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Early Farming Communities 4.? J i Chapter lY O f EARLY FARMING COMMUNITIES 4.? r":; iia£Lx„..ya,rg>4aa ■^.9avmn,4>Uaa Since the accidental discovery of the Jorv/e culture at Jorwe (Tal« ■^angamner, Udat* Ahmednagax'} in 1950» extensive explorations vfere undertaken in different parts of iiaharashtra vrith a view to locate sites of the chalco- lithic period* As a result, more than 200 chalcolithic sites have been discovered to date, ilielr distributional pattern suggests 'Uiat the settlemaits of these early formers were spread almost all over Ilaharaahtrat except parts of Vidarbha and the coaatal region. The antiquity of the early farmers in Maharashtra oan be stretched back to the opening Hhe. of^2nd millenniaa B»C, A casual glance at the distribution of chalcolithic sites in Maharashtra gives a fairly good idea of the distribution pattern of their settlamenta. 43 /iost of the early t:\r.wing settleaents aro located in the black cotton soil region. Throe major valleysf the Tapi, the Uociavari and the t^aa n/ere occupied, but there is a significant difference in the concentration of settlssacsnts. The Tapi valley encouraged a heavy concentration of settle­ ments, followed by the Ctodavari valley. There were sporadic aettleaanva in the Bhita^i valley* iiach of these valleys had at least one site vdiich was the largest in the area* i’here was ?rakashe in the Tapi, iiairaabad in the Godavari and Injvasaon in the Bhima valley (Jtiavalikar 1979: 252). ihe obvious reason for the variation in the distribution pattern in each valleys is variation in availability of arable land and perennial source of water. The excavations conducted at selective and ia,:»ortsint places such as Hasik, Jorwe (Jist. ihmectna,^ar), Nevasa (list, rthmednagarj -^ngaon, .tpogaon and Chandoli (LHat. i^oona) c'rakashe, javalda and Bahurupa (ulst. 0aule) anc Jahal and Tekwada (^st. Jalgaon) have helped to know in detail the natbrial equipment of the early farming coiaaunities, and to place these cultures in their proper chronological order. But the large sc.ile anu most scientific excavations conducted at Inaiagaon and in some respect ^aimabad are useful in many ways. Ihe Inamgaon excavations not onlyfrevoal differiarjt facets of life of the early faraers, but serve as an example 4 ^ of h3ir to conduct a systeniatlc excavation of an ancient site. Hero, for ttie first tiiae in India, carbonized organic matter (grains) has been collected in large quantity by utilizing the technique of floatation, 'fhis has not only helped to reconstruct the crops grown by early farmers but alsj their dietary habits. There is also some evidence to reconstruct the social organization, religious beliefs, econooiic, condition anu technological level of those early f a m e r s * Around 1000 B.C., the activities of the Jorwe culture, the last phase of the chaloolithic period, carae to grinding halt in the Tapi and the Ck>davari basins probably due to adverse cliraatic conditions following the decrease in rain- fall pattern, vrtiich is stratigraphically well represented at i^evaaa. (i tajumdar and Ra;Jaguru 1965* 152). iiut the culture still survived in the Bhima valley for three centuries more upto 700 B.C. The culture, which survived as a ^Jejune shadow of the once flourishing *iarly Jorwe^has been termed as the Late Jorwe. Ihe Lute Jorwe phase can be dated on the basis of C-14 dotenainations to 1000-700 B.C. The past three to four seasons work at Inangaon was mainly concentrated on obtaining niore inforaaation about the Late Jorwe period. It # would appear that the agricultural output during this period suffered severely aue to decrease in rainfall and therefore 43 people h d to resort to a pastoral life. The people could not afford tho luxury of large specious houses. They vrere largely replaced by small huts, rhere was a marked decresjse in the standard of raaking pottery. It becamo coarse, :iut this particular phase has bridged the gap between the mega- lithlc and the chalcolithic periods. There are four different chalcolithic cultures in the Central Tapi basin^ namely the :iavalda, the Late Harappa^ the J'lalwa and the Jorwe, Ihese cultures can be distinguished from each other mainly an the basis of their distinct cerimicSf whereas the other ariterial equipment remained aiore o r less identical. The remains of the hitherto unknoiim culture^ called the ’oavalda* were brought to light at Javjilda in the late fifties by ii.A. ciali of the Archaeological ^urv y of in ia (lAH - 195B-59)* Hie type site oavalda is located in the central Tapi basin, roughly 20 Km north of Handurb?ir, a taluka headquarter in liiule district of .i^^arashtra. It is situated on the left bank of Tapi, 2 km downstream from