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Home , Allahdino, Apatani people, Babai River, Birhor people, Bose Basin, Chenchu people

Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.

16R dune site, 36, 43, 440 Adittanallur, 484 peoples see tribal peoples Abhaipur, 498 Adiyaman dynasty, 317 , 278, 279 Acharyya, S.K., 81 in “Aryan invasion” hypothesis, 205 industry see also era in history of , 128, 346 in , 406, 408 in human dispersals, 64 dating of, 33, 35, 38, 63 in isotope analysis of Harappan earliest discovery of, 72 migrants, 196 handaxes, 63, 72, 414, 441 skeletal remains found near, 483 in the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, 441–443 as source of raw materials, 132, 134 lack of evidence in northeastern for, 45 Africa major sites of, 42, 62–63 cultigens from, 179, 347, 362–363, 370 in , 414 COPYRIGHTEDhominoid MATERIAL migrations to and from, 23, 24 in , 415 Horn of, 65 related hominin finds, 73, 81, 82 human migrations from, 51–52 scholarship on, 43, 441 museums in, 471 Adam, 302, 334, 498 Paleolithic tools in, 40, 43 Adamgarh, 90, 101 research on stature in, 103 Addanki, 498 subsistence economies in, 348, 353 Adi Badri, 498 Agara Orathur, 498 Adichchanallur, 317, 498 Agartala, 407 Adilabad, 455 Agni Purana, 320

A Companion to in the Past, First Edition. Edited by Gwen Robbins Schug and Subhash R. Walimbe. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

0002649130.indd 534 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM index 535 Agra, 337 Ammapur, 414 agriculture see also millet; rice; sedentism; water Amreli district, 247, 325 management Amri, 130, 137, 210 beginnings in South Asia of, 128, 344–354 Amud specimen, 61, 76 of the Deccan , 247, 257 Anai, 333 and diet, 488–489 Anaikkaraipatti, 486 in Early Historic era, 316 analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, 111 of the Harappan civilization, 131, 139, 179 Ananda Vihara, 405 of the Iron Age megalithic culture, 305 Anarta, 137 irrigated, 365, 366, 368–370, 416 Anatolia, 65, 106 slash‐and‐burn, 348, 353 “Ancestral North Indians” (ANI), 213 in Sri , 429 “Ancestral South Indians” (ASI), 213 transition to, 103, 105, 117, 487, 488 Andaman Islanders, 51, 56, 77, 78, 82 Agripalli, 486, 498 Andaman Islands, 452 Ahar see also Ahar Culture; Deccan Chalcolithic Andes, 374 animal figurines from, 233 clay seals at, 232 diet in, 368 copper items from, 229 difficulty of access, 44 as a Deccan Chalcolithic site, 240 Dube’s work in, 459 evidence of trade at, 231 Early Historic era in, 327 lithics and quartz items from, 230 IGRMS workshops in, 476, 477 from, 226, 303 Murty’s work in, 440 spatial organization, 234 –Chalcolithic communities, 301, 348 Ahar Culture Paleolithic finds in, 41, 42 architecture, 231–232 skeletal remains from, 498, 500, 502–503, burials and ritual practices, 232–234 505–509, 512–513, 515–516, 518, 520–522 as a Chalcolithic culture, 240 Andipatti Taluk, 314 defining, 226–227 Andrews, P., 24 subsistence economy, 229–231, 349 Andro, 478 trade network, 247 Angami people, 454 Ahichchhatra, 333 Angel, J.L., 108 Ahraura, 95 Anglo‐Saxon specimens, 111 Ahsan, S.M.K., 406 , 432 Ai Khanum, 333 , 416 Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, 312, 313 Anthropological Society of Bombay, 451 Akanāṉūṟu, 312–314, 315, 316 Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) Alagankulam, 317 and “Aryan invasion” hypothesis, 211 Alamgirpur, 210 collection of skeletal remains, 77, 78, 497 Alexander the Great, 277, 279 creation of, 452 Aligala rock shelter, 430 and post‐independence government, 457 Aligrama settlement site, 284, 285 study of skeletal remains, 484, 485, 491, 492 Allahabad district, 87, 95, 102, 104 anthropology, 450–462 see also genetic studies; Allahabad, University of, 87, 102, 107, humans, modern 485–486 colonial, 450–452, 454–455, 457, 462, 470, Allahdino, 438 483–484 Allchin, B., 210, 438, 439 as an instrument of development, 471 Allchin, F.R., 210, 438, 439, 443, 445–446 molecular, 51 Alt, K.W., 378, 417 and museums, 468, 473–474 Amawa, 94 paleo‐, 32–45, 81 Ambedkar, B.R., 206 subdisciplines of, 169 Ambrose, S.H., 39–40 Antichak, 499 Amilkoni, 499 , 334, 430 Amirthamangalam, 498 Anyathian culture, 407

0002649130.indd 535 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM 536 index , 454, 455 ashmounds, 348, 363, 443–446 Apegaon, 241, 242, 245, 251, 486, 499 , 335, 420 Appukkal, 317 Ashokan pillar, 413, 420, 421 Arabian Peninsula, 45, 55, 64, 66, 332 Ashtadhyayi, 320 Arabo‐Persian Gulf, 138, 140, 257 Asiatic Society of , 72, 86, 437, 450, Arago specimen, 75, 76 466–467 Arakan Yomas, 402 Asokan edicts and inscriptions, 323, 327–328, Arakku Valley, 476 334–335 Aravalli Range, 42, 132, 193, 196, 227 Asouti, E., 345 Archaean formations, 442 , 402, 407, 415, 416, 452, 476, 513 archaeobotanical evidence Assekenoi tribe, 277 of climate change, 139 astronomy, 303 in Harappan coffin wood, 160 Asur, 452 from Mesolithic era, 92 Aterian industry, 64 in Mustang Valley, 416 Atharvaveda, 490 petrified wood, 405–407 Atrai River, 402 of plant , 179, 345, 363 Atranjikhera, 321, 333 in the Siwalik deposits, 19, 23 Attirampakkam, 33, 35, 63 in studies of diet, 182 Aufderheide, A.C., 108 Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) , 61, 66 excavation of Jaugada, 323 Australian aboriginals, 54, 56 excavation of Tilaurakot, 419 Austro‐Asiatic language group, 218 Harappan excavations, 150 Awra, 326 and the IGRMS, 477 Ayer, A.A., 484 leadership, 207, 437 , 339 and museums, 470 Ayurvedic medicine, 490 official publication, 496 skeletal remains discovered by, 453, 483 Babai River, 414, 415 and treatment of skeletal remains, 492 Babington, J., 298 work in Nepal, 421 Babri Mosque, 410 work on megalithic sites, 301 Badaga Kajekaru, 499 work on Mesolithic era, 86 Baden‐Powell, Robert Baden‐Powell, Baron, Area G see also Harappan civilization 451, 456 chronology, 261 Baga, 95 evidence of malnutrition, 269 Baghai Khor, 87, 92, 93, 95, 499 evidence of trauma and disease, 172–173, Baghor II, 87, 89 177, 192, 233, 261–263, 265–266, 268 Bagor see also Ahar Culture excavation, 150–151 absence of animal figurines at, 234 phenotypic homogeneity, 488 burials at, 232–233 Argauta, 421 dating of sites at, 90 , 116 dietary evidence at, 92, 229 Arikamedu, 499 as a Mesolithic site, 101, 226 Arizona State University, 487 occupation profile, 227–228, 230–231 Arjun 3 site, 414 skeletal remains from, 486, 499 Armelagos, G.J., 117 V.N. Misra’s work in, 440 Arni, 302 Bahal, 241 Arthashastra, 320 Baichbal Valley, 63, 441–443 , 14 Baidha Putpurihwa, 87 “Aryan invasion” hypothesis Baiga people, 455 and Gandharan Grave Culture finds, Baijapalle, 500 276–279, 290 Bajaur Agency, 278 and preoccupation with race, 453, 484 Balakot, 130, 133 skeletal evidence against, 304, 489–490 Balambat settlement site, 277, 279

0002649130.indd 536 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM index 537 Balangoda people, 429, 433 Beattie, John, 470 Balathal see also Ahar Culture Bediya, 95 architecture, 231, 232 Beejakhara Museum, 478 burials at, 232, 500 behavioral modernity, 41, 61, 66 compared with Bagor, 226, 234 behavioral reconstruction copper artifacts from, 230 ankle flexion, 93, 106, 108–110 faunal evidence at, 229 entheseal changes, 106, 109–111, Balfour, Edward, 468 115–116, 118 Balijapalli, 486 of hominins and Southern Neolithic people, Balkans, 65 442–444 Balkhu, 414 of residence and mobility, 179–180 Baluchistan, 128–130, 132, 133, 218, 452 supratrochlear foramen, 109, 111, 115 Balu Nadi, 408 vascular impressions, 106–107, Balupur, 486, 500 109, 111 Bamburi 1, 35, 38 Behistun inscription, 278 Bamiyan, 339 Belabo, 409 Bamshad, M., 212 Belan Valley, 87, 89, 350 Bana, 416 Beli Lena Kitulgala, 102, 428, 486 Banahalli, 486, 500 Belkatari forest, 421 Banaras Hindu University, 87 Bellan‐bandi Palassa, 429 Banaras Institute, 451 Bengal, 324, 359, 402, 452 Banas Culture, 226 , 402 , 227 Bengali Literary Society, 404 , 333 Bengal Social Science Association, 451 Banerjee, N.R., 415–416, 418, 421, 423n.1 Berach River, 226, 227 Banerjee, R.D., 408 Bergen, University of, 415 Bangalar Itihas (Banerjee), 408 Bernhard, W., 280 Bangarh, 324 Bernor, R.L., 24 Bangladesh, 336, 401–410 Beteille, A., 455, 459 Bangladesh National Museum, 409 Bethune Society, 451 Banimilia‐Bahera, 500 Beveridge, H., 404 Banjarahi, 419 Bhabha, Homi K., 402 Banki, 87 Bhadahwan Pahar, 87 Barama settlement site, 284, 285 Bhadrabas, 413 Bara Mura, 408 Bhagimahari, 301, 302, 501 Bareli district, 92 Bhagwanpura, 210, 501 Bargarh, 94 Bhai, H.Y., 38 Barind Tract, 403 Bhainsore, 95 Barkhera, 90 Bhamaragad, 305 Barlang festival, 477 , 323, 333 barrows, 298, 304 Bharuch Irani, A., 325 Barry, J.C., 22–23 Bhat, S.K., 17 Basant, P.K., 325 Bhau Daji Lad Museum, 468–469 Basantapur, 414 Bhavnagar, 138 Basham, Llewellyn, 454 Bhawanipur, 422 Bastar, 455 Bhawar, 304 Basu, A., 484 Bhediyari, 420–421 Basu, P.C., 484 Bhima River, 241, 244, 250 Basu, P.K., 81 Bhimbetka see also Paleolithic era; rock art Batadomba Lena, 34, 41, 102, 428, 486 excavations of, 33, 440 Bateshwar, 409 as a Mesolithic site, 101 bathymetry, 65 skeletal remains from, 486, 501 Bavikonda, 333 study of rock art at, 37, 43, 94

