[Ancient History] Syllabus
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Subsistence Strategies and Burial Rituals: Social Practices in the Late Deccan Chalcolithic
Subsistence Strategies and Burial Rituals: Social Practices in the Late Deccan Chalcolithic TERESA P. RACZEK IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C., THE RESIDENTS OF THE WESTERN DECCAN region of India practiced an agropastoral lifestyle and buried their infant children in ceramic urns below their house floors. With the coming of the first millennium B.C., the inhabitants of the site of Inamgaon altered their subsistence practices to incorporate more wild meat and fewer grains into their diet. Although daily practices in the form of food procurement changed, infant burial practices remained constant from the Early Jorwe (1400 B.c.-lOOO B.C.) to the Late Jorwe (1000 B.c.-700 B.C.) period. Examining interments together with subsistence strategies firmly situates ideational practices within the fabric of daily life. This paper will explore the relationship between change and continuity in burial and subsistence practices around 1000 B.C. at the previously excavated Cha1colithic site of Inamgaon in the western Deccan (Fig. 1). By considering the act of burial as a moment of social construction that both creates and reflects larger traditions, it is possible to understand how each individual interment affects chronological variability. That burial traditions at Inamgaon were continuously recreated in the face of a changing society suggests that meaningful and significant practices were actively upheld. Burial practices at Inamgaon were both structured and fluid enough to allow room for individual and group expression. The con temporaneous variability that occurs in the burial record at Inamgaon may reflect the marking of various aspects of personhood. Burial traditions and the ability and desire of the living to conforITl to them vary over time and it is important to consider the specific social context in which they occur. -
(Social Sciences) Ancient Indian History Culture
PUNYASHLOK AHILYADEVI HOLKAR SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY, SOLAPUR Faculty of Humanities (Social Sciences) Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology M.A. Part I Semester I & II w.e.f. June, 2020 1 Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur School of Social Sciences Dept. of Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology M.A. Part-I CBCS Pattern (New)w.e.f. June 2020 Marks : 100 (70+30) SEMESTER -I AIHCA Hard Core HCT 1.1 History of Ancient India up to 650 A.D. HCT 1.2 Ancient Indian Iconography HCT 1.3 Prehistory of India Soft Core (Anyone) SCT 1.1 Introduction to Archaeology SCT 1.2 Ancient Indian Literature Practical/Field Work/Tutorial HCP 1.1 Practical/Field Work-I SCP 1.2 Practical/Field Work-II Tutorials (Library Work) Note: - 70Marks for theory paper & 30 Marks on Class room Seminars/ Study Tour/ Tutorials/ Field Work/ Project. 2 Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Solapur School of Social Sciences, Dept. of Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology M.A. Part-I, Semester-I CBCS Pattern (New)w.e.f. June 2020 Marks : 100 (70+30) HCT-1.1 History of Ancient India Up to 650 AD 70 Unit- 1: Sources and Historiography of Ancient India i)Geography ii)Historiography iii) Sources of Ancient Indian History Unit 2: Early of political institutions in ancient India i. Janapadas, Republic (Ganrajya) , Mahajanapadas in ancient India ii. Rise of Magadha Empire iii. Persian and Greek Invasions: Causes and Impacts Unit 3: Mauryan and Post-Mauryan India i. Chandragupta Maurya and Bindusara ii. Ashoka, his successors and decline of the Mauryas iii. -
Unit 1 Reconstructing Ancient Society with Special
