTYO 3 Atlantic-Congo.D14 ENYA Atlantic-Congo.IWUM WUUMBU 1 Atlantic-Congo.ZOOMBOAtlantic-Congo.ZOOMBOAtlantic-Congo.ZOOMBOAtlantic-Congo.ZOOMBO 2 4 3 1 Atlantic-Congo.TEKE NTYO 2 Atlantic-Congo.LUYANAAtlantic-Congo.LUYANA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.YABA MBETI Atlantic-Congo.KISONGE Atlantic-Congo.TUMBWE
Atlantic-Congo.KOYO EHAMBE MAKUA Atlantic-Congo.IWUM WUUMBU 2 Atlantic-Congo.KWANGE Atlantic-Congo.MAKOMA Atlantic-Congo.LUMBWE Atlantic-Congo.YANZ KIBONGO Atlantic-Congo.LAALI TEKE 2 Atlantic-Congo.NKHUMBI Atlantic-Congo.C36e Atlantic-Congo.EPENABOLOKI NGIRI BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.LAALI TEKE 1 Atlantic-Congo.NYENGO Atlantic-Congo.KANIO BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.NDONGA Atlantic-Congo.NGUNGWEL Atlantic-Congo.HANGALA Atlantic-Congo.CHOKWE Atlantic-Congo.MBUNDU Atlantic-Congo.MBUNDA Atlantic-Congo.HERERO Atlantic-Congo.NYANGA Atlantic-Congo.LWELAtlantic-Congo.LWELAtlantic-Congo.SAKATA KILORI KILORI 3 2 KUTU Atlantic-Congo.B41 SHIRAAtlantic-Congo.YAKA SUD Atlantic-Congo.NKOYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.MWENYI Atlantic-Congo.BENE BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.DCIRIKU Atlantic-Congo.SAKATA KIBAI Atlantic-Congo.SIMAAAtlantic-Congo.SIMAAAtlantic-Congo.SIMAA 2 3 1 Atlantic-Congo.LUNDAAtlantic-Congo.LUNDA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.KWANDI Atlantic-Congo.TEGE EWO Atlantic-Congo.MBALA 5 Atlantic-Congo.SHIYEYI Atlantic-Congo.MITUKU Atlantic-Congo.KOONGO Atlantic-Congo.MBOWE Atlantic-Congo.BABOLEAtlantic-Congo.ELEKU IMPFONDO BONGINDA Atlantic-Congo.MBALAAtlantic-Congo.KANYOK 4 Atlantic-Congo.LAMBA MBOLE BALANGA Atlantic-Congo.NSELEMBILI Atlantic-Congo.MBALA 3 Atlantic-Congo.KEBWE Atlantic-Congo.ZAMBA BAMONGO Atlantic-Congo.DZING SEDZO Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KUCU WELAAtlantic-Congo.KOTA ANKUTCU MANDUNGWE Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBAAtlantic-Congo.OMBAMBA 1 Atlantic-Congo.BEMBEAtlantic-Congo.BEMBE 3 2 Atlantic-Congo.C84Atlantic-Congo.C84 LELE LELE LUHILEEL LUHILEEL 4 2 Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD Atlantic-Congo.LUVALE Atlantic-Congo.C84 LELE LUHILEEL 3 Atlantic-Congo.RUUND Atlantic-Congo.BOTONGO DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.NSONTENY Atlantic-Congo.YAKA yaf Atlantic-Congo.KIHOLU Atlantic-Congo.NKOYA Atlantic-Congo.LWEL KILORI Atlantic-Congo.MBUMI Atlantic-Congo.LANGA MBOLE BAMBULI Atlantic-Congo.SANGU 1 Atlantic-Congo.BEEMBE Atlantic-Congo.KWEZO Atlantic-Congo.DIRIKU Atlantic-Congo.LUMBU 2Atlantic-Congo.VARAMA Atlantic-Congo.KWESE Atlantic-Congo.NGOMBE LIKULA Atlantic-Congo.LIUWA Atlantic-Congo.LUNDA Atlantic-Congo.NSEKSHAA Atlantic-Congo.NDUMU 2 Atlantic-Congo.LAADI 1 Atlantic-Congo.ZIMBA Atlantic-Congo.MAHONGWEAtlantic-Congo.ITANGA SAMA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.NSEMOHBIAtlantic-Congo.MBOMPIYA Atlantic-Congo.NDUUMOAtlantic-Congo.NDOUBA Atlantic-Congo.LAADI 2 Atlantic-Congo.PENDE Atlantic-Congo.MBOMFOLIAtlantic-Congo.MBUMBUUAtlantic-Congo.MASHYOO Atlantic-Congo.MBEDE 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBALA Atlantic-Congo.LOBALA LILOKA Atlantic-Congo.NTSIAMI Atlantic-Congo.IBONGOAtlantic-Congo.ISANGUAtlantic-Congo.YIPUNU Atlantic-Congo.B871 MPIIN 2 Atlantic-Congo.LEGA Atlantic-Congo.ENYA Atlantic-Congo.C36d LINGALA 2 Atlantic-Congo.TEKEAtlantic-Congo.B85d NTYO 1 TSONG Atlantic-Congo.PUNUAtlantic-Congo.PUNUAtlantic-Congo.BEMBE 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.LUBA Atlantic-Congo.MOUNDA DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.YANZ KIYEY Atlantic-Congo.VUNGU Atlantic-Congo.YAKA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KUNYI Atlantic-Congo.HOLU Atlantic-Congo.EDZAMA DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.TSAANGI Atlantic-Congo.NDUMU Atlantic-Congo.GISIRA Atlantic-Congo.KETE Atlantic-Congo.ELEKU IBENGE Atlantic-Congo.NTELERE Atlantic-Congo.KANINGI Atlantic-Congo.LAADI Atlantic-Congo.NTOMBA DE BIKORO Atlantic-Congo.MBEDE Atlantic-Congo.LUYI Atlantic-Congo.KOTA MEKAMBO Atlantic-Congo.NGONGO 1 Atlantic-Congo.NDWAMAAtlantic-Congo.NSEJIME Atlantic-Congo.FUMU 1 Atlantic-Congo.NZEBIAtlantic-Congo.NZEBIAtlantic-Congo.FUMU 1 2 2 Atlantic-Congo.SUKU Atlantic-Congo.BABOLEAtlantic-Congo.KINAMI DZEKE DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.NGONGO 2 Atlantic-Congo.DUMA 2 Atlantic-Congo.YAKA Atlantic-Congo.LOKELE YEPOLOMA Atlantic-Congo.NSEJAUAtlantic-Congo.NDJABI Atlantic-Congo.OBELIAtlantic-Congo.OYABIAtlantic-Congo.BWISI Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHIAtlantic-Congo.DZEKE NGOLO DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.KEMPEE Atlantic-Congo.OBAA Atlantic-Congo.MAZOO Mande Atlantic-Congo.BOLIA BANDUNDU Atlantic-Congo.C10 GANDO Atlantic-Congo.DZINGAtlantic-Congo.SAKATAAtlantic-Congo.NDUMA B Atlantic-Congo.KELAU Atlantic-Congo.SIENE Atlantic-Congo.NTOMBA INONGO Atlantic-Congo.LOKELEAtlantic-Congo.SENGELEAtlantic-Congo.TETELA YAWEMBE MBELO YYONDO Atlantic-Congo.TEKE EST Atlantic-Congo.TIENEAtlantic-Congo.TIENE 3 1 Atlantic-Congo.LEBAA Atlantic-Congo.C24 KOYO ZWE Atlantic-Congo.NZADIAtlantic-Congo.NZADI 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.DUMA Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHI BUNJI Atlantic-Congo.BOGONGOAtlantic-Congo.MPUONOAtlantic-Congo.DZING A Atlantic-Congo.VILI Atlantic-Congo.LOKELE YALEMBA Atlantic-Congo.MPUTAtlantic-Congo.MPUT 3 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHI OLEE Atlantic-Congo.BOMBOMAAtlantic-Congo.BONGILIAtlantic-Congo.BONGILI 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.MPUT 1 Atlantic-Congo.MPIIN 1 Atlantic-Congo.BOMAAtlantic-Congo.SANY Atlantic-Congo.IBEEAtlantic-Congo.IYAA Papunesia Atlantic-Congo.NTOMBA NJALE Atlantic-Congo.LINGALA 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBUUNAtlantic-Congo.YANZAtlantic-Congo.YANZAtlantic-Congo.YANZ 1 3Atlantic-Congo.TIENE 2 Atlantic-Congo.BIRA MIALA BUNIA Atlantic-Congo.MAHONGWEAtlantic-Congo.LINGOMBEAtlantic-Congo.BOBANGIAtlantic-Congo.TIENE 2 Atlantic-Congo.MPE Atlantic-Congo.KUSU MATAPA Atlantic-Congo.BANGALAAtlantic-Congo.LIFONGA Atlantic-Congo.LOKELEAtlantic-Congo.MONGOAtlantic-Congo.C81 ISANGI OPALA DENGESEAtlantic-Congo.B25 KOTA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KONDA TWELIA Atlantic-Congo.LINGALA Atlantic-Congo.MFINU Atlantic-Congo.BUSHONGAtlantic-Congo.BUSHONGAtlantic-Congo.BUSHOONGAtlantic-Congo.WUMBVU 1 2 2 Atlantic-Congo.DING Atlantic-Congo.NGOMBEAtlantic-Congo.ZAMBAAtlantic-Congo.ZAMBAAtlantic-Congo.LOBALA 3 2 Atlantic-Congo.C80Atlantic-Congo.C831 SHUWA ILEBO Atlantic-Congo.TEKE Atlantic-Congo.BOAAtlantic-Congo.ESO ABAMAKE YALEMBAAtlantic-Congo.C80 MBINGI Atlantic-Congo.ISONGOAtlantic-Congo.MABALEAtlantic-Congo.LIKOKAAtlantic-Congo.PANDE Atlantic-Congo.BIRAAtlantic-Congo.BOA SEDZABO BABANDA Atlantic-Congo.EGBUTAAtlantic-Congo.LIBINZAAtlantic-Congo.LIBOBI Atlantic-Congo.BOLIA NSAOAtlantic-Congo.WUMBVUAtlantic-Congo.ZAMBA Atlantic-Congo.LONTOMBAAtlantic-Congo.WONGOAtlantic-Congo.YAKAAtlantic-Congo.NDASAAtlantic-Congo.NDASAAtlantic-Congo.NGONDI 2 axk 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.LEKE Atlantic-Congo.A61Atlantic-Congo.KWELE NGORO ASOM HAKOKU Atlantic-Congo.GENGELEAtlantic-Congo.WONGO 1 Atlantic-Congo.ETON CAMEROON Atlantic-Congo.BENGE BATI Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHIAtlantic-Congo.DOKO Atlantic-Congo.BUM A CAMEROONAtlantic-Congo.C301 BODOAtlantic-Congo.LOMONGOAtlantic-Congo.NTOMBA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.KWESO NGULOAtlantic-Congo.NGELEMA 1 Atlantic-Congo.BUJA Atlantic-Congo.BATANGA BALUNDUAtlantic-Congo.B11cAtlantic-Congo.B11cAtlantic-Congo.XEPINZIPINZIAtlantic-Congo.NGELEMAAtlantic-Congo.C45 GALWAGALWA 21 LEBEO 2 Atlantic-Congo.FANGAtlantic-Congo.KAKO SOUANKE BATOURI Atlantic-Congo.PAGIBETEAtlantic-Congo.NTOMBAAtlantic-Congo.TETELA Atlantic-Congo.KOTA Atlantic-Congo.B312Atlantic-Congo.BOA HIMBA BUTA Atlantic-Congo.AKWA Atlantic-Congo.LENGOLAAtlantic-Congo.MONGO 2 Atlantic-Congo.NGELIMA Atlantic-Congo.OMBO Atlantic-Congo.MANDI CAMEROONAtlantic-Congo.A72a EWONDO Atlantic-Congo.LENGOLA Atlantic-Congo.KUSU Atlantic-Congo.FANGAtlantic-Congo.FANGAtlantic-Congo.BOMWALIAtlantic-Congo.MPONGWE NTUMU GABON 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBESA Atlantic-Congo.XETSOXOAtlantic-Congo.XEHIMBA Atlantic-Congo.BOLIA Atlantic-Congo.NGOMAtlantic-Congo.KOONZIMEAtlantic-Congo.MPYEMOAtlantic-Congo.MPYEMO KELEAtlantic-Congo.KOMO 21 2 Atlantic-Congo.FANG MEKEAtlantic-Congo.OKANDEAtlantic-Congo.NYALI 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBANGWEAtlantic-Congo.BOMWALIAtlantic-Congo.XEBOBEAtlantic-Congo.LILIKO Atlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.KOOZIME 3 Atlantic-Congo.KOMO Atlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.SEKIYANIAtlantic-Congo.TSOGO 2 4 Atlantic-Congo.BODO Atlantic-Congo.A51 BAFIA TUMI TINGON Atlantic-Congo.A62 KALONGE Atlantic-Congo.BEKWILAtlantic-Congo.MYENEAtlantic-Congo.NYALI Atlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.BUJEBAAtlantic-Congo.XEBIAAtlantic-Congo.BIRA Atlantic-Congo.BUM B CAMEROONAtlantic-Congo.A60 MMAALA Atlantic-Congo.BUBEAtlantic-Congo.PINZI Atlantic-Congo.MANEHASAtlantic-Congo.BALONDOAtlantic-Congo.KAKOAtlantic-Congo.KWELAtlantic-Congo.POVE 2
Atlantic-Congo.L33 LUBA SHABA Atlantic-Congo.L33 LUBA Atlantic-Congo.SONGYE Atlantic-Congo.KILUBA Atlantic-Congo.L35 SANGA Atlantic-Congo.KAONDE 2 Atlantic-Congo.KAONDE Atlantic-Congo.MBUGWE Atlantic-Congo.VALANGI Atlantic-Congo.DHAISO Atlantic-Congo.KAMBA KENYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KAMBA KENYA Atlantic-Congo.KAMBA KENYA Atlantic-Congo.THARAKAAtlantic-Congo.GIKUYUAtlantic-Congo.GIKUYUAtlantic-Congo.LUGANDA 2 Atlantic-Congo.J15Atlantic-Congo.SOGA GANDA 2Atlantic-Congo.GWEREAtlantic-Congo.GWEREAtlantic-Congo.MASABA 2 Atlantic-Congo.J31c BUKUSU Atlantic-Congo.SAMIAAtlantic-Congo.NYALA KENYA Atlantic-Congo.LOGOLIAtlantic-Congo.ISUKHAAtlantic-Congo.J321Atlantic-Congo.J321 MARAMA KISA Atlantic-Congo.JITAAtlantic-Congo.KWAYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.JITAAtlantic-Congo.REGI 2 Atlantic-Congo.TALINGATANZANIA Atlantic-Congo.LHUKONZOAtlantic-Congo.J42Atlantic-Congo.NANDEAtlantic-Congo.NANDE NANDEAtlantic-Congo.NANDEAtlantic-Congo.J531 SWAGA SHUTEMBO 2 Atlantic-Congo.SAKE 2 Atlantic-Congo.HUNDEAtlantic-Congo.HUNDEAtlantic-Congo.J24Atlantic-Congo.KIKEREWEAtlantic-Congo.ZIBA 2Atlantic-Congo.HAYA KEREBE Atlantic-Congo.POMO Atlantic-Congo.HAYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.ZINZAAtlantic-Congo.HIMA 2 RDC Atlantic-Congo.SAKE 1 Atlantic-Congo.RUTOOROAtlantic-Congo.RUNYOROAtlantic-Congo.J13Atlantic-Congo.NKOREAtlantic-Congo.RUNYANKOREAtlantic-Congo.RUNYANKORE NKORE RUTOORO HIMA KIGA RUKIGA Atlantic-Congo.NKONGHO Atlantic-Congo.VIRAAtlantic-Congo.FULIRUAtlantic-Congo.J52 HAVU 2 Atlantic-Congo.NNINONG Atlantic-Congo.MASHIAtlantic-Congo.SHI DRC Atlantic-Congo.BAKOKO Atlantic-Congo.J53Atlantic-Congo.VINZAAtlantic-Congo.J62 SHI 2 2 RUNDI Atlantic-Congo.HAAtlantic-Congo.KIRUNDIAtlantic-Congo.KINYARWANDA Atlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.SENGA KIGOYI RERA TWA KINIGI CHAMA Atlantic-Congo.TUMBUKAAtlantic-Congo.TUMBUKAAtlantic-Congo.CHUWABUAtlantic-Congo.CHILOMWEAtlantic-Congo.MAKWAAtlantic-Congo.MAKWA MALAWI ZAMBIEALUA ILE Atlantic-Congo.BANKON Atlantic-Congo.MAKWAAtlantic-Congo.MAKWAAtlantic-Congo.LOMWEAtlantic-Congo.NSENGAAtlantic-Congo.SENGA MALEMA NAMPULA CHIPATA Atlantic-Congo.EHO MBO Atlantic-Congo.NYANJAAtlantic-Congo.SENAAtlantic-Congo.KUNDAAtlantic-Congo.NYUNGWE NYASA 2 Atlantic-Congo.SENAAtlantic-Congo.NYANJAAtlantic-Congo.NYANJAAtlantic-Congo.CEWAAtlantic-Congo.MBALANGWE 2 Atlantic-Congo.NDANDA SUD Atlantic-Congo.M62Atlantic-Congo.LENJEAtlantic-Congo.ILAAtlantic-Congo.M64Atlantic-Congo.M64 SOLI TONGA TONGA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.BABONG Atlantic-Congo.BWILEAtlantic-Congo.KITABWA Atlantic-Congo.BAKOSSI Atlantic-Congo.TAABWAAtlantic-Congo.TAABWAAtlantic-Congo.LAMBAAtlantic-Congo.M40TEMBA RDC RDC 2 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.BANEKA Atlantic-Congo.LAMBA Atlantic-Congo.M52Atlantic-Congo.AUSHIAtlantic-Congo.BEMBAAtlantic-Congo.BEMBAAtlantic-Congo.BEMBA LALA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.BAKAKA Atlantic-Congo.TAABWAAtlantic-Congo.NGUMBOAtlantic-Congo.KALANGAAtlantic-Congo.KALANGAAtlantic-Congo.SHONA ZAMBIE TAABWA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KOM MBIZINAKU Atlantic-Congo.SHONAAtlantic-Congo.SHONA 2 MANYIKA Atlantic-Congo.NLEAtlantic-Congo.NLA MBO MBO Atlantic-Congo.SHONA NDAU Atlantic-Congo.A60 GUNU Atlantic-Congo.SHONAAtlantic-Congo.KOREKOREAtlantic-Congo.TONGAAtlantic-Congo.VENDA KARANGAAFRICA Atlantic-Congo.BU CAMEROON Atlantic-Congo.VENDAAtlantic-Congo.SILOZIAtlantic-Congo.LOZIAtlantic-Congo.SOTHOAtlantic-Congo.QHALAXARZI 2 2 SOUTHERN Atlantic-Congo.SOTHO SUD Atlantic-Congo.TSWANAAtlantic-Congo.SOTHOAtlantic-Congo.NORTHERNAtlantic-Congo.RONGAAtlantic-Congo.TSONGA NORTHERN SOTHO Atlantic-Congo.DE WUNGTSE Atlantic-Congo.TSHWAAtlantic-Congo.NORTHERNAtlantic-Congo.PHUTIAtlantic-Congo.SWATIAtlantic-Congo.SWAZI NDEBELE Atlantic-Congo.NDE BUKWOKAtlantic-Congo.BATANGA Atlantic-Congo.ZULUAtlantic-Congo.ZULUAtlantic-Congo.S41Atlantic-Congo.S43Atlantic-Congo.S44 NKANDLAXHOSA SWATI NDEBELE ZIMBABWE Atlantic-Congo.GHOMALAAtlantic-Congo.MIENGE 1 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Atlantic-Congo.BASSARIAtlantic-Congo.NAWDMAtlantic-Congo.NOTREAtlantic-Congo.ALI Afro-Asiatic.FUTUAfro-Asiatic.NKAFAAfro-Asiatic.GHYEAfro-Asiatic.PUTAIAfro-Asiatic.CIBAK Dogon.DOGON TOROAtlantic-Congo.KONNI TEGU IWRA Afro-Asiatic.NGGWAHYIAfro-Asiatic.BURAAfro-Asiatic.MARGIAfro-Asiatic.HILDIAfro-Asiatic.WAMDIU Atlantic-Congo.FULFULDEDogon.DOGONAtlantic-Congo.PAASAALAtlantic-Congo.MBELIME BONDUM ADAMAWAAtlantic-Congo.YOM DOM Afro-Asiatic.HUBAAfro-Asiatic.KILBANihali.NIHALINihali.NAHALINihali.NIHALI 2 Atlantic-Congo.BAATONUMAtlantic-Congo.KOROMFEAtlantic-Congo.WAAMAAtlantic-Congo.NATENIAtlantic-Congo.MOBA Basque.BASQUEHuarpean.ALLENTIACHuarpean.MILLCAYACTarascan.PURHEPECHATarascan.PUREPECHA Atlantic-Congo.FULFULDEAtlantic-Congo.BONAtlantic-Congo.GULAAtlantic-Congo.VAGALAAtlantic-Congo.KABIYE MAASINA GULA IRO Tarascan.TARASCANTarascan.PURHEPECHAOtomanguean.SUBTIABAOtomanguean.AZOYUOtomanguean.TLAPANEC TLAPANEC 2 MALINALTEPEC Atlantic-Congo.LONGUDAAtlantic-Congo.BIALI Otomanguean.MEPHAAOtomanguean.TEOCUITLAPAOtomanguean.TLACOAPAKuliak.IK 2 ACATEPEC MEPHAA MEPHAA Atlantic-Congo.BWAMUAtlantic-Congo.KASEMAtlantic-Congo.PANA Kuliak.NYANGIKuliak.TEPESAraucanian.RANQUELCHEAraucanian.MAPUDUNGUN 23 Dogon.NYAMBEENGGEAtlantic-Congo.TURKAAtlantic-Congo.VIEMOAtlantic-Congo.LAMA 21 Araucanian.MAPUDUNGUNElamite.ELAMITEWiru.WIRUDuna.DUNANuclear Trans New Guinea.INIAI Atlantic-Congo.NDUT FALOR NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KYAKAGuinea.ENGA Guinea.MAIBIGuinea.YARIBAGuinea.LEMBENA ENGA Dogon.DOGONAtlantic-Congo.NALU JAMSAY NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.HULI Guinea.ANGALGuinea.SAUGuinea.KEWA HOLE Timor-Alor-Pantar Atlantic-Congo.SERERDogon.WALOAtlantic-Congo.ANII SINEKUMBE NuclearNuclearKarankawa.KARANKAWAJarawa-Onge.JARAWA TransTrans NewNew Guinea.KEWAGuinea.POLE EASTS POLE Dogon.TEBULDogon.ANA TINGA URE Jarawa-Onge.ONGEGreat Andamanese.AKAR BALE Atlantic-Congo.FULFULDEAtlantic-Congo.BIAFADAAtlantic-Congo.PALORAtlantic-Congo.PAJADEAtlantic-Congo.LEHARAtlantic-Congo.SAFEN 2 GreatGreatGreat Andamanese.SOUTHAndamanese.AKA Andamanese.OKOAndamanese.AKA BEA KOLBOJUWOI ANDAMAN Mande.WORODUGUKAKANDogon.AMPARI PA GreatGeelvinkKusunda.KUSUNDANakh-Daghestanian.BATS Andamanese.AKA Bay.DEMISA KEDECARI Australia Atlantic-Congo.PULARAtlantic-Congo.NONDogon.BUNOGEDogon.YANDA Nakh-Daghestanian.AKKINNakh-Daghestanian.CHECHENNakh-Daghestanian.INGUSHNakh-Daghestanian.LAKNakh-Daghestanian.KUBACHI CHECHEN DARGI Mande.MANINKAKANMande.KARANJANKANMande.BARALAKAKANMande.TENENGAKANAtlantic-Congo.FULA EASTERN Nakh-Daghestanian.MUIRINakh-Daghestanian.DARGWANakh-Daghestanian.KAJTAKNakh-Daghestanian.XAJDAKNakh-Daghestanian.SANZHI DARGI DARGIDARGI Mande.FINANGAKANMande.KOROKAKAN Nakh-Daghestanian.ICARINakh-Daghestanian.UDINakh-Daghestanian.ARCHINakh-Daghestanian.KHINALUG DARGI 2 Mande.JULAMande.GBELEBANKAKANMande.VANDUGUKAKANMande.NOWOLOKAKANMande.WOJENEKAKANMande.JULAMande.MAUKAKAN VEHICULAIREDogon.DOGON DE KONG Nakh-Daghestanian.TSAKHURNakh-Daghestanian.RUTULNakh-Daghestanian.BUDUKHNakh-Daghestanian.KRYZNakh-Daghestanian.KUBA LEZGI Mande.MANINKAKANMande.BODUGUKAKANMande.SIENKOKAKANMande.SAGAKAKANMande.KOYAGAKANMande.KANIKAKAN KITA Nakh-Daghestanian.MIKRAKHNakh-Daghestanian.LEZGINakh-Daghestanian.AGULNakh-Daghestanian.NORTHERNNakh-Daghestanian.TABASARAN LEZGI TABASSARAN Atlantic-Congo.MANJACAMande.XAASONGAXANGO COSTAMande.TUDUGUKAKAN DEMande.SIAKAKAN BAIXO Nakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.AVAR ZAKATALY KUSURANTSUKHKARAKH Mande.FOLOKAKANMande.KOROKANMande.NIGBIKAN Nakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.HUNZIBNakh-Daghestanian.BEZHTA HIDBATLUKHANDALAL Mande.SOUTHERN BOBO MADARE Nakh-Daghestanian.BEZHTANakh-Daghestanian.KHWARSHINakh-Daghestanian.INKHOKWARINakh-Daghestanian.SAGADINNakh-Daghestanian.MOKOK 2TSEZ TSEZ Nakh-Daghestanian.HINUKHNakh-Daghestanian.TSEZNakh-Daghestanian.TOKITINNakh-Daghestanian.AKHVAKHNakh-Daghestanian.NORTHERN KARATA AKHVAKH Mande.LELEMande.BAMBARA GUINEA Nakh-Daghestanian.SOUTHERNNakh-Daghestanian.ANDINakh-Daghestanian.KARATANakh-Daghestanian.BAGWALAL MUNI AKHVAKH Mande.MANDINKAMande.MALINKE Nakh-Daghestanian.TINDINakh-Daghestanian.CHAMALALNakh-Daghestanian.BOTLIKHNakh-Daghestanian.GODOBERICoosan.HANIS COOS Atlantic-Congo.MANJACAMande.DUUNGOMAMande.KURANKO CHUROMande.MARKAMande.BOLON Kartvelian.SVANKartvelian.GEORGIANKartvelian.LAZKartvelian.MINGRELIANPeba-Yagua.YAMEO Atlantic-Congo.BOMUMande.BUSAMande.YALUNKAMande.JERI NIGERIABOBO KUO Yukaghir.YUKAGHIRYukaghir.KOLYMATurkic.TURKMENTurkic.TURKISH 2YUKAGIR TUNDRA Mande.KONO Turkic.TURKISHTurkic.TEREKEMETurkic.AZERBAIJANITurkic.AZERBAIJANI 2 AZERI NORTHSOUTHERNNORTH 2 Mande.BOZOMande.BOZOMande.BOZOMande.BOKOBARU HAINYAHO JENAAMA TIEYAHO Turkic.DARATurkic.QUCHANTurkic.ASADLITurkic.SHURAKTurkic.DOUGHAI GAZ KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI 2 Mande.LIBERIANMande.SAMOMande.ILLOMande.YAKOUBAMande.SEEKUMande.BANKA Mande.SUSUKPELLEMande.LIGBI MATYAMande.VAI BUSA Turkic.DARATurkic.ZEYARATTurkic.SHIRWANTurkic.SHEYHTurkic.LOTF GAZABAD TEYMUR KHORASANI KHORASANIKHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI 1 Atlantic-Congo.MANKANYAMande.KPELLEMande.LOMAMande.YAUREMande.GUROMande.WAN GUINEA LIBERIA 2 Turkic.JONKTurkic.MARESHKTurkic.GUJGITurkic.QARATurkic.LANGAR KHORASANI BAGHKHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI Atlantic-Congo.BAYOTMande.KYENGAMande.SHANGAMande.TOURAMande.MWANMande.BENGMande.MANNMande.WAN Turkic.RUHTurkic.PIRTurkic.CHARAMTurkic.HARWTurkic.JOGHATAY KOMAJ ABAD E OLYASARJAM KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI Atlantic-Congo.PAPELMande.SONINKEMande.BOKO Turkic.SOLTANTurkic.HOKMTurkic.CRIMEANTurkic.KUMYKTurkic.NOGAI ABAD ABAD TURKISH KHORASANI KHORASANI Khoe-Kwadi.KHOEKHOEGOWABAtlantic-Congo.KERAKAtlantic-Congo.DIOLAMande.GAGU Turkic.SALARTurkic.KHAKASTurkic.DOLGANTurkic.SAKHA 2 Atlantic-Congo.JOLAMande.MENDEMande.BISA Turkic.TOFATurkic.TUVANTurkic.ALTAITurkic.SHORTurkic.MIDDLE CHULYM Tuu.MASARWATuu.XOONMande.KPELLE MASARWAMande.BANDI KAKIA Turkic.UZBEKTurkic.UYGHURTurkic.KHALAJTurkic.CHAGATAITurkic.TATAR IRAN Khoe-Kwadi.MASARWA TATI Turkic.BASHKIRTurkic.KAZANTurkic.MISHERTurkic.KARACHAYTurkic.CHUVASH TATAR TATAR BALKAR Sandawe.SANDAWETuu.XOONTuu.KAM NUENKA KE Turkic.CRIMEANTurkic.KAZAKHTurkic.KARAKALPAKTurkic.KYRGYZTurkic.KARAIM TATAR Khoe-Kwadi.GXANAKxa.KUNGShabo.SHABO EKOKA Mochica.MOCHICAUralic.NENETSUralic.SELKUPUralic.MATORISCHUralic.KARAGASSISCH Otomanguean Khoe-Kwadi.KORANAKhoe-Kwadi.NARONKhoe-Kwadi.KHWE Uralic.KHANTYUralic.MANSIUralic.KILDINUralic.SOUTHUralic.NORTH SAAMI SAAMI Khoe-Kwadi.NAMAKhoe-Kwadi.NAMAKhoe-Kwadi.NAROKhoe-Kwadi.KXOEKhoe-Kwadi.GWITuu.BATWATuu.NG 2 KE Uralic.LULEUralic.INARIUralic.SKOLTUralic.INGRIANUralic.FINNISH SAAMISAAMI SAAMI Khoe-Kwadi.KWADIKxa.JUHOANTuu.XOONTuu.AUNI Uralic.VEPSUralic.LIVEUralic.ESTONIANUralic.KARELIAN VORO Kxa.KAUENTuu.NUKxa.KUNGTuu.NU EN Uralic.ERZYAUralic.MOKSCHAUralic.HUNGARIANUralic.CSANGOUralic.UDMURT MORDWINISCH Uralic.KOMIUralic.MEADOWUralic.TSCHEREMISSISCH ZYRIANPERMYAK MARI URZUMKOZMODEMJANSK Hadza.HADZA Kawesqar.QAWASQARAtlantic-Congo.BAINOUKMongolic.MOGHOLMongolic.MONGUORMongolic.SANTA MONGOLIAN GUNYAAMOLO Mongolic.KANGJIAMongolic.SHIRAMongolic.BONANMongolic.TACHENGMongolic.DAUR YUGUR DAGUR Kxa.HOAN Mongolic.KALAQINMongolic.BURIATMongolic.KHAMNIGANMongolic.KALMYK RUSSIAMONGOLIA MONGOL Mongolic.MONGOLIANTungusic.MANCHUTungusic.MANCHUTungusic.XIBE 2 3 Tungusic.AIHUITungusic.SIBETungusic.ULCHATungusic.UILTATungusic.NAYKHIN MANCHU MANCHU NANAI Tungusic.NANAITungusic.HEZHETungusic.JURCHENTungusic.NANAITungusic.UDEHE CHINA Tungusic.OROCHITungusic.KURTungusic.EVENKITungusic.SOLONTungusic.EWENKI URMI POLIGUS 1 LITERARY Tungusic.OROQENTungusic.NEGIDALTungusic.EWENKITungusic.EVEN 2 VERCHOVSKI Tungusic.EWENIndo-European.SAURASHTRADravidian.BRAHUIDravidian.KUIDravidian.KUVI Dravidian.MANDADravidian.PENGODravidian.TELUGUDravidian.TULU INDIA 2 Dravidian.KORAGADravidian.KURUMBADravidian.KANNADADravidian.BADAGADravidian.TODA KORRA ALU Dravidian.BETTADravidian.IRULADravidian.RAVULADravidian.TAMILDravidian.MALAYALAM KURUMBA Dravidian.PALIYANDravidian.ULLATANDravidian.KURUXDravidian.KURUKHDravidian.SAURIA NEPALI PAHARIA Dravidian.KUMARBHAGDravidian.NORTHWESTERNDravidian.PARJIDravidian.ABUJHMARIADravidian.SOUTH BASTAR PAHARIA GONDI KOLAMI Dravidian.SOUTHDravidian.DORLIDravidian.HILLDravidian.NORTHDravidian.NORTHERN MARIA GONDI EASTERNBASTAR GONDIGONDI GONDI GONDI Dravidian.WESTERNDravidian.SOUTHERNDravidian.ADILABADEtruscan.ETRUSCAN GONDI GONDI 2 Indo-European.BRETONIndo-European.WELSHIndo-European.CORNISHIndo-European.OLDIndo-European.GAELIC IRISH SCOTTISH Indo-European.IRISHIndo-European.MANXIndo-European.ALBANIANIndo-European.ALBANIAN GAELIC GHEGTOSK Indo-European.VLACHIndo-European.ROMANIANIndo-European.ROMANIANIndo-European.SARDINIAN MEGLENO2CAMPIDANESE Indo-European.SARDINIANIndo-European.LATINIndo-European.CORSICANIndo-European.SICILIAN UnnamedInSource LOGUDARESE Indo-European.DALMATIANIndo-European.PORTUGUESEIndo-European.GALICIANIndo-European.ARAGONESEIndo-European.ASTURIAN Indo-European Indo-European.JUDEOIndo-European.SPANISHIndo-European.OCCITANIndo-European.GASCONIndo-European.LANGUEDOCIEN ESPAGNOL ARANESE Indo-European.VALENCIANIndo-European.BALEARIndo-European.CATALAN CATALAN 2 Indo-European.ITALIANIndo-European.NEAPOLITANIndo-European.FRENCHIndo-European.ARPITAN GROSSETO CALABRESE TUSCAN Indo-European.NONESIndo-European.ROMANSHIndo-European.ROMANSH GARDENESEFASSANO SURSILVANVALLADERGRISHUN Indo-European.ROMANSHIndo-European.FRIULIANIndo-European.LIGURIANIndo-European.LIGURIAN STELLA RAPALLOGENOESESURMIRAN Indo-European.NONESIndo-European.ROMAGNOLIndo-European.EMILIANOIndo-European.EMILIANO FERRARESEREGGIANOCARPIGIANO RAVENNATE Indo-European.LOMBARDIndo-European.PIEMONTESEIndo-European.PIEMONTESE PLESIOBERGAMO VERCELLESELANZOCARMAGNOLA TORINESE Indo-European.PIEMONTESEIndo-European.OLDIndo-European.LATVIANIndo-European.LITHUANIANIndo-European.OLD PRUSSIANCHURCH BARBANIA SLAVONIC Indo-European.BOSNIANIndo-European.SERBOCROATIANIndo-European.CROATIANIndo-European.SLOVENIANIndo-European.NASHTA Indo-European.BULGARIANIndo-European.MACEDONIANIndo-European.BELARUSIANIndo-European.UKRAINIANIndo-European.RUSSIAN Indo-European.NINILCHIKIndo-European.CZECHIndo-European.SLOVAKIndo-European.KASHUBIANIndo-European.POLISH RUSSIAN Indo-European.UPPERIndo-European.LOWERIndo-European.GREEK SORBIAN ANCIENTSORBIAN 2 Indo-European.HITTITEIndo-European.COMMONIndo-European.TOCHARIANIndo-European.GOTHIC TOCHARIAN BA Austronesian.LONG TERAWAN BERAWAN Indo-European.OLDIndo-European.ENGLISHIndo-European.SCOTSIndo-European.FAROESE FRISIANENGLISH Indo-European.OLDIndo-European.ICELANDICIndo-European.NORWEGIANIndo-European.GJESTALIndo-European.SANDNES NORSE NORWEGIAN NORWEGIAN RIKSMAL Austronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN 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Indo-European.STANDARDIndo-European.LIMBURGISHIndo-European.LUXEMBOURGISHIndo-European.NORTHIndo-European.PLAUTDIETSCH FRISIAN GERMAN AMRUM Austronesian.NGAJU OLOHAustronesian.SEGAI MANGTANGAI Indo-European.NORTHERNIndo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.FRISIANIndo-European.STELLINGWERFSIndo-European.ZEEUWS WESTERN FRISIAN LOW SAXON Austronesian.DARO MATU Indo-European.DUTCHIndo-European.AFRIKAANSIndo-European.BRABANTICIndo-European.WESTVLAAMSIndo-European.FRANS VLAAMS Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY TANDROY TANDROYAustronesian.NGAJUAustronesian.BIATAH MAHAFALYAustronesian.BIDAYUH MAHAFALYAustronesian.KANOWITAustronesian.NAROMAustronesian.BELAITAustronesian.LELAK AMBOVOMBE PULOPETAKAMPANIHY BIDAYUH BAU Indo-European.ARMENIANIndo-European.WESTERNIndo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.AVESTAN 2ARMENIAN ARMENIANCLASSICAL Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY NORTHERN SOUTHERN PLATEAU BETSIMISARAKA SIHANAKA BETSIMISARAKAAustronesian.KAPUASAustronesian.NGAJU SAKALAVAAustronesian.BOLONGAN AMBATONDRAZAKA Austronesian.LAHANANFENOARIVOAustronesian.TANJONGAustronesian.BUKITANAustronesian.KIPUT VEZO MAHANORO BAAMANG TOLIARAKAHAYAN EAST Indo-European.PARACHIIndo-European.KURDISHIndo-European.GURANIIndo-European.BALOCHI KURMANJIEASTERNCENTRAL Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY PLATEAU PLATEAU BETSILEOAustronesian.MURUNG MERINA SAKALAVA ANTANANARIVOAustronesian.SINGHIFIANARANTSOAAustronesian.BUKAT MAINTIRANO SIANG Indo-European.BALOCHIIndo-European.KIRMANJKIIndo-European.IRONIndo-European.DIGORIndo-European.YAGHNOBI OSSETIAN OSSETIAN WESTERN Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.DUSUN SAKALAVAAustronesian.KATINGANAustronesian.KUALANAustronesian.BEKATI MORONDAVA MALANG Indo-European.SHUGHNIIndo-European.SARIKOLIIndo-European.VAFSIIndo-European.TALYSHIndo-European.JUDEO TAT 2 Uto-Aztecan Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.TAMBUNANAustronesian.DUSUNAustronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.DUSUN TANOSY MASIKOROAustronesian.LARA TOLAGNARO TEMPASUK MIARYDUSUN WITU Indo-European.JUDEOIndo-European.SHAHMIRZADIIndo-European.SORKHEIIndo-European.SANGISARIIndo-European.LASGERDI TAT Austronesian.MALAGASY ANATANKARANAAustronesian.DUSUNAustronesian.LAWANGANAustronesian.KADORIH VOHEMARAMBILOBE DEYAH Indo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.TAJIKIndo-European.PERSIANIndo-European.NATANZI FARSI Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.TIMUGON ANATANKARANA TSIMIHETYAustronesian.BISAYAAustronesian.BISAYAAustronesian.TUNJUNGAustronesian.TAWOYANAustronesian.SAMIHIMAustronesian.SIANG Austronesian.PAKUBARAMANDRITSARA ANTALAHA BETROKA MURUTBRUNEI SABAH Indo-European.GILAKIIndo-European.MUNJANIIndo-European.YIDGHAIndo-European.CENTRALIndo-European.SHIMSAL WAKHIGOJAL WAKHI Austronesian.MALAGASY Austronesian.EMBALOHSAKALAVA AMBANJA Indo-European.CHAPURSANIndo-European.ISHKOMANIndo-European.YASINIndo-European.ORMURIIndo-European.LAKKI MARWATWAKHI WAKHI WAKHI PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASY Austronesian.TUTONGSAKALAVA MAJUNGA 2 Indo-European.KARAKIndo-European.BANNUIndo-European.MIRANIndo-European.WANAIndo-European.WANECI PASHTO SHAHPASHTOPASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.BURUSUAustronesian.TIDONG Indo-European.KANDAHARIndo-European.PISHINIndo-European.QUETTAIndo-European.CHAMANIndo-European.PASHIN PASHTO KAKARIPASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.BONGGIAustronesian.IDAAN Indo-European.PARACHINARIndo-European.THALIndo-European.HANGUIndo-European.ZAKHAIndo-European.SHINWARI PASHTO KHELPASHTO PASHTO AFRIDIPASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY FIANARANTSOA TANDROY 12 Indo-European.NINGRAHARIndo-European.JAMRUDIndo-European.TIRAHIndo-European.BARIndo-European.MALLAGORI PASHTO AFRIDI AFRIDI PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA MAHAFALY 21 Indo-European.MOHMANDIndo-European.DIRIndo-European.MARDANIndo-European.BAJAURIndo-European.MINGORA PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY ANTAMBAHOAKABETSIMISARAKA AMBOSITRA VEZO Indo-European.MADYANIndo-European.SWABIIndo-European.BATAGRAMIndo-European.BAFFAIndo-European.OGHI PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY ANTANKARANA ANTAISAKA ZAFISOROSIHANAKA TAIMORO MERINA BARA Indo-European.JALLOZAIIndo-European.CHERATIndo-European.PESHAWARIndo-European.NORTHERNIndo-European.CHARSADDA PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASY TSIMIHETY Indo-European.KASHMIRIIndo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.SHEKHANIIndo-European.GAWARIndo-European.DAMELI BATI2 KATIVIRI Indo-European.DAMELIIndo-European.ZUGUNUKIndo-European.GURUIndo-European.KRAKALIndo-European.USHU KHOWARKALASHA KALASHA KALASHA Austronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.PALEMBANG JAKARTA MALAY Indo-European.PARGAMIndo-European.ODIRIndo-European.CHATORKHANDIndo-European.KESUIndo-European.GARAM KHOWAR KHOWAR CHISHMA NISAR KHOWARKHOWAR KHOWAR Austronesian.MINANGKABAU Indo-European.KOHISTANIIndo-European.TORWALIIndo-European.KALKOTIIndo-European.KALAMIIndo-European.INDUS KOHISTANI INDUS Austronesian.SEKOLAAustronesian.AMBONESEAustronesian.JAMBIAustronesian.BESEMAH LONTHOIRAustronesian.BUSHI BANDA MALAYMALAY Indo-European.SAVIIndo-European.PURIGALIndo-European.ASHRETIndo-European.BIORIIndo-European.USHOJO