0002649130.indd 537 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM 538 index Bhitabang, 414 black‐and‐red ware see also pottery Bhogavo River, 138 graffiti and inscriptions on, 303, 328 Bhojpur district, 421 and megalithic culture, 302–303, 305, Bhopal, 72, 475, 477, 478 317, 318 Bhorgarh, 501 in , 430 Bhowmick, Prabodh Kumar, 456, 460 ubiquity, 311 University, 455 white‐painted, 226–228, 233, 234, 242 Bhumika exhibition, 477 Black Sea, 65 , 13 Blevins, K.E., 177 Bidar, 336 Blinkhorn, J., 40 Bidisha, 460 , 61 Boas, Franz, 211 clearance of forests in, 321 Boivin, N., 217, 303 exclusion from population genetics Bolan Pass, 128 study, 213 Bombay Anthropological Society, 454 Mesolithic sites in, 90 Bombay Natural History Society, 469 pilgrimage sites in, 460 , 376, 392 skeletal remains from, 499, 503, 510, Borgaon, 301, 486, 501 516–517, 519 Bori, 39, 63 Bijapur, 336, 337 Bose, N.K., 438, 456, 458, 460 Bijauri, 416 botanical evidence see archaeobotanical Billa Surgam , 440 evidence Bindra, S.C., 138 Botanical Survey of India, 470, 479 Binford, L.R., 282, 439, 440, 442 , 348 Binford, S.R., 440, 442 Bottomore, Tom, 459 bioarchaeology, 169–182 see also biocultural bovid fossils see also mammalian fossils and markers remains attitudes to, 490–492 from Ahar Culture sites, 229 biological affinities, 170–171, 181, 191, dating of, 63, 104, 442 280, 487 from Harappan sites, 151 biological distance, concept, 171, 188, 487 in the Mesolithic diet, 91 defined, 482 Miotragocerus, 18, 19 in India, 483, 485, 490 in the Narmada Valley, 81 intellectual origins, 169 from Nepal, 413, 420 biocultural stress markers see also Protragocerus, 18, 19 bioarchaeology; cribra orbitalia; enamel Sivacobus sankaliai, 42 hypoplasia; porotic hyperostosis in the Siwalik deposits, 18, 20–23 defined, 103, 256 in Upper Mustang burial sites, 379, 383 in dentition, 488–489 vascular grooves on, 107 Harris lines, 487, 489 Boylan, P., 472 periosteal new bone formation, 258, 260, Brahmagiri, 298, 305, 335, 501 265, 489 Brahmapuri, 325 skeletal emaciation, 258 Brahmaputra River, 14, 402, 412 trauma and interpersonal violence, 192, 385, Brahmin caste, 215, 216, 361 see also caste 386, 388, 392–393 system biostratigraphy, 14 Brahminization, 459 bird fossils, 91, 420 , 310, 313, 317, 430 Birdwood, George, 468 Brahui language, 218, 452 , 452 Brakuti, 414 Bishalgarh, 407 Breckenridge, C.A., 367 Bishnupur, 422 British Archaeological Mission to Pakistan, 39 Biswas, P.C., 455 British Museum, 408, 466 Black, G.F., 86 , 132, 139, 240, 276

0002649130.indd 538 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM index 539 Brothwell, D., 108 cannibalism, 391 Brown, C.J., 408 Carey, J.J., 300 Brown, J.A., 86 Carlleyle, A.C.L., 86, 93 Brozovic, N., 20 Casal, J.‐M., 210 Brunhes–Matuyama boundary, 63 Cassiano of Macerata, 419 Buchanan‐Hamilton, Francis, 359, 369, 404 caste system Budanilkantha, 414, 415 anthropological study of, 457–459, 484 see also religious beliefs and “Aryan invasion” hypothesis, 213–218 and burial practices, 334, 391–392 and census operations, 453 and Early Historic urbanization, 321, 323, and diet, 362 326, 335 in Sri Lanka, 432 founding of, 333 Catal Hüyük, 106, 248 and pilgrimage tourism, 339, 422 cattle domestication sites in Nepal, 413, 418 in the Ahar Culture, 229, 232 in Sri Lanka, 430–432 in the Deccan Chalcolithic, 247, 248, 257 textual sources, 328 and the elite diet, 366, 367 in , 376 in the Harappan civilization, 151 and Vedic religion, 336, 392 in megalithic cultures, 312–314, 316 Budihal, 348, 443, 486, 502 in the Southern Neolithic, 348, 352, 363 Buikstra, J.E., 107, 108 in Southwest Asia, 128 Buist, George, 468 in Sri Lanka, 427 Bundala, 428 Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas, 15, 16 Burbank, D.W., 20 Cavill, I., 176 Burgher people, 431–432 Cemetery H see also Harappan civilization burials see also cremation burials; graves; biological affinities, 171 megalithic monuments; paleopathology; burials, 148, 150, 194, 249, 262–263 skeletal remains; urn burials chronology, 149, 150 and concept of death, 297 evidence of disease and trauma, 172, 173, defined, 155 177, 192, 261, 266, 267, 268 deviant, 393 pottery from, 151, 193, 209–210, 315 inflexed, 275 Cemetery R‐37 see also Harappan civilization and the law of energy expenditure, 282 biological affinities, 171 pit, 249, 304–305, 311, 316 evidence of trauma and disease, 172, 173, primary, 429 176–178, 198, 261, 262, 490 raids on, 161–162 excavation, 193 secondary, 157, 310, 377, 379, 391, isotopic evidence from, 136, 180, 192, 195 429, 430 census surveys, 451, 453, 484 shaft tomb, 379–383, 390, 392 Central Asia, 138, 290, 333, 379, 392 sky, 391–392, 418 Central India see also individual states stone‐covered, 305 Chalcolithic sites, 227, 240, 242–244, 249 Burmeister, S., 190 as corridor of exchange, 38 Burzahom, 484, 502 evidence of behavioral modernity in, 41 Butkara II cemetery, 277, 281–283, 286 hominins in, 82 megalithic monuments, 298, 300, 304 Cabana, G.S., 188 Mesolithic sites, 90, 93 Calcutta, 466 Paleolithic sites, 36, 42, 43 Calcutta University, 404, 452, 453, 455, 491 tribal peoples, 452 Cambay, Gulf of, 138 urbanization and state formation, 325–327, Cambridge Himalayan High Altitude Research 334, 336 Expedition, 461 Ceprano specimen, 76 Cambridge University, 453, 456 Chabeni industry, 414 Cameron, D., 18, 75 Chagalnaiya, 404 , 116 Chagatur, 502

0002649130.indd 539 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM 540 index Chakarbera, 326 diseases affecting, 172, 175–178, 261 Chaklapunji Tea State, 404, 406, 408 fostering of, 197–198 Chakrabarti, D.K., 227, 304, 321, 323, 405, in Harappan burials, 129, 156, 157, 158, 406, 409 162, 260, 261, 262–263 Chakraborty, S., 324 IGRMS activities for, 477, 478 Chakravarty, K.K., 474–475 in Mesolithic burials, 93 Chalcolithic era see also Deccan Chalcolithic as proportion of Integration Era Ahar Culture sites assigned to, 226 burials, 197 definition, 240 in protohistoric cemeteries of Pakistan, pottery from, 353 288–289 skeletal remains from, 177, 486 in Upper Mustang burials, 383, 384, 386, trade during, 138 387, 392 use of Harappan script through, 134 violence toward, 181–182, 490 use of technology in, 39 weaning age, 250 Champalakshmi, R., 337 Chanda, R., 207 climate change in, 139 Chandatari, 95 cultigens from, 346, 347, 351 Chandauli district, 95 early agriculture in, 344 Chandawa, 95 and evidence for hominin dispersals, 45 Chandigarh, 461, 478 Homo erectus remains from, 60 Chandigarh Nature & Health Society Paleolithic tools from, 414 (CNHS), 479 peasant life in, 445 Chandoli, 241, 243, 257, 484, 486, 502 pottery from, 338 Chandraketugarh, 324, 333 silk production, 138, 379 Chandrasekar, A., 214 Special Olympics, 478 Chandravalli, 502 and Tibetan Plateau, 392 Chanhu Daro, 132, 133, 138, 246 travelers from, 420 Chan Kom, 444 Chinchoda, 241 Chanmanwa, 95 Chinnamarur, 486, 503 Charikot, 416 Chirand, 503 Charsadda, 333 Chitalwala, Y.M., 247 Chase, B., 190 Chitrakut, 94 Chatrikhera, 226, 233, 235n.3 Chitral district, 278, 287, 452 Chatterjee, B.K., 484 Chittagong district, 408 Chattopadhyaya, B.D., 320 Chittagong Hill Tracts, 403, 404, 409 Chaubey, G., 216 Chitwan, 414 Chauhan, P.R., 39 Choedye monastery, 413 Chaul, 334, 486 Chokhopani, 417 , 94, 215, 441, 454, 460 , 317, 336, 430 Chengam, 316, 317 Cholistan, 129, 130 Chennai, 338, 468 Chopani Mando, 87, 89, 92, 350 , 317 Chopra, S.R.K., 18, 19, 461 Cheramangad, 502 Chopra’s pelvimeter, 461 Chhatarpalia, 95 Chotanagpur, 457, 460 , 44, 213, 459 , 431 Chicago, University of, 439, 444, 445 Chunar, 95 Chichali, 226, 230, 231, 233, 234, 502 Chunarughat, 408 Childe, V.G., 206, 319, 444, 446 Chunder, P.C., 475 children and infants Churchill, S.E., 79 in Ahar Culture burials, 233 civilization, defined, 446 in Deccan Chalcolithic burials, 249, 250, Clark, J.J., 188 262–264, 269 Clarke, D.L., 440 discarded remains of, 485 Clarkson, C., 41

0002649130.indd 540 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM index 541 climate change, 139–140, 189–190, 250, Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel 255, 338 Curzon, Marquess, 437 Cockburn, J., 86 Cohen, M.N., 105, 117 Dadheri, 210 coinage, 336 see also Deccan Chalcolithic Colbert, E.H., 16 bone tool industry at, 247 Cologne, University of, 417, 422 burials at, 249, 257 colonial scholarship as a Chalcolithic culture, 240, 243, 349 in anthropology, 450–452, 454–455, 457, pottery from, 241, 242, 251 462, 470, 483–484 representing Savalda culture, 244 in archaeology, 205, 299–300, 304, 337, skeletal remains from, 486, 487, 503 339, 404 structures and dwellings at, 245 constructs of, 465 Dalena, 462 and museums, 465–471, 479 Dales, George F. Comilla district, 404, 405, 408 and Aryan invasion hypothesis, 208–209 composite tools, 101 dedications in memory of, 145, 148, 164 Coorg people, 459 discovery of unpublished excavation copperwork, 132–133, 194, 229–230, illustrations, 150 246–247, 249 work on Harappan burials, 151, 152 Cordaux, R., 212 work on Harappan pottery, 141 Cornell University, 487 Dali specimen, 76 Corvinus, G., 413–415 Dalton, Edward Tuite, 451 Costa, A.G., 42 Damdama see also Mesolithic era Coulfield Meisenzahl Institute, 417 dating of site, 104 Cox’s Bazar, 403 dietary evidence, 91, 92 Crane‐Kramer, G.M.M., 117 location, 104 cremation burials see also burials mortuary behavior, 93, 94 advent of Buddhism and, 334 ornamental objects, 95 in the Deccan Chalcolithic cultures, 249 settlement pattern, 88, 90 by the Harappan civilization, 135, skeletal remains, 102–103, 109–111, 158, 164 117–118, 486, 503 in the nonmegalithic Iron Age, 302 subsistence economy at, 350 partial, 301 Dangawada, 226 in the protohistoric cemeteries of Pakistan, Dang–Deokhuri district, 414, 415 274, 275, 279, 281, 284, 287, 289 Dang Valley, 15, 414, 416, 423n.2 cribra orbitalia see also biocultural stress Dangwada, 504 markers; enamel hypoplasia; porotic Dani, A.H., 274, 275, 279–280, 287, 408 hyperostosis Dardic language group, 277 absence of, 105, 109, 117 Darius I, King of Persia, 278 as biocultural stress marker, 105, 378, 385, Darsana, S., 328 386, 388, 489 Das, T.C., 472–473 in children and infants, 265, 266, dating techniques see also radiocarbon dating 267, 269 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) etiologies, 103, 104, 176, 378 radiocarbon, 104, 311, 317, 348 scoring standards, 108 cosmogenic nuclide, 38 as sign of anemia, 176, 259–260 electron spin resonance (ESR), 38, 442 as sign of scurvy, 261, 265, 269 paleomagnetic, 20, 38 Cro Magnon, 76 single‐grain optically stimulated crowdsourcing, 338 luminescence, 38 Culavamsa, 430 thermoluminescence, 90 Cunningham, Alexander, 320, 404, 437 uranium series, 63 cup marks, 303–304 Datta, B.N., 206 Curiel, R., 409 Daulatabad, 336