Harappan Civilisation and UNIT 1 RECONSTRUCTING ANCIENT Other Chalcolithic SOCIETY WITH SPECIAL Cultures REFERENCE TO SOURCES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Sources 1.1.1 Epigraphy 1.1.2 Numismatics 1.1.3 Archaeology 1.1.4 Literature 1.2 Interpretation 1.3 The Ancient Society: Anthropological Readings 1.4 Nature of Archaeology 1.5 Textual Sources 1.6 Summary 1.7 Glossary 1.8 Exercises 1.0 INTRODUCTION The primary objective of this unit is to acquaint the learner with the interpretations of the sources that reveal the nature of the ancient society. We therefore need to define the meaning of the term ‘ancient society’ to begin with and then move on to define a loose chronology in the context of the sources and their readings. It would also be useful to have an understanding about the various readings of the sources, a kind of a historiography of the interpretative regime. In order to facilitate a better understanding this unit is divided into five sections. In the introduction we have discussed the range of interpretations that are deployed on the sources and often the sources also become interpretative in nature. The complexity of the sources has also been dealt with in the same context. The new section then discusses the ancient society and what it means. This discussion is spread across the regions and the varying sources that range from archaeology to oral traditions. The last section then gives some concluding remarks. 1.1 SOURCES Here we introduce you to different kinds of sources that help us reconstruct the social structure. -
Society and Economy During Early Historic Period in Maharashtra: an Archaeological Perspective
Society and Economy during Early Historic Period in Maharashtra: An Archaeological Perspective Tilok Thakuria1 1. Department of History and Archaeology, North Eastern Hill University, Tura Campus, Meghalaya – 794002, India (Email: [email protected]) Received: 31July 2017; Revised: 29September 2017; Accepted: 09November 2017 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5 (2017): 169‐190 Abstract: The paper aims to analyze the archaeological evidence to understand the social and economic formation during the Early Historic period in Maharashtra. The analysis and discussion offered in the paper are based mainly on archaeological evidences unearthed in excavations. However, historical information were also taken into consideration for verification and understanding of archaeological evidence. Keywords: Early History, Megalithic, Pre‐Mauryan, Satavahana, Society, Economy, Maharashtra Introduction History and archaeology need to grow together, instead of parallel, by sharing and utilizing sources as the primary aim of both is to write history. According to Thapar (1984: 193‐194) “The study of social history, economic history and the role of technology in Indian history, being comparatively new to the concern of both archaeologist and historians, require appropriate emphasis. Furthermore, in these fields, the evidence from archaeology can be used more directly. The historian has data on these aspects from literary sources but the data tends to be impressionistic and confined by the context. Archaeology can provide the historian with more precise data on the fundamentals of these aspects of history, resulting thereby in a better comprehension of the early forms of socio‐economic institutions”. The social and economic conditions of Maharashtra during the early historic period have been reconstructed mostly based on available sources like inscriptions, coins and travelers’ accounts. -
Objectives the Main Objective of This Course Is to Introduce Students to Archaeology and the Methods Used by Archaeologists
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Arts Academic Year Department of Archaeology and Ancient History 2016-2017 Vadodara, India 390002 Bachelor of Arts: Regular YEAR 1 Allied - 01&02: Credit 3 Semester 1 AB1A01AY1N and AB1A02AY1N/AAH1102A01 and Hours 45 AAH1103A02 Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology – I Objectives The main objective of this course is to introduce students to archaeology and the methods used by archaeologists. This will be followed by the chronological sequence of the early cultures of India – starting from the beginning of production of stone artifacts till 2700 years ago. Students will also examine the origin and development of domestic and religious architecture and development of various religions in the Indian subcontinent COURSE CONTENT/SYLLABUS UNIT-I Introduction to Archaeology 12 hrs Definition, history, archaeological remains, archaeological methods, relationship of archaeology with other disciplines; Main geographical of features of India and its influence on its