PHALURA PHALURA PHALURA Austronesian.SEKOLAAustronesian.TERNATEAustronesian.MANADONESEAustronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.BRUNEIAustronesian.OGANAustronesian.KUBU NEIRA BANDAPASAR 2 Indo-European.SHINAIndo-European.SHINAIndo-European.DOMAAKIIndo-European.BUNJI SHINA2KOHISTANIGURESI Austronesian.BANJARESEAustronesian.KUPANGAustronesian.AMBONAustronesian.MALAY MALEIS MALAYMALAY Indo-European.GOHARABADIndo-European.SAZINIndo-European.TANGIRIndo-European.HARBANIndo-European.DAREL SHINA SHINA SHINA SHINA SHINA Austronesian.AI BANDA Indo-European.JELILIndo-European.KHINARIndo-European.JALKOTIndo-European.PALASIndo-European.KOLAI CHILAS SHINASHINA CHILASSHINA SHINA SHINA Austronesian.SALAKOAustronesian.TEMUANAustronesian.DELANG BADAMEA Indo-European.GILGITIndo-European.CHALTIndo-European.NAGARIndo-European.HUNZAIndo-European.HARAMOSH SHINA SHINASHINA SHINA Austronesian.OLDAustronesian.MALAYAustronesian.URAK ORAustronesian.MUALANGAustronesian.SEBUYAUAustronesian.TAMUAN MIDDLE JAVANESE PATTANI LAWOI Indo-European.BAGROTIndo-European.PUNIALIndo-European.GUPISIndo-European.RONDUIndo-European.SATPARA SHINA SHINASHINA SHINA SHINA Austronesian.TENGGERAustronesian.MADURESEAustronesian.REMUNAustronesian.IBAN NGADAS Indo-European.BROKIndo-European.BROKSKATIndo-European.GULTARIIndo-European.KACHURAIndo-European.KHARMANG SKAD SHINA SHINA SHINA 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AGUNGAustronesian.DAYA SUKADANA PENDATANG NYO AGUNG ABUNGAustronesian.SASAKAustronesian.BALI LAMPUNG LAMPUNGLAMPUNG KOMERINGKOTABUMI NYO APIAPI Indo-European.GREEKIndo-European.SOFIAIndo-European.EASTIndo-European.VLAXIndo-European.LOVARA ROMANISLOVAK ERLI ROMANY ROMANI ROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.LAMPUNGAustronesian.SUNGKAIAustronesian.BELALAUAustronesian.PUBIANAustronesian.CHRUAustronesian.JARAIAustronesian.TSAT NYO LAMPUNG MELINTING API Indo-European.SINTIIndo-European.FINNISHIndo-European.SEPECIDESIndo-European.WELSHIndo-European.URSARI ROMANI ROMANI ROMANIROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.KAYUAustronesian.ADUMANISAustronesian.WAY AGUNG KANANAustronesian.RADE ULUASLI LAMPUNG KOMERINGKOMERING API Indo-European.CRIMEANIndo-European.GURVARIIndo-European.LATVIANIndo-European.LITHUANIANIndo-European.NORTH RUSSIAN ROMANI ROMANI ROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.JABUNG LAMPUNG API Indo-European.BURGENLANDIndo-European.SELICEIndo-European.ROMUNGROIndo-European.HUNGARIANIndo-European.NAWAR ROMANIZUTT VENDROMANI ROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.LAMPUNG Indo-European.DOMARIIndo-European.DARAIIndo-European.NEPALIIndo-European.DANUWARIndo-European.ORIYA Austronesian.BATAKAustronesian.BATAKAustronesian.ILIR MANDAILING KOMERING ANGKOLA Indo-European.CHAKMAIndo-European.ASSAMESEIndo-European.BENGALIIndo-European.RAJBANSHIIndo-European.LAMANI UnnamedInSource Austronesian.ANAIWOIAustronesian.KOMERING BAJAU Indo-European.KUMAUNIIndo-European.MARATHIIndo-European.VAAGRIIndo-European.GUJARATIIndo-European.KONKANI BOLI Austronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.PITULUAAustronesian.BAJOEAustronesian.KAROAustronesian.TOBAAustronesian.GAYO BAJAUBATAK Indo-European.URDUIndo-European.HINDIIndo-European.AGRAIndo-European.HADOTIIndo-European.MARWARI GUJARI Austronesian.LAKARAMBAAustronesian.BOEPINANGAustronesian.PADEIAustronesian.MORAMOAustronesian.LAPULUAustronesian.LUWUKAustronesian.LAURUAustronesian.LEMO LAUT BAJAU Indo-European.MAITHILIIndo-European.BHOIPURIIndo-European.BHOJPURIIndo-European.DARAIIndo-European.DANG 2 Austronesian.LANGARAAustronesian.KOLOAustronesian.KALEROANGAustronesian.KAYUADI BAWAH LAUT BAJAU Indo-European.RANAIndo-European.MORANGIndo-European.SADRIIndo-European.CHITWANIndo-European.PUNJABI MAJHI Austronesian.SIBUTUAustronesian.BAJAUAustronesian.PANGUTARANAustronesian.BALANGINGIAustronesian.LAKONEA SOUTHERN WEST COAST BAJAU SAMASAMA Indo-European.WESTERNIndo-European.PAHARIIndo-European.MANDEALIIndo-European.CHURAHIIndo-European.CHAMBEALI MAHASU PANJABI SHAHPUR Indo-European.BHATTIYALIIndo-European.SERAIKIIndo-European.BALAKOTIndo-European.SINGOIndo-European.SHERPUR DI GARHIHINDKO HINDKO HINDKO Austronesian.INABAKNONAustronesian.SAMAL Indo-European.PESHAWARIndo-European.MANSEHRAIndo-European.ATTOCKIndo-European.JAMMUNIndo-European.KOHAT CITY HINDKOCITY HINDKO HINDKO Austronesian.NORTHERNAustronesian.SOUTHERNAustronesian.SOUTHERNAustronesian.REJANGAustronesian.MAPUNAustronesian.YAKAN CATANDUANES SORSOGON Indo-European.ATTOCKIndo-European.TALAGANGIndo-European.PAKHAIndo-European.WADIndo-European.KAGHAN PAGGA GOLAM CITYGUJARI HINDKO HINDKO HINDKO HINDKO Austronesian.MARINDUQUEAustronesian.NORTHERNAustronesian.MOKENAustronesian.LIBONAustronesian.IRIGA SORSOGON TAGALOG Indo-European.SOUTHERNIndo-European.NORTHERNIndo-European.CENTRALIndo-European.MENDHAR AZAD GUJARI HAZARAAZAD KASHMIR KASHMIR GUJARI GUJARI GUJARI Austronesian.KALAGANAustronesian.KALAGANAustronesian.LEGAZPIAustronesian.DARAGAAustronesian.NAGAAustronesian.BUHIAustronesian.OAS TAGAKAOLO KAAGAN Indo-European.GILGITIndo-European.SETTLEDIndo-European.TRANSHUMANTIndo-European.CHITRALIndo-European.DIR GUJARI GUJARI GUJARISWAT GUJARISWAT GUJARI Austronesian.MANDAYANAustronesian.MANDAYANAustronesian.MANDAYAN ISLAM CARAGA BOSO PISO Indo-European.KUNARJicaquean.JICAQUETakelma.TAKELMAKalapuyan.KALAPUYAEast Bird's Head.MEYAH GUJARI Austronesian.BANTONAustronesian.ROMBLOMANONAustronesian.MANSAKAAustronesian.MANSAKAAustronesian.KALAGAN BANTOANON 22 Yanomamic.SANIMAYanomamic.SANUMAYanomamic.YANOMAMIYanomamic.YANOMAMEYanomamic.YANOMAM Austronesian.ROMBLOMANONAustronesian.CEBUANOAustronesian.AKLANONAustronesian.TAUSUG 1 Yanomamic.SHIRISHANAYanomamic.NINAMYanomamic.YANAMNorth Halmahera.WEST 2 MAKIAN Austronesian.BUHINONAustronesian.WARAYAustronesian.MASBATENYOAustronesian.KINARAY ALBAY BICOLANO WARAY A North Halmahera.SABALEHalmahera.TALAPAOHalmahera.TAGONOHalmahera.TAFASOHOHalmahera.NGOFABOBAWA Austronesian.UMIRAYAustronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.SURIGAONONAustronesian.BUTUANONAustronesian.MAMANWAAustronesian.CAPIZNON DUMAGET BICOLANO AGTA North Halmahera.BOBAWAHalmahera.MALAPAHalmahera.TIDOREHalmahera.SAHUHalmahera.TABARU Austronesian.SUBANUNAustronesian.SUBANONAustronesian.HILIGAYNONAustronesian.CUYONON SINDANGAN SIOCON North Halmahera.MADOLEHalmahera.MODOLEHalmahera.PAGUHalmahera.TOBELOHalmahera.GALELA 2 Mayan Austronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MOROAustronesian.MAGUINDANAO KALAMANSIG Austronesian.TAGALOGWESTERN MAGINDANAU DIBABAWON COTABATOBUKIDNON NorthSape.SAPEWalio.TUWARIWalio.WALIOWalio.WOSWARI Halmahera.LODA Austronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MARANAOAustronesian.IRANUN ILIANEN TIGWA ATA Walio.YAWIYOAmto-Musan.AMTOAmto-Musan.MUSANLeft May.OWINIGA 2 Austronesian.BROOKESAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.KAGAYANEN POINT SARANGANI PALAWAN Left May.AMAMay.NIMOMay.NAKWI 2 NAKWI Austronesian.CANIPAANAustronesian.QUEZONAustronesian.TAGABAWAAustronesian.BINUKID PALAWAN LeftSepik.IWAMSepik.ABAU May.ITERIMay.BOMay.ROCKY 2 PEAK Austronesian.TAGBANWAAustronesian.PALAWANOAustronesian.BATAKAustronesian.TAUTAustronesian.MOLBOG PALAWANABORLAN BATAK BATU 2 Sepik.ABAUSepik.NAMIASepik.AWTUWSepik.POUYESepik.KARAWA 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Burushaski.BURUSHASKIBurushaski.MURTAZABADBurushaski.HAIDERABADBurushaski.NAZIMABADBurushaski.UYUM NAGAR HUNZA HUNZA BURUSHASKIHUNZA BURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI Austronesian.ATTAAustronesian.ILOKANOAustronesian.IBANAG PAMPLONA Burushaski.HOPERBurushaski.CENTRALBurushaski.GANISHBurushaski.HUSSAINABADNuclear Trans New Guinea.DAONAGAR HUNZA YASIN HUNZA BURUSHASKIBURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI Austronesian.DUMAGATAustronesian.CASIGURANAustronesian.GADDANGAustronesian.ITAWITAustronesian.ISNAGAustronesian.ISNEG CASIGURAN NEGRITO Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KINIAGEIMAGuinea.ANGGURUKGuinea.TANGMAGuinea.HITIGIMAGuinea.PYRAMID DANIDANIWODO YALI Austronesian.SANGILAustronesian.DUPANINGAN SARANGANIAustronesian.YOGADAustronesian.AGTA ISLANDS AGTA Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MIDGuinea.NGGEMGuinea.WANOGuinea.UPPERGuinea.LANI GRAND PYRAMID VALLEY DANI DANI Austronesian.SANGIRAustronesian.SANGIRAustronesian.SANGIL 2 Puinave.PUINAVEPuinave.PUINABEKakua-Nukak.KAKUAKakua-Nukak.CACUAKakua-Nukak.NUKAK Austronesian.TONSAWANGAustronesian.RATAHANAustronesian.TONSEAAustronesian.TALAUDAustronesian.BANTIK Kakua-Nukak.NUKAKNatchez.NATCHEZVilela.VILELACanichana.CANICHANAYuki-Wappo.WAPPO MAKU Austronesian.TAGBANWAAustronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.TONTEMBOANAustronesian.TONDANOAustronesian.TOMBULU TAGBANWA KALAMIAN Yuki-Wappo.YUKICandoshi-Shapra.CANDOSHILengua-Mascoy.SANAPANALengua-Mascoy.LENGUA 2 ENLHETANGAITE Austronesian.TRUKUAustronesian.KAPAMPANGANAustronesian.HANUNOOAustronesian.SINAUNAAustronesian.MANIDE TAROKO Lengua-Mascoy.LENGUATimor-Alor-Pantar.ABUIYuchi.YUCHITonkawa.TONKAWAGuaicuruan.KADIWEU TAKALELANG Austronesian.HECUOAustronesian.PARANAustronesian.SQULIQAustronesian.TODA TAROKO ATAYAL Guaicuruan.ABIPONGuaicuruan.MOCOVIGuaicuruan.TOBAGuaicuruan.PILAGAPayagua.PAYAGUA Austronesian.AURANAustronesian.MAYRINAXAustronesian.SKIKUNAustronesian.CIULIAustronesian.ATAYALAustronesian.SEDIQ KULON PAZEHATAYAL Matacoan.MACAMatacoan.NIVACLEMatacoan.CHOROTEMatacoan.WICHI LHAMTES IYOWUJWA GUISNAY Austronesian.TUNGHOAustronesian.TAAIAustronesian.PAZEH SAISIYAT Matacoan.WICHIMatacoan.MATACOMuskogean.CREEKMuskogean.MIKASUKI LHAMTES VEJOZ Austronesian.BUTANGLUAustronesian.TJUBARAustronesian.SAISIYATAustronesian.SIRAYA PAIWAN Muskogean.KOASATIMuskogean.ALABAMAMuskogean.CHICKASAWMuskogean.CHOCTAWFulnio.FULNIO Austronesian.LOWERAustronesian.NANWANGAustronesian.STIMULAustronesian.PILAMAustronesian.PAIWAN PINLANG PUYUMA PAIWAN Timucua.TIMUCUAMayan.CHICOMUCELTECMayan.HUASTECMayan.MOPAN SAN VERACRUZ LUIS PETEN Austronesian Austronesian.AMISAustronesian.FATAANAustronesian.CAustronesian.THAO NATAORAN AMISAMIS Mayan.MOPANMayan.LACANDONMayan.ITZAJMayan.MAYA YUCATECAYUCATAN Austronesian.NATAORANAustronesian.FARANGAustronesian.KAVALANAustronesian.KAVALAN AMIS 2 Mayan.CHOLTIMayan.CHORTIMayan.CHONTAL JOCOTAN TABASCO Austronesian.TAKBANUAZAustronesian.TAKITUDUHAustronesian.ISKUBUNAustronesian.BASAY BUNUN Mayan.CHOLMayan.TOJOLABALMayan.TZELTAL TUMBALATILA BACHAJONOXCHUC Austronesian.MANTAURANAustronesian.TANANAustronesian.BUDAIAustronesian.MANTAURANAustronesian.BUNUN RUKAI Mayan.TZOTZILMayan.ZINACANTANMayan.CHUJ SAN ZINACANTANSAN MATEO ANDRESTZOTZIL IXTATAN 1600 Austronesian.DUHTUAustronesian.MAGAAustronesian.TONAAustronesian.RUKAIAustronesian.TSOU RUKAITSOU Mayan.ACATECOMayan.JAKALTEKOMayan.QANJOBALMayan.MOCHOMayan.JACALTECO SAN SANTA EASTERNWESTERN MIGUEL EULALIA ACATAN Austronesian.ISAMORONGAustronesian.KANAKANABUAustronesian.BABUYANAustron esian.SA IVATAN AROA Mayan.TECOMayan.AGUACATECMayan.AGUACATECOMayan.IXILMayan.JA CALTEC CHAJUL TECTITAN AGUACATAN Austronesian.IRARALAYAustronesian.IVASAYAustronesian.IMORODAustronesian.YAMI IVATAN 2 Mayan.MAMMayan.NORTHERN TACANATECTITAN MAM 231 SAN ILDEFONSO IXTAHUACAN Austronesian.ITBAYATENAustronesian.IVATANAustronesian.NIAS BATANESAustronesian.YAMI NORTHERNSOUTHERN ISLANDS Mayan.MAM TODOSSANTIAGOSANNORTHERN SEBASTIAN SANTOS CHIMALTENANGO CUCHUMATANH 13 Austronesian.TBOLIAustronesian.MENTAWAIAustronesian.SIMALURAustronesian.TAGABILIAustronesian.SICHULE TAGABILI Mayan.MAM SANTODOS RAFAELGASPARILDEFONSOJUAN SANTOS ATITLAN PETZAL IXCHIL CUCHUMATANIXTAHUACAN 2 Austronesian.BILAANAustronesian.BILAANAustronesian.KAIDIPANGAustronesian.BUOL KORONADAL SARANGANI Mayan.MAM SANSANTACABRICAN MARTINJUANPEDRO BARBARA OSTUNCALCO NECTASACATEPEQUEZ Austronesian.MONGONDOWAustronesian.GORONTALOAustronesian.DESAAustronesian.BATUAustronesian.MASIRI WALIATAS Mayan.KEKCHIMayan.MAMMayan.SOUTHERN CAJOLASANCONSEPCION MIGUEL MAM SAN SIGUILA CHIQUIRICHAPA JUAN OSTUNCALCO Austronesian.MATOAustronesian.KUMBEWAHAAustronesian.PASARWAJOAustronesian.WABHULA NO UWE Mayan.WESTERNMayan.POCOMAMMayan.EASTERN KEKCHIPOCOMAM KEKCHIEASTERNSAN LUIS CAHABON SAN JILOTEPEQUE SAN JUAN CRISTOBAL CHAMELCO VERAPAZ Austronesian.TUKANGAustronesian.KAPONTORIAustronesian.BONERATEAustronesian.TODANGA BESI NORTHERNSOUTHERN Mayan.WESTERNMayan.KICHEMayan.USPANTEKOMayan.POQOMCHI QUICHE WESTERN TOTONICAPANSANTA CATARINA IXTAHUACAN Austronesian.WASUAMBAAustronesian.KADATUAAustronesian.KAMBOAAustronesian.LAWELEAustronesian.MUNA Mayan.SACAPULTECOMayan.SIPAKAPENSEMayan.CENTRALMayan.WESTERN QUICHE QUICHE SACAPULAS SANTA MOMOSTENANGO MARIA CENTRO CHIQUIMULA Austronesian.KAIMBULAWAAustronesian.LIABUKAAustronesian.BUSOAAustronesian.WOLIO Mayan.SOUTHERNMayan.TZUTUJILMayan.EASTERN SANSANTIAGOWESTERNQUICHE CAKCHIQUEL JUAN RABINAL LAATITLAN LAGUNA SAN ANDRES ITZAPA Austronesian.LASALIMUAustronesian.KAMARUAustronesian.LAIYOLOAustronesian.WOTU Mayan.KICHEEMayan.QUICHEMayan.NORTHERNMayan.WESTERN RABINAL CAKCHIQUEL CAKCHIQUEL PATZUN SANTECPAN MARTIN JILOTEPEQUE Austronesian.WAWONIIAustronesian.KULISUSUAustronesian.WAWONIIAustronesian.KORONIAustronesian.TALOKI MENUI Mayan.KICHEE NAHUALASANTASAN MIGUEL CLARALUCIA 12 CHICAJ UTATLAN LA LAGUNA Austronesian.MORONENEAustronesian.MORONENEAustronesian.TOMADINOAustronesian.MORIAustronesian.PADOE TOKOTUA ATAS Mayan.KICHEE ALDEACUNENSANTA ARGUETAMARIA12 CHIQUIMULA SOLOLA 21 Austronesian.MORIAustronesian.MORIAustronesian.KODEOHA BAWAH BAWAH WATU Mayan.KICHEE CUBULCOSANTAJOYABAJSANZACUALPA ANTONIO CRUZ 2 DE ILOTENANGO EL QUICHE Austronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.WARUAustronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.WARU MEKONGGALALOMERUI LAIWUIASERA Mayan.KICHEE TOTONICAPANMOMOSTENANGOCHICHICASTENANGOJOYABAJ 1 21 Austronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.RAHAMBUUAustronesian.ARALLEAustronesian.KONDOAustronesian.TOLAKI WIWIRANO KONAWE Mayan.KICHEE SAMAYACZUNILSANCANTEL JOSE 21CHIQUILAJA QUETZ Austronesian.TAORAAustronesian.MAMBI Yeniseian.PUMPOKOLYeniseian.ASSANYeniseian.KOTTYeniseian.ARINTsimshian.COAST TSIMSHIAN Austronesian.TABULAHANAustronesian.TABULAHANAustronesian.MATANANGNGAAustronesian.SALUDENGANAustronesian.MINANGNGAAustronesian.BOTTENG CAMPBELLMCKENZIE Siouan.CATAWBATunica.TUNICAYeniseian.YUGHYeniseian.KETYeniseian.EIGHTEENTH RECENT CENTURY KET Austroasiatic Austronesian.RANTEPALADOAustronesian.SALUAustronesian.SODANGANAustronesian.SEPANGAustronesian.TANETEAustronesian.KIHA HUHU Nambiquaran.MAMAINDENambiquaran.NAMBIKWARANambiquaran.SABANEAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.TLINGITHaida.HAIDA Austronesian.SALUAustronesian.MEHALAANAustronesian.TARINDINGAustronesian.PALLU MAKA Chicham.AGUARUNAChicham.JIVAROChicham.HUAMBISAYamana.YAMANAZuni.ZUNI SHUAR Austronesian.DAMAAustronesian.TAUPEAustronesian.TOALAAustronesian.TAE DAMA