The Decline of Harappan Civilization K.N.DIKSHIT

EBSTRACT

As pointed out by N. G. Majumdar in 1934, a late phase of lndus civilization is illustrated by discovered at the upper levels of Jhukar and Mohenjo-daro. However, it was the excavation at Rangpur which revealed in stratification a general decline in the prosperity of the Harappan culture. The cultural gamut of the nuclear region of the lndus-Sarasvati divide, when compared internally, revealed regional variations conforming to devolutionary tendencies especially in the peripheral region of north and western lndia. A large number of sites, now loosely termed as 'Late Harappan/Post-urban', have been discovered. These sites, which formed the disrupted terminal phases of the culture, lost their status as Harappan. They no doubt yielded distinctive Harappan pottery, antiquities and remnants of some architectural forms, but neither town planning nor any economic and cultural nucleus. The script also disappeared. ln this paper, an attempt is made with the survey of some of these excavated sites and other exploratory field-data noticed in the lndo-Pak subcontinent, to understand the complex issue.of Harappan decline and its legacy.

CONTENTS l.INTRODUCTION 2. FIELD DATA A. i. Ropar ii. Bara iii. Dher Majra iv. v. Katpalon vi. Nagar vii. Dadheri viii. Rohira B. Jammu and Kashmir i. Manda C. i. ii. Daulatpur iii. Bhagwanpura iv. Mirzapur v. Karsola vi. Muhammad Nagar D. i. Bhorgarh

125 ANCiENT INDlA,NEW SERIES,NO.1

E.Western i. il. ili.Bargaon iv.Mandi v Arnbkheri v:.Bahadarabad F.Guiarat i.Rangpur †|.Desalpur ili.Dhola宙 ra iv v.」 uni Kuran vi.Ratanpura G. i. 3.EV:DENCE OF RICE 4.BURIAL PRACTiCES 5.DiSCUSS10N 6.CLASSiFiCAT10N AND CHRONOLOGY 7.DATA FROM 8.BACTRIA―MARGIANAARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX AND LATE HARAPPANS 9.THE LEGACY 10.CONCLUS10N ・

I. INTRODUCTION

t was Pointed out by A. Ghosh (1982) that the Harappan de-urbanization involved a decre ase in settlement size and population, in surplus food production, in cessation of construction of monumental buildings, in use of and in long distance trade. The reversal of a few abstract criteria of urbanization, as laid dovrn by Childe (1950) and Adams(1966)are equally applicable to the issue of decline of Harappan civilization. To quote l Dales,:With the decline of this civilization,the sophisticated Harappan traits were watered dovvr by l mingling with impoverished local cultures until what was once distinct市 ely Harappan was diluted l to the point of non― existence'(1966).In fact,the devolution of a culture appears to be the outccme l of econornic decline which Produces cultural transforlnation and changes the cultural interaction of l the society(Dikshit 1979). Excavadorls,particularly at ,have established that Baluchistan was the nuclear region。 | Ho■vever,血e subsequent excavadons at Bhirana,and other excⅣ adons in Sarasvad va■ ey in lndia l (Gupta 1996)and Hakra valley in Pakistan(Mugh」 1992a)have added a new dimension to its o五 gh. : The Harappan sites covered an area of about 480,000 sq knl(but not at One tilne)frЭ In i the in the north to Godavariin the south,and from lndus river valley in the west to the .: メainS Of Yamunaゴ ver h the Gangetic valley.The Harappan ci宙 lization reached maturity durhg : the period c.2600-1900 BC(Map l).The Late Harappan culture,or decline,marked the end of[he l urban phenomenon,1.e.,the idea oftown― planning,construction of monumental buildings,writing, 1 and the use of weights and lneasures(Map 2-4). 1

126

― ~― ロ ロ ロ ‥ ― ― ― ― ■ 口 ‐ ロ … … … ■ ロ ロ … … ■ ロ ■ ■ ■ ■ 口 ■ ■ ロ ロ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 口 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 口 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ フ … 口 ■ 口 ■ ■ ■ 口 ロ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 口 | THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN Cl∨ ILiZAT10N

ざ ゞ Ⅲ‖A謂鵠:劉」 ネ:為＼ ざ lm :日 〕D ド ＼ 塁 h… ヽ “ ′ア ご |二電飢鰺 __411二 :´ 看 ″ ξハ 岬DDARO 4( )● ッ … N D A

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LE●EHD3‐

ANCIENT SEES

MODERN u,ュES

EXTEN7 0F ´ W駅″嗜′W mMIIoN

Map 1 Extent of the Harappon Civilization

127 い い ∞ SiTES OF THE EARLY HARAPPAN CiV:L:ZAT10N ~＼

片 . il.I墜‐ 写ノ k~¬°ヽt ′ rぐ ゝ)、 余‐ ご ＼ ″/ 〔 多 ｀ ジド 蠣 下｀ r‐ 〆ジ イヘ スが ー 〆 ～ i′ジ 亀｀う ン ド l⌒ 7 仏 / ・ / / ___メ ら・ (■三11.″.1ギ ｀ヽ `て 、 ヤハ 7 l′ θ IRAN12. 囃 ・メr解応、経 `二 r° 、 ノ「 ‐ _・ _1_■ ljl士:Ll. `ヽ ＞ ｚ 生.″ 。.。 Ｏ ｍ一 「 ｚ ↓ ｚ一 口 ― 覇 一 ＞ φ匡絣 〕 Ｚ ｍ Ｅ ∽ ｍ 刃 ｍ一 ∽ ２ 一 ０ Mep 2 Sites of the Early Horappan Civilization Ｌ THE DECt_lNE OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZAT10N

， 一 ． ‐ L く ・ Ｃ ・へ ′ く Ｚ t.、 ∫i ‐ ノ″ ・ ヽ 一 ・ ） 〓 ． バ ０ ジ 褥 ／ ● ／ ´ ら ＼ ・ Z い ・ Ｉ 」 ＾ ＼ “ ハ 詩 、 “ .r・ . ぃ ノ ヽ 。 し い ′ 、 、 卜 ， 〓 ・ ２ ・ ヽ 〇 し ヽ ¨ 。 卜一 ′ ０ く ´ Ｎ レ 一 ゛ だ Ｊ ヽ 「 ０ ＞一 一 「も 一 ． Ｏ 『Ｎ Ｚ ι ﹇ Ｌ ・ ヽ 『 く ヾ むゝ Ｌ タ つ ― Ｌ だ く も く 、 α ヽ く 日 〓 一、 ν Ｅ ヽ Ш 、 Ｙ こ α 一 ミ つ ‐ ヽ 卜 超 く ・ ‘ ヽ ッ 巨 ■ ミ ． Ш ． ‐ ω 〓 ヽ 選 卜 ．′ ‐ ・ ｂ 」 ♪ ― ０ ― ノ ３ ｀. 一 ０ ・へ ／ ′/・ あ Ш 」 ′ ざ 卜 グ .ノ 1 (。 、。1 ∞ 一 ∝ ∽ -L. z l. -' ヽ -' -Y Σ

129 ANCIENT:NDiA,NEW SERIES,NO.1

１ く ． L Ｃ ●′ Ｚ Ｉ t.、 .l ． 一 、 〓 ． 。 ″ ず ０ メ ／ ‐。 崚 ′ ｆ ／ ． 。 く 、 ヽ ‘ ノ ‐ 。 と 、 い ヽ ヽ Ｌ ■ い ノ ヽ 一 Ｉ 〕 ヽ 〓 「 人 ０ ・ “ 轟 ヒ一 警 ≦ ． ｒ Ｎ ・ ¨ ■ コ ｒ ・ 一 ＞ ・ 、 ． Ｏ一 ヽ ヽ 、 Ｊ ． ． Ｚ イ く Ｌ ‘ ・ だ ａ タ 、 ｃ ヽ ¨ く ＼ ｔ だ ｒ 】 ヽ 、 ん 理 く ヽ 〓 む´ Ш 〓 卜 ミ く E ヽ コ ョ Ш ・ ヽ が一 〓 ． Ｃ 卜 メ ｔ ヽ 」ヽ Ｌ 〈 〓 し ０ ヽ ． １ ｆ 。 シ ∫ 一 ― ． ０ ． ｂ Ｚ ‐ Ш 一 ， い ‐ く ′ 毬 卜 二 ● 、 一 ′ ヽ 一 〇 に ∽『

一 寸 シ Σ

130

中 ~~~― ■口■■■■■口■■口■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■口■■■■■■■■口■■自口■口■ロロ■ロロ‐ロロ… ―― ― ―― Tl.iE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