0002649130.indd 541 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM 542 index Deccan Chalcolithic, 240–251 see also Dhanora, 504 phase Dharmapuri, 316, 317 agriculture in, 351 Swami, 419 biological affinities in, 487–488 Dhatva, 325 Daimabad phase, 241, 247–249, 251 , 416 Late Harappan phase, 241 Dhauli, 323 phase, 241, 244–249 Dhavalikar, M.K., 241–243, 245, 250, 251, nutritional stress in, 489 440, 441 Ramatirtha phase, 241, 247, 251 see also Harappan civilization religion, 248–250 burials at, 152, 157, 164 Sankalia’s work on, 441 chronology, 149 Savalda phase, 241, 244, 247, 248 fortification structures, 208 study of childhood in, 485 importance as urban center, 130, 135 Deccan College water management system, 131, 137, 138 staff of, 175, 241, 441, 458 Dhumvarahi, 418, 419 and study of megalithic monuments, Dhungel, R.K., 376 298, 301 Dhupi Tila formation, 404, 405 and study of skeletal remains, 175, 484, Dibrugarh University, 455 486, 487 Didwana, 440 , 62, 63, 227, 347, 437 diet , 336 Ahar Culture, 229 , 336 and ceramic forms, 352–353 Delhi, University of, 455 Deccan Chalcolithic, 247, 258, 260 De Lumley, A., 73 evidence of deficiencies in, 259 demographics, 94, 188, 189, 211, 326, 354 of foraging peoples, 442 Denisovans, 51, 53–54, 56, 60–61 Harappan, 178–179, 260 Dennell, R.W., 63 and health, 361, 486–487 dental pathologies see also enamel hypoplasia; Mesolithic, 91–92, 101, 103, 115, 118 paleopathology present‐day, 359, 371 of Ahar Culture skeletal remains, 233 and regional cuisine, 359–360 in Deccan Chalcolithic skeletal remains, social differentiation of, 364, 366–368 258, 269 and stable isotope analysis, 178–179, of Harappan skeletal remains, 175–176, 182, 418 182, 192 of Upper Mustang people, 417–418 of Iron Age megalithic skeletal remains, 305 diffusionism, 128, 326, 454, 458, of Mesolithic skeletal remains, 91, 103, 104 470–471, 485 in Neolithic–Chalcolithic communities, Dina, 63 486–487 Dindugul district, 312, 314 of Upper Mustang skeletal remains, 377, Dipavamsa, 430, 432 384, 386, 392, 417 Dir Valley, 277, 278, 284 Deo, S.B., 300, 418, 419, 421 Disotell, Todd R., 214 Deokhuri, 414 Dittmann, R., 282 Deopatan, 419 Dixon, R.B., 452 Dera Ismail Khan district, 278 Djarkutan, 157, 158 De Terra, H., 39, 407 Dogar, Asim, 148 Deulga rock shelters, 486, 504 Dravidian language group, 212–213, 218–219, Dev, Krishna, 421 304, 349, 431 De Varine, H., 472 Drishdvati River, 140 , 420, 422 Dristi, 421 Dhaba, 35, 42 Dube, S.C., 457, 459 Dhading district, 421 Dudar, J.C., 79 , 409 Mound, 504 Dhamna, 301, 504 Dumont, Louis, 456

0002649130.indd 542 2/17/2016 3:57:33 PM index 543 Durham University, 420, 422 Ethnological Museum, Chittagong, 409 Durkadi, 37, 43 Europeans, 103, 114, 116, 117 Durkheim, Émile, 459 Evans‐Pritchard, E.E., 459 Dutch colonialists, 431 Dutta, P.C., 107, 484, 485 Fa Hien, 420 Dutt, R.C., 451 Fa Hien Lena, 428, 429 Dwarka, 325 Fairservis, Walter A. Jr., 135, 156, 438 Dzarkot, 417 Falconer, Hugh, 15, 16 see also Harappan civilization Early Historic era burial sites, 135, 157, 170, 193 agriculture and diet in, 362, 364–366, 370 skeletal remains from, 173, 174, 180, 194, and megalithic monuments, 311, 316, 196–197, 486, 505 318, 334 Faxian, 420 in Nepal, 418 females see also children and infants in Sri Lanka, 430, 433 in Ahar Culture burials, 233 textual sources, 310–318 behavioral reconstruction of, 109–111 trade of, 317, 318, 322–324, 327, 328 burial ornaments, 162–163 urbanization and city‐state formation, clavicles of, 77, 78 319–328, 332–333, 354, 364 in Deccan Chalcolithic burials, 249 East Asia, 54, 56, 61, 352 diseases affecting, 103, 109, 115, 175–177, Eastern Ghats, 440 233, 257 , 359, 450, 468 evidence of malnutrition in, 269 East Rudolph 3733 specimen, 76 in Harappan burials, 156, 157–158, 160, 171, 180, 197–198, 269 biological affinities of population, 432 IGRMS activities for, 477 and Harappan civilization, 127, 134, 138, in Mesolithic burials, 93, 94 140, 206 non‐African archaic, 52 in human dispersals, 65 in protohistoric cemeteries of Pakistan, royal burials in, 158 275, 289 Egyptian specimens, 103, 108, 115 in Sri Lankan burials, 429 Ehrndorf specimen, 76 stature estimates for, 80, 107, 112, 113, 114, Elphinstone, John Elphinstone, Baron, 468 115, 116 Elwin, Verrier, 454, 455 in Upper Mustang burials, 383, 384–386, 388 enamel hypoplasia see also biocultural stress violence toward, 173, 181–182, 490 markers; cribra orbitalia; porotic Feni district, 404, 409 hyperostosis fertility rates, 94, 181, 258 as childhood stress marker, 175, 177, Fiji, 54 265, 489 Firth, Raymond, 459 etiologies, 118, 378, 385, 487 fish fossils, 17, 23, 91 in females, 175, 233 Folkens, P.A., 377 in Samdzong skeletal remains, 386, 388 Foote, Robert Bruce, 33, 303, 437, 441, 443 Endicott, P., 218, 219 Formicola, V., 116 English language, 431, 458 Fort, M., 413 Epipaleolithic cultures, 89 Fort St. George, 468 Epstein, T. Scarlett, 462 fosterage, 180, 182, 197–199 Eran, 227 founder effect, 64 Erdosy, G., 323 , 359 Eren, M.I., 43 Franciscus, R.G., 79 Erladinne, 486 Frazer, Sir James, 451 Ethiopia, 65, 374 Frere, Sir Bartle, 468 ethnoarchaeology, 33, 87, 228, 246, 305–306, Freud, Sigmund, 458 440–441 Fritsch, C.C., 282 Ethnographic Survey of Mysore, 453 Führer, A., 413, 420

0002649130.indd 543 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM 544 index Fuller, D.Q., 219, 345, 350, 363 Ghaggar‐Hakra Basin, 139, 140, 189, 193 functionalism, 471 Ghalegai rock shelter, 280, 282–287 Fürer‐Haimendorf, C. von, 454–455 Ghora Mangar, 95 Ghosh, Aurobindo (Sri), 158, 206, Gadari, 414 321–322 Gadchiroli district, 305 Ghosh, M., 86 Gahala‐Shahpur, 95 Ghurye, G.S., 453, 456, 457 Galaty, J.G., 228 Giannecchini, M., 116 Gandhara, 278 Gidhiniya, 415 see protohistoric Gilgit‐Baltistan province, 278 cemeteries of Pakistan Gilliland, K., 335 Gandhi, Indira, 475 Gilund, 226, 229–234 Gandhi, Mahatma, 444–445, 456, 458 Girnar, 335 Gandlur, 505 Global History of Health Project (GHHP), Ganeshwar‐Jodhpura Cultural Complex, 132, 377–378, 492 193, 199, 240 Goa, 519 Basin, 102, 350, 352, 353 , 241, 414 Ganges Plain Godawaya, 429 archaeobotanical remains from, 92 Gogha, 138 burials, 93 Gogte, V.D., 302 Chalcolithic sites on, 240 Goije Phu cave, 418 city‐states, 332 Gokhale, G.K., 451 Mesolithic sites on, 87–89, 96, 428 Gola Dhoro, 149 skeletal remains from, 487 Golconda, 336, 337 Ganges River, 14, 87, 402, 412 Gomal Valley, 278 Ganges– region, 320 Gondwana continent, 402 Gankoreneotek cemetery, 287, 288 Gopnath, 37, 42 Ganweriwala, 135 Gore Creek specimen, 116 Garabdzong, 417 Gorkal, 521 Garapadu, 505 Gorkhapatra, 421 Garhwal University, 455 Gormati‐ni‐Khan Dhansura, 505 Garo Hills, 407 Gotihawa, 418, 419, 421 Gaur, 338 Gouin, M.E., 392 Gaur, R., 18 graffiti, 303, 317, 327 , 419 Gravely, F.H., 468 Gaya, 460 graves see also burials genetic studies Harappan, 157, 160, 162, 163, 198 and the Aryan invasion hypothesis, 211–220 Iron Age, 312, 315, 316, 318 of biological affinities, 171 Mesolithic, 88, 93–94 and caste, 214–215 protohistoric, “Gandharan,” 275–278, of diet, 363 281–284, 287–290 of disease markers, 172–173 Great Exhibition of 1851, 466 future research directions, 492 Green, R.E., 61 in reconstruction of hominin dispersals, Green Sahara model, 63 51–57, 61, 64–66, 82 Grenet, Franz, 391 of Sri Lankan remains and people, Grierson, G.A., 451 429, 433 Guatemala, 444 of Tibetan and , 375, 393 Guha, B.S., 452–453, 484 Geo‐Archaeological Project, 414 Guha‐Thakurta, T., 466, 467, 469 Geological Survey of India (GSI), 407, 470 German Research Council, 414, 418 agriculture in, 139, 140, 345 , 375, 483 Chalcolithic sites in, 240 Gesher Benot Yaʻaqov, 33 dating of sites in, 63, 90

0002649130.indd 544 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM index 545 in the Early Historic era, 325 Archaeological Research Project in genetic study of Indian population, 213 (HARP), 145–154, 160, 163, 164 Harappan sites in, 137, 157 Harappan ceramics IGRMS workshops in, 476, 477 in burials, 151, 160, 162, 193–194 Mesolithic sites in, 87 description, 132 Paleolithic finds in, 65 in the Integration Era, 189 pottery from, 227, 242, 243, 303 lack of uniformity in terminology for, 141 skeletal remains, 505, 511–514, 516–519 painting traditions, 137, 163, 209–210 in studies of migration, 190 showing a transition in occupation, 130 trading networks, 133, 247 and Southern Neolithic jar forms, 353 , 458 technology, 129, 139 Gulbal, 441 Harappan civilization, 127–141 see also Gulbarga, 336 Harappan ceramics; Harappan skeletal Gumla, 130 remains; Harappan trade networks; Gunthang, 376 Integration Era; Localization Era Gupta, P., 484 achievements, 136–139, 256 Gupta, S.P., 279 as a Chalcolithic culture, 240 Gupta, S.S., 19 chronology, 128, 149, 189 Gupta, V., 413 cultivation of crops by, 346, 351 , 336, 420, 421 dating of, 149–150 Gurugyam, 392 decline, 130, 139–140, 170, 257 Gururaja Rao, B.K., 305 diet, 178–179, 194–195 Guwahati, 476 Early Food Producing Era, 149, 189 Guwahati University, 455 economy, 130, 131 Gwalior, 336 future research directions, 128, 140–141, Gwar River, 415 164, 180–182 links with Deccan Chalcolithic cultures, 243 Haaland, Randi, 415 migration in, 187–199, 256, 488, 490 Habiganj district, 404 mortuary and burial traditions, 129, 135, habitat spectra analysis, 16–17, 21, 22 145–164 Hadigaon, 418, 419 population, 135, 139 Haider Ali, 359 Ravi phase, 134, 149 Haileybury College, 450 Regionalization Era, 149, 189 Hakra, 137 religion, 135 Halingali, 505 science, technology, and industry, 128–129, Hallur, 363, 505 131–133, 137–139 Hanlon, J., 232 script, 134 Hansi, 505 terms for, 141n.1 Haora River Valley, 407, 409 urbanization, 128, 130–131, 137, 319, 320 Haraipur, 506 Harappan skeletal remains see also Area G; Harappa see also Harappan civilization Cemetery H; Cemetery R‐37; in the Aryan invasion hypothesis, 207–209 paleopathology burials at, 145–164, 172, 192, 194, 196, biological affinities of, 170–171, 181, 260–261 195–197 in the Chalcolithic period, 255, 268–270 congenital and developmental disorders, as important urban center, 130, 135, 256 177–178 initial excavation, 437 dental disease in, 175–176 occupation chronology, 136 discrete, non‐metric traits of, 487, 488 public structures in, 131 evidence of trauma and violence in, 135–136, religious artifacts from, 249 173, 192, 256–257, 490 silk finds at, 138 excavation of, 150, 151, 155–156 skeletal remains from, 486, 523 infectious disease in, 135–136, 172–173, 490 strategic location, 193 investigation of, 152–154