culture UNIT-II Sources of India Culture and chronology and arrangements of events 5 hrs Archaeological and Literary sources of Indian History and culture Chronological sequence of cultures of India UNIT-III Introduction to Prehistoric cultures of India 14 hrs Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic Cultures of India UNIT-IV Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultural developments 14 hrs North and North Eastern and Southern Neolithic Cultures of India Indus Valley Civilization, Origin and Development of Harappa Culture Activities Museum visits, handling of Artefacts, registration and documentation of artefacts,Presentation and discussion REFERENCES 1 Allchin, B. and F. R. Allchin. 1982. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. -
Autochthonous Aryans? the Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts
Michael Witzel Harvard University Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts. INTRODUCTION §1. Terminology § 2. Texts § 3. Dates §4. Indo-Aryans in the RV §5. Irano-Aryans in the Avesta §6. The Indo-Iranians §7. An ''Aryan'' Race? §8. Immigration §9. Remembrance of immigration §10. Linguistic and cultural acculturation THE AUTOCHTHONOUS ARYAN THEORY § 11. The ''Aryan Invasion'' and the "Out of India" theories LANGUAGE §12. Vedic, Iranian and Indo-European §13. Absence of Indian influences in Indo-Iranian §14. Date of Indo-Aryan innovations §15. Absence of retroflexes in Iranian §16. Absence of 'Indian' words in Iranian §17. Indo-European words in Indo-Iranian; Indo-European archaisms vs. Indian innovations §18. Absence of Indian influence in Mitanni Indo-Aryan Summary: Linguistics CHRONOLOGY §19. Lack of agreement of the autochthonous theory with the historical evidence: dating of kings and teachers ARCHAEOLOGY __________________________________________ Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7-3 (EJVS) 2001(1-115) Autochthonous Aryans? 2 §20. Archaeology and texts §21. RV and the Indus civilization: horses and chariots §22. Absence of towns in the RV §23. Absence of wheat and rice in the RV §24. RV class society and the Indus civilization §25. The Sarasvatī and dating of the RV and the Bråhmaas §26. Harappan fire rituals? §27. Cultural continuity: pottery and the Indus script VEDIC TEXTS AND SCIENCE §28. The ''astronomical code of the RV'' §29. Astronomy: the equinoxes in ŚB §30. Astronomy: Jyotia Vedåga and the -
Copyrighted Material
Index Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables. 16R dune site, 36, 43, 440 Adittanallur, 484 Adivasi peoples see tribal peoples Abhaipur, 498 Adiyaman dynasty, 317 Achaemenid Empire, 278, 279 Afghanistan Acharyya, S.K., 81 in “Aryan invasion” hypothesis, 205 Acheulean industry see also Paleolithic era in history of agriculture, 128, 346 in Bangladesh, 406, 408 in human dispersals, 64 dating of, 33, 35, 38, 63 in isotope analysis of Harappan earliest discovery of, 72 migrants, 196 handaxes, 63, 72, 414, 441 skeletal remains found near, 483 in the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, 441–443 as source of raw materials, 132, 134 lack of evidence in northeastern India for, 45 Africa major sites of, 42, 62–63 cultigens from, 179, 347, 362–363, 370 in Nepal, 414 COPYRIGHTEDhominoid MATERIAL migrations to and from, 23, 24 in Pakistan, 415 Horn of, 65 related hominin finds, 73, 81, 82 human migrations from, 51–52 scholarship on, 43, 441 museums in, 471 Adam, 302, 334, 498 Paleolithic tools in, 40, 43 Adamgarh, 90, 101 research on stature in, 103 Addanki, 498 subsistence economies in, 348, 353 Adi Badri, 498 Agara Orathur, 498 Adichchanallur, 317, 498 Agartala, 407 Adilabad, 455 Agni Purana, 320 A Companion to South Asia in the Past, First Edition. Edited by Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R. Walimbe. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 0002649130.indd 534 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM INDEX 535 Agra, 337 Ammapur, 414 agriculture see also millet; rice; sedentism; water Amreli district, 247, 325 management Amri, -
Unit 10 Chalcolithic and Early Iron Age-I