To understand the question of the Late Harappan culture and decentralization of the urban Harappan civiiization, mos[ scholars have tried to locate the answer in the setting in of decline, and control over long-distance trade. This was accompanied by a decline of the surrounding hinterland that produced and supported the urban centres' Jim Shaffer is of the view that while urban centres may have ceased to exist in , it is culture impossible to assert that this was the case in the entire area covered by the Late Harappan (Shaffer 7gg2).Marshall (1931) was rhe firsr to have discussed the decline in his volume on Indus civilization. Archaeologists generally agree that definite signs of decline in urban character of Harappan witnessed civilization became visible after 2000 BC. , Mohenjo-daro, , , etc., the loss of strict discipline in civic constmction. Houses, drains, lanes and roads, which had been maintained with meticulous care for centuries, and were now allowed to encroach upon each other's boundaries. The industrial sectors were deserted hall, small workshops were widely scattered. The granaries, warehouses, the great bath, the pillared etc., which were meant to serve the public at large, were found to be completely deserted. pottery also shows a marked change in the quality of manufacture aSrd variety of decorations, in painting as well in incised patterns. New houses were built, very often from the debris of older buildings. There are hundreds of other minor and major details of the changing scenario in the oid which clearly established the fact that the end of the Harappan civilization was not sudden. The excavations of a number of Harappan sites including smaller sites, like Alamgirpur and Hulas in the upper show that some specialized industries like faience, steatite, , etc., continued to flourish even in times of decline. The datum line of 2000 BC does not mean that each and every Harappan township declined in 1900 BC but that definite signs of decline were noticeable by 1700 BC. However, at several other sites, like , Balu and Hulas, the new phase is also marked by a new style in pot-making, pot-decoration, etc. The situation appears to be extremely complex and calls for a detailed study so that each site can be treated as an autonomous entity as well as an example of a process of culture- change. The decline of the Harappan civilization was slow and gradual in every region but the transformation from the Late Mature phase to the Late phase differs from region to region. Our analyrical study has shown that difference in the form depended upon the nature of the site, and had two different components: (a) the role the site played in long-distance trade, and (b) the role of the site in agricultural processes' In the first category are the sites which were large and established along the coastal region of and Sindh. The sites involved in the agricultural process are hinterland sites, which are small and supported the coastal sites in mopping up the materials for export. Large and planned cities were by and large absent but small and large houses existed at Lothal, Desalpur, Surkotada, , , from where trade and commerce could be carried on a small sca1e. They dwindled into small settlements resembling the Neolithic self- sufficient agricultural sites.

う Ｄ ANCIENT ,NEW SERIES,NO.1

The continuance of certain crafts of carnelian beads, faience beads or sheil objecr:s onl1, 51ro*- that they belonged to the cultural milieu, which had developed during the mature phase of the Harappan civilization. The form had completely changed because the supply of raw materill ,rvas limited. Mature Harappan phase is often identified with a phase of culture in which industry e rtered into long-distance trade, particularly with the west Asian regions. However, it must be r:leariy understood that 'foreign' trade cannot be effective unless it is backed by vibrant internal trade. The absence of inscribed seals and general scarcity of copper, and other raw materials, s'rch as chert, and gold in the Late Harappan period shows that there was a severe setback to internai and external trade. The excavation at Kuntasi revealed a fortified industrial establishment with large sr.orage areas and workshops. It has two periods: (a) Mature phase (2400-1900 BC) and (b) thr: Late Harappan (1900-1700 BC). In the absence of some fossil artefacts the excavator is of opinion that the so-called unif

1,32 THE DECLiNE OF HARAPPAN CiVILiZAT10N

or river Beas (Pal et at. 7984). There is a distinct palaeo-channei suggesting that the Sutlej and also Sarasvati, a mighty river, flowed through the Nara directly into the Rann of Kachchh (Sharma er al. 200s-06). It is suspected that the decline of the Harappan civilization was, at least, partiy due to the decline in the long distance trade activities, around 1800 BC, with and the Persian Gulf (Map 5). Access to the raw materials used in the production of diverse artefacts and the exchange systems became scarce on the north Indian sites in eastern Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh as the supply links with and became non-existent, which also affected the regional interactions. The raw materiais are steatite, alabaster, marine shells, lapis lazuli, turquoise, carnelian, chalcedony, , flint/chert, schist, shale, basalt, lead, copper/bronze, silver and gold (Lahiri 7992).

ROUTESiN AND AROUND THE CREATERINDUS RECiON

:J CH:NA (' ,0.

Map 5 Routes in and around the Greater Indus region (ofter Possehl 1999)

う う Ｄ Ｄ ANCIENT:ND:A,NEW SERIES,NO.1

HARAPPANS IN NORTH INDlA

MA」 RA 。工″

′ %ク´ / LtJDHttM´′′′nHttNA ´ゲ」 ′'″ `′ Ｍ 多 〔τダ `多 ′ 多 ∠]… :w1/´′ :IIttL″ RAJA SRK今 ら .′ :‐ ′ /一 /1t、 ′′ ))ililil写 り ラ 、ツ iら ′ ヽ ク ltヽ レし Ｌ ″ 当/′ )):‐ 1::::批 ダ ‘ 多 ・ 、 ） ″ 。 E `ツ ‐ ゛ ´ ′ /1',´ ´´ ウ ′、1・～1-′~■ ..MIRZA ′/′′「/｀■― / ″〆誌誌 ^/

i/′ 色留T:::TAせ。T::=:｀ ミ高話Gif]リン ´ 一 ′ =壬 ′ ヽ ヽ ´ ｀ ′ 一 一 ヽ ズ t,フ 1ゝ にυ ′ ´ 一 一 一 ヽ ） 一 ´ ゼtジ ． ´ (11111'/ 悪酪浄二も鮮 ′ ´ Ｒ ，

● MiTATHAL LECEND: 国¨ ● ANCiENT SITES ■ MODERN C:TIES

緬

Map 6 Harappans in northern Indio

134 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CiViLiZAT10N

2.FIELD DnTn A.PunJab Post lndependence,when all the maOr Harappan sites were located in Palcistan,the lndian archaeologists explored the contiguous area of Puttab and Rttasthan.The sites of Kbtla Nihang Khan,Ropar,Dher Mttra,Bara etco were exPlored and excavated(Map 6).

i. Ropar

Excavation at Ropar, on the river Sutlej during 1953 to 1955, revealed a continuous succession of human occupation of six periods from the Harappans to the much later periods. Period i (2000-1400 BC) is assigned as Harappan and the successive Period II (1000-700 BC) is PGW culture (Fig. 1). The Harappans were the first settlers of Ropar and this period is divided into three phases. phase IA is dominated by pre-Harappan wares including some other cognate wares. In Phase IB, some mixed material of Phase IA and Bara ware was noticed. The Mature Halappan ware was dominated by sturdy red ware with typical painted designs (P1. 118). The dish-on-stand of Ropar has a very long drooping rim which is characteristic of this region

' txtcBll.D grlr.!(dr ta.ta- 6.v t D) (ofi irtt s {inlc rY?t) ′′″りJ″ C卿 V “ H識 ° a4ゎ り 'は 評 ば 脚 5叫 N /crfrnc.-AA@) rr J"‐ 3_″ 凄 lt B P懃囁 一 翻樹曽日響 ~~~ 《 ―ョ″aω ¨ qES 理 `島 lSCtlBED 無 ″rL CttY W閣 準 =こ″″_′ ″ ¨ ~ 1″ 口 た "ム HAppPAN W口「 轟 _′ a″ “

Frc 1 Cultr Lral seqtLence of Ropar (after Sharma 1953)

The chronological position of Harappa vis-ir-vis Bara is difficult to explain although the presence of Bara ware is in small percentage. Other antiquities of Mature Harappans, namely beads and bangles of faience, triangular [erracotta cakes and chert blades were noticed (Pl. 11C). In Period IC, a single Harappan seal which bears three familiar symbols in obverse and two concentric circles in the reverse without any holding device was found (Pl. 11D). Another burnt clay lump with a hole bears impressions of three typical seals with bull motif and a legend in the familiar Harappan script. Graffiti on pottery in Harappan script was also noticed. A cemetery away from the habitation area revealed burials with rypical Harappan pots including personal ornaments such as bangles of faience or shell, beads of faience and semi- precious stones and of copper. A copper ring was also found on the middle finger of the right hand of a skeleton. No house plans or layouts of the township were encountered. The site was reoccupied by the PGW users and is devoid of any structural remains and antiquities (I/R 1953-54: 6-7).

135 ANCIENT:ND:A,NEW SER:ES,NO.1

ii. Bara

Bara, in district, Punjab, also show-s gap between the end of the Harappan culture and the arrival of the PGW people, lvhich was evident in Ropar. Bara w-as still occupied when Ropar had been deserted by the Harappans (/lR 1954-55: 10-11). The site lies on the left bank of a monsoon rivulet named Budki Nadi. Bara pottery has distinctive characteristics. These are made of well-levigated, fine to medium grained clay, wheel turned with a self-slip or an applied slip, dull brorarn in colour. Designs are painted in dull chocolate or black Bara pottery has parallels with the Harappan pottery in thickness and shapes, i.e., d sh-on- stand, basin or large bowl with flaring sides and a variery of rims including the undercut rypes. Among the Mature Harappan shapes, absent in the are Indus goblet with pointerl base, shallow flat dish with flaring sides, wide mouthed large storage jar with concave profile abc,ve rhe base, perforated jar, etc. (Pl. 14A-C). Houses were made of kankar stone and mud- and the evidence of burnt clay lumps with reed impression is indicative of wattle and daub huts.

iii. Dher Majra

Dher Majra is located in the valley, about 11 km north of Ropar and was excavated by Prufer in 1951. Excavation at the site has revealed rwo cultural periods, of which the first belongs to l{ature Harappan.c phase and the second phase is characterized by a composite ceramic industry which show辟 ヽ 、納 Ｊ lヴ トで 牡 明 ヴ

