East Nusantara: Typological and Areal Analyses Pacific Linguistics 618
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East Nusantara: typological and areal analyses Pacific Linguistics 618 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden and I Wayan Arka (Managing Editors), Mark Donohue, Nicholas Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson, and Darrell Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne Harold Koch, The Australian National Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African University Studies Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Auckland Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- John Lynch, University of the South Pacific Universität Mainz Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander David Bradley, La Trobe University Studies Lyle Campbell, University of Utah William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- Malaysia Universität zu Kiel Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la Evolutionary Anthropology Recherche Scientifique Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Jaya Universität Frankfurt am Main Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma at Buffalo Jaya Jerold A. Edmondson, University of Texas at Ger Reesink, Radboud University Arlington Nijmegen Margaret Florey, Monash University Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai‘i William Foley, University of Sydney Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la Karl Franklin, SIL International Recherche Scientifique Charles Grimes, SIL International Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of Nikolaus Himmelmann, University of Auckland Münster Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal John Wolff, Cornell University University Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinica East Nusantara: typological and areal analyses edited by Michael C. Ewing and Marian Klamer Pacific Linguistics School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Published by Pacific Linguistics School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics First published 2010 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Title: East Nusantara: typological and areal analyses / edited by Michael C. Ewing and Marian Klamer. ISBN: 9780858836105 (pbk.) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Papuan languages. Austronesian languages. Other Authors/ Ewing, Michael C. Contributors: Klamer, Margaretha Anna Flora. Australian National University. Research School of Pacific Studies. Dept. of Linguistics. Dewey Number: 499.22 Typeset by Julie Manley Cover image: woven Ikat fabric from Mangili, East Sumba, depicting a cock fight. Cover design by Julie Manley/Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd Printed and bound by Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd, Fyshwick, Canberra Table of contents Glossing conventions ........................................................................................................... vii 1 The languages of East Nusantara: an introduction ...................................................... 1 MARIAN KLAMER, LEIDEN UNIVERSITY AND MICHAEL C. EWING, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE 2 Towards a phonological overview of the vowel and consonant systems of East Nusantara ....................................................................................................... 25 JOHN HAJEK, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE 3 Notes on Waima'a intonational structure ................................................................... 47 NIKOLAUS HIMMELMANN, RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM 4 Prefixation of arguments in West Papuan languages ................................................. 71 GER REESINK, RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN 5 Person marking, verb classes, and the notion of alignment in Western Pantar (Lamma) ........................................................................................... 97 GARY HOLTON, UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS 6 Agentive alignment in Central Maluku languages ................................................... 119 MICHAEL C. EWING, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE 7 Reduced pronouns and arguments in Sou Amana Teru, Ambon ............................. 143 SIMON MUSGRAVE, MONASH UNIVERSITY 8 Voice and valency in Tetun Dili ............................................................................. 165 CATHARINA WILLIAMS-VAN KLINKEN, DILI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 9 Grammaticalisation of asymmetrical serial verb constructions in Klon .................. 185 LOUISE BAIRD, LEIDEN UNIVERSITY 10 One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa and Kaera ................................................. 203 MARIAN KLAMER, LEIDEN UNIVERSITY v vi Table of contents 11 Negation in Central Moluccan languages ................................................................. 227 MARGARET FLOREY, UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE 12 Hawu and Dhao in eastern Indonesia: revisiting their relationship .......................... 251 CHARLES E. GRIMES, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AND SIL INTERNATIONAL 13 Nouns and verbs in Magey Matbat ........................................................................... 281 BERT REMIJSEN, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH Glossing conventions 1p 1st person plural 1pe 1st person plural exclusive 1pi 1st person plural inclusive 1s 1st person singular 2 2nd person (unmarked for singular or plural) 2p 2nd person plural 2s 2nd person singular 3d 3rd person dual 3nh 3rd person non-human 3p 3rd person plural 3ph 3rd person plural human 3pnh 3rd person plural non-human 3s 3rd person singular 3sh 3rd person singular human 3snh 3rd person singular non-human 4p 4th person plural (switch reference) 4s 4th person singular (switch reference) A agent COMPL completive ABL ablative CONJ conjunction ACC accusative CONT continuative ACT actor COP copula ADMON admonitive DAT dative AL alienable DECL declarative ALL allative DEF definite marker ANT anterior DEI deictic APPL applicative DEM demonstrative ART article DET determiner ASP aspectual particle DIM diminutive AUX auxiliary DIR directional BEN benefactive DIST distal BNDRY boundary DTOP different topic (in discourse) Ca consonant + /a/ partial DUR durative reduplication EMPH emphatic CAUS causative ERG ergative marker CLF classifier EVID evidential CMP complementizer EXCL exclamation COLL collective EXIST existential COMP comparative f free pronominal paradigm vii viii Glossing conventions F feminine ORD ordinal FOC narrow focus particle PAT patient FUT future PFV perfective GEN genitive PL plural GNR generic PN proper name HORT hortative POL polite IMM immediate future POSS possessive IMP imperative PRED predicator / predicate marker INAL inalienable PRN pronoun INAN inanimate PROH prohibitive INCL inclusive PROX proximal INS instrument RDP reduplication INTR intransitive REC recipient INTS intensifier REL relative IPFV imperfective RECP reciprocal IRR irrealis RES resumptive pronoun LANDW landward RLS realis LM lexical marker SBJ subject LNK linker SEAW seaward LOC locative SEQ sequential marker M masculine SG singular MAL Malay loan SIM simultaneous marker MID middle voice STAT stative MOD modality STOP same topic NEG negative TAG question tag NM noun class marker TOP topic NMLZ nominalizer U undergoer NPST non-past VAL valence increasing prefix OBJ object VIS visible OBL oblique WHQ wh- question OBV obviative YNQ yes/no question 1 The languages of East Nusantara: an introduction MARIAN KLAMER AND MICHAEL C. EWING 1 Introduction ‘East Nusantara’, the name used in the title of this book, refers to the islands of eastern Indonesia and East Timor. ‘Nusantara’ is a term that has come to refer to the Indo- Malaysian archipelago generally, without reference to national borders.1 For the purpose of this volume, we define East Nusantara as a geographical area that extends from Sumbawa to the west, across the islands of East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku2 including Halmahera, and to the Bird’s Head of New Guinea in the east (see Map 1). In the northwest, the area is bounded by Sulawesi.3 In East Nusantara, some 400 languages are spoken (see Gordon 2005), most of which are endangered in terms of numbers of speakers, and the majority of which have not yet been described (Florey 2005). Linguistically, this geographic region displays great genetic diversity, being the meeting ground of languages belonging to the Austronesian and Papuan language families. Yet, similarities cut across many of these languages, giving rise to the notion of a linguistic area or Sprachbund. In this introduction chapter, we first present a brief history of the region and an overview of recent research that has had East Nusantara