Chumashan.CRUZENYOChumashan.OBISPENYOChicham.SHUARChicham.ACHUARChicham.AGUARUNA 2 Austronesian.COASTALAustronesian.MAKASARAustronesian.SELAYARAustronesian.KONJO KONJO Klamath-Modoc.KLAMATHChimariko.CHIMARIKOChumashan.CHUMASHChumashan.INESENYOChumashan.VENTURENYO BARBARENO Austronesian.MAKASSARESEAustronesian.BUGINESEAustronesian.SADAN Eskimo-Aleut.INUPIAQEskimo-Aleut.WESTEskimo-Aleut.EASTEskimo-Aleut.ALEUTNuclear-Macro-Je.OFAYE GREENLANDICGREENLANDIC Austronesian.SOPPENGAustronesian.BUDONGAustronesian.PANASUANAustronesian.BANGGAIAustronesian.MANDARAustronesian.MAMUJUAustronesian.TARA BUGINESE BUDONG Eskimo-Aleut.STEskimo-Aleut.CEskimo-Aleut.YUPIKEskimo-Aleut.INUKTITUTEskimo-Aleut.KANGIRYUARMIUTUN YUPIK LAWRENCE SIRENIK EASTERN YUPIK CANADIAN Austronesian.SINDUEAustronesian.CAMPALAGIANAustronesian.TOPOIYOAustronesian.BAREEAustronesian.UMAAustronesian.DAA TAWAILI Chimakuan.QUILEUTESiuslaw.SIUSLAWAlsea.ALSEAKutenai.KUTENAIEskimo-Aleut.YUPIK CENTRAL SIBERIAN CHAPLINO Austronesian.SARUDUAustronesian.SEDOAAustronesian.RAMPIAustronesian.MOMA Wakashan.OOWEKYALAWakashan.KWAKWALAWakashan.DITIDAHTWakashan.MAKAHWakashan.NOOTKA Austronesian.LEMOLANGAustronesian.TAJIO Salishan.LILLOOETSalishan.TILLAMOOKSalishan.BELLAWakashan.HEILTSUKWakashan.HAISLA COOLA Austronesian.TAJEAustronesian.BADAAustronesian.TAJEAustronesian.PENDAUAustronesian.DONDOAustronesian.TOMINIAustronesian.LAUJE TANAMPEDAGI INDONESIA PETAPA Salishan.COEURSalishan.OKANAGANSalishan.COLUMBIASalishan.SHUSWAPSalishan.THOMPSON DALENE WENATCHI COLVILLE Austronesian.DAMPELASAustronesian.BOANOAustronesian.TOTOLI Salishan.CHEHALISSalishan.QUINAULTSalishan.KALISPELSalishan.MONTANASalishan.SPOKANE PENDUPPERSALISH DOREILLE Austronesian.LAUJEAustronesian.BALAESANGAustronesian.CHAMORROAustronesian.TIRURAY AMPIBABO Salishan.SECHELTSalishan.PUGETSalishan.LUSHOOTSEEDSalishan.TWANASalishan.COWLITZ SALISH Austronesian.WANUKAKAAustronesian.KAMBERA Salishan.STOLOSalishan.NOOKSACKSalishan.SQUAMISHSalishan.COMOXSalishan.SLIAMMON Austronesian.SOUTHERNAustronesian.LEWAAustronesian.ANAKALANGAustronesian.BALILEDOAustronesian.LAMBOYAAustronesian.PONDOKAustronesian.WEJEWAAustronesian.SAVU KAMBERA Salishan.SALISHSalishan.SAANICHSalishan.CLALLAMSalishan.COWICHANSalishan.MUSQUEAM STRAITS Austronesian.UMBUAustronesian.GAURA RATUAustronesian.MAMBORUAustronesian.DHAO Austronesian.BIMANGGAI NGGAURAKAMBERA Pomoan.POMOPalaihnihan.ATSUGEWIPalaihnihan.ACHUMAWISalishan.SAMISHSalishan.SONGISH EASTERN Austronesian.ALORAustronesian.SIKAAustronesian.SOA Pomoan.KASHAYAPomoan.POMOPomoan.SOUTHEASTERN NORTHEASTERNCENTRALNORTHERN POMO Austronesian.ALORAustronesian.LAMALERAAustronesian.NGADHAAustronesian.KEDANGAustronesian.ENDEAustronesian.KEOAustronesian.LIO KALABAHI Cochimi-Yuman.PAIPAICochimi-Yuman.COCHIMIYana.YANASeri.SERIPomoan.SOUTHERN POMO Austronesian.LAMAHOLOTAustronesian.ALORAustronesian.PALUE Austronesian.ROMAAustronesian.KISARBARAHUSA ILE MANDIRI KABIR Cochimi-Yuman.DIEGUENOCochimi-Yuman.HAVASUPAICochimi-Yuman.WALAPAICochimi-Yuman.YAVAPAICochimi-Yuman.KILIWA Austronesian.MANGGARAIAustronesian.SELARUAustronesian.LUANGAustronesian.NILA Cochimi-Yuman.MOHAVECochimi-Yuman.MARICOPACochimi-Yuman.YUMACochimi-Yuman.COCOPACochimi-Yuman.TIPAI Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.LETINESEAustronesian.SERUAAustronesian.TEUN DAMAR Tequistlatecan.OAXACATequistlatecan.HIGHLANDComecrudan.COMECRUDOKaruk.KAROKCochimi-Yuman.MOJAVE CHONTAL TEQUISTLATEC Austronesian.UABAustronesian.TERMANUAustronesian.BAIKENOAustronesian.APUTAIAustronesian.TETUNAustronesian.PERAIAustronesian.ERAI METO Uto-Aztecan.CENTRALUto-Aztecan.ELUto-Aztecan.HUICHOLUto-Aztecan.TUBARUto-Aztecan.OPATA NAYAR TARAHUMARA CORA Austronesian.TUGUNAustronesian.GALOLIAustronesian.TALURAustronesian.ILIUN Uto-Aztecan.YAQUIUto-Aztecan.EUDEVEUto-Aztecan.GUARIJIOUto-Aztecan.WARIHIOUto-Aztecan.HUARIJIO Austronesian.WAIMAAAustronesian.KEMAK Uto-Aztecan.PIMAUto-Aztecan.HOPIUto-Aztecan.MAYOUto-Aztecan.YAQUI BAJO LOS2 CAPOMOS Sino-Tibetan Austronesian.TUKUDEDEAustronesian.MAMBAEAustronesian.GESERAustronesian.UJIR Uto-Aztecan.SOUTHERNUto-Aztecan.LOWERUto-Aztecan.NORTHERNUto-Aztecan.UPPERUto-Aztecan.TOHONO PIMAPIMA OODHAM TEPEHUAN Austronesian.WARUAustronesian.WATUBELAAustronesian.NGAIBORAustronesian.DOBELAustronesian.KEI SERAM Uto-Aztecan.SERRANOUto-Aztecan.KITANEMUKUto-Aztecan.TEPECANO Austronesian.ELATAustronesian.FORDATA KEI BESAR Uto-Aztecan.CUPENOUto-Aztecan.CAHUILLAUto-Aztecan.LUISENOUto-Aztecan.GABRIELINOUto-Aztecan.TUBATULABAL Austronesian.YAMDENAAustronesian.SOBOYO Uto-Aztecan.UTEUto-Aztecan.SOUTHERNUto-Aztecan.KAWAIISU 12SOUTHERN PAIUTE PAIUTE Austronesian.TARANGANAustronesian.PAULOHIAustronesian.ASILULUAustronesian.AMAHAIAustronesian.HITU BARAT FERUNI Uto-Aztecan.COMANCHEUto-Aztecan.SHOSHONIUto-Aztecan.NORTHERNUto-Aztecan.WESTERN MONO PAIUTE BANNOCK Austronesian.ELPAPUTIHAustronesian.HARUKUAustronesian.TULEHU SERAM 12 Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATLUto-Aztecan.POCHUTLAUto-Aztecan.TUMPISAUto-Aztecan.PANAMINT MECAYAPANQUETZALAPA NAHUATL AZOYU Austronesian.ELPAPUTIHAustronesian.NUSAAustronesian.TALUTI SERAM LAUT 3 Uto-Aztecan.TABASCOUto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SANPOMARONAHUATLPAJAPAN PEDROAGUSTIN AQUILACUPILCO JICORA DE BUENAVENTURA Austronesian.ELPAPUTIHAustronesian.PELAUWAustronesian.SAPARUAAustronesian.SAPARUA SAMASURUAustronesian.ALUNE PAULOHIJ HARUKU HARIA OUW Uto-Aztecan.HIGHLANDUto-Aztecan.NAHUATLUto-Aztecan.PIPIL IXTACAMAXTITLANCHIGNAUTLACHILOCOYO PUEBLA NAHUATL HUEHUETLA Austronesian.SAPARUAAustronesian.TALUTIAustronesian.SEPAAustronesian.TALUTIAustronesian.BONFIAYAustronesian.BONFIAAustronesian.BOBOT INDONESIATAMILOUW IHAMAHU LAIMU Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL JALATLACOSANAYOTOXCOREYESSIERRA JERONINO DE DE VALLARTA ZACAPOAXTLA AMANALCO TUZAMAPAN Austronesian.MASIWANGAustronesian.HUKUMINAAustronesian.KAYELIAustronesian.LISELA Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL SANCOATEPECCHILACACHAPA PEDROFRANCISCO COSTALES TLALCUAPAN CUETZALA TLALNEPANTLA TELEOLOAPAN SANTA DEL PROGRESO ANA CHIAUTEMPAN Austronesian.ASILULUAustronesian.LARIKEAustronesian.SERILI LIMA WAKASIHU WARAKA Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ACAXOCHITLANCOYOTEPECHUATLATLAUCASANJICOCINGO MIGUEL ZACATLAN AYOTLA Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.IMROINGAustronesian.DAI MASELA Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATLUto-Aztecan.TETELCINGO SANTABUENOSAMILCINGOHUEYAPAN NAHUATL ANA AIRES TETELAZACUALPANTLACOTENCO ALAMO DEL VOLCAN Austronesian.SOUTHEASTAustronesian.BURUAustronesian.TELAAustronesian.EMPLAWAS MASARETE MASBUAR BABAR Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ZAHUASTIPANCUATLAMAYANIXHUATLANCUAMELC0LAS BALSAS TIANGUISTENGODE SAN MADEROANTONIO AUGUSTIN SANTOS METZQUITITLAN Austronesian.SAPOLEWAAustronesian.CENTRAL SOOWAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.WESTAustronesian.CAROLINIANAustronesian.WOLEAIANAustronesian.TRUKESE Austronesian.ULITHIANKWELE ULUI MASELASERAM DAMARBABAR Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL TLALNEPANTLAMONTEGRANDEXOCHIATIPANHUEYATICHINANCAHUATL YAHUALICA TAMAZUNCHALEPLATON ZACUALTIPAN SANCHEZ Austronesian.ASILULUAustronesian.DAWERA LIMA RUMAHSOSALAustronesian.PULUWATESEAustronesian.SATAWALESE NUWETETU DAWELOOR Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL DELCHICONTEPECCOXCATLANLAXILITLA REFORMA NORTE DEL TEPEHUACAN ESTADO DE DE PUEBLA GUERRERO Austronesian.SONSOROLESEAustronesian.POHNPEIANAustronesian.PULOAustronesian.MOKILESEAustronesian.KUSAIEMisumalpan.ULWABerta.WETAWIT ANNA Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL CHICHIQUILARAFAELSANSTA MAPABLOJOSE COAPANDELGADO MIAHUATLAN ZOQUITLAN Austronesian.MORTLOCKESEAustronesian.MARSHALLESEAustronesian.PINGELAPESEAustronesian.NAURUANAustronesian.KIRIBATIMisumalpan.MISKITOAustronesian.LAU Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATLUto-Aztecan.CLASSICAL CUACUILAXILOCUAUTLASANSANTA NAHUATL BERNARDINO MARIA HUAUCHINANGO TEOPOXCOHUAUCHINANGO TEOTITLAN DEL CAMINO Misumalpan.CACAOPERAAustronesian.KWAI Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL AXOCHIAPANATLACHOLOAYACUENTEPECXOXOCOTLATEPOTZTLAN TEMIXCOPUENTE XOCHITEPEC DE IXTLA Austronesian.WALADEAustronesian.LAUAustronesian.FATALEKAAustronesian.KWAIO NORTH LAU Uto-Aztecan.NAHUATL ACATLANZITLALAATLIACAXALATZALAXALPATLAHUAC TIXTLA TLAPA Austronesian.EASTERNAustronesian.MBAENGGUUAustronesian.MBAELELEAAustronesian.KWARAAEAustronesian.TOABAITAAustronesian.MARAUAustronesian.DORIO MARSHALLESE Molala.MOLALAKoreanic.KOREANUto-Aztecan.NAHUATL HUITZILTEPECXAALITLASAN AGUSTIN TEPECUAUILCO OAPANZUMPANGO DEL RIO Austronesian.OROHAAustronesian.SAA Maiduan.MAIDUMaiduan.NISENANWintuan.WINTUSahaptian.NEZSahaptian.UMATILLA PERCE KONKAU SAHAPTIN Austronesian.LANGALANGAAustronesian.ULAWAAustronesian.AULU SAA Yokutsan.YOKUTSLeko.LEKOMaiduan.MAIDUMaiduan.NE MAIDU NORTHWEST TINLINNEHUNKNOWN NAKUM Austronesian.WAIAHAAAustronesian.FAGANIAustronesian.KAHUAAustronesian.RAWO AREARE Miwok-Costanoan.MIWOKMiwok-Costanoan.OLAMENTKEMiwok-Costanoan.RUMSENMiwok-Costanoan.MUTSUN LAKEBODEGA Austronesian.MAASUPAAustronesian.UKIAustronesian.ONEIBIAAustronesian.BAURO NI MASI AREARE AROSI SAA Algic.WIYOTMiwok-Costanoan.CENTRALMiwok-Costanoan.SMiwok-Costanoan.NORTHERNMiwok-Costanoan.PLAINS SIERRA MIWOK SIERRAMIWOK SIERRA MIWOK MIWOK Quechuan Austronesian.TAWAROGAAustronesian.AROSIAustronesian.SANTAAustronesian.LONGGUAustronesian.GHARI TAWATANA ANA KAHUA OWA Algic.MICMACAlgic.POWHATANAlgic.ARAPAHOAlgic.CHEYENNEAlgic.BLACKFOOT UnnamedInSource Austronesian.BAROOAustronesian.NDI BAURO GHARI Algic.MOHEGANAlgic.KASKASKIAAlgic.PASSAMAQUODDY ILLINOIS MALISEET UnnamedInSource Austronesian.HAUNUNUAustronesian.NGGERIAustronesian.TANDAIAustronesian.NGGAEAustronesian.MALANGOAustronesian.MBIRAOAustronesian.TOLO BAURO GHARI Algic.DELAWAREAlgic.MAHICANAlgic.WAMPANOAGAlgic.ABNAKI EASTERNWESTERN MUNSEE NATICK Austronesian.POLEOAustronesian.NGINIAAustronesian.MOLIAustronesian.KOOAustronesian.NGGELAAustronesian.LENGO TALISEGHARI Algic.MENOMINEEAlgic.NASKAPIAlgic.MONTAGNAISAlgic.ATIKAMEKWAlgic.UNAMI UnnamedInSource Austronesian.BUGHOTUAustronesian.LENGOAustronesian.FIJIANAustronesian.TABARAustronesian.FIJIAN 2 Algic.POTAWATOMIAlgic.KICKAPOOAlgic.MIAMIAlgic.FOXAlgic.SHAWNEE Austronesian.MALAGHETIAustronesian.MANDARAAustronesian.ANUTA TALISE Algic.OTTAWAAlgic.OJIBWAAlgic.CHIPPEWAAlgic.ALGONQUIN EASTERNSEVERN Austronesian.WAYANAustronesian.MOORIORIAustronesian.PENRHYN FIJIAN Japonic.JAPANESEJaponic.TAKARAJIMAKehu.KEHUPapi.PAUPE 2 JAPANESE Austronesian.DHADHAJEAustronesian.RAROTONGANAustronesian.TUAMOTUANAustronesian.RAPAAustronesian.UAAustronesian.MAORI BOGHOTU POU NUI Japonic.NAHAJaponic.YONAMINEJaponic.SHURIJaponic.TOKYOJaponic.JAPANESE JAPANESE KYOTO Austronesian.RENNELLESE Japonic.TOKUWASEJaponic.SANIJaponic.NORTHERNJaponic.KAMIKATETSUJaponic.YONAGUNI AMAMI AMAMI KIKAI OSHIMA Austronesian.KAPINGAMARANGIAustronesian.RAROTONGANAustronesian.TAHITIANAustronesian.TAHITIAN 2 2 Japonic.HIGAJaponic.AKAJIMAJaponic.YAMAZATOJaponic.IZENAJaponic.YORON OKINAWAN KUNIGAMI OKINAWAN OKINAWAN Austronesian.RURUTUANAustronesian.NUKURIAAustronesian.MANIHIKIAustronesian.SAMOANAustronesian.PILENI Japonic.KOHAMAJaponic.KOMIJaponic.UEHARAJaponic.KUROSHIMAJaponic.TAKETOMI YAEYAMA YAEYAMA YAEYAMA YAEYAMA Austronesian.SAMOANAustronesian.NANUMEAAustronesian.TOKELAUAustronesian.NIUE 2 Japonic.MIYAKOJaponic.FUKUSATOJaponic.KABIRAJaponic.YAEYAMAJaponic.HATERUMA YAEYAMA MIYAKO YAEYAMA Austronesian.MARQUESANAustronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.PUKAPUKAAustronesian.TUVALUANAustronesian.TONGANAustronesian.TONGAN Austronesian.FILAISLAND MARQUESAN NUKUHIVA MAORI 2 Uru-Chipaya.CHIPAYAUru-Chipaya.UCHUMATAQUJaponic.KUNINAKAJaponic.AZAJaponic.NISHIHARA IRABU MIYAKO MIYAKOMIYAKO 3 Austronesian.TAKUUAustronesian.FUTUNAAustronesian.ANIWAAustronesian.EMAEAustronesian.MELE MORTLOCK Lule.LULEPyu.PYUAtakapa.ATAKAPAUru-Chipaya.CHIPAYA AND TONOCOTE 2 Austronesian.TAHITIANAustronesian.FUTUNAAustronesian.TIKOPIA 18TH CENTURY EAST Iroquoian.WENDATIroquoian.WYANDOTIroquoian.TUSCARORAMura-Piraha.PIRAHAMuniche.MUNICHI HURON Austronesian.LANGUEAustronesian.VAEAKAUAustronesian.EAST DEAustronesian.HAWAIIANAustronesian.HAWAIIAN ISLES MARQUISES TAUMAKO FUTUNA 3 Iroquoian.SENECAIroquoian.CAYUGAIroquoian.ONONDAGAIroquoian.ONEIDAIroquoian.MOHAWK Austronesian.HAWAIIANAustronesian.LUANGIUAAustronesian.NUKUOROAustronesian.SIKAIANA 2 Peba-Yagua.YAGUAAndaqui.ANDAQUIChibchan.PECH 32 Austronesian.ROTUMANAustronesian.ROTUMANAustronesian.MAUTUTUAustronesian.PALAUANAustronesian.NAKANAIAustronesian.TIANGAustronesian.NALIK 2 Huavean.SANZaparoan.CAHUARANOZaparoan.IQUITOZaparoan.ZAPAROZaparoan.ARABELA FRANCISCO DEL MAR HUAVE Austronesian.WALLISIANAustronesian.NAKANAIAustronesian.KARAAustronesian.TIGAKAustronesian.TAIOFAustronesian.SIAR EAST UVEAN PNG 2 Totonacan.TEPEHUAHuavean.HUAVE 2 PISAHUEHUETLATLACHICHILCO FLORES Austronesian.BILEKIAustronesian.WESTAustronesian.TUNGAKAustronesian.TANGAAustronesian.TOLAI NAKANAI KARA Totonacan.TOTONACTotonacan.XICOTEPECTotonacan.TOTONAC FILOMENATEJERIAUPPERMISANTLA TOTONAC NEXACA MATA Austronesian.MUSSAUAustronesian.PATPATARAustronesian.KANDASAustronesian.MINIGIRAustronesian.SISIQAAustronesian.BILUR EMIRA Totonacan.TOTONACTotonacan.PAPANTLATotonacan.TOTONAC OLINTLAOZELONACAXTLAHIGHLANDCOYUTLA TOTONAC Austronesian.SURSURUNGAAustronesian.RIRIO Mixe-Zoque.MIGUELMixe-Zoque.SOTEAPANMixe-Zoque.TEXISTEPECMixe-Zoque.TAPACHULTECTotonacan.TOTONAC CHIMALAPA COATEPEC ZOQUE ZOQUE Austronesian.VAGHUAAustronesian.VARISIAustronesian.SIMBOAustronesian.DUKE Mixe-Zoque.SAYULAMixe-Zoque.ZOQUEMixe-Zoque.CHIAPASMixe-Zoque.MARIA CHIMALAPAFRANCISCORAYON POPOLUCA ZOQUE LEON Austronesian.LUNGGA Mixe-Zoque.NORTHMixe-Zoque.OLUTAMixe-Zoque.LOWLANDMixe-Zoque.AYUTLAMixe-Zoque.SOUTH POPOLUCAHIGHLAND MIXE MIXE MIXE Austronesian.MBAREKEAustronesian.MAROVOAustronesian.ROVIANAAustronesian.UGHELEAustronesian.HOAVA AnsonKungarakany.KUNKARAKANYMixe-Zoque.ULTERIOR Bay.WADYGINYBay.PUNGUPUNGUBay.WADJIGINY MIXE C Austronesian.SENGGAAustronesian.KATAZIAustronesian.AVASOAustronesian.KUSAGHETouo.MBANIATA BABATANABABATANA EasternNorthern Daly.MATNGALADaly.YUNGGORDaly.KAMOR Daly.TYARAITYDaly.MULLUKMULLUK Austronesian.LOMAUMBIAustronesian.TUNOEAustronesian.KOKOTAAustronesian.ZABANAAustronesian.ZAZAO BABATANA WesternSouthernSouthern Daly.MARANUNGGU Daly.NGENGOMERIDaly.NGANGIKURRUNGGURRDaly.MURRINH PATHA 12 Austronesian.CHEKEAustronesian.BLABLANGAAustronesian.URUAVAAustronesian.MONOAustronesian.TEOP HOLO Western Daly.MARITYABENDaly.MARIDANDaly.MARAMANADJIDaly.MANDADaly.AMI Austronesian.ALUAustronesian.BANONIAustronesian.TORAUAustronesian.HALIAAustronesian.HAKU MONO Pama-Nyungan.KAYTETYEWestern Daly.MARITHIELDaly.MARENGARDaly.MARRIAMMU 2 Austronesian.MONOAustronesian.HALIAAustronesian.NEHANAustronesian.SOLOSAustronesian.SIRAK ALU 2 