0002649130.indd 545 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM 546 index Harappan skeletal remains (cont’d ) peopling and politics of, 375, 376, 393, joint disease in, 174 418, 432 lack of phenotypic diversity in, 488 sediments from, 402 neoplastic growths on, 178 and Siwalik deposits, 13–14, 62 nutritional and metabolic disorders in, language, 458 176–177 , 135, 431, 432, 456, 458–460 see sites, 486 also religious beliefs typical burial pattern, 193 Hindu Kush, 196, 197 Harappan trade networks Hingna, 300, 304 and biological affinities, 171, 181 Hislop, Stephen (Revd), 298, 300 for copper, 132 Hiuen Tsang, 320, 420 and economic strategy, 138 culture, 415 and migration patterns, 193, 197, 256 Holocene see also Mesolithic era and social organization, 135, 256 archaeological evidence from, 87 with the West, 133–134 the beginnings of agriculture during, 344 Harappa Research Facility, 154 climate, 139 Hargreaves, H., 469 geomorphic disturbances during, 102 Harsh‐ka‐Tila, 506 human stature during, 116 Haryana lithic assemblages from, 41, 65 burial sites in, 157 petroglyphs from, 43 exclusion from population genetics pottery during, 303 study, 213 representative sites of, 86 painted grey ware culture in, 210 skeletal remains from, 487 Siwalik deposits in, 16 urban vs. semi‐nomadic populations skeletal remains from, 498, 501, 505–506, during, 115 514, 516 hominins see also humans, modern Haslam, M., 38 behavioral reconstruction for, 442–443 Hasmathpet, 506 dispersal models, 45, 57, 60–66 Hathigumpha inscription, 323 Narmada Valley fossils, 38, 72–82 Hathnora, 506 and Toba eruption, 39–40 Hauser, G., 108 hominoid fossils see also primate fossils Hawkey, D.E., 108, 429, 487 Australopithecine, 461 Hazara, 278 and environmental diversity, 24 Hazurnagar, 507 habitat, 18, 21 Heliodorus pillar, 335 Indopithecus, 20, 21, 24 Hemphill, B.E., 152, 154, 171, 211, 487 Khoratpithecus piriyai, 24 Henderson, J.R., 468 migration from Africa, 23, 24 Herodotus, 278 “Ramapithecus”, 15, 16, 18, 413 Hill people, 452 Sivapithecus, 15–20, 22, 24 Himachal Pradesh Homo exclusion from population genetics H. antecessor, 75 study, 213 H. erectus, 60, 62, 63, 73–75, 77, 79, 82 IGRMS activities in, 476, 477 H. ergaster, 75, 77, 78 protohistoric cemetery sites in, 278 H. floresiensis, 60, 78, 82 Siwalik deposits in, 16, 19, 20, 62 H. georgicus, 78 see also Upper Mustang H. habilis, 78 and beginnings of agriculture, 345 H. heidelbergensis, 73, 75, 76, 81–82, 428 copper deposits in, 132 H. narmadensis, 73–82 high‐altitude populations in, 374, 375 H. neanderthalensis see Neandertals lead isotopes from, 196 H. sapiens, 60, 61, 63, 73, 75–76, 78, 82 see mortuary practices of, 391–392 also humans, modern and Nepalese geography, 412 Hooja, R., 226 Paleolithic finds in, 415 Hooton, Ernest A., 452

0002649130.indd 546 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM index 547 , 457 India see Central India; individual states; Horn Shelter 2 specimen, 116 North India; Hublin, J.J., 73–74 Indian Anthropological Institute, 471 Hullikallu, 486, 507 Indian Genome Variation Consortium, humans, modern 212–213 admixture with Neandertals and Denisovans, Indian Ocean trade network, 328, 332, 334, 53–54, 56 337, 432 anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AmHs), Indian Sociological Society, 454 51–57, 60–61, 63–65, 75, 428 Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya clavicles, 76–78 (IGRMS), 475–479 dispersal models, 51–52, 60–66 Indo‐Aryan languages, 134 humeri, 79 Indo‐European language group, 205, 209, ribs, 79 212, 277, 430, 431 settlement of South Asia, 1, 40 Indo‐Gangetic Plain, 13 Hunsgi Valley, 63, 441–443 , 54, 56 Hunter, William Wilson, 451 Indor Khera, 333 hunter‐gatherers Indragarh, 508 diet, 486–487, 489 Indravelli, 455 discrete, non‐metric traits of, 487, 488 , 14, 133, 180, 412 dispersals from North Africa, 63 Indus Valley, 129, 139, 189, 349, 351 hunting methods, 92, 95, 118, 228 Indus Valley civilization see Harappan in the Mesolithic period, 350, 352–353 civilization microlithic tools, 65 Institute for Social Research and Applied in the Neolithic period, 349 Anthropology, 460 present‐day, 441, 460 Integration Era see also Harappan civilization relationship with agricultural and pastoral burials, 194 groups, 190, 191, 198, 365 chronology, 149, 209 seasonal occupation of sites, 248 migrants of, 198 in Sri Lanka, 429, 430 proportion of infants in burials of, 197 transition to agriculture, 344 skeletal remains from, 192, 195–196, 261 Hunur, 507 International Council of Museums (ICOM), Hussain, Ghulam, 148 466, 471 Hutton, J.H., 454, 456, 471 invertebrate fossils, 17, 24, 91 Huxley, Julian, 206 Huxley, T.H., 451 agro‐pastoralism in, 128 Bronze Age cemeteries in, 157, 158 Ieej, 486, 507 in human dispersals, 64 Illustrated London News, 127 mortuary practices from, 392 Illustrated Weekly of India, 455 as origin of “Aryan invasion,” 290 Imphal, 478 as source of copper and turquoise, 132, 134 see also Deccan Chalcolithic; Jorwe Iranian Plateau, 170, 191, 333 phase , 157, 158 affinity with Mesolithic Lake Culture, 94 iron, 302, 320–321 architectural features, 244–246 Iron Age, 297–306 burials at, 246, 249 and “Gandhara Grave Culture,” 276 as a Chalcolithic site, 240 and megalithic cultures, 297, 301, 302, copper furnace at, 247 311, 314 excavation and study, 241, 251, 361, 441 nonmegalithic cultures, 302 occupation pattern and chronology, 248, 250 plant cultivation in, 362–366, 370 pottery from, 242, 243, 257 skeletal remains from, 486, 488 skeletal remains from, 257–258, 261, in the southern Deccan, 250 262–263, 267–270, 486, 487, 507 in Sri Lanka, 427, 429 subsistence pattern, 247 texts of, 490

0002649130.indd 547 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM 548 index Irrawaddy Valley, 407 Jones, S.C., 40 Isampur, 33, 43, 63, 442 Jones, Sir William, 437, 450, 466 , 336, 401, 402, 431, 459 see also Jorwe, 240–244, 247 religious beliefs Jorwe phase see also Deccan Chalcolithic isolationism, 454–455 burials from, 246, 249 isotope analysis chronology, 241 in future research, 44 expansion and crisis in, 255, 257–258, of Harappan burials, 136, 178–180 267–268 and migration studies, 188 religious beliefs of, 248 of ostrich eggshells, 36, 42 and Southern Neolithic, 251 in paleoclimate studies, 139 structures built during, 245 of tooth enamel, 41, 179–182, 193 trade networks of, 247 of Upper Mustang burials, 418 Joshi, R.V., 413–414, 421 , 33 Jotsoma, 486, 508 Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Jugugaon, 416 Oriente (IsMEO), 277–278, 280–281, Junapani, 298, 301, 303 283–288, 418–419, 421 Jurassic strata, 426 Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente Jurmain, R., 108 (IsIAO), 419 Jurreru Valley, 37, 40 Itihara, M., 15 Jwalapuram, 34, 35, 40, 41 Iyengar, Srinivasa, 206 Iyer, L.K.A., 453 Kabwe specimen, 75, 76 Kacchi Plain, 128 Jabbar, Abdul, 148 Kadambapur, 508 Jahangirnagar University, 404, 405, 408 Kadebakele, 364, 365 Jainal‐Naula, 508 Kadurugoda, 430 , 320, 328, 333 Kagbeni, 418 Jaipur Museum, 469 Kahali–Brahmapuri, 302 Jakhera, 321 Kaimur Range, 86, 87 Jalalpur, 63 Kakoria, 509 Jaljala, 416 Kalako‐deray settlement site, 284, 285 James, Hannah V.A., 219 see also Harappan civilization Jammu and Kashmir, 16, 17, 62, 213, burials at, 135, 152, 157, 162, 193 278, 502 occupational chronology of, 130, 136, 149 Jamnagar district, 140 skeletal remains from, 173, 178, 509 Jamuna River, 402 Kali , 376, 417, 418 Janakpur, 422 , 476 Buddhist Federation, 420, 422 Kalinga, 323, 335 Jaugada, 323, 335 Kalpi, 486 Jaunpur district, 87 Kamar people, 459 Jehai people, 55 Kamptee, 301 Jenkins, P.C., 152 Kana, 35 Jha, D.N., 211 Kanavaypatti, 486 Jhaijri, 414 Kandakot, 95 Jhapa Baijnathpur, 416 Kandyan kingdom, 431 , 44, 213 Kane, P.V., 206, 208 Jhelum Basin, 63 Kangra district, 19 Jhong Valley, 416 Kanheri, 333 Jhusi, 351 Kannada language, 361 Jit, I., 78 Kanpur district, 321 Jivaga Chinthamani, 365 Kanthak , 420 Joardar, B., 462 Kanyamai, 420 Johnson, Samuel, 466 Kanyathirtham, 486, 509