( 銹 電ヽメ 盪

3 ゴ 督 ヽ、_1 ∃

Frc 2 Paintedpottery, Dher Mojro Frc 3 Painted pottery, Sanghol

136 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

affinities with the Harappa, Cemetery-H and other red wares Gig. 2). All these are comparable with I the Late Harappan ceramic complexes of Mitathal, Bara etc. The structural evidences of the Phase in the are a mud rampart at leasr on the side of the river whereas Late Harappan habitation deposit phase II covered the ruins of the earlier habitation and the defences. The antiquities are objects of of faience, clay, bone and stcne, copper, bronze, figurines, chert blades, weights, beads semi-precious stones, stone querns and pestles (Prufer 1951)'

iv. Sanghol

The ancient mound of Sanghol in Ludhiana district, Punjab, is about 25 m high and covers an area of roughly 300 sq m apd lies close to a now dry water course, possibly an ancient bed of the Sutlej or one of its defunct tributaries. Excavarions at the site by S. S. Talwar and R. S. Bisht during 1968 to 7973 rcvealed six cultural periods of which Period I belongs to the Late Harappan culture- Mud and mud- ;----- i -'-'-1 Iil

PERTOO 18

Frc 4 Plon of strucrures of Phose 3 of Period IB ot Sanghol (after Sharma and Sharma 1982)

137 ANCIENT INDlA,NEW SERl=S,No.1

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で剛 ―J

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一ハ Treぃ _F-2 ″゛ `卜 ・″ ≧ 、 ゛ SAN6HOL:“L-2ざ PER10D IB I PLAN OF STRUCTURES Ph-4‐

|

Frc 5 Plan of sffuctures of phase 4 of period IB at Sanghol (after Sharma ond Sharma 1982) structures, circular corn-bins and hearths, or tandoors, were found in this period. Other strud.ures were of rammed earth. The fabric and form of the pottery shows striking similarities witt the pottely (Fig. from Bara 3, Pl. 12A-B). It is bright to buff in colour and has fine slip and the shapes include dish-on-stand, dish, bowl, beaker, vases of medium to small sizes, large storage jar, flat dish with short sides and roughened base and hollow ring-stands. Two copper chisels of rectanS;ular cross-section and slightly splayed edge, few inlays, heart-shaped bangles and ear-rings of,red and azure-green faience were also reported (/AR 7969-70:31-32). Period II is characterized bl, the occurrences of PGW and plain grey, black-slipped and associated red wares (IAR 7968-69: 25-?.6). In the excavation at Sanghol, between 1968 and 7973, no overlap of Harappan culture with PGW was noticed. However, when excavations were begun anew in lg13, G. B. Sharma noticed an overlap of Late Harappan with the PGW in Period ic. A baked lrrick

138

一 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN C!VIL:ZAT!ON

was also founcl in this deposit. In Period IB, which is divided into six phases, Phases IIl and IV have many mud-r,valled structures w-ith clay-lined oblong kilns or hearths including corn- bins (Figs.4-5). Plans of strucrures revealed rooms which extended to east as well as to the.west. These small kilns were found at several places in structural Phases II, III and IV' bangles In some of these kilns, pieces of faience bangles were found, thereby assuming that beads, and other small objecrs were being fired in these kilns. Ninety-two micro gold beads, unfinished IV agate beads, a charred weight and copper chisels were found in one of the rooms of Phase (Sharma and Sharma 7982). ln (7973-77), when J. P. Joshi was exploring and excavating in Punjab and Haryana at Bhagwanpura, Dadheri, Nagar, Katpalon and Mancla (J&K), he noticed an or,rrlap of PGW with Late Harappan culture (Joshi 7978).

v. Katpalon punjab between the Harappan The excavarions ar Karpalon in have shed light on the felationship and pGW culture. The site yielded a sequence of three culrur6s in a deposit of 6 m. In Period I, pGW culture has been found interlocked with the Late Harappan. An oval structure in dilapidated condition was reqovered. The other antiquities include copper and antimony rods, teracotta beads and wheels. This period was followed, after a break, by Period II which is assigned to the Kushan period (Joshi and Bala l9B2: 793).

vi. Nagar

At Nagar, Joshi noticed in the lowest Period I, a PGW horizon which according to him, has a sprinkling of Late Harappan sturdy red ware indicating interlocking of two cultures. After a gap, it was occupied by Kushans. In Period I, antiquities included copper objects, bone sry1i, terracotta ear ornamenrs and animal figures besides beads and bangles (Pl. 12C). In one of the trenches by the side of the post-holes of the huts, some oval structures were also found (Joshi 1993).

vii. Dadheri

At Dadheri, in a 6 m cultural deposit, in Period IA, Late Harappan culture was noticed which was closely followed by sub-Period IB where PGW and Late Harappan pottery was found together. in period IA, evidence of mud wailed houses and huts as found elsewhere iike Sanghol, etc., were also noticed (p1. 13A). Other antiquities included copper objects, telracotta beads, wheels, round cakes, faience bangles and rerracona painted Uull (Fig. 6). A huge storage jar with Late Harappan painted and incised wavy lines of pre-Harappan tradition was noticed in siru (Pl. 13B) (Joshi 7993). The sites of Katpalon and Nagar were explored by the author and H. K. Narain (IAR 1963-64: 28). This exploration along the right bank of river Sutlej in Punjab was published in 1967 (Dikshit 1967b:561-68).

う ＾ Ｄ り

― ― ― ― ― ― ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 奪 ■

ANCiENT IND:A,NEW SER:ES,卜 0.1

い 施 〃′′ 扁 み紘勢 旧 冊 ＝ ― ― ◎蠅 ― ― ;£ ― ― ◎ ― ⊇ ⑪l〔

Frc 6 Culrure complex of Dadheri

viii. Rohira Rohira in of Punjab was explored in 1965 by the author (lAR 7964-65: 75) :md later on it was put to excavation by the State Directorate of Archaeology, Punjab which revealed a sequence of six cultural periods (Sharma and Kumar 1980-81: 725-727). Period I is divided into three phases namely, lA, i.e., pre-Harappan; IB, i.e., Mature Harappan and IC, i.e., Late Harapllan (identified with Bara) (Fig. 7). The pottery of Phase IC represented thick well-baked pots with characteristic incised design on cooking vessels and water jars. Antiquities included faience bangles and beads and also agate beads. This period was succeeded by PGW, black-slipped grey ware and associated red ware. In the stratigraphy, there is a clear gap between these naro periods.

B. Jammu and Kashmir i. Manda

The site is located on the bank of river Chenab, near Akhnoor, ln the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In a deposit of 9.2 m, a three-fold sequence of culture with sub-periods in earliest period of occupation were noticed.

140

‐口 ‐‐ ― ロ ~"~~~― ―――――ロロロ ロー ・ ―一一 ‐ロ ■ロロ ‐ '‐ ■ ■ロロ■口■■■口 ロロ “ ■■口■■口‐‐‐■■i口 :ロ ロロロ‐‐嘔口■■■■■■■■ロロ■口■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■口■■■■■■ | 「 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CiVlLIZAT10N

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「 ― ― ― ― ― ｀ ― ｌ 卜導卜さド ｌ ｀ ｀ ｀ ｀ ｀ ｌ ●● ｀ ｀ 5 ヽ 、 、、 、｀ Ｊ

o 1 2 5 Ch/1=lR/1ETRE ⅣlEmES

Frc 7 Section of Rohiro (after Sharmo andKumar 1980-81)

In Period IA, according to excavator, pre-Harappan red ware, whose percentage in comparison ro Mature Harappan is berween 15-25 percent (perforated jar absent), along with other antiquities such as bone arrowheads, terracotta cakes, potsherds with Harappan graffiti, chert blades and an unfinished seal were noticed. In sub-Period IB, Harappan red ware and grey ware associated with PGW were noriced. His interpretation is that this grey ware belongs to the PGW family as there is an interlocking of these two cultures (Joshi 1993).

C. Haryana

The explorations and excavations in Haryana revealed extension of Harappa culture from as well as from Punjab (Map 7). Banawali, Balu and provided a complete sequence

141 ANCIENT IND:A,NEW SERIES,NO.1

よ

「lARAPPAN SITESIN THE ツ SARASVAT:AND DR:SHADVAT:VALLEYS(HARYANAl

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HARAPPB VRE ▲ 議 いW籠 △ 'AHに

AB P UNJ

から ゝ 工 ∽ 世 ● HARYA撻 く ｀ “ ｀~ノ い ι “ く ⅢS鍔 ト レ ギ っ 「

MAp 7 Harappan sites in the Sarasvati and Drkhodvati valleys (Haryana) of the Harappans' rise and fall in this region. A few sites which witnessed Harappan declin: are mentioned below.

i. Mitathal

Mitathal lies at a distance of 10 km to the north-west of , a district headquarter of Hanzana. This site accidentally came to be known with the discovery of two copper harpoons of Copper-t oard vintage. The site was first excavated by the Panjab Universiry in 1968 (FiS. 8). The excavation revealed Period I represented by fabrics A and C of I tradition whereas Period II is divided into trnro phases. Period IIA is characterized by the rypical Harappan ceramic indttstry, architecture, household objects and ornaments (Bhan 7975: 6). Phase IIB is a continuation of the Mature tradition, however in a degenerate form (Figs. 9-10). The pottery is red ware and indicates general degenerating nature in terms of manufar:fttre, treatment and decorations of pot (Bhan 7975: B). The mud-brick structures are rare and the beads are not evenly finished. The terracotta biconical variety of beads shows rypological evolution, whereas

142

― 一 ― THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CiViLiZAT10N

cart-wheels in this phase are comparatively thicker and smaller in size. The terracotta cakes were round and of oblong varieties and the script can be seen in form of graffiti. The Mature stage of Harappan culture degenerates slowly in Haryana and is seen assimilated with the later traditions.

ii. Daulatpur

Excavations at the site of Daulatpur (IAR 1968-69: B-9), situated on the bank of the river, revealed a succession of four cultural layers, the earliest being the Late Harappan and the latest being the Early Medieval period. Period I (Harappan) is marked by the occurrence of thick sturdy ware including the painted variety showing Harappan forms such as the dish-on-stand and jar.