Pama-Nyungan.ARRARNTAPama-Nyungan.LOWERPama-Nyungan.ARRERNTEPama-Nyungan.WESTERN ARANDA ARRERNTE WESTERNEASTERNCENTRAL Austronesian.GHOVEAustronesian.FAUROAustronesian.MUSOMAustronesian.MUSOMAustronesian.DAGIN BLABLANGA MONO 2 Pama-Nyungan.AKARAPama-Nyungan.ARANDAPama-Nyungan.ARRERNTEPama-Nyungan.ANMATYERREPama-Nyungan.SOUTHERN EASTERNARANDA 2 Austronesian.WAMPARAustronesian.SILISILI Giimbiyu.URNINGANGGGiimbiyu.MANGERRPama-Nyungan.ALYAWARRPama-Nyungan.ALYAWARRA MACDONALDDOWNSALYAWARA ALYAWARA Austronesian.ARIBWATSAAustronesian.WAMPARAustronesian.BUBWAFAustronesian.DANGALAustronesian.ONANKAustronesian.AZERAAustronesian.AMARI 2 Pama-Nyungan.LAMALAMAPama-Nyungan.UMBUYKAMUPama-Nyungan.PARIMANKUTINMAGiimbiyu.ERRE COASTALINLAND Austronesian.ADZERAAustronesian.YAROSAustronesian.MARI Pama-Nyungan.THAYOREPama-Nyungan.YIRPama-Nyungan.LENINGITIJPama-Nyungan.LINNGITHIGHPama-Nyungan.MPAKWITHI YORONT ANGUTHIMRI Austronesian.KMAGHAAustronesian.TATABAAustronesian.DUNGUNTUNG MARINGEMARINGEAustronesian.WAMPURAustronesian.DUWETAustronesian.LATEP CHEKECHEKE HOLOHOLO Pama-Nyungan.WAGAYAPama-Nyungan.NGANYAYWANAPama-Nyungan.KUUKUPama-Nyungan.KUKUPama-Nyungan.WIK MUNGKAN UWANH YAU Austronesian.LELEGHIA MARINGEAustronesian.MARALANGOAustronesian.SUKURUMAustronesian.SIRASIRAAustronesian.GUWOTAustronesian.ZENAGAustronesian.PATEPAustronesian.DAMBI CHEKE HOLO Pama-Nyungan.YALARNNGATiwi.TIWITangkic.GANGULIDATangkic.GANGGALIDATangkic.KAYARDILD Austronesian.KUMARUAustronesian.WAGAUAustronesian.MAPOSAustronesian.BUANGAustronesian.BUASIAustronesian.PIU Pama-Nyungan.MAYKULANPama-Nyungan.MAYIPama-Nyungan.MAYAGUDUNAPama-Nyungan.KALKUTUNG YAPITHAKURTI Austronesian.MANGAAustronesian.HOTE Pama-Nyungan.WALMAJARRIPama-Nyungan.GURINDJIPama-Nyungan.WARLPIRIPama-Nyungan.WARUMUNGUPama-Nyungan.NGAWUN Austronesian.TOWANGARAAustronesian.SAMBIOAustronesian.YAMAPAustronesian.ROINJIAustronesian.MATO Pama-Nyungan.MANTJILTJARAPama-Nyungan.BADIMAYAPama-Nyungan.NHANDAPama-Nyungan.WAJARRIPama-Nyungan.JARU Austronesian.NENGAYAAustronesian.YABEMAustronesian.JABEMAustronesian.LABUAustronesian.TAMI Pama-Nyungan.KOKATAPama-Nyungan.PINTUPIPama-Nyungan.NGAANYATJARRAPama-Nyungan.YULPARIJAPama-Nyungan.MARTU WANGKA Austronesian.BUANGAustronesian.BUKAUAAustronesian.YAPESEAustronesian.KELA MAPOS Pama-Nyungan.NYUNGAPama-Nyungan.NYOONGARPama-Nyungan.NGADJUNMAYAPama-Nyungan.WANGKAPama-Nyungan.PITJANTJATJARA EASTERN WIRU YANKUNTJATJARA Austronesian.BUGAWACAustronesian.NUMBAMIAustronesian.SIPOMAAustronesian.KAIWAAustronesian.SOMA Pama-Nyungan.PANYTYIMAPama-Nyungan.NYANGUMARTAPama-Nyungan.MARTUTHUNIRAPama-Nyungan.NYUNGA SOUTHNORTHERN WESTERN Austronesian.TAHANEAustronesian.GIMANAustronesian.WOSIAustronesian.BULI Pama-Nyungan.YANDRUWANDHAPama-Nyungan.PUNTHAMARAPama-Nyungan.YINDJIBARNDIPama-Nyungan.KURRAMAPama-Nyungan.NGALOOMA Austronesian.NGOFAGITAAustronesian.SAKETAAustronesian.MAILOAAustronesian.BIGAAustronesian.AS Pama-Nyungan.MURUWARIPama-Nyungan.ARABANAPama-Nyungan.WANGGANGURUPama-Nyungan.PITTAPama-Nyungan.DIYARI PITTA Austronesian.NGOFAKIAHAAustronesian.BUTLEHAustronesian.AMBELAustronesian.KAWE Pama-Nyungan.BADJIRRIPama-Nyungan.WANGAAYBUWANPama-Nyungan.WIRADHURIPama-Nyungan.BIGAMBALPama-Nyungan.GAMILARAAY NGIYAMBAA Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.MATBATAustronesian.WAUYAIAustronesian.GEBEAustronesian.LOTE MAKIAN Pama-Nyungan.ADNYAMATHANHAPama-Nyungan.BANGGARLAPama-Nyungan.KAURNAPama-Nyungan.MALYANGAPAPama-Nyungan.DARLING Austronesian.MALEUAustronesian.TAKIAAustronesian.DAMI Pama-Nyungan.DYANGADIPama-Nyungan.DARRKINYUNGPama-Nyungan.AWABAKALPama-Nyungan.YAYGIRPama-Nyungan.GUMBAYNGGIR Austronesian.MENGENAustronesian.MALEU 2 Pama-Nyungan.DHURGAPama-Nyungan.THURAWALLowerPama-Nyungan.SYDNEYPama-Nyungan.WORIMI Sepik-Ramu.ANOR Austronesian.MISOOLAustronesian.LANGANYANAustronesian.MATUKARAustronesian.BILIAUAustronesian.BILBILAustronesian.BOLAAustronesian.VITU MAYA Pama-Nyungan.YORTAPama-Nyungan.KERAMINPama-Nyungan.CAMBERRAPama-Nyungan.NGARIGUPama-Nyungan.NGUNAWAL YORTA LANGUAGE Austronesian.GEDAGEDAustronesian.WUVULUAustronesian.SEIMATAustronesian.GITUAAustronesian.TUAMAustronesian.MUTUAustronesian.KOVEAustronesian.LUSIAustronesian.SIO Pama-Nyungan.COLACPama-Nyungan.WOIWURRUNGPama-Nyungan.PALLANGANMIDDANGPama-Nyungan.DHUDHUROAPama-Nyungan.BIRRDHAWAL Austronesian.SALAWATIAustronesian.GEDAGEDAustronesian.BARIAI MAAYA 2 Pama-Nyungan.MADHIPama-Nyungan.MADIMADIPama-Nyungan.BUNGANDITJPama-Nyungan.WARRNAMBOOLPama-Nyungan.WATHAWURRUNG MADHI Austronesian.SAWAI UnnamedInSourceAustronesian.BARIMAustronesian.LUKEPAustronesian.KIS Pama-Nyungan.YUGAMBALPama-Nyungan.WAALUBALPama-Nyungan.DJADJALAPama-Nyungan.WEMBAWEMBAPama-Nyungan.WEMBA WEMBA Austronesian.KAIEPAustronesian.ARE Pama-Nyungan.MBABARAMPama-Nyungan.WULIWULIPama-Nyungan.DUUNGIDJAWUPama-Nyungan.GURENGPama-Nyungan.GIDABAL GURENG Austronesian.MANGAPAustronesian.KAIRIRUAustronesian.WOGEOAustronesian.MANAMAustronesian.UBIR Pama-Nyungan.GUGUPama-Nyungan.GUUGUPama-Nyungan.YIDINYPama-Nyungan.DYAABUGAYPama-Nyungan.KUNJEN BUJUN YIMIDHIR Austronesian.MALASANGAAustronesian.ANUKI Pama-Nyungan.WARUNGUPama-Nyungan.WULGURUPama-Nyungan.NYAWAYGIPama-Nyungan.WARGAMAYPama-Nyungan.KOKO YALANDJI Austronesian.AROPAustronesian.GHAYAVIAustronesian.WEDAU LOKEP 12 Pama-Nyungan.WIRRIPama-Nyungan.BIRRIPama-Nyungan.GANGULUPama-Nyungan.BAYALIPama-Nyungan.DYIRBAL AUSTRALIA Austronesian.GAPAPAIWAAustronesian.HAIGWAIAustronesian.TAWALAAustronesian.DIODIOAustronesian.SUAUMailuan.MAILU Pama-Nyungan.KUNGGARIPama-Nyungan.BIDJARAPama-Nyungan.MARGANYPama-Nyungan.GUWAMUPama-Nyungan.GUNYA Austronesian.YAKAIKEKEAustronesian.IAMALELEAustronesian.BUHUTUAustronesian.DOBUMailuan.DOMUMailuan.LAUA Pama-Nyungan.DJAMBARRPUYNGUPama-Nyungan.RITHARNGUPama-Nyungan.DJINANGPama-Nyungan.DJINBAPama-Nyungan.WIRANGU Austronesian.BWAIDOKAAustronesian.MINAVEHAAustronesian.DAWAWAAustronesian.MOLIMAMailuan.MAILU 2 Pama-Nyungan.DALWONGOPama-Nyungan.YANANGOPama-Nyungan.DHUWALPama-Nyungan.DJAPUPama-Nyungan.YOLNGUMATHA Austronesian.BUNAMAAustronesian.KILIVILAAustronesian.MUYUWAustronesian.NIMOA Mirndi.DJINGILIPama-Nyungan.GOMAIDJPama-Nyungan.GOBABINGOPama-Nyungan.MARARBAPama-Nyungan.MANGGALILI Austronesian.SEWAAustronesian.OUMAAustronesian.YOBAAustronesian.BINA BAY Jarrakan.MIRIWUNGNyulnyulan.YAWURUNyulnyulan.BARDIMirndi.GUDANJIMirndi.WAMBAYA Austronesian.MAGORIAustronesian.MOTUAustronesian.LALAAustronesian.KUNI Worrorran.NGARINYINWorrorran.UNGGUMIBunaban.GOONIYANDIJarrakan.KITJABunaban.BUNABA Austronesian.BWANABWANAAustronesian.GUMAWANA Mangarrayi-Maran.ALAWAGunwinyguan.NUNGGUBUYUGunwinyguan.INGURAWorrorran.WUNAMBALWorrorran.GUNIN KWINI Austronesian.MBULA PAPUAAustronesian.KEAPARAAustronesian.GABADIAustronesian.DOURAAustronesian.MEKEO NEWAustronesian.MAISINAustronesian.ROROAustronesian.TUR GUINEA Pama-Nyungan.YANYUWALarrakiyan.LARRAKIAMangarrayi-Maran.MANGARAYIMangarrayi-Maran.MARAMangarrayi-Maran.WANDARANG Austronesian.BAROKAustronesian.MADAK Wagiman.WAGIMANMirndi.DJAMINDJUNGLimilngan.LIMILNGANGarrwan.GARAWAPama-Nyungan.WARLUWARA Austronesian.MISIMAAustronesian.SINAUGOROAustronesian.BUTMASAustronesian.RORIA PANAEATI Maningrida.NAKARAManingrida.GURAGONEUmbugarla.UMBUGARLAYangmanic.YANGMANYangmanic.WARDAMAN Austronesian.MAFEA IwaidjanMarrku-Wurrugu.MARGUGaagudju.GAAGUDJUManingrida.DJEEBBANAManingrida.BURARRA Proper.AMURDAK Austronesian.LAMASONGAustronesian.ARAKI Gunwinyguan.BUANGunwinyguan.WARAYGunwinyguan.DJAUANIwaidjanIwaidjan Proper.IWAIDJAProper.MAWNG Austronesian.SALIBA PAPUAAustronesian.AMBLONG NEWGUINEAAustronesian.AOREAustronesian.AKEI Gunwinyguan.GUNWINGGUGunwinyguan.GUNBALANGGunwinyguan.RAINBARNGOGunwinyguan.NGALAKANGunwinyguan.NGANDI WARLANGGUN DJEIHMI Austronesian.SHARKAustronesian.TAMBOTALOAustronesian.NARANGOAustronesian.MOROUASAustronesian.TANGOAAustronesian.TUTUBA BAY 12 Cahuapanan.CHAYAHUITAGunwinyguan.GUNWINGGUGunwinyguan.GUNWINGGU KUNINJKUKUNEKUNWINJKUMANYALLALUK MAYALI Austronesian.POLONOMBAUKAustronesian.WAILAPA Abkhaz-Adyge.KABARDIANYuat.MIYAKYuat.KYAIMBARANGPama-Nyungan.AGHUCahuapanan.JEBERO THARRNGGALA Austronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.NAVUT MALO Chukotko-Kamchatkan.NAbkhaz-Adyge.ABAZAAbkhaz-Adyge.ABKHAZAbkhaz-Adyge.UBYKHAbkhaz-Adyge.ADYGHE ITELMEN Austronesian.LOREDIAKARKARAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.FORTSENALAustronesian.LAMETINAustronesian.VALPEI MALO NuclearChukotko-Kamchatkan.KORYAKChukotko-Kamchatkan.ALUTORChukotko-Kamchatkan.CHUKCHEEChukotko-Kamchatkan.S Torricelli.MOLMO ITELMENONE Austronesian.WUSIAustronesian.WUSIAustronesian.MALMARIVAustronesian.HIW MANAVALUI NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.YAU Torricelli.AUTorricelli.SETITorricelli.SETATorricelli.ONE INEBU Austronesian.AKEIAustronesian.TASMATEAustronesian.VUNAPUAustronesian.NOKUKUAustronesian.VERAAAustronesian.LEHALI TASIRIKI NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.OLO Torricelli.DIA Torricelli.GALUTorricelli.OLOTorricelli.OLO YEBIL LUMIERETEI Austronesian.NARANGOAustronesian.TOLOMAKOAustronesian.LEMERIGAustronesian.VATRATAAustronesian.MOTLAVAustronesian.TOGA NAMBEL NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.WANAP Torricelli.KUKWOTorricelli.YILTorricelli.YIRTorricelli.NINGIL Austronesian.AKEIAustronesian.WUSIAustronesian.WUSIAustronesian.NAVUTAustronesian.PIAMATSINAAustronesian.MOSINA Austronesian.NUMEPENANTSIROAustronesian.KORO KEREPUA NONONA MATAE NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.YERI Torricelli.WALMANTorricelli.AIKUTorricelli.YANGUM CHINAPELI DEY Austronesian.VALPEIAustronesian.MERLAVAustronesian.MOTA HUKUA NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.ARAPESH Torricelli.WOMTorricelli.WAMTorricelli.AGI YOLPAAGEI Austronesian.MOROUASAustronesian.LEHALURUP Austronesian.LAKONABATUNLAMAKAustronesian.SKEAustronesian.SA NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.HEYO Torricelli.YAHANGTorricelli.SELEPUTTorricelli.NABITorricelli.ABU ARAPESH 2 Austronesian.WETAMUTAustronesian.RAGA NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.URAT Torricelli.AMOLTorricelli.SRENGETorricelli.BRAGATTorricelli.HEYO Austronesian.VATRATAAustronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.MARINOAustronesian.SOWAAustronesian.SEKEAustronesian.URI SASAR NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.TORRICELLI Torricelli.EITIEPTorricelli.YAMPESTorricelli.YAMBESTorricelli.KOMBIO Austronesian.APMAAustronesian.RANOAustronesian.WALA LowerLowerNuclear Sepik-Ramu.CHAMBRISepik-Ramu.YIMAS Torricelli.ARO 2 KILIMBIT Austronesian.MERLAVAustronesian.TAUTUAustronesian.MAE MERIG Saharan.TEDAGASaharan.DAZAGASaharan.MANGASaharan.KANURIKuot.KUOT KANURI Austronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.PINALUMAustronesian.ATCHINAustronesian.URIPIVAustronesian.NESEAustronesian.VAO TAM Angan.TAINAEAngan.ANKAVEBaining.MALIBaining.URA PNG 2 Austronesian.WETAMUTAustronesian.WEST DORIG AMBAE Angan.BARUYAAngan.SIMBARIAngan.LOHIKIAngan.IVORI 2 Austronesian.MOSINA VETUMBOSO Angan.HAMTAIAngan.YAGWOIAAngan.KAMASAAngan.KAWACHAAngan.AMPALE Austronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.MALUAAustronesian.ORKON NASAWA BAY NuclearAngan.ANGAATAHAAngan.MENYAAngan.KAPAU Trans New 2 Guinea.ASARO7O Austronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.MAE MAEWO ORAP NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.NUKNAGuinea.NUNGON Guinea.DEGENANGuinea.FORAKGuinea.MURATAYAK Austronesian.AXAMB NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MAGuinea.WANTOAT Guinea.AWARAGuinea.NANKINAGuinea.YOPNO MANDA Austronesian.PORTAustronesian.REREPAustronesian.UNUA VATO NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MUNGKIPGuinea.URI Guinea.NUKGuinea.NEKGuinea.NAKAME PAPUA NEW GUINEA Austronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.SURU NAROVOROVO NAVENEVENE KAVIANAustronesian.AULUAAustronesian.NATI APMA Nivkh.GILYAKNivkh.GILYAKNuclear Trans AMURWESTNewNORTH Guinea.NUMANGGANG SAKHALIN SAKHALIN Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.EASTAustronesian.DAKAKAAustronesian.DAKAKAAustronesian.LONWOLWOLAustronesian.PAAMA AMBAEAMBAEAustronesian.LITZLITZ LOLSIWOIWAILENGIAustronesian.LABO SESIVIBAIAP LAUL NuclearNuclearNivkh.GILYAK TransTrans NewNew SOUTHEAST Guinea.HUBEGuinea.ONOGuinea.GWAHATIKE SAKHALIN SAKHALIN Austronesian.AXAMBAustronesian.BURMBARAustronesian.VINMAVISAustronesian.LAREVATAustronesian.KATBOLAustronesian.TAPE AVOK NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MAPE Guinea.MAPE Guinea.KATEGuinea.MIGABACGuinea.DEDUA 2 Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.PAAMA AMBAE LOLOMATUI FAULILI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.BURUMGuinea.MINDIK Guinea.BURUMGuinea.KOSORONGGuinea.BORONG MINDIK Austronesian.MPOTOVOROAustronesian.MASKELYNESAustronesian.LINGARAK VOVO NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.SELEPETGuinea.TIMBE Guinea.KOMBAGuinea.MOMOLILIGuinea.NABAK Austronesian.MALUAAustronesian.PAAMAAustronesian.MALFAXAL BAY PETARMUR LIRONESA NuclearPama-Nyungan.KALAArafundi.NANUBAEArafundi.ALFENDIOLaal.LAAL Trans New Guinea.BARGAM IMAMERI LAGGAW YA Austronesian.AXAMBAustronesian.PORTAustronesian.LETEMBOI SANDWICHMAXBAXOAustronesian.MAII NuclearPiawi.PINAIPiawi.HARUAINuclear Trans Trans HAGAHAI New New Guinea.WASKIA Guinea.MUGIL PINAIARAMO 1 Austronesian.REPANBITIPAustronesian.MARAGUSAustronesian.LELEPA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.AMAIMONGuinea.DIMIR Guinea.KOGUMANGuinea.ABASAKURGuinea.KORAK Austronesian.LABOAustronesian.BAKI WINDUA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.YABENGuinea.WANUMA Guinea.PARAWENGuinea.YARAWATAGuinea.UKURIGUMA Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.BURMBARAustronesian.DIXON AMBRYM RANONVARTAVOFONAH REEF 21 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.SAKIGuinea.PILA Guinea.TANIGuinea.PAYGuinea.BILAKURA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.BEPOURGuinea.MOERE Guinea.ULINGANGuinea.MALASGuinea.BUNABUN Austronesian.BURMBARAustronesian.KATBOLAustronesian.LAMENU LEPAXSIVIR TIMBEMBE NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MAWAKGuinea.KOWAKI Guinea.HINIHONGuinea.WANAMBREGuinea.MUSAR Austronesian.LEWOAustronesian.URAAustronesian.SIE NUL NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.FAITAGuinea.MUSAK Guinea.ANGAUAGuinea.ATEMPLEGuinea.PAYNAMAR Austronesian.SOUTHEASTAustronesian.BIERIAAustronesian.LEWO AMBRYMAustronesian.LEWO MAAT VOVOMATE NUVI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MORESADAGuinea.WADAGINAM Guinea.KATIATIGuinea.SILEIBIGuinea.EMERUM Austronesian.SOUTHEASTAustronesian.ETON AMBRYM TOAK VANUATU NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.PULABUGuinea.KOBON Guinea.PONDOMAGuinea.IKUNDUNGuinea.OSUM Austronesian.BIGAustronesian.LEWO NAMBASAustronesian.LONIU UNMETAustronesian.LOU VISINA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.BIYOMGuinea.TAUYA Guinea.YABONGGuinea.SAEPGuinea.GANGLAU Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.LEWO