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312066792.Pdf Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) Neolithic (New Stone Age) Metal Age Old stone Age Paleolithic or Old Stone Age-- period before 10000 B.C clevers choppers chopping tools side scrappers burin Fakes Three phases on the basis of the nature of. Stone tools as well as due to the changes in the climate and environment. lower Paleolithic phase---hand axes Cleavers Choppers Chopping tools middle Paleolithic-----based upon flakes, Upper Paleolithic------burins and scrapers Rock paintings and carvings give us an insight into the subsistence pattern and social life of the Palaeolithic people. The earliest paintings belong to Upper paleolithic age Bhimbetka located on the Vindhyan range, is well known for continuous succession of paintings of different periods Upper Paleolithic stage--paintings are done in green and dark red colours paintings are predominantly of bisons elephants tigers rhinos boars usually large animals some measuring twenty three metres in length hunting is reflected as the main subsistence pursuit in the carvings and paintings sometimes possible to distinguish between men and women on the basis of anatomical features painting also reflected that palaeolithic people lived in small band (small groups) societies whose subsistence economy was based on exploitation of resources in the form of both animal and plant products General points These sites are generally located near water sources lived rarely in huts made of leaves famous sites The Soan valley and Potwar Plateau on the northwest India The Siwalik hills on the north India. Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh Adamgarh hill in Narmada valley. Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh Attirampakkam near Chennai. food was obtained by hunting animals and gathering edible plants and tubers Hunter-gatherers. used stone tools, hand-sized and flaked-off large pebbles for hunting animals Stone implements are made of a hard rock known as quartzite. attempts to domesticate animals, make crude pots and grow some plants few Old Stone Age paintings found on rocks at Bhimbetka and other places The oldest paintings are considered to be 30,000 years old The colors used are vegetable colors which have endured through time because the drawings were generally made deep inside a niche or on inner walls Linear representations, in green and dark red, of huge figures of animals such as bison, tigers and rhinoceroses. Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (10000 B.C. to 6000 B.C) began around 8000 BC There was rise in temperature and the climate became warm and dry The technology of producing tools also underwent change and the small stone tools were used there was shift in the pattern of hunting from big game to small game hunting and to fishing and fowling Material and ecological changes are also reflected in rock paintings. The Mesolithic tools are microliths or small stone tools very small in size length ranges from 1 to 8 cm Some microliths have even geometric forms. Blade, core, point, triangle, lunate and trapeze are the main types of Mesolithic tools Palaeolithic tools like scraper, burin and even choppers also continue during the Mesolithic Age Mesolithic Sites---- Pachpadra basin and the Sojat area (Rajasthan) river Kothari is the largest Mesolithic site in India The rivers Tapti, Narbada, Mahi and Sabarmati (Gujarat) The Vindhyas and Setpuns are rich in Mesolithic sites Bhimbetka is another significant Mesolithic site coastal Konb and the idand plateau Deccan basaltic plateau The Chota Nagpur plateau the coastal plains of Olisso the Bengal delta Brahmaputra valley the Shillong plateau Kuchai in Orissa Scbalgiri-2 in Garo hills of Meghalaya The Krishna and Bhima rivers The Godavari delta is rich in microliths The Kurnool area The paintings and engravings found at the rock shelters give us considerable idea about the social life and economic activities of Mesolithic people Sites rich in Mesolithic art and paintings Bhimbetka Adamgarh pratapgarh Minapur Hunting, food collection, fishing and other human activities are reflected in these paintings Bhimbetka is extremely rich in paintings Many animals like Boar Monkey Nilgai are frequentlydepicted The paintings and engravings depict activities like sexual union child birth rearing of child burial ceremony social organization had become more stable than in paleolithic times It seems that the religious beliefs of the Mesolithic people are conditioned by ecological General points Transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age Mesolithic remains are found in Langhanj in Gujarat Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh some places of Rajasthan, Utter Pradesh and Bihar The paintings and engravings found at the rock shelters give an idea about the social life and economic activities of Mesolithic people In the sites of Mesolithic Age a different type of stone tools is found tiny stone artifacts often not more than five centimeters in size, and therefore called microliths hunting-gathering pattern seems to have been a shift from big animal hunting to small animal