0002649130.indd 548 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM index 549 Kaothe see also Deccan Chalcolithic on the preoccupation with race, 483 architectural features, 244, 246, 250 on skeletal markers of activity, 93, 110, 111 bone tool artifacts, 247 on Theobald’s alleged discovery of skull at burials, 249 Hathnora, 72 and Deccan Chalcolithic religious use of discrete traits, 487 beliefs, 248 work on Harappan period burials, 152, 154, skeletal remains from, 486, 487, 509 156, 164, 176, 177, 192, 260 Kapilvastu, 419–421 work on Mesolithic culture and skeletal Kapilvastu Museum, 417 variation, 104, 107, 108 Kappelman, J., 18, 20 Kennewick specimen, 116 Karapakala, 509 Kenoyer, J.M. Karewa River Valley, 413 discovery of unpublished excavation Karmanasa River, 95 illustrations, 150 on Harappan copper sources, 132 agriculture in, 348, 361, 363 on Harappa’s “fortification” structures, 208 Chalcolithic sites in, 240, 241 work on ceramics, 141 diet, 368 work on Harappan burials, 148, 151, 152, in, 244, 247 154, 179, 180 megalithic sites in, 298, 303, 304 Kerala, 213, 327, 477, 502, 515, 518 Paleolithic sites in, 63 Khairwada, 299–302, 486, 509 skeletal remains, 499–502, 505, 507, 510, Khajuraho, 336 513, 515, 519–522 Khamaran, 509 and Tipu Sultan, 359 Khambat, Gulf of, 65 Karnataka University, 455 Khan, Bahadur, 148 Karur, 317 Khan, Makin, 148 Karve, Iravati, 458 Khaptedada, 422 Karwi, 94 Kharavela, King of Kalinga, 323 Katelai I cemetery, 277, 281–284, 286 Khare, R.S., 362, 368 Kathiawad, 325 , 452 Valley, 376, 412–414, 416, 421 Khari Pathari, 95 Katukisewar River, 415 Khasa people, 452 Katuwaldaha, 413 Khasa‐Ya‐tshe, 376 Kauakhoh, 94 Kherai cemetery, 277, 284 Kaudinyapur, 302 Khetri region, 132, 193, 196, 197 Kausambi district, 87, 333, 509 Khinga, 417 Kaveri River, 365 Khokar, Muhammad Hasan, 148 Kayatha see also Deccan Chalcolithic Khoksar, 421 animal figurines at, 233, 234 Khotang district, 421 as a Chalcolithic site, 240 Khowai River Valley, 407, 409 faunal remains at, 229 Khuntitoli, 510 occupation chronology, 235n.1 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, 274, 278, 452 pottery from, 227, 244, 353 Kichak Vadh, 421 spatial organization, 231 Kili Ghul Mohammad, 128, 438 stone tools at, 230 Kintigh, K.W., 188 , 61 Kipling, Rudyard, 469 Kennedy, K.A.R. Kivisild, T., 214–215, 218 and the Aryan invasion hypothesis, 209, 211, Knorzer, K.H., 416, 417 280, 304, 461, 489–490 Kodanginayakkanpatti, 486 on Asian Homo erectus, 74 Kodekal, 348 on attitudes to bioarchaeology, 491 Kodumanal, 315, 317, 486, 510 influence, 2, 438, 484, 485 Kohbar, 86, 95 on the megalithic culture, 304, 305 Kolhan, 457 on Narmada calvarium, 75 , 420, 422

0002649130.indd 549 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM 550 index Kolkata, 466 Lakhania, 95 Kollam, 477 Lal, B.B., 226, 320 Komaranahalli, 510 Lal, M., 321 Konark, 336 Lalitagiri, 323 Kondapeta, 42 Laljal, 511 Kongu, 317 Lalmai–Mainamati region, 403, 404, 406, 408 people, 454 Lalmai‐1, 405–407 Korisettar, R., 305 Lalmai‐2, 405, 406 Korkai, 317, 510 people, 215 , D.D., 208, 320–321, 438–439 Langhnaj, 101, 191, 484, 511 , 421 Larsen, C.S., 105, 490 Kotasur, 324 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 41, 65 , 130, 137, 199, 209 Last Interglacial, 64 Kothari River, 227 Late Historic era, 431 Kottanri, 416 Latin America, 117 Koyilur, 317 Law, R., 132 Krishna–Godavari delta, 365 Lazimpat, 418 Krishna River, 441 Leach, Edmund, 456 caste, 217 Leith, Edward Teyrrel, 451 Kudatini, 303, 510 Lekhahia see also Mesolithic era Kukdi, 63 cylindrical bone beads from, 88 Kulkarni, S.S., 487 dating of, 90 Kulli culture, 199 investigations of, 86, 87 Kumar, G.D., 484 pottery and sherds from, 92 Kumar, K., 18 rock shelter paintings at, 95 Kumaran, R.N., 325 skeletal remains from, 104, 486, 511 Kumhar Tekri, 486, 510 Lekhakia ki Pahari, 484 Kunal, 351 Leshmi, 511 Kunderu River Basin, 349 Leshnik, L.S., 318 Kunjhun, 87 Levallois technique, 39, 45, 61, 414 Kunjhun II, 350 Levi‐Strauss, Claude, 456 Kunnattur, 511 Lewis, G.E., 16 Kuntasi, 486, 511 specimen see Homo floresiensis Kurara, 326 Libby, Willard, 281 Kuriyakunj, 94 Liceria, M., 361 Kurmitha, 511 Lichchhavi dynasty, 421 Kurnool cave complex, 36, 43, 440 Lila Mura–Takka Mura, 405 , 419–421 Linga, 301 Kutch, 131, 137, 190, 226 Lingampally, 512 Kyang site, 393 Linguistic Survey of India, 451 Kyrgyzstan, 392 Link, D.W., 179 lithostratigraphy, 15 La Chappelle aux Saints specimen, 75–76 Localization Era see also Harappan civilization Lad, Bhau Daji, 468 breakdown of urban life during, 189, Ladakh, 278, 376, 392 256–258 Ladbedia, 95 burial sites of, 193–194, 196, 257, 261, specimen, 75 268, 334 Lahariadih, 87 chronology, 149 Lahiri, Nayanjot, 321 , 214, 460 Lahore Fort, 337 Loebanr I cemetery, 277, 281, 283, 284, Lahuradewa, 350 286, 287 Lahuradewa Lake, 92 Loebanr III cemetery, 284, 285 Lakhahar, 95 Lo, Kingdom of, 376

0002649130.indd 550 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM index 551 Lo Manthang, 375, 413 , 323 Loralai district, 438 magnetostratigraphy, 22–23 Loteshwar, 90, 512 Magwe, 407 see also Harappan civilization Mahabalipuram, 338 burials at, 135, 152, 157, 162, 193 Mahabharata, 217, 279, 320, 421 copper molds at, 133 Mahadaha see also Mesolithic era dockyard at, 138 dietary evidence from, 90 “granary” structures at, 130–131 excavation, 102 pottery from, 303 location, 104 skeletal remains from, 173, 178, 191, 198 mortuary evidence, 93, 94 mummies at, 134 nonmammalian remains from, 91 Lovell, N.C., 108, 152, 154, 179, 260, 490 ornamental objects from, 95 Lubhu, 416 settlement patterns, 88, 115 Lucknow University, 440, 455 skeletal remains from, 107, 110–111, Lukacs, J.R. 486, 512 influence, 485 subsistence economy at, 350 use of discrete traits, 487 Mahadaria, 95 work on Deccan Chalcolithic skeletal Mahadebbera, 35 remains, 258 Mahagara, 89 work on Harappan skeletal remains, 150, , 332 152, 154, 175 Mahalonobis, P.C., 452 work on Mesolithic skeletal remains, 93, Maharam Alir Bari, 405, 407 107, 111 , 413, 418–422 Chalcolithic cultures in, 240, 241, 244, 257, Lumbini Development Trust (LDT), 420, 422 269, 301, 458 Lycett, S.J., 39 Department of Archaeology and Lydekker, R., 16 Museums, 298 in the Early Historic era, 325 Macaulay, V., 219 endogamous groups in, 458 Macdonald, S., 472 exclusion from population genetics Mackenzie, Colin (Col.), 297–298 study, 213 MacKenzie, J.M., 467, 468 Neolithic cultures in, 243, 301 Madan, T.N., 458 Paleolithic finds in, 63 Madhupur clay formation, 405 skeletal remains from, 498–499, 501, Madhupur Tracts, 403 503–504, 507, 509, 513–515, 519–521 Mahasthangarh, 333 Chalcolithic cultures in, 240 Mahavamsa, 430–432 Dube’s work in, 459 Maheshwar, 325 hominin fossils in, 72 Mahidpur, 227 IGRMS activities in, 476, 477 Mahismati, 326 Mesolithic sites in, 87, 90 Mahottari district, 414, 415 Paleolithic finds in, 41, 42 Mahurjhari, 301, 303, 305, 486, 513 in population genetics study, 213 Maidam 2, 513 pottery from, 226 Maiddher Mura, 405, 408 skeletal remains from, 499, 501–502, 504, Mainamati, 405 506, 508, 510, 521 Maitland, Frederic William, 439 tribal peoples in, 455 Majghatuwa, 415 V.N. Misra’s work in, 440 Majhawan, 94 Madina, 210 Majumdar, D.N., 440, 441, 455–458, Madras, 359 462nn.1, 2 Madras Literary Society, 468 Majumder, P.P., 212 Madras Museum, 468 Makawanpur, 415 Madras University, 455 Makran coast, 65, 140, 196, 523

0002649130.indd 551 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM 552 index Manhar, 137 Malaipaṭukaṭām, 312, 316 Malaiyaman dynasty, 317 Manimandap, 422 Malawa, 94 , 44, 407, 478, 509, 514, 519 Malay people, 431, 432 Mansar, 137 , 55, 117 Mantai, 430 Maldaria, 95 Marathe, A.R., 243 Maler people, 460 , 458 Malhotra, K.C., 484 Marchahwa, 95 Malik, S.C., 439 Maria Gond people, 305 Malinowski, Bronisław, 457–459 marine and maritime archaeology, 65, 338 Malwa see also Deccan Chalcolithic; Early Markham, S.F., 469 Historic era Markundi, 94 as a Chalcolithic culture, 240, 243, 244, 349 Marmi see also Ahar Culture in the Early Historic era, 325–326 building materials found at, 232 pottery from, 242, 251 excavation, 227, 230 Mamanwa people, 54 faunal remains at, 229 mammalian fossils and remains see also bovid finds of animal figurines at, 233, 234, fossils; primate fossils 235n.3 amphicyonid, 17, 18 spatial organization, 231 anthracotherid, 18–19 Marriott, McKim, 460 canid, 91, 151 Marshall, Sir John, 127, 206, 207, 437 caprid, 378, 383, 384, 388, 420 Maruthan Ilanaganar, Madurai, 313 carnivore, 18, 20, 21 Marx, Karl, 458 cervid, 81, 91 Masih, Farzand, 148 dating of, 43 Maski, 365, 484, 513 elephantid, 21, 22, 63, 81 91 Mathur, K., 15 equid, 63, 81, 378, 379, 383, 384, 388 matrilocality, 180–182 felid, 18, 91 Matthew, W.D., 16 footprints, 33 Mauryan Empire, 322, 323, 326, 327, 421 giraffid, 20, 23 Mawasa, 333 gomphotherid, 17, 18, 23 Maya Devi Temple, 413, 420 habitat, 17–19, 21 Mayans, 117 herpestid, 91 Mayiladumparai, 317 hipparionid, 19–22 McLean, F., 466 hippopotamid, 21, 81, 91 Meadow, R.H., 148 leporid, 384 Mebrak cave, 374–394, 416, 417 proboscid, 17–19, 21 Medhauli, 87 rhinocerotid, 22, 91 medieval era, 336–339, 419, 486 rodent, 18, 21 91 Medlicott, H.B., 72 in Siwalik deposits, 15, 17–23 megalithic monuments, 297–306, 310–318 suid, 17–22, 91, 420 see also Iron Age tragulid, 17–20 cairn circles, 298, 312 ursid, 91 cists, 298–299, 311, 312, 316, 317 viverrid, 18 dolmens, 299, 311, 316 Manamaneswor, 418 and Early Historic era, 311, 316, 318, 334 Manang, 393 horses and, 305, 315 Manasara, 320 menhirs, 299, 312, 317 Mandalay, 407 in Nepal, 421 Mandal, D., 87 stone circles, 299 Mandara Mura, 405 textual references to, 312–314 Mandla, 42 , 402, 407 Mangalkot, 324 Meghna River, 402, 403 Mangudi, 317 Meher Kuler Mura, 405