EFATEAustronesian.PONAMAustronesian.LIKUMAustronesian.LEVEIAustronesian.LELE NIKAURASIVIRI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.DUMPUGuinea.LEMIO Guinea.RERAUGuinea.JILIMGuinea.YANGULAM Austronesian.BIGAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.LEWO NAMBAS EFATEEFATEAustronesian.LEIPON LEVIAMP NGUNAAustronesian.JAWEPWELEFILAKARAAustronesian.NEMIAustronesian.AJIE NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KWATOGuinea.USU Guinea.KOLOMGuinea.ARAWUMGuinea.SUROI Austronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.BIEREBO WEST BAY EFATE BENOURAustronesian.NAUNA PANGOAustronesian.IAAI TAVIO NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.DANARU Guinea.USINO Guinea.URIGINAGuinea.DUDUELAGuinea.ERIMA Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.NAMAKURAAustronesian.NAMAKURAAustronesian.BIEREBO EFATE Austronesian.PAKEFATE SESAKE MAKURAERATAP MATASOAustronesian.DEHUAustronesian.ARTA YEVALI TONG NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KESAWAIGuinea.SAUSI Guinea.SINSAURUGuinea.ASASGuinea.SUMAU Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.LEWOAustronesian.KWAMERAAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.ANEITYUM EFATEAustronesian.MOKERANG EFATE WORAVIUAustronesian.CEMUHI ERAKOR MAPREMOAustronesian.NEA TANNA ISIAI 2 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.BONGU Guinea.MUNITGuinea.SONGUM Guinea.MALEGuinea.BOM PAPUANG Austronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.NAMAKURA WEST BAY LEMBINWENAustronesian.NYINDROU Austronesian.FATONGARIKI TIETA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.PANIMGuinea.AMELE Guinea.BAUGuinea.GUMALUGuinea.SIHAN Austronesian.BIEREBOAustronesian.BIEREBOAustronesian.NELEMWA BONKOVIA BURUPIKA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KAMBAGuinea.GIRAWA Guinea.BEMALGuinea.KAREGuinea.ISEBE Austronesian.BALUANAustronesian.SIVISAAustronesian.XARACUUAustronesian.BANUAAustronesian.AYIWO TITAN PAM NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.RAPTINGGuinea.GARUS Guinea.YOIDIKGuinea.REMPIGuinea.GARUH Austronesian.NAMAKURA BONGABONGAAustronesian.NENGONEAustronesian.TEANUAustronesian.WOI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.UTUGuinea.MATEPI Guinea.GALGuinea.BAIMAKGuinea.MAWAN Austronesian.SORIAustronesian.KAZUKURUAustronesian.NANGGUAustronesian.TANEMAAustronesian.MOUK Austronesian.AMARAHARENGANAustronesian.POM 12 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MURUPIGuinea.BAGUPI Guinea.NAKEGuinea.SARUGAGuinea.SILOPI Austronesian.KWAMERAAustronesian.WHITESANDSAustronesian.WHITESANDSAustronesian.LENAKELAustronesian.GRANDAustronesian.ASUMBOA YATUKWEY LENAUKASAustronesian.ARAWEAustronesian.AIKLEP Austronesian.AMBAILONIEL IARKEIAustronesian.RON COULI Itonama.ITONAMAMovima.MOVIMANuclearNuclear TransTrans NewNew Guinea.WAMASGuinea.MOSIMOGuinea.SAMOSA Austronesian.LENAKELAustronesian.NEAAustronesian.NEAAustronesian.LAMOGAI LONASILIANAustronesian.ANSUSAustronesian.WABOAustronesian.BIAK NEMBOI NOOLI GreaterGreaterKapauri.KAPAURI Kwerba.SAMAROKENAKwerba.SABERIKwerba.BAGUSAKwerba.KWERBA NAIDJBEDJ TOMAYO Austronesian.SOUTHWEST TANNAAustronesian.KAULONG IKITIAustronesian.MOR Nimboranic.MEKWEINimboranic.MEKWEINimboranic.NIMBORANTor-Orya.BERIK 2 KENDATEWABRONMARIBU 2 Austronesian.SOUTHWESTAustronesian.SUNGLIK TANNAAustronesian.PAPUMA IKIYAUAustronesian.BIAK LIHIR 2 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.CITAKGuinea.CASUARINA Guinea.ASMATGuinea.ASMATH YAOSAKORCENTRAL NORTH COAST ASMAT Austronesian.SENGSENGAustronesian.KURUDUAustronesian.DUSNERAustronesian.YARIKAustronesian.ONINAustronesian.KURI Border.TAIKATBorder.AWJIElseng.SAWAKakiTimote-Cuica.CUICA Ae.KAKI AE Austronesian.SERUIAustronesian.MUNGGUIAustronesian.NUMFORAustronesian.SEKARAustronesian.YAUR LAUT Border.IMONDABorder.WARISBorder.DAONDABorder.MANEMBorder.SENGI Austronesian.ARGUNI NuclearAlgic.YUROKBorder.AMANABBorder.WAINA Trans New Guinea.RAWAGuinea.IYO Austronesian.SOUTHWEST TANNAAustronesian.WADAPIAustronesian.WANDAMEN IMREANGAustronesian.MEOSWARAustronesian.KOWIAIAustronesian.IRESIM LAUT Maybrat.MAINuclear-Macro-Je.XOKLENGNuclear-Macro-Je.KAINGANGNuclear-Macro-Je.ARIKAPUNuclear-Macro-Je.JABUTI BRAT Austronesian.SOUTHWESTAustronesian.KWAMERA PORT TANNA RESOLUTION ENFITANAAustronesian.WAROPENAustronesian.KAMBRAMAustronesian.TANDIAAustronesian.SOBEIAustronesian.ULAU Pawaia.PAWAIAWarao.WARAOAnim.WARKAJAnim.JAKAJAnim.MARINDINEESCH Austronesian.IRARUTUAustronesian.SUDESTAustronesian.TARPIA Sko.LEITRESko.TUMAWOSko.SKOUSko.WUTUNGSko.ISAKA Austronesian.WAREMBORIAustronesian.KAPTIAUAustronesian.ORMUManubaran.MARIA Kiwaian.BAMUWaia.TABOKosare.KOSARESko.DUSURSko.DUMO WAIA Austronesian.NAMBAKAENGOAustronesian.YERETUARAustronesian.BONGGO Austronesian.TOBATIMALOAustroasiatic.GAR Kiwaian.MORIGIKiwaian.KEREWOKiwaian.KIWAIKiwaian.WABUDAKiwaian.BAMU SOUTHERN 2 Austronesian.SOUTHWEST TANNA LAPWANGTOAIAustronesian.YAKAMULAustronesian.PAPORAAustroasiatic.KUANAustroasiatic.SRE Morehead-Wasur.YEYKiwaian.ANIGIBIKiwaian.GIBAIOKiwaian.URAMAKiwaian.GOPE Austronesian.TUMLEOAustroasiatic.PREHAustroasiatic.OI 2 Mor.MORMorehead-Wasur.NAMBOMorehead-Wasur.NAMOMorehead-Wasur.PEREMKAMorehead-Wasur.JEISCH 2 Austronesian.URUANGNIRINManubaran.DOROMUAustroasiatic.ROLOMAustroasiatic.CUA EasternEasternPahoturi.DIBOLUGPahoturi.AGOB Trans-Fly.GIZRRATrans-Fly.GIZRRATrans-Fly.MERIAM DABU WAIDOROTOGO Austronesian.PAPORAAustroasiatic.BUNORAustroasiatic.CHRAU 2 EasternEasternEastern Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.BINETrans-Fly.GIZRRA WIPIM GUIAMYUTA KUNINI KUPERE Austronesian.KAYUPULAUAustroasiatic.STIENGAustroasiatic.BRAOAustroasiatic.JRUAustroasiatic.JEH EasternEasternEasternEasternEastern Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPI GAMAEWE PODARI WONIE IAMEGAKAPAL Austronesian.FAVORLANGAustroasiatic.CHRAUAustroasiatic.KUY 2 EasternEasternEasternEasternEastern Trans-Fly.UME Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPI PEAWA ABAMDOROGORIKURU Austroasiatic.STIENGAustroasiatic.SEDANGAustroasiatic.RENGAOAustroasiatic.BAHNARAustroasiatic.CHENGAustroasiatic.LOVENAustroasiatic.JEHAustroasiatic.BRU 2 2 Banaro.BANAROEastHatam-Mansim.HATAMAnim.MAKAYAMBeothuk.BEOTHUK Bird's Head.SOUGB Austronesian.AROPNuclear-Macro-Je.PATAXOAustroasiatic.SAPUAN SISSANOAustroasiatic.NYEUAustroasiatic.NGEAustroasiatic.RUC Kayagaric.TAMAGARIOKayagaric.KAUGATLowerLowerLower Sepik-Ramu.GAMEI Sepik-Ramu.AWARSepik-Ramu.MIKAREW MAKARUB Austroasiatic.TAMPUANAustroasiatic.KATU Botin.KAMBOTBotin.KAMBOTOtomaco.OTOMACOOtomaco.TAPARITAKayagaric.KAJGIR KAMBARAMBA Austroasiatic.BAHNAR 2 Yawa.ARIEPIYawa.AMBADAIRUYawa.TINDARETYawa.MARIADEIYawa.KONTI UNAI Nuclear-Macro-Je.MAXAKALIAustroasiatic.NHAHEUNAustroasiatic.PACOHAustroasiatic.RUC 2 Taiap.TAYAPSouthSouthSouthYawa.SARAWANDORI Bougainville.MOTUNA Bougainville.BUINBougainville.NASIOI Manubaran.DOROMUManubaran.DOROMU BAREIKA LOFAIKA NuclearNuclearTaiap.TAIAP Torricelli.BUNA Torricelli.BUNGAINTorricelli.MANDITorricelli.MUNIWARA PAPUANG NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.WANDOMI Torricelli.YIBAB Torricelli.SAMAPTorricelli.URIMOTorricelli.KAKARA BUNA Manubaran.DOROMUAustroasiatic.NHAHEUN ARAMAIKAAustroasiatic.KINTAQAustroasiatic.TONGAAustroasiatic.MINTILAustroasiatic.JAHAI 2 NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.TRING Torricelli.KAMASAU Torricelli.WAU Torricelli.KAMASAUTorricelli.KENYARI PNG 2 Manubaran.MARIA MARANOMUAustroasiatic.MALIENGAustroasiatic.KENSIWAustroasiatic.LANOHAustroasiatic.SEMAI 1 Sko.SUMARARUSko.POKOBogia.LILAUBogia.MONUMBOAbun.ABUN RAWO Austroasiatic.MUNGAustroasiatic.SABUM KOI Sko.POOSko.SUMOSko.BARUPUSko.RAMOSko.WOMO Austroasiatic.PEAR NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearMaku.MAKU Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.BINUMARIEN Guinea.TAIRORA Guinea.WAFFAGuinea.N TAIRORA BINUMARIEN Austronesian.FATAKAI NUAULUAustroasiatic.KUI SERAMAustroasiatic.SEMNAMAustroasiatic.SEMAIAustroasiatic.TEMIARAustroasiatic.TEMOQ THAILANDAustroasiatic.MON 2 NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.AWA Guinea.AUYANA Guinea.GADSUP Guinea.AGARABIGuinea.GADSUP 2 AGARABI Austroasiatic.JAHAustroasiatic.SAMREAustroasiatic.SAOCHAustroasiatic.SURIN HUT Mombum.KONERAWSCHKolopom.KALADDARSCHKolopom.KIMAGHAMABangiNuclear Me.BANGI Trans New ME Guinea.AWA Austroasiatic.KUIAustroasiatic.CEQ Austroasiatic.SEMELAITHAILANDAustroasiatic.KASONGAustroasiatic.PEARAustroasiatic.KHMERAustroasiatic.MON WONG 2 Austroasiatic.WAAustroasiatic.U B 2 BulakaBulakaBulakaMombum.KOMELOMSCHMombum.MOMBUN River.JABSCH River.YELMEKRiver.YELMEK JAB Austroasiatic.KATUAustroasiatic.VIETNAMESEAustroasiatic.THAVUNGAustroasiatic.BATEKAustroasiatic.MAH EASTERN SODEQ MERI Pauwasi.KARKARPauwasi.YURIPauwasi.DUBUPauwasi.TOWEINamla-Tofanma.TOFAMNA YURI Austroasiatic.VIETNAMESEAustroasiatic.CHONGAustroasiatic.WAAustroasiatic.WA 2 H 32 Lepki-Murkim.LEPKIKimki.KIMKIBiksi.BIKSIPauwasi.EMEMPauwasi.JAFI Austroasiatic.VIETNAMESEAustroasiatic.BATEKAustroasiatic.KHMERAustroasiatic.NYAKUR NONG 3 2 Anim.IPIKOAnim.BEGUAAnim.ZIMAKANILepki-Murkim.MOTLepki-Murkim.MILKI MURKIM MURKIM Austroasiatic.BIT Turama-Kikori.OMATITurama-Kikori.MENATurama-Kikori.RUMUAnim.TAOAnim.MINANIBAI SUAMATO Austroasiatic.SEMAQAustroasiatic.OLD BERI MON Suki-Gogodala.GOGODALASuki-Gogodala.GOGODALASuki-Gogodala.WARUNASuki-Gogodala.GOGODALASuki-Gogodala.SUKI ADIBAGOGODARA ARI Austroasiatic.NYAKURAustroasiatic.PLANGAustroasiatic.KEMIE 2 Bosavi.ONABASULUDibiyaso.DIBIYASOFasu.NAMUMIFasu.FASUEast Kutubu.FOE Austroasiatic.MASANAustroasiatic.DEANGAustroasiatic.RUMAIAustroasiatic.MAL WA Bosavi.BOSAVIBosavi.SUNIABosavi.AIMELEBosavi.KASUABosavi.KASUA 2 Austroasiatic.XIYUN WA Bosavi.BEAMIBosavi.ETOROBosavi.EDOLOBosavi.KALULIBosavi.KALULI 2 Austroasiatic.TODRAH UnnamedInSourceAustroasiatic.AWALAIAustroasiatic.DANAUAustroasiatic.KHMU WAAustroasiatic.HO EastEastEastEastBosavi.BEDAMINI Strickland.HONIBO Strickland.OIBAE Strickland.ODOODEEStrickland.GEBUSI Austroasiatic.DAZHAIAustroasiatic.DEANGAustroasiatic.DANAWAustroasiatic.KHANGAustroasiatic.MANGAustroasiatic.KODA WA 2 NuclearNuclearEastEastEast Strickland.KUBO Strickland.AGALAStrickland.SAMO TransTrans NewNew Guinea.FOREGuinea.GIMI Austroasiatic.AISHUO WA NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.ISABI Guinea.KAMANO Guinea.YATE Guinea.BENABENAGuinea.YAGARIA KAFE Austroasiatic.ZHONGKEAustroasiatic.BUMANGAustroasiatic.KHMUAustroasiatic.MLABRI WAAustroasiatic.HO 2Cofan.COFAN 2 NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.GAFUKUGuinea.SIANE Guinea.GAHUKU Guinea.ASAROGuinea.YABIYUFA ASARO Austroasiatic.MONAustroasiatic.BANHONGAustroasiatic.WANLENGAustroasiatic.LAWA NONGAustroasiatic.KSINMUL DUU WALA UP NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.WOLANI Guinea.KAPAUKU Guinea.MONI Guinea.ALEKANOGuinea.GAHUKU 2 Austroasiatic.YANCHENG WA NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.MELPA Guinea.IMBONGU Guinea.AUA Guinea.MIDDLEGuinea.GENDE WAHGI Austroasiatic.SORAAustroasiatic.GATA NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.KUMAN Guinea.KANDAWO Guinea.NARAK Guinea.UMBUGuinea.GAWIL UNGU Austroasiatic.KSINMULAustroasiatic.JUANGAustroasiatic.JURAYAustroasiatic.CAR 2 Kamsa.KAMSANuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.SINASINA Guinea.BOUMAI Guinea.DOMGuinea.GOLIN Austroasiatic.MENGGONGAustroasiatic.SANTALIAustroasiatic.KORWAAustroasiatic.KORKU WAAustroasiatic.REMOTamaic.MARARITRashad.ORIG Goilalan.MAFULUTeberan.DARIBITeberan.FOLOPASenagi.MONGOWARSenagi.AMGOTRO Austroasiatic.DAMANGNUO Austroasiatic.SORAWAAustroasiatic.KHASIAustroasiatic.PALIU 2 NuclearYareban.MOIKODIYareban.ANEMEYareban.YAREBAGoilalan.FUYUG Trans New WAKEGAGAGRA Guinea.GUHU SAMANE Austroasiatic.SAVARAAustroasiatic.KHARIARashad.TAGOI NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.BINANDERE Guinea.TAFOTA Guinea.KORAFE Guinea.ZIAGuinea.SUENA BARUGAYEGHA Austroasiatic.MUNDARIAustroasiatic.KHASI 2 Kwalean.MULAHAKwalean.HUMENEKwalean.HUMENEKwalean.KWALENuclear Trans New MULAHAMANUGORO Guinea.MAMBARE RIVER Austroasiatic.GUANSHUANGAustroasiatic.LAMPANGLAMET WAAustroasiatic.BUGAN Dagan.DAGADagan.ONJOBYeliKwalean.MULAHAKwalean.MULAHA Dnye.YELETNYE IAIBU Tamaic.ASSANGORI Dagan.MAIWADagan.MAIWADagan.UMANAKAINADagan.UMANAKAINADagan.DIMA MANEAO GIGAREBIGWOIDEN Austroasiatic.MUNDARIAustroasiatic.BUGAN 2 2 Nuclear-Macro-Je.KARAJAChonan.TEHUELCHEChonan.ONADagan.MAIWADagan.MAIWA PUEGALEVA Austroasiatic.BRU WESTERN UnnamedInSource Aikana.AIKANAHarakmbut.HUACHIPAERIHarakmbut.AMARAKAERIKatukinan.KANAMARIKatukinan.KATAWIXI Austroasiatic.WIANG PA PAOAustroasiatic.TERESSA LUA Jodi-Saliban.SALIBAJodi-Saliban.PIAROAJodi-Saliban.YUWANAJodi-Saliban.YUWANAKwaza.KWAZA COLUMBIA 2 Austroasiatic.JABRI SANTALI Chibchan.MELEKUNuclear-Macro-Je.RIKBAKTSAPuelche.GUNUNAPuelche.GUNUNAChitimacha.CHITIMACHA JAIKA KUNEKUNE 2 Chibchan.NGABEREChibchan.GUAYMIChibchan.BUGLEREBaibai-Fas.FASBaibai-Fas.BAIBAI MOVE MURIRE Austroasiatic.PNARAustroasiatic.NANCAWRIShom Pen.SHOM JOWAI PENG Chibchan.VENEZUELANChibchan.KUNAChibchan.CUNAChibchan.TUNEBOChibchan.BORUCA YALA SAN BARI BLAS Austroasiatic.WAR JAINTIA Chibchan.CHIBCHAChibchan.RAMAChibchan.DORASQUEChibchan.COLOMBIANChibchan.BARI COLUMBIA BARI Chibchan.TERIBEChibchan.IKAChibchan.DAMANAChibchan.KOGUIChibchan.CHIMILA Austroasiatic.MATINDORAustroasiatic.ABIRPARA MAHALI Mpur.MPUR NorthNorthChibchan.CABECARChibchan.CABECARChibchan.BRIBRI Bougainville.RAPOISIBougainville.ROTOKAS CHIRIPO Chocoan.EMBERAChocoan.CATIOChocoan.EMBERAChocoan.NORTHERNChocoan.WOUNAAN DARIEN NORTHERN EMBERA Otomanguean.MAZAHUA Mairasi.MER Nuclear-Macro-Je.XERENTEChocoan.EMBERAChocoan.EMBERAChocoan.EPENAChocoan.EPENA TADO BASURUDOSAIJACHAMI Austroasiatic.RIANG WHITEBLACK STRIPEDSTRIPED Nuclear-Macro-Je.KREYENuclear-Macro-Je.PYKOBJENuclear-Macro-Je.PANARANuclear-Macro-Je.XAVANTENuclear-Macro-Je.XAVANTE 2 Austroasiatic.PATICHORA SANTALI Nuclear-Macro-Je.SUYANuclear-Macro-Je.APINAYENuclear-Macro-Je.KAYAPONuclear-Macro-Je.GAVIAONuclear-Macro-Je.APANIEKRA DO PARA Austroasiatic.PACHONDORAustroasiatic.PAHARPUR MAHALI SANTALIAustronesian.ENGGANO Tai-Kadai.YAY Tucanoan.CUBEOTucanoan.TANIMUCATucanoan.TANIMUCATucanoan.YAHUNAAndoque.ANDOQUE RETUARA Otomanguean.OCUILTECOTimor-Alor-Pantar.TEIWA Purari.PURARITai-Kadai.DIOI Tucanoan.KOREGUAYETucanoan.OREJONTucanoan.OREJONTucanoan.SIONATucanoan.CUBEO 22 Austroasiatic.RAUTNAGARAustroasiatic.RASHIDPUR SANTALI SANTALI Tucanoan.DESANOTucanoan.DESANOTucanoan.SECOYATucanoan.SECOYATucanoan.KOREGUAJE 2 2 Tucanoan.BARATucanoan.WAIMAHATucanoan.TUCANOTucanoan.SIRIANOTucanoan.SIRIANO 22 2 Austroasiatic.PALAUNG UnnamedInSourceOtomanguean.OTOMITimor-Alor-Pantar.TEIWATimor-Alor-Pantar.KAWA DE 1776 2 Tai-Kadai.YAYTai-Kadai.POTai-Kadai.THO 2 AI Tucanoan.TATUYOTucanoan.CARAPANATucanoan.BARASANOTucanoan.MACUNATucanoan.WAIMAHA Austroasiatic.RAJARAMPUROtomanguean.OTOMI SANTALI TOLUCA Tucanoan.WANANOTucanoan.TUCANOTucanoan.TUYUCATucanoan.YURUTITucanoan.TUYUCA 