i'rakashe on the opposite bank. It is clear that this ia the earliest farming! culture of Waharashtra as it occurs at the base, below the Late tiarappan level at iiaimabad (lAR 1975-76), 4G It vill not be far fetched to aurniae that the culture originated in the Tapi basin aa all the known sites of the c-ulture,except uaiaabad* are located in tho Tapi baain* A few sites have recently been reported in the Krishna basin in i^mataka, and j'undara, the discoverer of the sites even. goes furtier to assign the aah-aounds to the iavalda culture t->undara 19^2)* c>o far 27 sites of this culture have been discovered in the central i'api basin €uid aajority of are considerably 1 rge in size. Hot a single site of this culture has so far been reported from adjoining .ladhya tVadesh, the region vrtiich is tiore fertile and suitable for large size settlements tiian the iapi basin* ;\11 'tiiese factors suggest that the genesis of the iavalda culture lies in the Tapi basin. Savaldo and Bahurupa, two large size settleiients of the ^valda culture, were subjected to limited vertical diggings by R*V* Joshi and .Srlvastava tIAK Two different periods, cocnparable to Prakaahe I and II, were distinguished# Out subsequent study of the pottex^ by 3,A, 3ali revealed quite different features, not cosjparable or following the pattern of any painted cerajnic Known in tlie Tapi valley (3ali 1964). The excavation was planned to know cultural sequence of the site only and hence no fenlaires of the settlement pattern are known to us. The zonal pa tern of the Savalda culture in the Tapi basin is discussed in detail in Copter VI, However, it 47 ahould be stated tiat all the sites are located alon.’, tiie river banka in a linear fashion. A njajority of the sites f are lociited on the rivar Tapi and a few on the tributaries. A large scale excavation conducted at l^im jbad (iUst. /ihmednagar, Maharashtra) by Deshpanrie and ->,A. oali of the irchaeological ^rvoy of India, have thro'^m well- come light on the different aspects of the 3avalda culture, l) ->avalda ware - It is made on slow to fast wheel, is coarse to medium in fabric and is treated with a thick slip of varying shades of brown, chocolate, pink and red, -^ich develops cracks during firing. Forma; A highnecked Jar with squat ody and blimt Carinatioa,dish, platter, dish->on-stand, trough or basin, bowl, lid, ring stand, handi ana vase. i-'esi^nsi painted aiotifs wei*e e x e c u t e in black and occasi«mally in ochro, red, reddish brovm etc. The painted dositins can be divided into four categories and they are found on both surfaces; outer and inner. Oenorally the painted ;notifs, executed cm the outer airface of the pot, are confined to "Wie up,)«r half of a vessel. 1) c\nlmal and bird raotifs include peacock, cr sne A like blrds» flaht homed and other animals. 2) Anaa and weapon motifs - Antenae ended arrow* arro^ead with notched back, unilaterally barbed tool roaeiibling a saw, double bailed fish hook, simple arrow, vertically arx^ged single and double rows of arrowheads. 3) Plant-like aiotifa are also seen on the potsherds* 4) Geometrical long and tkiir) lines, trellis pattern, horizontal bands, loops, spiral oriain pattern, wavy lines, leaf-shaped strokes, conab-like designs etc. (i>ali 1964'.207-10)• dumished arev ^are It is of coarse fabric, treated with grey brown and pink slip. Generally globular pots, lids, handij and lasnps ai'3 found in this variety* Finger tip decorations are coajiaon. In this variety are included big ator^ige Jars, basins and globular Jars which are hand aade, having thick and coarse fabric. They are decorated with incised oblique lines on the top of the rim and horizontal applique bands of finger tip pattern on Hie body. The j«valda people ccmstructed houses of 'aud which were generally rectangular, either single roomed or sometiaes multi roomed and having walls constructed of wattle and daub with a J \.J thatched roof* Generally they vrere closed on three sides and opai oa the fourth aide, which taight have served as an entrance, a largo house soisetl nes was divided b y r\n 'L* shaped partition wall# The saialleat house ^aeasurod 3 . ^ x 1,60 m vtrtiereas the largest one measured 7 x 5 m* T^e courtyard was an important part of structure, which v/aa well nade and pla^ered. The house floors were made of alternate layers of black clay and yellow silt| and plastered periodically, .sometimes they were decorated with fresh water shells embed^ in it (Ia H 19’<^-73). lliese structures were haphazercily arran^.ed, without any proper planning. «>oaetiiBes houses are found to have located very close to each other, whereas in some cases a small passage of 30 to 70 c«a wide was provided between t\fo houses.
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