0002649130.indd 552 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM index 553 see also Harappan civilization Mini‐athiliya, 429 burials at, 193, 486 Mintz, S., 361, 362 clay ovens at, 352 Miocene, 14, 18, 23, 24, 426, 461 early evidence of sedentism at, 128, 191 Miri Qalat, 149 as a Harappan site, 129, 131 Mirzapur district, 87, 94, 95 Neolithic–Chalcolithic groups of, 94 Mishra, T.N., 419 Melanesians, 61 Misra, B.B., 87 Membarer Khil, 405, 408 Misra, V.D., 87 Mendariya, 86 Misra, V.N., 226, 440, 441, 443 Merbs, C.F., 108 Mitra, D., 419, 421 Merton, Robert, 459 , 402 Mes Aynak, 339 M. Kallupatti, 486 Mesoamerica, 344 Mohanpur, 407 Mesolithic era see also hunter‐gatherers Mohenjo Daro see also Harappan civilization Aceramic, 90, 350 in the Aryan invasion hypothesis, 207, 208 agriculture in, 350, 351, 353–354 biological distance from other Indus groups assignation of Bagor to, 226, 228 of, 171, 191–192 Ceramic, 90 burials at, 133, 157, 176, 486 cultural reconstruction of, 87 excavations, 437, 453, 484, 489 defined, 101 importance as urban center, 130, 135, 256 and microlithic evidence, 40 large public structures in, 131 skeletal remains from, 486 occupation chronology, 136, 149, 206 Mesolithic Lake Culture (MLC), 87–96, 104, proposed population size, 156 113–114 religious artifacts from, 249 Mesopotamia skeletal remains from, 523 compared with Harappan civilization, Mohmand agency, 278 127, 206 , 414 religion, 135 Moorjani, P., 213 royal burials, 158 Morahana Pahar, 86, 87, 92, 93 trade with Harappan civilization, 133, 134, Morang district, 420 138, 140, 171, 181, 332 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 470 metallurgy, 132, 139, 247 Morgaon, 39 Metspalu, M., 217, 218 , 64 Mewar Plain, 92, 225, 227–229, 231 Morrison, K.D., 305, 326 , 444 Morthekai, P., 38 microlithic tools Mount Carmel specimen, 76 from Bagor, 228 Mousterian tools, 406 geometric, 86, 149 Movius, H.L., 407 longest continuous sequence of, 35, 41 Muchchtla Chintamanugavi, 440 of Mesolithic Lake Culture, 88, 91, 92, 101 , 336 South Asian record, 34, 40–42, 65 Mughal, M.R., 145, 154, 162 in Sri Lanka, 428 Mukherjee, P.C., 413, 419 Middle Historic era, 430–431 Muktinath, 375, 417 Midnapur, 460 Müller‐Karpe, H., 282 migration studies, 188–189, 484 multiregional evolution (MRE) model, Miller, H.M.L., 132 51–52, 61 millet see also agriculture; rice , 466, 468 cultivation, 92, 179, 229, 247, 346–349, Mummert, A., 117 362–364 , 82, 452, 460 and diet, 353, 358–359, 367–368, 370, 371 Mundikak, 210 at Himalayan sites, 416 Munnibaba, 95 indigenous varieties, 345–348 Munthe, J., 15, 22 Mills, J.P., 454 Muria people, 455

0002649130.indd 553 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM 554 index Murty, M.L.K., 440, 441 National Repository for Human Genetic Museum Applied Science Center for Resources and Data, 492 Archaeology (MASCA), 281 native North Americans, 103, 116 Museum of Natural History, 477 Naurangabad, 514 museums, 465–479 Nausharo, 130, 149 Mushrif‐Tripathy, V., 487 Navdatoli, 227, 240 , 402, 407, 409 Nawalparasi district, 421 Mysore, 513 see also Karnataka Nayak dynasty, 431 Mythic Society, 451 Neandertals affinity with Narmada specimen, 75, 82 , 452, 454 behavioral reconstruction for, 106 , 407, 508, 511 coexistence with anatomically modern Homo Nagara, 325 sapiens, 60–61, 65 Nagarjunakonda, 484, 513 fossil remains of, 55, 61 Nagda, 227 genome of, 53, 54 Nageshwar, 132 in the non‐African genome, 51 Nagpur, 300, 334 relation to Denisovans, 51, 53 Nagpur University, 298, 300, 301 necrophobia, 393 Nagwada, 513 Negi, R.S., 475 Naikhandi Pakha Chowk, 413 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 455, 456 Naikund, 301–303, 486, 514 Neogene era, 14 Nal, 453, 484, 523 Neolithic era see also Southern Neolithic , 514 Bangladesh artifacts from, 405–407, 409 Nanda dynasty, 323 livestock domestication in, 352 Nangal, 514 migration into the Himalayas during, 375 Nannan dynasty, 317 in periodization of Ghalegai rock shelter, 287 Naogaon, 404 plant domestication in, 362, 369 Naoroji, Dadabhai, 451 pottery from, 96 Narayangarh, 460 and the Savalda culture, 243 Narayani River, 414 skeletal remains from, 486 Narhan culture, 240, 419 study of, 149, 345, 441 Narmada Basin trade and exchange during, 138 Baneta Formation, 81 , 260 Dhansi Formation, 36, 38 Nepal see also Himalayas; Upper Mustang early agriculture in, 349 anthropological work in, 454 Hathnora, 35, 38, 81 burial sites in, 374–394, 417–418 Hirdepur Formation, 81 Department of Archaeology, 414, 415, hominin fossils from, 72–82 419–422 Mehtakheri, 34, 41 geography, 412–413 Netankheri, 73, 80 Neolithic finds in, 415–416, 418, 421, Pebble Conglomerate bed, 81 423n.2 Surajkund Formation, 81 paleoanthropological research in, 34 Narmada Basin Palaeoanthropology Project Paleolithic finds in, 413–415, 421 (NBPP), 38 Siwalik deposits, 13, 15, 16, 22–23, 39 Narmada–Godavari Chalcolithic Nepali, Gopalji, 413 Culture, 243 Netankheri specimen, 73, 80 Narsingdi district, 404, 409 Nevasa, 240, 241, 251, 257–258, 484, Nasik, 240, 325 486, 514 Nasir, Habibullah, 148 New Anthropology, 485 Natesvara, 419 New Archaeology, 438–445 National Book Trust, 477 New Delhi, 475 National Geographic Society, 422 New Guinea, 54, 56 nationalism, 401–402, 455, 466, 479 Ngandong 11 specimen, 76

0002649130.indd 554 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM index 555 Nhyeyul cave, 418 protohistoric cemeteries, 274–290 Nicobar Islanders, 80, 82 Punjab, 145, 164, 278, 523 Nile River, 65, 250 Sind, 226, 438, 523 North Eastern Frontier Agency (NEFA), 454 Siwalik deposits, 13, 14, 17, 43 North India skeletal remains from, 483, 486, 497, 523 agriculture in, 351 Swat state, 274 Mesolithic cultures, 86 Pal, A., 107, 484, 485 in population genetics study, 213–214, 217 Pal, J.N., 87, 107 religious traditions, 323, 328, 364 Palani, 315 skeletal traits, 77, 110, 116, 432 paleoanthropology, 32–45, 81 see also and Sri Lanka, 430, 431, 433 anthropology urbanization and state formation in, Paleolithic era see also Acheulean industry 320–323 agriculture in, 350 North Waziristan, 278 Middle, 38, 40, 63–64 Nubian industry, 64 Mode I industry, 62, 65 Nyaungu, 407 Mode II industry, 62, 73 Mode III industry, 39, 73, 81, 82 Oakleu Loukol, 514 Mode IV industry, 81 Oceania, 51, 54, 56, 61 South Asian “Upper,” 41 O’Donnel, C.J., 404 paleomagnetism, 20, 22–23, 33, 38 Ojiyana, 227, 229–234 paleopathology see also biocultural stress Oldham, T., 72 markers; dental pathologies; traumatic Oldowan technology, 43 injuries Olduvai Hominid 9, 76 anemias, 103, 105, 176–177, 259–260, Oligocene, 14, 402 268, 489 Oman, 64–133, 134 congenital and developmental disorders, Onge people, 51, 55, 77, 78 177–178 Oppenheimer, Stephen, 219 defined, 488 orangutan, 24 infection, 172–173, 268, 392, 488, 490 Oraon people, 452 interpretation and identification of, 106–108 Oregon, University of, 487 in inventory of skeletal remains, 497 Orissa, 44, 213, 323, 335, 459, 477, 504 leprosy, 172, 173, 182, 232, 233, 257, 489 Ortner, D.J., 108, 268 malaria, 172, 260, 369, 371 Otalantaiyar, 313 Möller–Barlow disease, 259 Oxenham, M.F., 176 neoplasia, 178 oxygen isotope stages (OIS), 65 osteoarthritis, 105, 108, 109, 174, 175, 489 osteomyelitis, 489 Pabbi Hills, 43, 62, 415 periostitis, 104, 105, 107, 109, 115, 117 Pachkheri, 301 periostosis, 265, 267 Padma River, 402 rickets, 268 Padri, 137, 486, 514 scurvy, 177, 258–259, 261, 265, 268–269 Paharpur, 336, 404 spondyloarthropathy, 174 Paiyampalli, 317, 515 treponema, 489 Pakistan see also protohistoric cemeteries of tuberculosis, 172, 182, 257, 260, 489 Pakistan , 430 agriculture in, 351 , 428 biological continuity in, 280 Pallavaram, 72 Dir state, 274 Pallemalala, 429 Harappan sites in, 128, 141n.1, 145, Panauti, 415 164, 438 Panchmata, 227, 232, 233, 235n.3 lithic assemblages in, 39, 62, 64, 65 Panchmukhi, 95 Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures, 94 Pandey, J.N., 19, 87 ongoing research in, 33 Pandey, R.N., 415

0002649130.indd 555 2/17/2016 3:57:34 PM 556 index Pandita, S.K., 17 Piklihal, 484 Panditpur, 422 Pilgrim, G.E., 14, 16 Pandu Rajar Dhibi, 515 Pili Nadi, 88 , 313, 317 Pillans, B., 20 Panja, S., 248 Pimpalsuti, 250 Panjab University, 456, 461, 479 Pipri, 419 Pappu, S., 33 Paramhansa, Ramakrishna, 452 art from, 101 Paramparya festival, 477 climate and environment, 33, 41, 60, 81 Parasher‐Sen, A., 327 evidence for hominins, 1, 53–54, 60, 72, 73 Pardhi people, 441 formations and strata of, 38, 402–403, Paripāṭal, 315 405, 426 Paris Universal Exhibition, 468 microlithic tools from, 40, 62–63 Parpola, Asko, 134 Plio‐, 404, 407 Parsons, F.G., 78 Pliocene, 24, 405 Parsons, Talcott, 459 Pochampad, 515 , 392 Pohle, P., 418 Parvarish project, 478 Polynesia, 54 Parwak cemetery, 287, 288 Pomparippu, 430 Pasegam, 325 Pondicherry, 499 pastoralism, 190, 349, 353, 365 population genetics, 211–220 see also genetic Patagonia, 116 studies Patan Archaeological Garden, 419 Poredam, 515 Paterson, T.T., 39 Porkalam, 515 Pathan, Muhammad Habibullah, 409 porotic hyperostosis see also biocultural stress Patiṟṟuppattu, 314 markers; cribra orbitalia; enamel Patnaik, R., 38 hypoplasia Patna University, 452 absence of, 104, 109, 117, 385, 386 Patne, 42 as biocultural stress marker, 103, 105, 378 Patpara, 35, 37, 38, 43 in children and infants, 265, 266, 267 Paṭṭiṉappālai, 312, 315 etiologies, 115, 117, 489 Patu industry, 415 scoring standards, 108 Paunar, 302 as a sign of anemia, 176, 259–260 Pauni, 515 as a sign of scurvy, 177, 261 Pauri Bhuiyan people, 82 , 117, 368, 431 Pauri Garhwal district, 18, 19 Portuguese creole, 432 Pawankar, S., 248 Porunthal, 311, 315–317 Pearse, George, 300 Possehl, G.L., 130, 136, 190, 226 Peddamarur, 486, 515 postcolonialism, 401–402, 409–410, 474, 479 Pennsylvania, University of, 281 post‐processual archaeology, 445 People of India project, 485 pottery see also black‐and‐red ware; Harappan Persia, 278, 391–392 ceramics Perur, 317 Ahar Culture, 226–227, 303 Peshawar, University of (UoP), 277, 279, and culinary tradition, 352–353 283–288 and dairying, 363 Peshawar, Vale of, 278, 289 Deccan Chalcolithic, 241–244, 251 Petraglia, M.D., 40, 41, 219 as evidence of sedentism, 350 Petralona specimen, 75 graffiti and cupules on, 303 Pharping, 413 in the megalithic Iron Age, 302–303 , 54 Mesolithic, 92–93, 96 Phudzeling, 375, 378, 417 from Nepal, 419–420, 422 Pickford, M., 18–20 northern black polished ware (NBPW), 318, Piggott, S., 208 321, 323, 419, 422