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMA Tai-Kadai.SAEK Eleman.MEII2Cayuvava.CAYUBABATucanoan.GUANANOTucanoan.PIRATAPUYOTucanoan.PIRATAPUYO UARIPI 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAERA Eleman.KARAETAEleman.PETOEEleman.SIVIRIEleman.MURUAEleman.UARIPI UARIPIUARIPI UARIPISTMT UARIPI UARIPI West Bomberai.IHATai-Kadai.SHAN Eleman.AHEAVEEleman.OROKOLOEleman.OROKOLOEleman.OPAOEleman.LULUITERA 2 UARIPI Timor-Alor-Pantar.KULATai-Kadai.SAEKTai-Kadai.SAEKTai-Kadai.AHOM 32 Eleman.SEPOEEleman.TOARIPIEleman.TOARIPIEleman.UARIPIEleman.KEURU 2 Otomanguean.OTOMIOtomanguean.OTOMITimor-Alor-Pantar.KAERA ACAMBAYTEMOAYA 2 Tai-Kadai.LU LakesLakesBororoan.UMOTINABororoan.BOROROEleman.KAIPI Plain.AWERAPlain.FOAU Otomanguean.CENTRALTimor-Alor-Pantar.KLON PAMETimor-Alor-Pantar.ABUI LakesLakesLakesLakesLakes Plain.TAUSE Plain.TAUSE Plain.TAUSE Plain.SAPONIPlain.RASAWA WEIRATE DEIRATE Austroasiatic.BODOBELGHORIAOtomanguean.OTOMIOtomanguean.OTOMI SANTALI DE MEZQUITAL ELTimor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR BAILE LakesLakesLakesLakesLakes Plain.OBOKUITAI Plain.KIRIKIRI Plain.KIRIKIRI Plain.EDOPIPlain.FAYU FAIA Tai-Kadai.WUTai-Kadai.TAI MING PO AI LakesLakesLakesLakesLakes Plain.PAPASENA Plain.BIRITAIPlain.WARITAI Plain.SIKARITAI Plain.DOUTAI Timor-Alor-Pantar.NEDEBANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.SAWILATai-Kadai.LAOTIENTai-Kadai.SHANTai-Kadai.SHAN 32 Tai-Kadai.TAI NuclearNuclearAwin-Pa.PARENuclearSalinan.SALINAN TransTrans Trans New New NewPNG Guinea.KAETI Guinea.WAMBON Guinea.SAWUJ DUMUT Otomanguean.OTOMIOtomanguean.OTOMI QUERETARO DE Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANGIXTENCOTimor-Alor-Pantar.KLON 2 Tai-Kadai.LAO NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.KOMYANDARET Guinea.WANGGOM Guinea.KOROWAI Guinea.SJIAGHA Guinea.SIAGHA Otomanguean.TAMASOPOTimor-Alor-Pantar.TEWA PAME DEING NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.ANGIYAKMIN Guinea.WAGARABAI Guinea.MIAN Guinea.OKSAPMIN Guinea.TTSAKWAMBO FAIWOL Otomanguean.MAZAHUAOtomanguean.PAME MERIDIONAL CENTRALTimor-Alor-Pantar.KAFOA Tai-Kadai.YANGTai-Kadai.TAY NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.NAKAI Guinea.TANGKO Guinea.TELEFOL Guinea.TIFAL Guinea.BIMIN Timor-Alor-Pantar.TEWATimor-Alor-Pantar.NEDEBANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.WERSINGTimor-Alor-Pantar.SAWILATimor-Alor-Pantar.HAMAP MADAR 2West Bomberai.KARAS 2 Tai-Kadai.THAI NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.DIGUL Guinea.DIGOELEESCH Guinea.METOMKA Guinea.NINATIE Guinea.NINGGIRUM MUYU MUYU MUYU KAWOMA Timor-Alor-Pantar.TEWATimor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG LEBANG 2 Sulka.SULKAChapacuran.OROChapacuran.PAKAANOVAChapacuran.MOREAnem.ANEM WIN Timor-Alor-Pantar.ADANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.OIRATAWest Bomberai.MBAHAMTai-Kadai.TAI WUMING Siouan.TUTELOSiouan.BILOXISiouan.OFOSiouan.HIDATSASiouan.CROW Tai-Kadai.BLACKTai-Kadai.WHITETai-Kadai.SIAMESE THAITHAITai-Kadai.SHANTai-Kadai.THAITai-Kadai.THAI 4 3 2 Siouan.MANDANSiouan.QUAPAWSiouan.OSAGESiouan.OMAHASiouan.KANSA PONCA Timor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA Siouan.LAKOTASiouan.LAKHOTASiouan.ASSINIBOINESiouan.IOWASiouan.WINNEBAGO OTO Timor-Alor-Pantar.SARTimor-Alor-Pantar.WERSING INDONESIA 2 Tai-Kadai.NUNG Goilalan.TAUADEGoilalan.AFOADoso-Turumsa.DOSOIranxe.IRANTXESiouan.DAKOTA Austronesian.MALAKONI ENGGANO Tai-Kadai.DEHONG Barbacoan.TOTOROBarbacoan.GUAMBIANOBarbacoan.AWABarbacoan.CAYAPABarbacoan.COLORADO PIT Timor-Alor-Pantar.TEWA SARGANG Tai-Kadai.TAI LEI PING Hmong-Mien.HAINANHmong-Mien.CHANGPINGHmong-Mien.DAPINGHmong-Mien.DONGSHANHmong-Mien.SHUANGLONG KIM MIEN MUN BIAO BIAO MIEN MON MON Tai-Kadai.CUN Hmong-Mien.YAOHmong-Mien.DAPINGJIANGHmong-Mien.TAIPANHmong-Mien.CHIANGRAIHmong-Mien.HAININH MIEN MIEN MIEN MIEN Otomanguean.PAME DE PALUCA 1958 Tai-Kadai.SUI Hmong-Mien.HMONGHmong-Mien.JINGCUNHmong-Mien.DAHUAHmong-Mien.BUNUHmong-Mien.NUMAO NJUA BUNU BUNU BUNU Timor-Alor-Pantar.MAKASAETai-Kadai.BLACKTai-Kadai.LVCHUN TAI TAI 2 Tai-Kadai.MAKTai-Kadai.TEN Hmong-Mien.LONGHUAHmong-Mien.LIUXIANGHmong-Mien.TAKHmong-Mien.PHETCHABUNHmong-Mien.HMONG HMONG BUNU DAW HMONG2 Otomanguean.PAME DE JILIAPAN 1958Timor-Alor-Pantar.FATALUKU Hmong-Mien.LIANHUAHmong-Mien.SHEHmong-Mien.HAIFENGHmong-Mien.CHENHUHmong-Mien.LONGHUA CHINA SHE SHESHE BUNU Otomanguean.PAME DE JILIAPAN 1767 Tai-Kadai.WUDINGTai-Kadai.JINPINGTai-Kadai.TAI TAIKHUEN TAI Hmong-Mien.HMUHmong-Mien.GUNDONGHmong-Mien.PAHmong-Mien.YOUNUOHmong-Mien.HUANGLUO HNG BUNUPA BUNU HNG Tai-Kadai.TAITai-Kadai.TAI NINGLUNGMINGTai-Kadai.TAI MING DAENG Hmong-Mien.WESTERNHmong-Mien.XIANGXIHmong-Mien.LAYIPINGHmong-Mien.ZHENFENGHmong-Mien.YANGHAO HMONG XIANGXI HMONG HMONGHMONG HMONG Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG PIDO I Tai-Kadai.WHITETai-Kadai.MAGUAN THAI 2 TAI Sino-Tibetan.PUTIANSino-Tibetan.FUZHOUSino-Tibetan.FUZHOUSino-Tibetan.OLDHmong-Mien.JIWEI CHINESE CHINESE HMONG CHINESE Austronesian.BANJARTimor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG SARI ENGGANO PIDO II Tai-Kadai.SIAMESE 2 Sino-Tibetan.CANTONESESino-Tibetan.DONGSHANSino-Tibetan.AMOYSino-Tibetan.CHAOYANGSino-Tibetan.HAINAN MINNAN MINNAN CHINESE CHINESE CHINESE CHINESE Timor-Alor-Pantar.WESTERN PANTAR Tai-Kadai.KAM Sino-Tibetan.SUZHOUSino-Tibetan.XIANGSino-Tibetan.YONGANSino-Tibetan.HAKKASino-Tibetan.MIDDLE WU CHINESE CHINESE Tai-Kadai.TAI PINGTai-Kadai.LUNG SIANG MINGTai-Kadai.ONGTai-Kadai.TEN BE 2 Sino-Tibetan.JIANCHUANSino-Tibetan.MANDARINSino-Tibetan.MANDARINSino-Tibetan.KUNMINGSino-Tibetan.DUNGAN BAI MANDARIN2 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.ABUI MAKADAITai-Kadai.TAITai-Kadai.MANGSHI LUNGCHOW TAI Tai-Kadai.JIAMAO Sino-Tibetan.YUNLONGSino-Tibetan.JIANCHUANSino-Tibetan.HEQINGSino-Tibetan.LANPINGSino-Tibetan.XIANGYUN BAI BAI BAI BAI Timor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMA BIANGWALA Tai-Kadai.TAI NONG KHAI Sino-Tibetan.TUOLUOSino-Tibetan.ENQISino-Tibetan.QILIQIAOSino-Tibetan.ZHOUCHENGSino-Tibetan.ERYUAN BAI BAI BAI BAI 2 BAI 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.KUI LETLEYINDONESIATai-Kadai.TAITai-Kadai.LUNG CHIENGMAI CHOW Sino-Tibetan.LUOBENZHUOSino-Tibetan.LUOBENZHUOSino-Tibetan.JINMANSino-Tibetan.EGASino-Tibetan.GONGXING BAI BAI BAI BAI 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.KELON PROBUR Tai-Kadai.YUANYANGTai-Kadai.MENGLIAN TAI TAI Sino-Tibetan.JINDINGSino-Tibetan.HEDIANSino-Tibetan.DASHISino-Tibetan.JINXINGSino-Tibetan.MAZHELONG BAI BAI BAI BAI Sino-Tibetan.QILIQIAOSino-Tibetan.ZHAOZHUANGSino-Tibetan.ZHOUCHENGSino-Tibetan.JINDUNSino-Tibetan.LONGMEN BAI BAI BAI BAI Otomanguean.TEMASCALCINGOTimor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMA MAZAHUA KALONDAMA Tai-Kadai.YUANJIANG TAI Tai-Kadai.PAHA Sino-Tibetan.NISHINGSino-Tibetan.TARAONSino-Tibetan.IDUSino-Tibetan.SHISino-Tibetan.XISHAN MISHMI BAI BAI Tai-Kadai.WHITE THAI 3 Tai-Kadai.SUITai-Kadai.MULAO PYOTai-Kadai.LAHA Sino-Tibetan.ASHINGSino-Tibetan.GALOSino-Tibetan.ADISino-Tibetan.NISISino-Tibetan.APATANI GALO Timor-Alor-Pantar.KUITimor-Alor-Pantar.ADANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA INDONESIA PITUNG AIMOLI 2 Sino-Tibetan.BOKARSino-Tibetan.DOUYUSino-Tibetan.BENGNISino-Tibetan.NISISino-Tibetan.MISING TAGIN BANGNI Timor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMATimor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA MAUTA TUBAL HAMAP Sino-Tibetan.BUGUNSino-Tibetan.DHAMMAISino-Tibetan.MIJIHruso-Aka.BENGRUSino-Tibetan.BANGNI HRUSO NYISHI Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR BAKALANG Tai-Kadai.KHORAT THAI Sino-Tibetan.JINGPHOSino-Tibetan.PUROIKSino-Tibetan.SULUNGSino-Tibetan.SHERDUKPENSino-Tibetan.KARBI Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGARTimor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGARTimor-Alor-Pantar.ABUI APURI TEREWENG PURA ATIMELANG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.CHANGSino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.CHANGSino-Tibetan.JINGPHO KONYAK 2CHANG 2 Tai-Kadai.MAONANTai-Kadai.LAKKJA Sino-Tibetan.YOGLISino-Tibetan.MOSHANGSino-Tibetan.PHOMSino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.KONYAK PHOM Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR LIMARAHING Saharan.BERTI Sino-Tibetan.ASino-Tibetan.WANCHOSino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NOCTESino-Tibetan.NAGA TONG WANCHO NOCTE Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGARTimor-Alor-Pantar.KELON RETTA PURA HALERMAN Tai-Kadai.LALIU MAK Tai-Kadai.LACHISaharan.BERIA Sino-Tibetan.DIMASASino-Tibetan.DEURISino-Tibetan.WANANGSino-Tibetan.RABHASino-Tibetan.GARO Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG LANGKURU Tai-Kadai.LITai-Kadai.LI BAODING TONGSHI Tai-Kadai.PUBIAO Sino-Tibetan.TIPPERASino-Tibetan.KOKSino-Tibetan.TIWASino-Tibetan.KACHARISino-Tibetan.BODO BOROK TONGPAI INDIA 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.TIFOL AFENGTai-Kadai.LUE ABUI MUONG YONG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.KABUISino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.RIANGSino-Tibetan.USUI THANGAL RONGMEI TANGKHUL Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG KOLOMANETai-Kadai.LUE CHIENG HUNG Tai-Kadai.BUYANG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGA POCHURI MZIEME ZEME LIANGMAI MARAM Tai-Kadai.LAMPANG THAI Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.KHEZHASino-Tibetan.NAGA RENGMA SOUTHERN SUMI MAO RENGMA Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.ANGAMISino-Tibetan.NAGA SANGTAM YIMCHUNGRU LOTHA CHOKRI Tai-Kadai.CHADONG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.MEITEISino-Tibetan.LAKHERSino-Tibetan.NAGA TARAO MARING MARAAO Tai-Kadai.TAI WESTERN NUNG Tai-Kadai.YERONG Sino-Tibetan.LUSHAISino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.HRANGKHOLSino-Tibetan.CHOTHESino-Tibetan.KOIRENG HAKA Sino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.HMAR SIYIN ZYPHE TEDIM THADO Tai-Kadai.NORTHERNTai-Kadai.SONGKHLA SHAN THAI Sino-Tibetan.ZHABASino-Tibetan.KHWOPASino-Tibetan.DOLAKHASino-Tibetan.THANGMISino-Tibetan.RAUTE NEWAR NEWAR Tai-Kadai.LALIU MAK 2 Urarina.URARINA Sino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.TANGUTSino-Tibetan.JIULONG YADU MIANCHI LONGXI PUMI Tai-Kadai.JINGHONG TAI LUE Sino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.NORTHERNSino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.STODSDESino-Tibetan.MAWO PAO PUXI QIANGTUJIA Tai-Kadai.DEHONG TAI NUEA Tai-Kadai.SUI LI NGAM Sino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.BWESino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.KAREN PWO KAREN PWO SGAWEASTERN GEBAWESTERN Sino-Tibetan.KAYANSino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.KAREN YINBAW MANUMANAW Sino-Tibetan.YANGONSino-Tibetan.BURMESESino-Tibetan.KAYAHSino-Tibetan.KAYAHSino-Tibetan.KAREN BURMESE LI YINTALE WESTERNEASTERN Sino-Tibetan.LASHISino-Tibetan.PELASino-Tibetan.ACHANGSino-Tibetan.XIANDAOSino-Tibetan.HPON 2 Sino-Tibetan.BISUSino-Tibetan.NUSUSino-Tibetan.MARUSino-Tibetan.LASHISino-Tibetan.ZAIWA Sino-Tibetan.MPISino-Tibetan.DAZHAISino-Tibetan.GELANGHESino-Tibetan.AKHASino-Tibetan.PHUNOI HANI AKHA Tai-Kadai.CHADONG 2 Paez.PAEZ Sino-Tibetan.BIYUESino-Tibetan.CAIYUANSino-Tibetan.ENUSino-Tibetan.NAXISino-Tibetan.NAXI BIYO 2 Sino-Tibetan.MOJIANGSino-Tibetan.JINOSino-Tibetan.KADUO HONI Tai-Kadai.BAODING HLAI Sino-Tibetan.SANISino-Tibetan.KATSOSino-Tibetan.NUOSUSino-Tibetan.XIDESino-Tibetan.SHUIGUI YI YI HONI Sino-Tibetan.LAHUSino-Tibetan.LAHUSino-Tibetan.NANJIANGSino-Tibetan.LALOSino-Tibetan.DAFANG 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR RETTA TERNATE Sino-Tibetan.JERUNGSino-Tibetan.THULUNGSino-Tibetan.LEPCHASino-Tibetan.LISUSino-Tibetan.LISU 2 Quechuan.CURVA Sino-Tibetan.SUNWARSino-Tibetan.BAHINGSino-Tibetan.WAMBULE Sino-Tibetan.KHALINGSino-Tibetan.SUNWAR 2 Tai-Kadai.JINGHONG TAI LUE 2 Sino-Tibetan.CHHINTANGESino-Tibetan.CAMLINGSino-Tibetan.PUMASino-Tibetan.DUMISino-Tibetan.DUMI 2 Sino-Tibetan.MEWASino-Tibetan.LIMBU KHOLA LIMBU Timor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA PITUMBANG Sino-Tibetan.NACHERINGSino-Tibetan.WALINGSino-Tibetan.DUNGMALISino-Tibetan.LOHORUNGSino-Tibetan.YAKHA Sino-Tibetan.KULUNG Sino-Tibetan.NUNGSino-Tibetan.ANONGSino-Tibetan.TSHANGLASino-Tibetan.KAMANSino-Tibetan.SAMPANG CHINA Sino-Tibetan.DHIMALSino-Tibetan.MAGARSino-Tibetan.MAGARSino-Tibetan.CHEPANGSino-Tibetan.DRUNGSino-Tibetan.RAWANG 2 Sino-Tibetan.RONGPOSino-Tibetan.RAJISino-Tibetan.KINNAURISino-Tibetan.KHAMSino-Tibetan.KHAMSino-Tibetan.TAKA TAKALE KHAM Sino-Tibetan.MANANGESino-Tibetan.CHANTYALSino-Tibetan.BYANSISino-Tibetan.CHAUDANGSISino-Tibetan.DARMIYASino-Tibetan.RANG PAS Sino-Tibetan.GURUNGSino-Tibetan.GHACHOKSino-Tibetan.MARPHATANSino-Tibetan.THAKALISino-Tibetan.TAMANG THAKALI Sino-Tibetan.KYIRONGSino-Tibetan.LOWASino-Tibetan.JIRELSino-Tibetan.SHERPASino-Tibetan.KAIKESino-Tibetan.GURUNG WESTERN Sino-Tibetan.DZONGKHASino-Tibetan.MAQUSino-Tibetan.TIBETANSino-Tibetan.LHASASino-Tibetan.TIBETAN TIBETAN LHASA TIBETAN CENTRAL Sino-Tibetan.PURIKSino-Tibetan.TIBETANSino-Tibetan.NORTHERNSino-Tibetan.WUJIAOSino-Tibetan.SOUTHERNSino-Tibetan.RGYALTHANG WRITTEN BAIMA BAIMA BAIMA Tai-Kadai.FANGCUN MAK Sino-Tibetan.KHAPALUSino-Tibetan.SKARDUSino-Tibetan.RONDUSino-Tibetan.SHIGARSino-Tibetan.WESTERN BALTI BALTISino-Tibetan.EASTERN BALTI BALTI BALTI BALTI Sino-Tibetan.KARGILSino-Tibetan.KHARMANGSino-Tibetan.CHORBAT BALTI BALTI BALTI Sentanic.TABLASentanic.SENTANISentanic.DEMTA UNKNOWNSentanic.DEMTA DIALSentanic.DEMTA Sentanic.DEMTAUNKNOWNDIAL AMBORA MURIS Tai-Kadai.SHUIQING SUI Zamucoan.AYOREOZamucoan.AYOREOZamucoan.CHAMACOCOSentanic.TABLA 2 Sentanic.TABLASentanic.TABLA C W Pano-Tacanan.MATSESPano-Tacanan.TACANAPano-Tacanan.ARAONAPano-Tacanan.CAVINENAPano-Tacanan.CAVINENAPano-Tacanan.ESEPano-Tacanan.HUARAYO 2 EJJA 1 ESE EJJA Pano-Tacanan.HUARIAPANO Pano-Tacanan.AMAHUACA Pano-Tacanan.KASHIBOPano-Tacanan.KASHIBO SUNGAROYACU SAN ALEJANDRO Pano-Tacanan.CASHIBOPano-Tacanan.SHIPIBOPano-Tacanan.KONIBO Tai-Kadai.SANDONG SUI Paez.PAEZ 2 Pano-Tacanan.CAPANAHUA Pano-Tacanan.KASHIBOPano-Tacanan.KASHIBO ALTO BAJO AGUAYTIAAGUAYTIA Tai-Kadai.WUMINGTai-Kadai.WANGMO ZHUANG BOUYEI Tai-Kadai.TA MIT LAHAQuechuan.TAQUILEQuechuan.ATALLA Aymaran.PUKI Goilalan.KUNIMAIPAQuechuan.POCONAQuechuan.LARAOS Molof.MOLOF Tai-Kadai.KAMTai-Kadai.JINXIU ZHANGLU LAKKIAYurakare.YURACARE Quechuan.YANACQuechuan.INGA Tai-Kadai.ZHUANGTai-Kadai.LONGZHOUTai-Kadai.TAIYANG SOUTHERN ZHUANG AI CHAM Tai-Kadai.JUDU GELAO Kanoe.KANOE Tai-Kadai.LINCHENG LINGAOTai-Kadai.SHIDONGTai-Kadai.BAHATai-Kadai.GELAOTai-Kadai.CATai-Kadai.WHITE BUYANGBIAO HA WANZI GELAOQuechuan.MARAGUA LACHI Quechuan.TROJE South Bird's Head Family.ARANDAI TAROF Tai-Kadai.DONGYINGTai-Kadai.SUITai-Kadai.XIANAN JUNGLINGAO CHIANG MAONANTai-Kadai.NIUPOInanwatan.INANWATANQuechuan.PUNO