ヽV・ がt“ “

摯 ′昴 ′ '(′ 瑚1″ i .- ' 4' jr.. a.,. “

l i i _ -_.- I I rt/\TLJ P,l\l- SC)tl- i L._._I ._._.r 1 _ . 、 9 1 _ | ″ε7E沢5

Ftc B Mitathal, District Bhiwani: 1968, cutting MTL 1 (after Suraj Bhan 19ZS)

143 ANCiENT IND:A,NEW SERIES,NO.1

ヽ ‐だ｀篭 り !― 、 ■2に 司 、 万d層再 ノ“要蓄贅、 =B 十 塞当 =劉 フ フ ′耳曇ノ″臥 同 √肇曇塾 ■ビ フ フ ア ０ 墨 胃 ⊃ Wф ／ ´、″ 5 10 15 20

Frc 9 & lA Late Harappan pottety from Mitathal IIB (after Surq Bhan 1975)

. Evolved shapes, inferior treatment of the surface and the simpler and fewer decorations indicate a decadent stage of the Harappan culture. The pottery has mixed assemblage of Early Harappan, Mature Harappan and Late Harappan having Cemetery-H rype and compares to Bara. Some noteworthy objects of this period are grinding stones, bangles of terracotta, faience and c opper or bronze objects, beads of semi-precious stones and charred grains. The excavations revealed five structurai phases with post-holes, wall of mud-bricl,s and ill-fired bricl,s of various sizes. This period is succeeded by the PGW culture and the anti

iii. Bhagwanpura

The site of Bhagwanpura on the bank of Sarasvati revealed two stages in the occupational deposit of 2.7 m. The lowest stage (IA) speaks of the absence of beakers or perforated jars from the Harappan material (Figs. 11-12). In this stage, a solid mud platform was raised as protective measure against (Figs. floods. This material continues in the next stage (IB) with PGW culture 13-16). A mud 'ryalled house having 13 rooms with a corridor in benveen and a courtyard was noticed on the eastetn side

144 下HE DECLiNE OF HARAPPAN CIVILiZAT:ON

爾ヽ ＼ ノ ヲ 耳¬ 可覇 」 科

_Ж ゝ■ユ■ ヽ ノ~計 片づゝ て ―ブ 拳拳W 「 XY軍 ° u膿 、 “ 〒司=ヲ νΨ守 饒 嗣¬可Ⅳ毅T9・ …料十鰤 翼ゴ≡橿覺 Frc 11 &12 Pottery of PeriodlA, Bhagwonpuro (after Joshi 1993)

、 ´J:!!:::i:i:::::::::i:|::::::::::::::::::::し 、、 、 `′

,I::::::::::ll::::::::::::::‐ 1.“ “ 出 ,ぉH 軍 ヽ■塾 T ノ s曇 瀬 ` さ 写 り0 丞メ2式

:

Hi』P l ● 1, 20 cM )91可Vヽ Fic 13 & L4 Pottery of Period lB, Bhagwanpura (after Joshi 1993)

145 ANCiENT:ND:A,NEW SER:ES,NO.1

∠ι灯 /冒 /孫彗 撃15/t(≧ ヽ 鞣 甲 ノ6讚 r7D｀ 卜 4胚 イ ′ 隋 ′ L∽ ９ 辱5/6ひ 〆:鳳 ′‖ら ｀2墓T /8母 /a lЮ じイゆ /覇 /1ジ LSイ゛l,74 /.ら ス /.ン ピ鰺6鵞 r旧轡 マ 2晏 ″ ._._η 率。f2鷲 だな Fb勝「鷲… 釧 で Frc 15 & 76 Painted red ware, Period IA and IB Bhagwanpura (after Joshi 1993)

′ 島 ― １

４

Frc 17 Culture complex of Bhagwanpura

146

ロ ‐‐‐口‐ 口 ― ― ‐口‐ロロロロ ~~‐ ― ■■ロロ■■ロロ‐‐口 "~"~一 ―ロー‐嘲―――口‐‐口‐口‐口‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐■口■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ロロ■■■■ |一 THE DECLiNE OF HARAPPAN CiViLIZAT10N

of the habitation (P1. 14D). The other antiquities are terracottzr bulls, cart w-heels with central hub, bangies, copper rods ancl pins, faience beads and bangles and beacis of semi-precious stones and bone pins (Fig. 17). At Bhagwanpura, nro skeietons lying in north-south orientation r,vith heads towards north, with no funerary goods, were found from the habitation area of Period IB (P1. 14E). The habitation r,vas affected by the recurring floods, earlier in the times of Period IA and second one when the PGW people were livingwith the Late Harappans in Period IB (Joshi 7993). There is a possibilirythat these floods may have disturbed the stratigraphy of the site. In connection with burials inside habitation, it may be pointed out that at Ropar, and recently excavated (Shinde et al. 2O\O) diagnostic Harappan traits survived, as also the custom of a separate cemetery away from the habitational area. Even at Sanauli, as mentioned above, rhe cemetery survived separately from habitation area. This gives rise to suggest that the Harappans at Bhagwanpura were perhaps diluted to the point of non-existence. If the position of these skeletons at Bhagwanpura in habitational area is accepted, then the question arises that were these people of Bhagwanpura IB of Harappan stock or not, because this change must have occurred due to radically different culrural values. The users of PGW who overlapped with them, according to the excavator, also never buried their dead in the habitational area. It was only with the advent of the Muslim period that burials took place inside the house in some cases.

iv. Mirzapur

Excavations at Mirzapur, a small mound in district revealed a Late Harappan phase of 1 to 1.5 m. deposit. The site has yielded mud-brick structures of three phases, evidence of a fireplace, a refuse pit, an oven and corn-bin inside a room. The other antiquities include a large number of beads made of semi-precious stones such as agate, crystal, jasper and carnelian and a few steatite disc beads, terracotta bangles and beads, marbles, toy cart frames and wheels, and cakes, both circular and triangular. Plain and painted bul1 figurines, a painted curved figurine probably of a snake, faience bangles and balls with incised decorations, beads, and a beautiful figurine of stag with a horizontal hole, etc., were also found. The pottery is characterized by sturdy red ware, painted in light black colour with geometric and linear designs and plant, fish and bird motifs. Classical Mature Harappan shapes such as the perforated jar and beakers are totally absent at the site and the goblet is very rare. The site remained unoccupied after the Late Harappans left and was again reoccupied during the Early Historical period (Singh l9B9: 289).

v. Karsola

The site of Karsola in Julana tehsil of district lies in the catchment area of river Chautang. It has revealed in excavations a cultural sequence of three periods; namely the Late Harappan, PGW and Kushan. The evidence of Kushan occupation has been removed by the villagers.

147 ANCiENT lNDlA,NEW SER:E〔 ;,NO.1

The aim of the excavation was to establish whether the Late Harappans continued to e>.isr u1: till the beginning of thirteenth century BC or the antiquiry of PGW could be pushed back to a:ound 1500 BC. A total of about twenty-five trenches of 5 sq m each were laid on the entire mound. Out of the 3 m cultural deposit, the lowest one belonged to Late Harappan. The pottery is thick p;dnted red ware (P1. 15A-B). It has revealed mud structure along with hearths, kilns and furnaces from the deposit of Layers 3 to 6 (Fig. 1B). Amongst the antiquities which are very few, menrion must be made of solitary beads of agate and carnelian including terracotta, faience bangles and a:ticles of shell. After the end of the Harappan period, the users of the PGW levelled the site (Laver 2) and continued to live there for some time (personal communication from V. S. Shinde and P B. S. Senger 2011).