UNIT 10 CHALCOLITHIC AND EARLY IRON AGE-I Structure 10.0 Objectives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ochre Coloured Pottery Culture 10.3 The Problems of Copper Hoards 10.4 Black and Red Ware Culture 10.5 Painted Grey Ware Culture 10.6 Northern Black Polished Ware Culture 10.6.1 Structures 10.6.2 Pottery 10.6.3 Other Objects 10.6.4 Ornaments 10.6.5 Terracotta Figurines 10.6.6 Subsistence Economy and Trade 10.7 Chalcolithic Cultures of Western, Central and Eastern India 10.7.1 Pottery: Diagnostic Features 10.7.2 Economy 10.7.3 Houses and Habitations 10.7.4 Other 'characteristics 10.7.5 Religion/Belief Systems 10.7.6 Social Organization 10.8 Let Us Sum Up 10.9 Key Words 10.10 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 10.0 OBJECTIVES In Block 2, you have learnt about'the antecedent stages and various aspects of Harappan culture and society. You have also read about its geographical spread and the reasons for its decline and diffusion. In this unit we shall learn about the post-Harappan, Chalcolithic, and early Iron Age Cultures of northern, western, central and eastern India. After reading this unit you will be able to know about: a the geographical location and the adaptation of the people to local conditions, a the kind of houses they lived in, the varieties of food they grew and the kinds of tools and implements they used, a the varietie of potteries wed by them, a the kinds of religious beliefs they had, and a the change occurring during the early Iron age. -
The Decline of Harappan Civilization K.N.DIKSHIT
The Decline of Harappan Civilization K.N.DIKSHIT EBSTRACT As pointed out by N. G. Majumdar in 1934, a late phase of lndus civilization is illustrated by pottery discovered at the upper levels of Jhukar and Mohenjo-daro. However, it was the excavation at Rangpur which revealed in stratification a general decline in the prosperity of the Harappan culture. The cultural gamut of the nuclear region of the lndus-Sarasvati divide, when compared internally, revealed regional variations conforming to devolutionary tendencies especially in the peripheral region of north and western lndia. A large number of sites, now loosely termed as 'Late Harappan/Post-urban', have been discovered. These sites, which formed the disrupted terminal phases of the culture, lost their status as Harappan. They no doubt yielded distinctive Harappan pottery, antiquities and remnants of some architectural forms, but neither town planning nor any economic and cultural nucleus. The script also disappeared. ln this paper, an attempt is made with the survey of some of these excavated sites and other exploratory field-data noticed in the lndo-Pak subcontinent, to understand the complex issue.of Harappan decline and its legacy. CONTENTS l.INTRODUCTION 2. FIELD DATA A. Punjab i. Ropar ii. Bara iii. Dher Majra iv. Sanghol v. Katpalon vi. Nagar vii. Dadheri viii. Rohira B. Jammu and Kashmir i. Manda C. Haryana i. Mitathal ii. Daulatpur iii. Bhagwanpura iv. Mirzapur v. Karsola vi. Muhammad Nagar D. Delhi i. Bhorgarh 125 ANCiENT INDlA,NEW SERIES,NO.1 E.Western Uttar Pradesh i.Hulas il.Alamgirpur ili.Bargaon iv.Mandi v Arnbkheri v:.Bahadarabad F.Guiarat i.Rangpur †|.Desalpur ili.Dhola宙 ra iv Kanmer v.」 uni Kuran vi.Ratanpura G.Maharashtra i.Daimabad 3.EV:DENCE OF RICE 4.BURIAL PRACTiCES 5.DiSCUSS10N 6.CLASSiFiCAT10N AND CHRONOLOGY 7.DATA FROM PAKISTAN 8.BACTRIA―MARGIANAARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX AND LATE HARAPPANS 9.THE LEGACY 10.CONCLUS10N ・ I. -
Unit 3 Harappan Civilisation and Other Chalcolithic Cultures
Introductory UNIT 3 HARAPPAN CIVILISATION AND OTHER CHALCOLITHIC CULTURES Structure 3.0 Introduction 3.1 The Background 3.2 The Harappan Culture 3.3 Urbanism 3.4 State Structure 3.5 Social Structure 3.6 End of the Harappan Civilization 3.7 Other Chalcolithic Cultures 3.8 Summary 3.9 Glossary 3.10 Exercises 3.11 Suggested Readings 3.