GELAO CITY Aymaran.KAWKI Tai-Kadai.HAWYIENGZTai-Kadai.ZHUANG NORTHERN ZHUANGTai-Kadai.ZHANGLUTai-Kadai.GREEN DONG GELAO Otomanguean.OTOMI DE SAN ANDRES CUEXCONTITLANSouth Bird's Head Family.ARANDAI SEBYAR Tai-Kadai.TAIYANG AI CHAM 2 Tai-Kadai.MULAOOtomanguean.MANGUEQuechuan.CUZCO KADAI Quechuan.CHACPAR GNL Shastan.SHASTA Tai-Kadai.NA KHE GELAO Quechuan.HUANUCO Aymaran.JAQARU Arawakan.BARE Arawan.DENI Tai-Kadai.DONGMENTai-Kadai.SOUTHERNTai-Kadai.LANGJIATai-Kadai.GELAO MULAM DONG BUYANG LAOZHAI Quechuan.SERENAArawakan.BANIVA Tai-Kadai.LUOCHENG MULAO Aymaran.HUACANA SouthSouth Bird's Bird's Head Head Family.KEMBERANO Family.KOKODA KASUWERI BARAU Aymaran.JAQARUArawakan.BANIWA 2 Awake.AWAKE Tai-Kadai.PHOOtomanguean.CHIAPANEC BANG GELAO Quechuan.INKAWASIQuechuan.CHETILLAArawakan.TARIANAArawakan.WAYUU Arawakan.YUCUNAArawakan.GUINAUArawakan.WAURA Arawan.MADIJA Arawakan.BANIWAArawakan.CABIYARIArawakan.PIAPOCOArawakan.TARIANO 2 Arawakan.TAINO Otomanguean.MATLATZINCA SAN FRANCISCO OXTOTILPAN Otomanguean.CHOROTEGA Arawakan.BAURE Tai-Kadai.ECUNTai-Kadai.GELAOTai-Kadai.ZHENFENG BAHA BUYANG QIAOSHANG GELAO Arawakan.ACHAGUAArawakan.PALIKUR Ainu.AINU SARU Tai-Kadai.HONGFENG GELAO Arawakan.YUCUNAArawakan.MAIPURE 2 Arawakan.INAPARIArawakan.PARESIArawan.BANAWA Arawakan.BAHUANA Arawan.PAUMARI Otomanguean.MATLATZINCA SAN FRANCISCO OXTOTILPAN 2 Tai-Kadai.WUMING YONGBEI ZHUANG Hibito-Cholon.CHOLONArawakan.PIAPOCOArawakan.RESIGAROArawakan.WAPIXANAArawakan.YAVITERO 2 Arawakan.TERENA Ainu.AINU SOYA South Bird's Head Family.KEMBERANO WERIAGAR Arawakan.CURRIPACO Arawakan.APURINA Ainu.KURIL AINU Arawakan.MAWAYANAArawakan.MEHINAKUArawakan.MAXINERIArawakan.LOKONOArawan.JAMAMADIWaorani.WAORANIAinu.AINU NAIRO Quechuan.QUICHUA LOJA Busa.BUSAN Boran.BORA Arawakan.RESIGAROArawakan.WAPISHANAArawakan.WAREKENA 2 Arawakan.CAQUINTE Arawan.JARAWARAAinu.AINUAinu.AINU SAMANI MAOKA Tupian.ZOE Tai-Kadai.NINGMING YONGNAN ZHUANG Arawakan.KINIKINAU Ainu.AINU BIHORO Quechuan.QUICHUA AZUAY Arawakan.PARAUJANOArawakan.YAWALAPITI Ainu.AINUAinu.AINU YAKUMO OCHIHO Tai-Kadai.SHANGSI YONGNAN ZHUANG Arawakan.ASHANINKAArawakan.ASHENINKAArawakan.GARIFUNAAinu.AINUAinu.AINU NAYORO OBIHIRO Tupian.MBYA Tupian.XETA Arawakan.AMUESHAArawakan.TRINITARIOArawakan.SARAVEKA 1 Ainu.AINU NIIKAPPU Guato.GUATO Yurakare.YURACARE YURUJURE Arawakan.IGNACIANOAinu.AINUAinu.AINU HIRATORI KUSHIRO Koiarian.KOITA Tupian.ACHE Koiarian.BARAI Tupian.YUQUI Tai-Kadai.JINCHANG WHITE LACHI Quechuan.INGA PUTUMAYO Arawakan.CARIB 1665 Boran.MIRANA Aymaran.SULLKATITI TITIRI Koiarian.AOMIE Caddoan.KITSAI Koiarian.KOIARI Tupian.AWETI Arawakan.CHAMICURO Tupian.TEMBE Tupian.GUAJA
Quechuan.QUICHUA CANYAR Washo.WASHO Tupian.XIPAYA Aymaran.CENTRAL AYMARA Ainu.AINUAinu.SAKHALIN SHIRAURA AINU Tupian.APIAKA Tupian.KAYABI Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA ARGENTINA AYACUCHO Arawan.KULINA ARAUA Caddoan.CADDO Boran.MUINANE Guamo.GUAMO Tupian.TUPARI Taushiro.TAUSHIRO Yale.NAGATIMAN Tupian.TAPIETE Tupian.MONDE Moseten-Chimane.MOSETEN Tupian.ARIKEM Cariban.TIRIYO Ainu.AINU ASAHIKAWA Tupian.SIRIONO Cariban.YUKPA Koiarian.KOIARI 2 Tupian.ASURINI Cariban.APALAI Arawakan.MASHCO PIRO Trumai.TRUMAI Tupian.KOKAMA Tupian.JURUNA Quechuan.QUECHUA PACARAOS Caddoan.WICHITA Tupian.ANAMBE Cariban.KALINA Caddoan.PAWNEE Guachi.GUACHI Tupian.GUARANI Tupian.OMAGUA Tupian.MEKENS Arawakan.ISLAND CARIB Cariban.PEMON Quechuan.QUECHUA PASTAZA Arawakan.MACHIGUENGA Cariban.WAIWAI Aymaran.CENTRAL AYMARA 2 Ainu.AINU HOROBETSU Caddoan.ARIKARA Guahiboan.JITNU Ainu.AINU NUKKIBETSU Cariban.IKPENG Ainu.AINU RAICHISHKA Tupian.WIRAFED Tupian.WAYAMPI Aymaran.SOUTHERN AYMARA Boran.MUINANE 2 Guahiboan.CUIBA Ainu.AINU OSHAMAMBE Cariban.BAKAIRI Huitotoan.OCAINA Tupian.ARAWETE Tupian.KURUAYA Cariban.PANARE Cariban.WAYANA Ticuna-Yuri.TIKUNA Tupian.GUARAYU Cariban.YUKPA 2Cariban.YUKPA 3 Quechuan.QUICHUA PICHANCHA Tupian.TAPIRAPE Cuitlatec.CUITLATEC Caddoan.WICHITA 2 Caddoan.PAWNEE 2 Tupian.MAKURAP Quechuan.QUICHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA IMBABURA IMBABURA 2 Huitotoan.NONUYA Cariban.MAPOYO Tupian.TENHARIM Cariban.WAIWAI 2 Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS TANA Cariban.MAKUSHI Tupian.PAUSERNA Cariban.KUIKURO Kadugli-Krongo.MIRI Cariban.MACUSHI Cariban.AKAWAIO Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS VINAC Tupian.NHENGATU Tupian.PARAKANA Tupian.KARITIANA Arawakan.ENAWENE NAWE Huitotoan.OCAINA 2 Tupian.AMONDAVA Arawakan.NOMATSIGUENGA Tupian.KAMAYURA Puri-Coroado.PURI Ainu.AINU TARANTOMARI Tupian.TUPINAMBA Otomanguean.AMUZGO Cariban.CARIJONA Tupian.EMERILLON Tupian.PURUBORA Quechuan.CHIMBORAZO QUICHUA Arawakan.ASHENINKA PICHIS Huitotoan.COERUNA Kadugli-Krongo.FAMA Tupian.PARANAWAT Cariban.KAXUYANA Cariban.YABARANA Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS LINCHAQuechuan.QUECHUA SAN MARTIN Arawakan.CAMPA DE PERENE Guahiboan.GUAHIBO Tupian.CHIRIGUANO Tupian.PARINTINTIN Cariban.AKAWAIO 2 Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA AREQUIPA YAUYOS UNION CACRA Otomanguean.CUICATEC Guahiboan.PLAYERO Quechuan.QUECHUA ABANCAYQuechuan.INGA TINTAY MEDIO PUTUMAYO Kadugli-Krongo.KEIGA
Otomanguean.IXCATEC Cariban.CARIJONA 2
Tupian.MUNDURUKU Tupian.CINTA LARGA Pano-Tacanan.MATIS Kadugli-Krongo.KANGA Tupian.KARO BRAZIL Unclassifiable.KARIRI Tai-Kadai.LAIBIN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Cariban.TAUREPANG Tai-Kadai.FUSUI CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Arawakan.ASHENINKA PAJONAL Chiquitano.CHIQUITANO Kadugli-Krongo.TULISHI Cariban.HIXKARYANA Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUICHUA YAUYOS HONGOS COTOPAXI TIGUA Cariban.MAQUIRITARI Quechuan.QUECHUA HUANCA HUAYLLA Kadugli-Krongo.KATCHA
Tupian.URUEWAUWAU Tupian.SATERE MAWE Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA HUANCA HUANCA HUANUCO SHAUSHA HUAYCHA PANAO Guahiboan.MACAGUAN Tupian.AVA CANOEIRO Quechuan.QUECHUA CHACHAPOYAS Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.LIPANAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.HUPAAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.KATO Tupian.ASURINI XINGU Kadugli-Krongo.KRONGO Guahiboan.GUAYABERO Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH CHIQUIAN Tupian.GUARANI KAIWA Tupian.SURUI DO PARA Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA HUAYLAS ANCASH NAPO LOWLAND Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.HARE Kadugli-Krongo.CHIROROKadugli-Krongo.KURONDI Tupian.URUBU KAAPOR Tai-Kadai.TIANZHU SHIDONG NORTHERN DONG Huitotoan.HUITOTO MIKA Tai-Kadai.LONGAN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Pano-Tacanan.MARUBO Tai-Kadai.LIANSHANTai-Kadai.GUIGANG CENTRAL CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG ZHUANG Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS SAN PEDRO Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.EYAK Kadugli-Krongo.KAMDANG Tai-Kadai.SHANGLIN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Quechuan.QUECHUA DE LAMBAYEQUE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.HUPA 2 Kadugli-Krongo.KADUGLI 2 Tupian.GUARANIANTIGO Tai-Kadai.QINZHOU CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Quechuan.QUECHUA NORTH JUNIN CAJAS Otomanguean.CHOCHOTEC Arawakan.AJYININKA APURUCAYALI Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.NAVAJOAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.GALICE Koiarian.ESE MANAGALASI
Pano-Tacanan.CHACOBO Quechuan.QUECHUA NORTH JUNIN TARMA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.AHTNA Pano-Tacanan.KAXARARI Koiarian.MOUNTAIN KOIARI Cariban.ARARA DO PARA Otomanguean.TRIQUI COPALA Huitotoan.HUITOTO MURUI Tai-Kadai.YONGNAN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.NAVAHOAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.SLAVEY Pano-Tacanan.KAXINAWA
Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.BEAVER Pano-Tacanan.YAMINAWA Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS HUANGASCAR Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.SARCEEAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.DOGRIB Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC 1578 Huitotoan.HUITOTO MINICA Quechuan.QUICHUA CHIMBORAZO NIZAG Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC MITLA Cariban.WAIMIRIATROARI
Quechuan.QUICHUA CHIMBORAZO TROJE Pano-Tacanan.POYANAWA Quechuan.QUICHUA COTOPAXI PAPAURCO Huitotoan.HUITOTO NIPODE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.MATTOLEAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.KUTCHIN Pano-Tacanan.YAWANAWA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.JICARILLAAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CARRIER Koiarian.MOUNTAIN KOIARI 2 Huitotoan.HUITOTO MURUI 2 Quechuan.QUICHUA BOLIVAR CACHISAGUA Otomanguean.JALAPA DE DIAZ Huitotoan.HUITOTOHuitotoan.HUITOTO NUPODE MINICA 2
Otomanguean.MIXTEC CHAYUCO Pano-Tacanan.SHANENAWA
Pano-Tacanan.ARARA PANO Pano-Tacanan.ARARA
Arawakan.ASHENINKA UCAYALI YURUA PANO Pano-Tacanan.KULINA Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH HUAYLAS WATA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.KOYUKONOtomanguean.MIXTEC CARRIER PENYOLES Otomanguean.YARENI ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.YOSONDUA MIXTEC Cariban.ENAPA WOROMAIPU Pano-Tacanan.SHARANAHUA Tupian.SURUI DO RONDONIA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CHIRICAHUA Otomanguean.ISTHMUSOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC LOXICHA Quechuan.QUICHUA TUNGURAHUA SALASACA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.SAN CARLOS Otomanguean.JICALTEPEC MIXTEC Quechuan.QUICHUA TUNGURAHUA GUAPANTE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CHIPEWYANOtomanguean.MIXTECOtomanguean.OCOTLANOtomanguean.AMATLAN ALCOZAUCAOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC YALALAG Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC YATZACHI Tupian.GAVIAO DO RONDONIA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.TANACROSS Otomanguean.CAJONOSOtomanguean.CHOAPANOtomanguean.ALOAPAMOtomanguean.LACHIXIO ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH HUAYLAS HUARAZ Otomanguean.XANAGUIAOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC MIXTEPEC Otomanguean.CHOCHO OCOTLAN PANO Pano-Tacanan.KATUKINA Otomanguean.TILQUIAPAN ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.LEALAO CHINANTEC Otomanguean.ZAPOTECOtomanguean.ZACATEPEC ZOOGOCHO CHATINO Otomanguean.CHALCATONGOOtomanguean.TRIQUI MIXTEC CHICAHUAXTLA Otomanguean.CHINANTEC OJITLAN Otomanguean.AYOQUESCO ZAPOTECOtomanguean.CHATINO TATALTEPEC Otomanguean.SANOtomanguean.HUAUTLA PEDRO IXCATLAN DE JIMENEZ Otomanguean.MIXTECO DE YOSONDUA Quechuan.QUICHUA COTOPAXI COMPANIA GRANDE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.INLAND TANAINA Otomanguean.TEXMELUCAN ZAPOTECOtomanguean.MAZATLAN DE FLORES Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.ILIAMNA TANAINA Otomanguean.CHINANTEC PALANTLA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.JICARILLA APACHE Otomanguean.POPOLOCA METZONTLA Otomanguean.CHINANTEC SOCHIAPAN Otomanguean.SAN JERONIMO TECOATL Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH HUAYLAS PAMPAROMAS Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.MANTASTA AHTENA Otomanguean.MAZATEC CHIQUIHUITLAN Otomanguean.SANOtomanguean.SAN MIGUEL JUAN SOYOLTEPEC CHIQUIHUITLAN Otomanguean.SAN BARTOLOMEAYAUTLA Quechuan.QUECHUA DE AMBO HUANUCO PASCO PASCO Otomanguean.CHINANTEC COMALTEPEC Otomanguean.COATLAN LOXICHA ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.MIXTEC NORTHERN TLAXIACO Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.OUTERAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.UPPER INLET INLET TANAINA TANAINA Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC SIERRA DE JUAREZ Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.UPPEROtomanguean.ZAPOTEC TANANA TETLIN SANOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC LUCAS QUIAVINI SOUTHERN RINCON Otomanguean.QUIOQUITANI QUIERI ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.CHATINO WESTERN HIGHLAND Otomanguean.SANOtomanguean.SANTA PEDRO INES QUIATONI YATZECHI ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC
Otomanguean.POPOLOCA SANOtomanguean.CHINANTEC JUANATZINGO SAN FELIPE USILA
Otomanguean.MIXTECO DE SAN JUAN COLORADO Otomanguean.SAN LORENZO CUAUNECUILTITLA
Otomanguean.SANTA MARIA QUIEGOLANI ZAPOTEC
Otomanguean.POPOLOCA DE SAN VICENTE COYOTEPEC Applications
Applications
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 35 / 42 Applications Punctuated language evolution
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 36 / 42 Applications Phylogenetic signal
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 37 / 42 Applications Estimating Markov processes
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 38 / 42 Applications Estimating Markov processes
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 38 / 42 Applications Equilibrium probabilities
Empirical vs. estimated percentages Posterior distribution
Stochastically stable
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 39 / 42 Applications Clines of typological change
SOV
SVO OSV
VSO OVS
VOS
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 40 / 42 Applications Correlation between linguistic and phenotypic distances
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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.8 ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● 0.8 ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● 0.6 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● 0.6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.6 ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● lexical distance lexical ● ● distance lexical distance lexical ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.4 0.4 ● ● ● ● ● 0.4 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
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● ● ● ● ● ● 0.2 ● 0.2 ● 0.2 ● 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 face distance neurocranium distance phenotypic distance 0.6 0.6 0.6 ● ● ●
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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.6 ● ● ● ● 0.6 ● ● ● ● 0.6 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 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linguistic distance 0.2 linguistic distance 0.2 linguistic distance 0.2 ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 face distance neurocranium distance phenotypic distance
Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees Torun 41 / 42 Applications Conclusion
two areas where this might be useful: prehistory/anthropology: identifying deep patterns of common ancestry and contact historical linguistics and typology: statistical model for phylogenetically controlled inference data and code are available on arXiv/OSF: Jäger (2018)
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