― ミニ三二多ζf

‐ t3, ,

4 師¬ Unexcavated Area

シ

I I:魃 Fadng

Fic 18 Section of LY7, illustrating the statigraphic sequence, Karsola

vi. Muhammad Nagar In the excavations carried out by B. R. Mani at Muhammad Nagar, district, Haryana, in 7997-98, a 35 cm thick deposit over the kankar-maed natural soil with ground water lelded pre-PGW deposit having sturdy red ware sherds, comparable to the pottery assemblage from and representing Period I of the site which could be assigned to the Late Harappan Jrsfiod (LAR7997-98: 40-54). This period was succeeded by Period II having grey ware and some sherds of PGW and associated red ware. In another trench, this deposit also yielded black-and-red ware and grey ware. Iron objects were also found. The succeeding period belongs to Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW).

t48 THE IDECLINE OF卜 JARAPPAN CiV:LiZAT10N

D. Delhi i. Bhorgarh

The Directorate of Archaeology, Government of Delhi, took up the excavations at Bhorgarh from lgg2-g4 and yielded a four-fold cultural sequence from the Late Harappan period up to the medieval times. period I, associated with Late Harappa, revealed thick red ware pottery. in the excavation, rwo graves were encountered. The first grave was an extended burial with three pots placed behind the head, whereas the other grave, also an extended burial, did not contain any burial goods. Period I was succeeded by PGW suggesting that people were living here in circular huts supported by wooden posts. There was no cuitural overlap (Babu 7994-95)-

E. Western Uttar Pradesh

Since the discovery of Alamgirpur in 1958, a systematic survey revealed a cluster of Harappan sites which were confined only around the tributaries of Yamuna. Most 6f these sites, located at a distance of about 8 to 12 km confirm the pattern of linear or nucleated settlements, as noticed in Gujarat and Punjab. A detailed srudy of these excavated sites throws light on the Harappan culture complex of this extended region (Map B).

i. Hulas

Hulas is a type site of Harappa culture in upper Gangetic doab located on Katha nala, one of the tributaries of the river Yamuna, an extension of Indus system of rivers till its diversion due to tectonic movement in Himalayas, to Gangetic system of rivers somewhere in c. 2OOO/1900 BC (Map B). It belongs ro the last quarter of the third millennium BC. The mound at Hulas has about 5 m of occupation. This is divisible into five cultural periods: Period I The lowest yielded Harappan Ware Period II Painted Grey Ware Period IIi Northern Biack Polished Ware Period IV Kushan Ware Period V Gupta Moulded Ware The PGW users occupied a different portion of the mound (FiS. 19). The Harappan strata is 2.5 m thick. At one stage, the Harappans constructed a solid mud platform running north-easVsouth-west as a protective measure against the floods. Out of five structural levels, this strata revealed three successive living usages. Five out of forry-three structures, including the floor levels, belonged to the earliest, thirry-two to the middle phase and the rest to the upper phase (Fig. 20). Beginning with rectangular mud brick houses in earlier phases, circular huts made an appearance in the middle level and both raditions continued in the upper phase (Pl. 15C-D).

1,49 ANCIENT IND:A,NEW SERIES,NO.1

78. I 50

LECEND: PR:NCiPAL HARAPPAN SiTE〔 ; RECENT EXPLORAT10N ▲ :N GANGA‐YAMUNA DOAB EXCAVATED SITES ○ Ｅ 5 0 5 10 15 20 ●

MODERN CIT!ES ■

Ｅ Ｒ Ｒ ф 海 ¨り ‐ 矩 ｋ 、 ＼ ｌ ―

ノ ― ク

ｆ Ｉ

／ Ｎ ／ 工 ‘ ４ 輛 ７ ０

Ｊ Ａ ｓ 」 ゝ ／ ゛ １

¨ ゝ

Ｔ ＳＥ¨Ａ ． 、

MAp B Harappon sites in westernUttar Pradesh

150 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN Cl∨ ILiZAT10N

AЮ EARLY旧〕EN/Aし 喩 RES

TTA AINAL AЮ F●tRV0 ―・・ …

NORTHERN BLACК POLISHEO WARE

I PANTEO GRAY WARE MP‐ ● L●3 HARAPPAN WARES ““

IAIUAALSOIL

Fic 19 Schematic section ccross Hulas mound, 1978-83

:｀ ◎

|

1 θ .I F I d

― ― ―― ¬ ＼ l 一 l 。 1 一

1 ワ

β ｌ ， ― ∃

Frc 20 Circular huts and mud-walledhouses, Hulas

151 ANCiENT IND:A,NEW SERIES,N().1

During the earlier phase, a very small percentage of coarse red ware r,r'as found with t re Harappan po6ery, whereas in the middle phase it was the Harappan pottery r,vhich dominate d. in the upper phase, Harappans continued with other new rypes and painted designs (Figs. 21-23, Pl. 16A). Miniature pots dominated the phase (Dikshit 7982,1990-91). Characteristic Harappan pottery forms including the dish with projected rim and carinated shoulder, the globular vessel with a flange round the neck, the shallow dish with an incurved rim, and the jar-stand with a concave profile (Wheeler 7947: rypes I, XIII, ]OC(, SLV) are rare at Hulls' Even rypes 15, 16, 27,22 and 23 found at Aiamgirpur (Fig. 24) are absent at Hulas. The painted motifs, which are executed in black pigment, are all simple bands, triangles, mat designs, rows of hatched diamonds with horizontal bands, chains within bands, leaf patterns and a dancing peac()ck with a hatched body. A few painted motifs placed on the neck and shoulder seem to have be en derived from the pre-Harappan traditions. Still, a majority of painted motifs are Harappan. There is also an incised decoration on the exterior of some Pot. One of the sherds had deep conspicuous compartmented design on the inner side reminiscent of Early Harappan features. Important antiquities included terracotta animal figurines, cakes, tmncated bicone beads, and ball with incised mark; fragmentary copper bangles, chisels, spiral rings, wires, needles r'rith pots eye and fish hooks, bone points, stone quern and pestles; faience objects-beads, bangles and and also beads of agate. Indeterminate terracotta objects of various sizes were also encounterec . A terracotta sealing with three Harappan signs was also found (Pls. 16B-E, 17A-B)'

r__ 三二三二ニニ ロ 「「 ミ メ 、 ′′ :|二 、 Wが 、 ノ141 ＼ ~フ〃 ヽ 2卜 ノ

~‐ dil::~~~~「 16 ~ :「 守下 ~『 L61 )｀ J ギ 乙シ 蒔 ∠廿 俺蓼

＾ ∫ 膠 ヨ ⊃VTΨ 潅 ０ ¬汗FF賢 ニヨi i甲 ３４ V 36 33

捧

1:'r161a'O Cr IP'1'`|° |ト ‐ ｏ

Frc 21 Pottery types from Hulas Ftc 22 Painted pottery, Hulas

ｒ つ υ 乙 THE DECLiNE OF HARAPPAN Ci∨ lLIZAT10N

~瓦 / 丁 吻 / t?

‐~11:::::;;ラ ~~

ア フ ,|¶ I學

― “ 論 彬 ち静 ２ ５ 鳩 編ン 「 鯵 4宅 (負 〔許 ゅi多 ρ 4欝 妙

Frc 23 Painted pottery, Hulas

During the excavations at Hulas, a row of miniature pots were noticed on the periphery of a pit (pl. 17C). The identification of these pots could not be done till the excavations at Sanauli (Sharma etal.2006) revealedsimilarrowsof miniaturePotsnearburials (Pl. 17D). Mention of the modes of disposal of dead in ancient India is found in Vedic literature. Certain hlrmns in Atharvavedo describe riruals pertaining to burials. The Pitnmedha Sukta of. Atharvoveda suggests that besides , other rypes of burial rites which were prevalent in the society included putting the dead body on higher open air place (on tree or hill) or relocating the same (Mani 2006-07:165). The dead ancestors have been evoked in the verse:

Ye nikhataye paroptaye dagdhaye choddhitah I

S artt anstanagna a v aha pitr in havishe attov e | | Atharvaveda (18.2.34)

The interpretation of these miniature pots in a row may be connected with burials in one or other form. lVhen a person dies outside, then such rituals are performed by his relatives at his place. At Sanauli some ritualistic objects of copper were found within a brick structure composed of large size bricks having their length 51 to 53 cm. Sotupatha Brahmano mentions the size of bricks of the chirr, the largest ones being the length of thigh bone which should be around 52 cm as found in the pre-Mauryan bricks from various places including Lauriya Nandangarh, and in more recent times at Sanauli (Mani 2006-07:167).