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this Unit is to investigate more complex social structures than those covered in the previous Unit. This complexity arises due to the emergence of the state in the 3rd millennium BC. This early state is an inchoate one, incorporating many elements of tribal societies. This Bronze Age state is also quite different from the states of later periods, in no small measure due to the lack of commoditisation and coined money in this period. That this period also witnessed the first experiments in urbanism in the subcontinent adds to its complexity. These developments were basically confined to the North-western parts of the subcontinent and one must be aware that other socio-political structures, like band, tribal or chiefship level societies, may have existed contemporaneously in this and other areas. So far, we have seen incipient stages of social development, encompassing the band and tribal levels. In this Unit, we will discuss the other two stages of development, namely chiefdom (or chiefship) and state. Structurally, the chiefdom resembles the tribal level with the beginnings of social stratification, a political office and redistributive economy. On the other hand, there is a marked difference between tribal or chiefdom and state societies. -
Chalcolithic Cultures of India
4/1/2020 .The discovery of the Chalcolithic culture at Jorwe in 1950 opened a new phase in the prehistory of the Deccan. Chalcolithic Cultures of India .Since then a large number of Chalcolithic habitation sites have been discovered as a result of systematic exploration not only in the Deccan but also in other parts of the country bringing to light several regional Hkkjr dh rkezik’kkf.kd laLd`fr;k¡ cultures. .Large scale excavations have been conducted at Ahar and Navadatoli, both are Chalcolithic sites. .Most of these cultures are post Harappa, a few like Kayatha are contemporaneous Harappa. .An important feature is their painted pottery, usually black-on-red. Dr. Anil Kumar .The people subsisted on farming, stock-raising, hunting and fishing. .They used copper on restricted scale as the metal was scarce. Professor .They were all rural culture. Ancient Indian History and Archaeology .It is enigmatic that most of these settlements were deserted by the end University of Lucknow 2nd millennium B.C. [email protected] .The Chalcolithic cultures such as Ahar, Kayatha, Malwa, and Jorwe are [email protected] discussed further. Kayatha Culture Out of over 40 sites of Kayatha Culture, two of them namely Kayatha and Dangwada have been excavated. This Chalcolithic culture was named after the type site Kayatha, in Ujjain dist., Madhya Pradesh. The excavation was due to the joint collaboration of Deccan College, Pune and Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Vikram University, Ujjain. They lived in small huts having well-rammed floors. The main ceramics of Kayatha- Chocolate-slipped, incised, sturdy and well baked Kayatha ware. -
Iron Technology and Social Change in Early India (350 B.C.-200 B.C.)
B 2001 NML Jamshedpur 831 007, India; Metallurgy in India: A Retrospective; (ISBN: 81-87053-S6-7); Eds: P. Ramachandra Rao and N.G. Goswami; pp. 134-142. 6 Iron Technology and Social Change in Early India (350 B.C.-200 B.C.) V.K. Thakur Professor of History, Patna University, Patna, India. ABSTRACT The paper encompasses the social changes that have been encountered with the development of iron technology during:350 BC to 200 BC. A greater exploitation of iron mines fulfilled the growing demands for the metals on one side and subsequent technological advancement on the other side. All these have social implication too. Archaelogical evidences also support them. Key words Iron technology, Social change, Ashokan inscription, • Archaclogy. The study of iron in early India, both in its technical and social manifestations, suffers from a serious limitation. Most of the available writings are essentially unidimensional in approach. The society as a prime technological variable gets ignored with the result that social complex is always at the receiving .end, almost as hapless passive formation devoid of any dynamism of its own. Such an under standing of the social role of technology sees techniques as independent of the milieu in which these evolve. This tantamounts to taking a position divorcing the process of the origin and growth of a technology from the contemporaiy .social system, a- line of argument that can lead to funny conclusions. It has to be emphasized, therefore, that the study of technology must keep in mina. the dependent social climate. It is common knowledge that a technological innovation is the product of a social system and, in turn, it becomes viable only when the society gets ready for it.