0002649130.indd 556 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM index 557 painted grey ware (PGW), 210, 321, Quaternary, 38, 41, 42, 65, 81 419, 422 Quetta Valley, 128, 129, 437 peacock motif, 313, 315 Quintana‐Murci, Lluís, 219 in protohistoric cemeteries of Pakistan, 275–276, 279, 288–289 race, 191, 206, 453, 458, 483–484 red ware, 241–243, 275–276, 328, 419, 421 Radcliffe‐Brown, A.R., 445, 456, 459 from Sri Lanka, 430 radiocarbon dating tempering, 351 of Harappan sites, 149 Potwar Plateau, 14, 17, 33, 193, 196–197, 415 of megalithic sites, 300, 302, 305, 310 Prabhas Patan, 325 of Mesolithic sites, 89–90, 351 Pradhan, V.M.S., 23 of Neolithic sites, 348 Prakash, 241, 242, 248, 251 of Patu industry, 415 Prakrit language group, 318, 431 of protohistoric cemeteries of Pakistan, 279, Prasad, K.N., 19, 23 281, 284–288 Pratapgarh district, 87, 88 of Upper Mustang sites, 375–376, 416 Prathama festival, 477 Radosevich, S.C., 179 Pravara River Basin, 244 Rai Bareli, 92 Precambrian strata, 426 Raigir, 515 prepared core technique, 39 Raipur, 301, 303, 459, 486, 515 primate fossils see also hominoid fossils Raipur University, 455 adapid, 16–18, 20 Rajabari, 409 arboreal, 17 Rajagriha, 333 cercopithecoid, 16, 21 Rajan, K., 327 Dryopithecine, 461 Rajasthan Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis, 20, 21, agriculture in, 139, 349 456, 461 Chalcolithic sites in, 240 lorisid, 16 dating of sites in, 63, 90 Pliopithecus krishnaii, 461 in genetic study of Indian population, 213 Sivasimia chinjiensis, 461 Harappan sites in, 157, 158 in Siwalik deposits, 16–23 IGRMS workshops in, 477 Princep, J., 72 Mesolithic sites in, 87, 90, 92 Proto‐Australoid people, 82 minerals from, 134 Proto‐, 134, 219 Paleolithic sites in, 43 protohistoric cemeteries of Pakistan skeletal remains, 499, 500, 509 association with “Aryan invasion,” 274, trading networks, 247 276–280, 290 tribal groups from, 215 burials, 275–276, 288–290 V.N. Misra’s work in, 440 geographical extent, 278–279 Rajbadidanga, 516 periodization of, 279–288 Rajbanshi people, 82 Pulimankombai, 314 Rajghat, 516 Pune University, 441, 455 Raj Gond people, 454, 455 Punjab, 210, 213, 215, 517 Hills, 460 Puṟanāṉūṟu, 312, 315, 316 Rajpur, 95 Purandura Dasa, 368 see also Harappan civilization Purnana–Gondwana basins, 66 burials at, 152, 156–157, 193, 486 , 41 faunal remains from, 196 Purvotari festivals, 477 as important urban center, 130, 135 Pusalker, A.D., 206 occupation chronology, 136, 149 Putschar, W.G.J., 108 skeletal remains, 516 , 421, 422 , 61 Raman spectroscopy, 43 Qin, L., 350 Ramapuram, 486, 516 Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, 139 Ramaswamy, E.A., 459

0002649130.indd 557 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM 558 index Ramatirtha, 240–243 domestication and cultivation, 345, 350– Ramayana, 320 352, 354, 364–366 Ramesh, N.R., 407 in Harappan agriculture, 131 Ramgarh, 409 in Iron Age rituals, 315, 316 Ramgarhwa, 94 Mesolithic evidence of, 92 Rammohun Roy, Raja, 451 in Sri Lanka, 430 Rampura, 459 in Upper Mustang diet, 416 Ranade, M.G., 451 and urbanization, 321 Ranaweera, L., 433 varieties, 369–370 , 455 Rightmire, G.P., 75 Ran Daliyo, 516 Rinziling cave, 418 Rangamati district, 404, 409 Risley, H.H., 451 Raniapur, 415 Rissho University, 419, 421 Rao, S.R., 158 Rivett‐Carnac, John Henry, 298 Rao, V.V., 484 Rivière, George Henri, 472 Rashid, M.H., 405 , 62, 415 Rashtrakuta dynasty, 336 Robbins Schug, G., 172, 173, 177, 182, Rato River, 414, 415 261, 490 Rawalpindi, 278 rock art Raxter, M.H., 108, 114 evidence of livestock domestication in, 363 Ray, H.P., 324, 326, 335 in the Himalayas, 418 Ray, N., 321 Mesolithic Lake Culture, 86, 91–92, recent African origin (RAO) model, 51–52, 94–96 61, 66 study of pigment in, 43 Reddi people, 454 Rodríguez‐Martín, C., 108 Reddy, B.M., 213, 218 Rojdi, 134 Redfield, Robert, 444–446, 456, 460 Roman Catholicism, 432 see also religious Regional Museum of Natural beliefs History, 478 Roman Empire, 318, 326, 328 Regional Science Centre, 478 Rome, University of, 281 Reich, David, 61, 213 Rom people, 454 Reinach, Salomon, 206 Roopkund, 486, 517 religious beliefs see also Buddhism Ropar, 152 and agriculture, 370 Rose, J.C., 117 ancestor veneration, 289 Rose, J.J., 107 of the Deccan Chalcolithic, 248–250 Rosenberg, Noah A., 218 of Harappan civilization, 135 Roy, J.S., 406, 408 in the medieval period, 336 Roy, R.C., 452 and protohistoric, “Gandharan Grave Roy, Sachin, 473–475 Culture” burials, 282, 290 Roy, S.C., 452 regeneration, 289 Roychoudhury, S., 214 in Sri Lanka, 431–432 Ruamgarh, 517 in the Tibetan Plateau, 376, 391–392 Rupandehi, 421 religious sites, 333 Rupar, 157, 484, 517 remote sensing techniques, 337–338 Rendell, H.M., 63 Saccopastore specimen, 76 reptilian fossils, 17–20, 23, 81, 91 Sagileru Valley, 34, 40, 42 Rewa district, 87 Sahabia, 95 Rg Veda, 207, 213, 277–279, 290 Sahani, Ramesh, 78 rice see also agriculture; millet Sahiwal district, 145 in Ahar Culture diet, 229 Sahni, A., 18 as an elite food, 358–362, 366, 370 Sahni, Daya Ram (Rai Bahadur), 150 in Deccan Chalcolithic agriculture, 247 Sai River, 88

0002649130.indd 558 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM index 559 Saivism, 336 Sastri, V.V., 19 Sakai people, 78 Satanikota, 518 Sali, S.A., 244, 245 , 303, 325, 326 Salt Range, 278 Satdhara, 333 Salvatori, S., 281–283, 287 Satna district, 87 Salzman, P.C., 228 Satpati, 414 Samaj Sevak , 460 Satpura Mountains, 81 Sambung Machan specimen, 75, 76 Sattanar, Sittalai, 313 Samdzong cave, 374–394, 418 Narayan temple, 418, 419 Samnapur, 440 Saugor University, 455 Samser Rana, Khadga, 413, 420 Saurashtra, 63, 138, 189, 226, 243, 345 Sanai Tal, 92 Savalda, 240–244, 251, 349 Sanana, 517 Savandurga, 519 Sanauli, 152, 164, 170, 175, 178, Savithri, R., 247 193–194, 486 scavenging, 391, 392, 394n.2 , 323, 333, 364 Schetenko, Anatoly, 414 Sanchi Survey Project, 326 Schwartz, J.H., 108 Sanders, I.T., 445 Scott, R.S., 24 , 312–318, 327, 328, sedentism see also agriculture 334, 365 in the Ahar Culture, 230 Sanganakallu, 348 chronology of emergence, 344 Sanghao Cave consequences of, 353, 354, 488 17 specimen, 76 evidence for, 350 Sanjan, 486, 517 in the Mesolithic era, 90–93, 101 Sankalia, H.D., 226, 227, 241, 440, 458 and nomadic pastoralism, 190, 345 Sankhyan, A.R., 20 transition to, 105, 348 , 430 and wild rice stands, 351 Sanskritization, 459 Seistan, 132 , 214 Sekta, 519 Santhli, 518 Selvakumar, V., 328 Sant Ravidas Nagar district, 87 Sen, Dharani, 456 Sanur, 518 Sen, Keshab Chandra, 451 Sapalli Tepe, 157, 158 Seneviratne, S., 326, 327 Saptari district, 421 Sengupta, S., 218 Sarai Nahar Rai see also Mesolithic era Senuwar, 351, 352 dating of, 90 Seth, P.K., 93 dietary evidence from, 91 Sewell, R.B.S., 484 excavation of, 102 Shaffer, J.G., 210 location, 104 Shah, A.M., 459 mortuary evidence from, 93 Shahi‐Tump, 523 settlement patterns, 88, 115 Shahr‐i‐Sokhta, 246 skeletal remains from, 107, 110–111, Shakiunna Mura, 408 486, 518 dynasty, 419 stature of specimens, 116 Shamalaji, 325 subsistence economy at, 350 Shanidar 1 specimen, 76 Sarana, G., 451, 461 Sharma, A.K., 158, 173, 484 Sardarer Pahar, 405 Sharma, D.R., 423n.2 Sarhat, 94 Sharma, G.R., 86, 102, 104, 107, 115, 116 Sarjana workshop, 477 Sharma, J.L., 415–416 Sarkar, S.S., 173, 455, 471, 484, 485, 491 Sharma, R.S., 320–321 Sarvadhi Hill, 518 Sharma, S., 216 Sassanian Empire, 379, 391, 392 Sharma, T.C., 407 Sastri, K.N., 150, 154 Shaw, J., 326, 335, 364

0002649130.indd 559 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM 560 index shell middens, 429 skeletal remains, 482–492 see also Shelly, H.C., 466 bioarchaeology; biocultural stress markers; Sherpa people, 393, 454 dental pathologies; Harappan skeletal Shikarpur, 149 remains; paleopathology Shillong University, 455 continuous or metric trait analysis, 486–487 Shinde, V.S., 226, 241, 250 cut marks on, 377, 379–382, 390 Shipman, P., 107 discarded, 485 Shipton, C., 43 and the discipline of anthropology, 483–486 Shorapur Doab, 437, 441 discrete or nonmetric traits, 487–488 shoreline surveys, 338 inventory of South Asian, 498–523 Shore, Sir John, 467 morphometric analysis, 75, 152, 171, Shortugai, 132 429, 487 Shukranitisara, 320 stature, 103, 107, 108, 111–118, 258 Sialkot, 523 storage conditions, 491–492 Siberia, 53 specimen, 61 Siddique, Muhammad, 148, 150 SkyDoor Foundation, 422 Sidhi district, 87 Smith, G., 298–300 , 415, 416 Smith, M.L., 409–410 silk production, 138 Smith, Robert (Captain), 15 Silvi Antonini, C., 274, 282 Smith, V.A., 86, 127 Simaraongadh, 419 Soanian industry, 37, 39, 62, 63, 414, 415 Simaraungadh, 421 sociology, 453–454 Singapore, 466 Somapura Mahavihara, 404 Singer, Milton, 445, 456 Songaon, 241, 245, 251, 519 , K.S., 211, 217 Sonpur, 519 Singh, S., 78 Son Valley, 34, 38, 43, 87, 89, 350 Singoor cemetery, 287, 288 Sothi, 137 Sinha, D.P., 451 Soundara Rajan, K.V., 304, 441 Sinha, Surajit, 462n.2 , 34, 61, 348 language, 430, 431 South Canara, 303 , 430, 433 Sisahnia, 419 anthropological work in, 455 Sisupalgarh, 323, 333 genetic evidence from, 51, 54, 56, 61 Sitakunda, 404, 408 Mesolithic period, 415 Siwalik deposits, 13–25 and the peopling of Sri Lanka, 431 Boulder Conglomerate Formation, 14, prosimian and hominoid dispersal into, 24 21, 22 wet rice cultivation in, 362 Chinji Formation, 14, 17–19, 23, 24 Southern Neolithic see also Neolithic era Churia Range, 15 burials, 304–305 Dera Gopipur–Ranital area, 19–20 and Deccan Chalcolithic, 240, 243, 251 Dhokpathan Formation, 14, 20, 21, 24 pottery, 353study of childhood in, 485 Haritalyangar Basin, 17, 20–21 subsistence economy of, 347–349, 362, 363, Kalagarh Basin, 18–19 365–366 Kamlial Formation, 14 South India see also individual states; Southern Nagri Formation, 14, 18–20, 23, 24 Neolithic Pinjor Formation, 14, 21–22, 24, 413 agriculture in, 257, 321, 345–351, 361–363 Ramnagar Basin, 17–18 burials in, 304–305 Soanian assemblages in, 39, 62 cuisine and diet, 358–371 Tatrot Formation, 14, 21, 22, 24 evidence for Homo erectus in, 63 Tinau Khola area, 15, 16, 22–23, 413 megalithic monuments, 297–298, 302–303, Tui Khola area, 22 305, 310 Upper, 21–22 in population genetics study, 213 Siwalik Hills, 412, 414, 415, 456, 461 and Sri Lanka, 431–433