153 ANCIENT lNDiA,NEW SERIES,NO.1

PLnl}'lREDl,uREs PAINTEDGREY$,ARE BLACK-&-REDV{aRE STY‖ &PolN「5 BLACKrsLIPPED WARE I_ OR:AMENTALDISCS RONtts

TEttoTn cAKES STEATrrE 8は たNcE HARAPRN WARES I Nハ AL RGURNES NscRIBED POTS EEADS

NATURAL

Ftc 24 schematic section across the mound of Alamgirpur 1959 (lAR lgsT-sg)

l

― 7 ヽ 2愕 ぃ、 ml ~

4曜 ヽ

け ー 」EスЛ

色旧 ヽ|~ず 2Ψ 〕ЮttU

FIG 25 Poι ιcッ 妨pes OfPeriOdム ス:α ttgfrpur e択 1958-59

154 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CiViLiZAT10N

ii. Alamgirpur

Excavations at Alamgirpur, on the left bank of Hindon,. a tributary of Yamuna, revealed four cultural periods with a break in between all of them (Fig. 24). The earliest level (Period I) of 1.8 m PGW thickness belongs ro the Harappa culture and Period Ii is characterised by the occurrences of and the black-slipped, black-and-red and plain red wares. The break between Period I and II was demonstrated by their respective cultural assemblages and as well as by a difference in the texture are and composition of the layers (IAR 1958-59: 50-55). The notable of Harappa culture jar (Fig. Pl. 1BA) dish-on-stand, goblet with painted base, cylindrical jar, beaker and perforated 25, ' peacock is a common painted design as at Hulas. Other interesting antiquities are the objects Bear-shaped made of terracotta, faience, steatite, semi-precious stones, bone and copper and bronze. and animal headed handle being part of a vessel, a fragmentary terracotta body of a humped bull also the representation of a snake were found. In a large pit, a crushed pile of fragments that revealed thick platters and troughs when potter's name reassembled, and a short, incised inscription consisting of two symbols, probably the or mark, were noticed (Pls. 188-C, 19A).

iii. Bargaon of the Yamuna Bargaon, a single culture site is situated on the left bank of the Maskara, a tributary along with unslipped and the excavarion yieided 1 m thick occupational deposit of Harappan ware headed toy cart, ochre-coloured ware (Figs. 26-27). Amongst antiquities, terracotta cakes, a bull stone weights and faience wheels with central hubs, beads, chert blades, bone points, coPper rings, goblet, ring-stand and bangles were also found (pl. 198-E). The Harappan shapes included Indus miniature pedestalled cup. No evidence of structure was found (IAR 1963-64:56-57)'

iv. Mandi an excavation carried A hoard of jewellery at Mandi in Muzaffarnagar district was discovered during periods. These were our by D. v. Sharma et al. (7ggg-2ooo: 36-41). The excavation yieided two period I, which is Harappan and contemporary to that of Hulas and Alamgirpur, and Period II, which belongs to the Kushan period. beads of semi- The jewellery was divided into five types of gold beads including 37 spacer, jewellery. onyx precious stones and copper were found in a copper container along with other Some (1937-38) Harappan sites beads were also found which were earlier reported by Mackay at other including Lothal. and The pottery reported is all Late Harappan and it includes plain and painted red ware thick grey ware. After a hiatus, the site was occupied by Kushans having red polished ware with stamped designs.

155 ANCiENT IND:A,NEW SERIES,NO.1

l ′′ 2トー長ヌ ミ 7 91~可

~ア ｀ 6け 0

FIG 26&27 Pοιたり shqフ θs_ル οm Bα rgaο n

FIG 28&29 Pο lたッルm Ambた たcri a収 1963-6つ

156 THE DECLiNE OF HARAPPAN CIViLiZAT10N

Frc 30 Antiquities, Ambkheri

v. Ambkheri 1983) revealed a The site of Ambkheri which is located near Roorkee (Deshpande and Dikshit cultural deposit of 1.1 m with many hitherto unknown shapes and antiquities' peel The sherds The pottery is inadequately fired and usualiy the slip has a tendency to off. cord design, mat impressions and c1o not bear any traces of paintings or incised designs, although in thick horizontally raised bands can be noticed on the exterior of the pots. The noteworthy rypes with flanged fabric included the large trough, bowi like lid with central knob, dish-on-stand, vase rim and oval body, ring-stand and basin with under cut rim' (Figs' 28-29)' Awashed greyware also accompanied this complex. Miniature pots are limited with a central Antiquities recovered are a solitary carnelian bead, terracotta objects like cart-wheel and stone hub, animal figurines including humped bull, a fragmentary cake with oval depression noticed (P1. 19F). saddie-querns with pestles (Fig. 30). Remains of a brick-kiln and a hearth were also pottery In this connection, reference to Gadharona must be made, which also yielded similar a handle of washed as reported from Ambkheri. These included a short stemmed dish-on-stand, (IAR 54) grey ware, barrel type beads of banded agate and other terracotta figurines 7963-64: ' The ochre-coloured ware from Ambkheri, while sharing the fabric of the corresponding certain affinities pottery from Bahadarabad, differs in form. on the other hand, the assemblage shows is likely with the Harappan material of Alamgirpur, Bara, Bargaon and Ropar. It appears that the site link in to represent a degenerate phase of the Harappan culture and as such provides an important bridging the gap between the Harappan and PGW cultures'

1.57 ANCIENT INDlA,NEW SERIE〔 ,,NO.1

vi. Bahadarabad

At Bahadarabad, while the diversion of a canal w-as worked out ior a hydro-elecrric po,,ver hc,use, a few sherds of red ware (called herein as ochre-coloured ware) and a hoard of copper objects (called as the items of copper hoard) were found. The pottery is red, thick and inadequately fired. It compared well in texture and fabrjc with the so-called ochre-coloured ware (Figs. 31-32). A few trial trenches were laid at the site which revealed a deposit of hardly 60 cm through a thickness of 5.7 m of alternating sterile layers c f sand and pebbles. Immediately above the natural soil, some quartzite flake tools and waste flakes were noticed. These tools appear to have no connection with the pottery of Bahadarabad. The ochre-coloured ware and copper hoards could not be found associated in excavatlons at Bahadarabad although a copper harpoon of this vintage was found later in regular excavations with ochre-coloured ware at Saipai and more recently in the excavation of a cemetery site belonl;ing to the Late Harappan period at Sanauli also revealed the presence of copper hoard objects wit h Late Harappans (Sharma 1989). Bahadarabad represents a decadent stage of Harappa culture. Y. D. Sharma connr:cts its affinity with the Harappan pottery and suggests that 'it might well have been manufactured by the last remnants of the Harappa before they sunk into what may at present be described as an oltlivion' (Sharma 1964). A similar situation was also noticed ar another site called Lal eila (Fig. 33). Besi,ies the Pottery, which echoes Bahadarabad shapes including handled pot and painted designs of rt:gional

|ニマ ノ 171 ｀｀ て可I ヽ 生ドプ '1た 凪 ノ1た ヽ暉可 i ヽ ゎ|一 Ｗ ヽ ヽ チ 11D12・ヲ

4c 「 ■ ヽ.aけフ ６ へ 4d l~ 、 壷 _ヽ 烈bド 爾 ｀ ヽ_げ 6a "|ノ 科書 ・｀ ´ 嘔:i:::::::::::[:::::::::)二 フイ

'ラ ミ~― IV~) 4,a■

FIG 31&32 Pο ιιcッ ルm Bα hαdα rα bαd

158

■●口 ■ ロ●口●●■■ ■‐‐■■ ■‐■■‐‐■ ■ ■■■●●■■■■■qフ ロロ■|口 ■口■口 ● ■ロ "‐ "‐ ロ ■ ■■ "― "‐ ロ|||口 |||||口 ||||||口 ||口 ||ロ ロ|口 ||ロ ロロ菫里口|ロ ロロロ|■ ロロロロロ||口 ||口 |口 |ロ ロロロ||ロ ロロロロ ロロ■口■■口|ロ ロロ■■■ロロ■口 , "||口 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CiViLIZAT10N

FIc 33 Pottery from Lal Qila

Harappan complex, a terracotta female figurine also deserves special attention. It has a narrow receding forehead, elongated neckand prominentbreasts (Pl.20A). The shoulders are perforated obviously for attaching arms (lAR 7969-70: 38-40). A similar terracotta more debased in sryle and further away from the region was also reported from Shahabad, 30 km south-east from Shahjahanpur, now kept in the National Museum. It is partly worn out and is B cm in height (P1. 2OB). The lower portion is also broken. The execution is slightly crude and primitive and appears to have followed the tradition of the grotesque figurines found at Mohenjo-daro and othbr sites (Dikshit 7973: 267-63). Manpur and Bhatpur, lying in the region of Lal Qila, also revealed similar pottery. An indeterminate terracotta object noticed at Bargaon and other sites was also found in this region (see Pl. 168).

F. Gujarat

A series of excavations and explorations carried out in Gujarat provided disrribution, chronology and evolution of Harappan civilization. Gujarat is a good example of showing the devolution or deterioration of material culture when the urban fabric of a culture disintegrates- This fact is stratigraphically demonstrated at Rangpur and other sites (Map 9).