hunting and fishing The use of bow and arrow also began began a tendency to settle for longer periods in an area domestication of animals horticulture primitive cultivation started Animal bones are found in these sites and these include dog, deer, boar and ostrich Occasionally, burials of the dead along with some microliths and shells seem to have been practiced NEOLITHIC STAGE OF CULTURE 5500 B.C. to 3500 B.C one of the main characteristic is Domestication of plants and animals Domestication of plants and animals led to emergence of village communities based on sedentary life beginnings of agriculture technology greater control over nature by exploitation of natural resources the approximate time period in which domestication of plants and animals seems to have began The neolithic cultures of the sub-continent . Main points 5500 B.C. to 3500 B.C-- Neolithic permanent villages emerged. Knowledge of wheat, barley, dates, cotton and sheep, goat and cattle Evidences of mud houses pottery Craft-production found. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION as old as the civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia People living in these settlements did not know the use of iron. 3500 B.C to 2600 B.C.---Early Harappa Period Settlements in hills and plains Large number of villages Use of copper wheel and plough granary defensive walls long distance trade Emergence of uniformities in the pottery tradition throughout the Indus Valley the origins of such motifs Pipal, Humped bulls, Cobras Horned deity etc 2600 B.C. to 1800 B.C----Mature Harappa Period Emergence of large cities uniform types of bricks weights\ seals beads pottery Planned township and long distance trade. 1800 B.C.—Onward----Late Harappan Period Many Harappa sites abandoned Interregional exchange declines Writing and city life abandoned The village cultures of Punjab, Sutlej-Yamuna divide and Gujarat imbibe the Harappa crafts and pottery traditions Geographical space Rajasthan Punjab Gujarat Pakistan and some of the surrounding areas. Its features altered the origins of the Indian history stretched it much further back so as to put it at par with the other oldest civilizations of the world namely Egypt 'and Mesopotamia On the foundation of agricultural communities and small townships emerged the 'Harappa Civilization' the presence and domination of large cities the presence of specialized craftsmen, long distance trade the existence of rich and poor people the presence of kings Some particular features using the same written script using the same sets of weights and measures copper-bronze tools used by them were also uniform in design, shape and size the bricks they used had a proportion 4:2: 1 The seals, shell (shank) bangles, carnelian beads and the disc beads of steatite were also uniformly designed use of a pinkish pottery with bright red slip This pottery had standard representations of trees, animals, birds and geometric motifs in black Its area was larger than those of the contemporary Civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt fastest means of transport was bullock-cart Important centres Harappa Mohenjodaro Kalibangan Lothal Sutkagen-Dor Harappa first site to be excavated located on the bank of the Ravi in Western Punjab substantial section of the population was engaged in activities other than food production activities could relate to administration, trade craft work religion Since these people were not producing food for themselves someone else would have to do it for them Productivity was Low and transportation was quite difficult maintaining these non-food producers the community would have to mobilize a very large number of people for procuring and transporting food from the food producing areas transportation of grains by bullock carts and boats The location of Harappa in isolation can be explained by 'the fact that it was located in the midst of some important trade routes which are still in use These routes connected Harappa with Central Asia, Afghanistan and Jammu. Mohenjo-Daro located in the Larkana district of Sind on the bank of the river Indus largest site of the Harappa Civilization town planning housing seals Kalibangan Located in Rajasthan along the dried up bed of the river Ghaggar. significant variation from Harappa in the sphere of religious beliefs presence of distinct local traditions in pottery along with the Harappa pottery Might have been a mediator between the Harappan cultural zone and the eastern provinces. Lothal Gujarat settlements such as Rangapur Surkotada Lothal Lothal is located in the coastal flats of the Gulf of Cambay seems to have been an outpost for sea-trade with contemporary West Asian societies dockyard Sutkagen-Dor located near the Makran coast which is close to the Pakistan-Iran border citadel surrounded by a stone wall built for defence the need of sea-port for trading. Town-Planning remarkable unity of conception houses, the temples, the granaries and the streets themselves will be almost identical to those of Mohenjodaro or any other Harappan town for that matter the division of each town into two parts 1.
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