0002649130.indd 560 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM index 561 textual sources, 312–317, 365 Takna, 476 tribal peoples, 441 Tamil‐Brahmi script, 313, 314, 317, 318, 327 urbanization and state formation, 326–328 , 314, 431 Southwest Asia, 60–61, 128, 349 Tamil Nadu Soviet Union, 414 agriculture in, 348 Spillsbury, G.G., 72 in the Early Historic era, 318 specimen, 116 IGRMS workshops in, 477 Sravasti, 333 megalithic sites in, 312, 314–316 Sri Lanka Paleolithic sites in, 35, 63 Brahmi script in, 318 in population genetics study, 213 caves, 102 skeletal remains from, 498–499, 510–511, Early Historic era sites in, 334 517–519 founding of Asiatic Society in, 466 Tamil speakers in, 431 geography, 426 Tamil people, 430, 433 Mesolithic artifacts, 101–102, 427, 429, 433 Tamluk, 324, 333 microlithic assemblages, 34, 41, 433 taphonomic processes, 170, 377, 379, peopling of, 428–433 390–391 rock shelter evidence, 34 Tapi River, 241, 244 and Samdzong burial site, 379 Tarkanwala Dera, 158, 193 skeletal remains from, 428–429, 486, 497 Tavares, A., 487 Sringaverapura, 333 Taxila, 278, 333, 523 Srinivas, M.N., 453, 459, 461, 475, 479 Taylor, Isaac, 206 Stacul, G., 274, 280–284, 287 Taylor, Meadows, 437 St. Augustine Church, Goa, 519 Tehrathum district, 421 Steckel, R.H., 117 Tekkalakota, 365, 484, 486, 520 Steinheim specimen, 75, 76 Tekwada, 249, 520 Steward, Julian, 456 Telengana, 459 Stonehenge, 297 Teliamura, 407 Stuart‐Macadam, P., 108, 176 Temple, Richard, 298 Subbarao, B., 438 Teni district, 314 subsistence transition theory, 103, 105, Tenneru, 520 117, 488 Tepe Hissar, 157, 158 Suddhodhana, 419 Tepoztlan, 444 Sultanpur district, 87 Teriruveli, 317 Sundara, A., 244, 300 Tesavde, 250 Sundarbans, 403 , 24, 117 Sunga dynasty, 420 thalis, 359–360, 366, 370 Surkotada, 519 Thana cemetery, 277 Sushruta Samhita, 490 Thandikudi, 311, 317 Sutcliffe, J., 335 Thanjavur, 336 Sutkagendor, 133 Thapar, Romila, 209, 212, 322–323 Swanscomb specimen, 76 Thar Desert Swat Valley, 277, 278, 281, 284 Aterian tools in, 64 Sylhet Range, 403 climatic reconstruction for, 139 Syria, 257 dating of artifacts in, 63 in human dispersals, 66 Tadakanahalli, 520 Mesolithic finds in, 101 Tagadur, 317 ongoing research in, 33 Tagore, Rabindranath, 452 Paleolithic findings in, 36, 42 Tainter, J.A., 282 windblown sediments from, 196 Taj Mahal, 337 Thar Pahara, 95 Takalghat‐Khapa, 298, 300, 301, 509 Tharsa, 486, 520 Takka Mura‐2, 405, 408 Thathappatti, 312, 313, 314

0002649130.indd 561 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM 562 index Theobald, W., 72 Tripathy, V., 217 Thotlakonda, 333 , 402, 477 Thurston, Edger, 468 Tripura Hills, 405 Tibetan Plateau, 14, 24, 374, 418 Tripuri, 326, 521 Tibeto‐Burman language group, 218 Trotter, M., 107, 114 Tikal, 117 Tsaliki, A., 393 Tikoda, 37, 42 Tucci, G., 274 Tilaurakot, 418–422 Tui River Valley, 414, 415 Tilwara, 440 Tuljapur Garhi, 486, 521 Timargarha see also protohistoric cemeteries of Tungabhadra River, 364, 365, 369 Pakistan Tylor, E.B., 451 child burials at, 288 chronology, 275 , 33 grave goods, 274, 276 Ubelaker, D.H., 107, 108 morphological types within, 280 Udayagiri II site, 333 radiocarbon dating of, 279, 286, 287 Udayapur district, 421 Tiṇai, 327 Udhampur district, 17 Tippera Surface, 403, 404 Ujjain, 325, 326 Tipra Mura, 405 Uldan, 94 Tipu Sultan, 359 ul‐Hasan, Tazeem, 148 Tirukkoyilur, 317 Umang program, 477–478 Tissamaharama, 430 Underhill, P.A., 216, 219 Tista River, 402 UNESCO, 420, 421, 484 Tiwari, B.N., 18–20, 38 , 169, 359, 431, 445 T. Kallupatti, 519 T. Narasipur, 484, 520 anthropology in, 454, 456, 485 Toba volcanic eruption, 34, 39–40, 66, 73, archaeology in, 148, 438, 439, 445, 490 81, 82 California, 106 Toka, 37 , 104 Tolkāppiyam, 312, 314 Nevada, 116 Tozzer, A.M., 452 skeletal remains, 103–104 Tranquility, 106 stature in, 107, 108, 115, 117 traumatic injuries see also paleopathology; study of “bioarchaeology” in, 169 skeletal remains study of Indian population genetics, 213 in Harappan skeletal remains, 135–136, 173, Texas, 116 192, 256–257, 489–490 Washington state, 116 in Jorwe Inamgaon skeletal remains, Upanishads, 361 267, 269 Uppalapadu, 521 in Mesolithic skeletal remains, 77, 105, 110, Upper Mustang, 374–394 see also Himalayas; 115, 117–118 Nepal signs, 489 archaeology, 375–376 in Upper Mustang skeletal remains, 377–378, faunal remains at, 378, 379, 383, 386, 388, 389, 390, 392, 417 384, 413 Trautmann, T.R., 220 mortuary practices at, 378–383, 388–393 tribal peoples skeletal remains from, 376–378, 384–388, assimilationist vs. isolationist policies for, 389, 417–418 453–458 Revolution, 66, 101 genetic origins, 488 Ur, 133, 157, 158, 192 identifying, 216–219 Uraiyur, 317 and museums, 473–475 urbanization see also agriculture; sedentism planning for, 460–461 breakdown of, 189, 256–258 Tribal Research and Training Centers, 457 in the Early Historic Era, 319–328, 354 Tribhuvan University, 414, 415 and the folk–urban continuum, 446

0002649130.indd 562 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM index 563 in the Harappan civilization, 128, 130–131, Victoria and Albert Museum (Mumbai), 137, 319, 320, 488 468–469 in the Iron Age, 363 Vidarbha, 244, 298, 304, 305 in the present day, 339 Vidisha, 326, 335 urn burials see also burials Vidushi seminar, 477 Cemetery H, 150 Vidyarthi, L.P., 460–461, 462n.1 Deccan Chalcolithic, 243, 249 Vijayanagara, 336, 337, 368, 369 differential preservation in, 485 Vindhya Hills, 81, 86, 88, 92, 93, 96, 350 in the Early Historic era, 316 Vinogradova, N., 282–283, 287 protohistoric, “Gandharan Grave Culture,” Vishnumati River, 415 275, 279 Vishnu‐Mittre, 247 Southern Neolithic and megalithic, 304, 430 Vivekananda, Swami, 206, 452 Utnur, 348, 443 Vogel, J.P., 470 Uttarakhand, 16, 18, 278, 517 Vogelsang, W., 282 Uttaranchal, 213 Waldron, T., 108 botanical fossils from, 19 Walimbe, S.R., 175, 211, 258, 487 Early Historic urbanization in, 321 Walker, P.L., 176 Harappan sites in, 140, 210 Walki, 241, 246, 251, 258, 486, 521 Mesolithic sites in, 86–88, 92 Wallich, Nathaniel, 467 skeletal remains from, 498–500, 503, Wangala, 462 508–509, 511–512, 516–518 Wari‐Bateshwar, 404, 409 study of caste in, 458 water management , 157, 158 and agriculture, 335, 363–366, 370 in the Early Historic era, 326, 430 , 325 in the Harappan civilization, 131, 137, 138 Vaigai River, 312, 314 IGRMS workshops on, 476 , 333 in the medieval era, 337 Vaishnavism, 336, 367 Watgal, 251, 304, 305, 522 Vakataka dynasty, 336 Webb, William, 15 Valabhi, 325 Weber, Max, 456, 459 Valentine, Benjamin, 180, 182, 196 Wells, C., 108, 111 Vallam, 317 West, R.M., 15, 22 Valpura, 325 West Asia, 344, 347, 352, 432 Valuthi, 313 Van Couvering, J.A.H., 16–17 bordering Bangladesh, 402 Vangiya Sahitya Parishad, 404 difficulty of access to sites in, 44 Van Vagri people, 441 exclusion from population genetics district, 87 study, 213 Varendra Research Society, 404 IGRMS activities in, 476 Varma, R.K., 86, 93, 95, 115 prehistoric artifacts in, 41, 407, 409 Vasishat, R.N., 19 skeletal remains from, 500, 504, 506, 511, Vats, M.S., 145, 148, 150, 151, 154 515, 516 Vattalakundu, 312, 314 Western Ghat uplands, 241, 366, 367 people, 429, 430, 432, 433 Westmacott, E.V., 404 Vedic literature, 140, 207, 276, 277, 279, Wharram Percy, 115 290, 328 Wheeler, R.E.M. “Vedic night” hypothesis, 127, 210, 276 and Aryan invasion hypothesis, 207–208 Vedic religion, 336, 392 characterization of the field, 440 Veerabyina Kunta, 521 excavations in Harappa, 145, 150, 151, 154, Vellalur, 317 160, 162 Verma, B.C., 19 positing of Harappan religion, 135 Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 468 study of megaliths at Brahmagiri, 298, 305

0002649130.indd 563 2/17/2016 3:57:35 PM 564 index White, Leslie, 456 Yanadi people, 441 White, T.D., 377, 381 Yedihalli, 441 Wilson, T., 86 Yelleswaram, 484, 522 Wiltshire, 304 Young, R., 289 Wizard’s Beach specimen, 116 Younger Toba Tephra (YTT), 34, 39–40, 42, 43 women see females Youngest Toba Ash (YTA), 81 Woolley, C.L., 158 World Disabled Day, 477–478 Zagros Mountains, 128 world systems theory, 190 Zarif Karuna cemetery, 289 writing, 333, 336 Zhob district, 438 Zhong Kuyore cave, 418 Xinjiang Province, 139, 392 specimens, 76 , 320, 420 , 348 Zirania, 407 , K.K., 420 Zoological Survey of India, 470 Yale University, 456 Zoroastrianism, 391–392 Yamuna River, 140 Zysk, Kenneth G., 454

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