1.59 一

） Ｏ． Ｚ

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′τ l 二 Ⅳ組 R・ 胃 ・ … ξ｀ゴ 亨 iモ 翠葺 I釧 卜■■■ 青篇 ０ ９ 一 THE DECLiNE OF HARAPPAN CiViLIZAT10N

i. Rangpur

Rangpur is situated on the bank of the river Bhadar in Gujarat. Excavation revealed three main (Period culturai stages, i.e., pre-pottery microlithic culture (Period I), Harappan culture II) and posr-Harappan lusrrous red ware culture (Period IIi). The principal ceramic industries of Period IIA (Fig' are assigned as Harappan red ware, buff ware, coarse red ware and coarse grey ware 3a)' The mature nature of the Harappan culture can be seen in the form of a large variety of Disk beads of ceramic ware, personal ornaments, objects of domestic use and tool and weapons. and faience are steatite and gold, lenticular beads of agate, cylindrical beads of steatite, carnelian identical with the beads from Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Lothal. which is The decline of the prosperity of the Harappans can be noticed from the Period IIB nature of the assigned by the excavator as Late or Degenerate Harappan culture. The degenerating (Figs' 35-36)' culture is apparent from the ceramics especially on the surface treatment, fabric, etc' Post-holes suggest No strucfures were seen in the entire 4 m occupational deposit of Period IIB. ornaments of thatched roof houses. The inferior ceramic wares, limited use of rypical Harappan of the decline steatite and the absence of chert blades and cubical stone weights are the indicators of material prosperiry of the Harappans in this period (Rao er al' l98T' and Doubts have been raised that even IIB stage at Rangpur on account of the coarseness presence of post-holes indifference of pottery, absence of structures and other basic needs and the Degenerate rather than cannot be called as Harappan. In fact, the IIB and the iIC stages are truly C-14 date for the lustrous Late Harappan (Figs. 37-38). Soundara Rajan has quoted a corresponding is the virtual end of the red ware ar Navdatoli (phase IV) which is c. 1500-1700 BC and this date Harappans all over this region (Fig. 39) (Soundara Rajan 7984:220-221)'

ii. Desalpur by K' V' Soundara Desalpur is located towards the northwestern part of Kachchh and was excavated and situated on the northern Rajan (rAR 1963- 64: lO-72).The site is of 130 x 100 m in dimension Dhrub' bank of the once depredatory stream, Bamu-Chela, an effluent of the river (Harappan) and The 3 m .,ritrral deposit yietded two main cultural layers, i.e., Period I IB (Late period II (Early Historic). period I is again subdivided into IA (Mature Harappan) and is not evident in the Harappan). Three structural phases ware recognised for sub-Period lA which and the painted pottery is sub-Period IB. The pottery forms of Period IA is of Mature Harappan or reddish-brown replaced by a coarse grey fabric showing essentially horizontal lines of bluish pigment on its most exterior surface in Period IB' distinguished by a Though sub-periods lA and IB show a cultural continuity, Period IB was stightly ever[ed rim and cream-slipped bichrome ware, represented by dish and bowl forms with on the upper mildly convex profile. The painted designs are in black or purple and reddish-brown vertical part of the bowi and comprised such motives as vertical wavy lines, concentric semi-circles, mostly in blunt-carinated lines. Use of plain as well as grey-pained black-and-red ware, represented dishes or bowls with or without flat base is also evident in this sub-period.

161

t\ ANCIENT IND:A,NEW SER:[iS,NO.1

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∠ つ υ 乙 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CiViLIZAT10N

胃 だほみゴ り蘇、 =奮′ 〃 、 ＼ ― 躙… n/ t¬ ‐な嘔刷 ヽ甲ノ 尽:蒸27 可ξ妻喜リ ム “ 尚 ヽ V 理≡田 ラ 詞単 一 ¨ … 側- X聞 red ware of FIG 37 Red″ arc ofPeriOd lc Ran`フ tttCr Irrc 38 Coorse red ware ond lusrrous (afier Roo et al. 1987) RαO ct al.198刀 Period llC, Rangpur

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Frc 39 Lustrous red wore of Period lll, Rongpur (after Rao et ol. 1987)

163

― ― ― ― ANCIENT:NDIA,NEW SERlES,NO.1

iii. Dholavira

The site of Dholavira is located in Kachchh district of Gujarat and iies in the norrhwesrern area of the island of Khadir. The ancient settlement is embraced by rwo tunnels, i.e., Manhar and iV ansar. The site was excavated for several seasons and has yielded seven chronological stage:. Stage IV belongs to the classical Harappan culture and the general decline of the site can be vis:aiized from stage V in terms of the maintenance of the ciry. However the pottery, seals, weighr:s, etc., continued to be in use. After a temporary desertion of the site for a few decades, the s te was reoccupied and the transformed Harappan culture (stage M) was noriced. New ceramic traditions appear from the sites of Sindh, Rajasthan, and other parts of (iujarat. The fabric of the pottery underwent a perceptible change, although the forms as well as decorative motives continued. New pottery wares such as white painted black and red and white PC:W and a coarse ware bearing incised or appliqud or both kinds of designs made their appearan,te. The structural evidences are confined to the citadel and southern margin of the middle town. The other antiquities like seals underwent changes and became long and rectangular with a flat or tri;mgular back rather being square in form. The Late Harappans of this phase abandoned the site and again occupied in deurbanizr:d form in stage VII. The transformation of Harappa culture in Phases V and M perhaps belongs to Late Mature stage because nowhere were the seals and other objects encounrered. It is only stage VII which rclongs to Harappan decline but the excavator has not offered any date for this period (Bisht 1999: 2L\).

iv. Kanmer

Recent excavations at Kanmer in Kachchh district of Gujarat revealed a fivefold cultural s€quence starting from Early Harappan to the Medieval period, with gaps in berween. Early Harappans were identified in a pre- deposit of about 40 cm above rhe virgin soil, whereas pe riod II, which is further divided as IIA and IIB, belongs to the Marure Harappan phase. The Late Hzrappan phase (Period III), which was found in the central part and also in the southeastern area of the mound was identified on the basis of absence of the urban phase pottery, weights and ter:racotta cakes. The quality and surface treatment of the Harappan portery declined and design pattern and shapes also changed. The Ahar rype black-and-red ware also continued in this deposit. Their structllres were erected on the top of the rampart. A broken pot was found fu|I of steatite f-71,707 in number) and faience beads (27).The Harappan occupation at the site from Early Haralpan to Late Harappan has no cultural discontinuiry and reflects a process of cultural evolution as well as devolution (Kharakwal et al., 2OO9).

v. Juni Kuran

The excavation at Juni Kuran in Kachchh district have shoram it to be a typical Harappan township, showing similarities with the town planning of Dholavira. It revealed a citadel, two stadiums, a pillared hall, gateways, drain and mud platforms. The Mature Harappans were succeeded by Late Harappans without any interruprion (pramanik 2003-04: 45-67).

164 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVIL:ZAT10N

vi. Ratanpura

Ratanpura is located in Mehsana district in the estuary of the river Rupen. It is a singie culture site which could be broadly compared with that of Rangpur's Phase IIC. This is the first site from where black-and-red ware sherds were found in substantial quantities in the Harappan complex. Excavators have pointed out that the ceramic assemblage represents both Harappan and non- Harappan tradition (Fig. a0). Of these, the noteworthy finds are fragments of three varieties of terracotta sealings and hundred of terracorra lumps of many shapes from deep circular pits (P1. 20C-D). other items are ash, charcoal, charred and uncharred bone pieces and pottery (Sonawane 2005)' Vagad \rVhile discussing the above sites, mention may be also made of the excavation at - a rural Harappan settlement in Gujarat. In a cultural deposit of 1 m, the excavators noticed of a Harappan three successive sub-periods starting from Mature to Late, indicating the average life settlement to be approximately 400-500 cenruries. The excavation revealed circular huts like those already found at other contemPorary sites of (p1. 20E). In addition ro this, it also yielded four circular clay lined fire altars. In the absence fire bones or any industrial materials, these must have been used for some kind of rituals. Similar the altars were also noticed at Lothal, Kalibangan, Navdatoli and Dangwada, which were used for practice, started by performanc e of yajfios as tesrified by the discovery of sacrificial fire altars. This which confirms the Harappans, was continued even after by the people of central India, continuance of a legacy of the performance of yojfias' abandoned As there is no evidence of burning at the site, it is presumed that the residents the site due to failure of monsoon and consequent migration. culture in a Vagad has definite signs of Late or Degenerate phase of the Mature Harappan Late Harappan rural settlement. It appears that the Vagad settlement was abandoned prior to the red ware was habitations found at Kanewal , Zekda and even Valabhi (Nasadi) where lustrous confirmed reported right from the basal layers (Sonawane and Mehta 1985). These excavations in that urban centres flourished with the support of these satellite rural settlements. Furthermore, eventually lost their the post-urban stage, when the internal trade declined, these settlements also utility and went into oblMon. its At Kanewal and Zekda, circular huts existed from the beginning of the settlement until the circumference end (Figs. 4l-42).These stmctures were supported by mud walls arranged along observed on the plan. of the circle (Mehta 1gB2). In one case, the presence of a central pole was also Evidence of a hearth was also noticed. Valabhi (Nasadi) also revealed the presence of a circular strucnrre on the patterns of other and might have sites. But it was observed that the site in question was flooded during the monsoon require an in-depth been used only for seasonal camps. why these settlements were abandoned will Similar sites analysis of the reasons for settlement, local topography, climate and human situation. could be also seen in the Bahawalpur region of Pakistan'

1,65 ANCIENT IND:A,NEW SERIES,卜 10.1

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Fto 42 Plan of circular huts, Zekda (after Mehta 1982)

G. Maharashtra The extent of the Harappans was noticed on the northern periphery of Maharashtra. He:e, it succeeded the already existing culture knovvn as Savalda found at Daimabad. It appears to tre an intrusion from the south of Gujarat.

i. Daimabad

Daimabad is situated on the left bank of Pravara, a tributary of the Godavari. The site was disco.rered by Bopardikar and excavated by different scholars at later times. Excavation by Sali (1984) in the 5 m thick occupational deposit has yielded five culrural phases.

166 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVlLiZAT10N

period I (2200-2000 BC) belongs to Savalda culture, Period II belongs to the Late Harappan (2000-i800 BC), Period iII belongs to buff and cream ware cultrlre (1800-1600 BC), Period IV (1400-1000 BC). belongs to culure (1600-1400 BC), and Period V belongs to culture Sali, on the basis of evidence found at this site suggests that the Savalda culture was preceded by Late Harappa culrure and the Harappans entered the upper Godavari basin early in the second millennium BC (Sali 1984). (Fig. The Harappa culture of the Tapi valiey is of a degenerate or a late form 43). The this period. The standard Harappan styles of painted designs were replaced by monotonous designs in seals etc' degenerating nanlre can be understood from the cultural remains such as house sftuctures, solid In a chance discovery h 7974 in Daimabad, a villager found in a pit under a tree four - an elephant, a rhinoceros, a buffalo and a chariot displaying sophisticated objects found in a rhat necessitated fresh digging by Sati (pl. 21A-D). It is likely that these bronze that they were non-strarified context may be the sacred belongings and Sankalia is of the opinion brought here by refugees (Sali 1984)' in the Protohistoric Agrawal and Kharakwal (2003: 164-165) feel that these objects do not fit Harappan period' copper repertoire at all, whereas Dhavalikar (1982) places them in the Late

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(ofter 1986) Frc 43 Late Harappan redwore, Period Il, Daimabod Sali

167 ANCIENT:NDlA,NEW SERIES,110.1

3. EUIDENCE OF RICE fuce has been reported from the site of Rangpur in the form of husk embedded in mud-pla;rer, whereas in Lothal, it is found in the form of impressions of the rice spikelets. The report of rir:e at Kalibangan is debatable. Potsherds and burnt plasters found in the excavations at Un on Katha nala inwestern gttar Pradesh revealed traces ofrice-huskused as a ddgraissant. The huskhad a regular chess-board paltern with wavy rows. The meshes in the husk were stretched vertically with the granules covering nLajor portion of the mesh. On examination, the ornamentation paftern of the husk revealed chara,:ters common between the cultivated rice and Oryza sa.tivo and the wild perennial Oryza ruffipogon (Mittre and Savithri i9B2). The Harappan cultural sryle underwent a drastic change when the knowledge of rice cultivation opened more southerly and easterly regions to cereal farmers (Fairservis 1967). Thr:re is evidence of domesticated rice, finger millet (ragi) along with barley, wheat, various grams and peas from Hulas (saraswat 7992-93: 7-12).

. 4.BURIAI PRACTICES The cemetery at Farmana has revealed sevenry burials so far and has been assigned to Mirture Harappan phase such as Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi or R-37 at Harappa, whereas the burial site at Sanauli which revealed 116 graves belongs to a later stage of Harappan culure. At Farmana, all the burials have a rectangular pit lined with clay. The body was placed inside the pit in north-south orientation with head towards the north. Three rypes of burial customs namely primary, secondary and symbolic were in vogue. The burial goods has pots and jewr:llery including beads, bangles, ear-rings etc. (pl. Z2A-B). The excavation at Sanauli in western Uttar Pradesh has solved, up to certain extenl, the relationship of copper hoards and ochre-coloured ware and its relationship wrth the Late Harappan complex. It is here that the copper hoards are found in situ. Moreover, Sanauli has one of the biggest cemeteries known so far in Indo-pak sub-continent as at Farmana. It has double burials, triple burials, and symbolic burials including a burial with steatite inlay pieces, burial with human skull and a gold object and child burials (pls. 23A-C ,2t.A-C) (Sharma et al. 2006) The Rrgvedo also refers to burial customs namely cremation (agni-d.agdho) and trurial (anagni-dagdha) and both these are present in the Late Harappan burial practices. The syn,bolic burial was very corlmon with Harappans whether in or Gujarat. In the excavaticns at , symbolic burials were also practiced (pl. 22C). The contribution of Farmana and Sanauli has opened a new vista for the study of h,man skeletal remains these places at as the excavations of burials of this magnitude were not knowr and excavated so far in India. It has generated enormous data to work on the human population. As worked out by the excavators of Farmana, the sophisticated multidisciplinary investigations of this data wili certainly throw light on various aspects of Harappan popuiation

168

――――――― ¨ ― ―――― ‐‐口‐ ‐口 ロロ ロ 一 一 … 口■ ■■ロ ‐●‐‐ ロ‐ロ ‐口‐‐中 ‐¨ロロ‐ ‐ ― ・・ … …… ‐‐‐ロロ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐口■■ロ ― ー , ・・ ー ー …… … … ……… ー … … THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CiViL!ZAT10N

ｌ ・ ｓ r絶 器蹴il ａ ｔ l鍔〃 漁盤t露 紺吼1糊訛オI』爵霊黒讐 Farmana by the excaVators. 5.olscussloN has political system of rivers constitutes an area which The above fieid data revealed that the Indus front and with west Asia through the ages with Indian ocean on the one and economic interaction that of Harappan settlements in India has revealed and Gangetic India on other sides. The survey to economic upheaval in the nuclear retardation of the Harappans which took piace due the curtural became smail northern Inclia. The settlements in later period region was a later event in Gujarat and in their number' in size but there was a considerable increase survived as an urban centre in northern Late (c. 1900-1400 BC), Ropar During Dadheri, Nagar in punjab such as sanghor, Dher Majra, India on a small scale but other settrements Majra, Harappan bead industry survived' etc. were the viilage settlemenrs. At Dher to be laid on the rwin mound patrern, of Mitathal IIA in Haryana which is said The settlement tradition can be In phase IIB, the continuarion of the mature reveared only mud_brick structures. and on beads ancl the cart-wheeis are thicker deciined way as there is no polish even seen but in a two clear-cut stages of rite on the bank of Sarasvati, reveaied smarler in size. Bhagwanpura, another PGW like Katpalon and Nagar' itslater stage it aiso has an overlap with the Late Harappu, brti, and Bargaon culture-complex at Hulas' Alamgirpur In western uttar Pradesh, the Harappan th" construcdon of a iarge mud platform extension of punjab **r*)( At Hulas, was found as an architectural feature direction also survived as a conceptuai running in the north-east and south-west oftheHarappans.AterracottasealingwiththreeHarappansignswasalsofound.Theoccupationalin the upper construction of mud brick structures thickness reveared a deciine in the deposit of 2.5m middle to upper phase pits of different dimensions continued from levels, whereas circurar huts and (Dikshit 1984)' ,. ^--^^e^ that+r^^r RoparDnnqr was the easternmosreasternmost of any or tor,rrn site here, it appears 'rres In the absence on the sutlej in Punjab and external trade of the Harappans urban centre controrling the internal andBanawali,RakhigarhiandBhirranaontheSarasvatiinHaryana.ThetributariesoftheYamuna alsoparticipatedinthediffusionaryprocessoftheHarappancMlizationwhichwasspreadingwithyamuna the east. In Gujarat, no urban from Sutrej and sarasvati to in regional and rocal variations transformed period' However' at Rangpur' the Late Harappans centre has been reported in later intoanothercuitureknownasLustrousRedWare.Wasitadeclineoralocalizationprocess? However,PossehlseesadecreaseinsettiementsoftheLustrousRedWarephase(Possehl Tggg).Thedistributionofdifferentfinishedpreciousandsemi-preciousHarappanartefactsonthe IaterHarappansitesaroundls00BCandafterwards,suggestamajordisruptionfromMesopotamia,civilization and centrar and northern zones of Harappan which affected the trading links with the ' Afghanistan and iran' ultimately with Oman, their Mature survived regionally' each springing from The survey shows that Late Harappan of rypifieJ as regional dynamics like repertoire Harappan tradition having distinct assemblages

169 ANGIENT INDIA, NEW SERIES, NO.1

cemetery-H in Punjab and western uttar Pradesh, Jhukar in sindh which overlapped with Kulli in southern Baluchistan and Rangpur and Lothal in Gujarat.

5. CLaSSIFICATION ANO CHRONOLOGY The sites of the Harappan civilization provide in the following order four different devolutionary stages in Punjab, Haryana and western uttar Pradesh, whereas in Gujarat, the Desalpur sites like Ran5pur, and Dholavira also present a similar srory. In this survey, Anarta and affiliated chalcolithic settlements have not been taken into accounr because of their early beginning.

Nonrn Iwon A. Early Marure Harappa Rakhigarhi, Banawali, Balu, Kotla Nihang Khan and Ropar B. Late Mature Harappa Ropar, Chandigarh, Bara, Mitathal IIA, Mirzapur, Alamgirpur and Hulas C. Late Harappa Mitathal IIB, Sanghol I, Bhagwanpura IA and Bargaon D. Overlap (Late Harappa_pGW) Bhagwanpura IB, Dadheri IB, Nagar I and Karpalon I

Gurenar E. Early Mature Harappa Dholavira, Surkotada, Desalpur, Lothal, Bagasra and Nagwada F. Late Mature Harappa Dholavira, Lothal, Desalpur, Shikarpur, Bagasra and Rangpur G. Late Harappa Rangpur, Desalpur, Dholavira, Kanewal, Zekda, Vagad and Ratanpura

Survival of overlap phase of Late Harappa must be quite rate. This comprex was supplanted by local cultures seemingly and diluted to the point of non_existence. The Harappa culture did not die out as it is clear from Gujarat' the above survey but survived in Punjab' Haryana and parts of pradesh. western Uttar This time bracket on the basis could be workec out of their continuity with the end of Mature Harappa somewhere in 1900 Desalpur' Ropar' Mitathal BC at Rangpur, and Hulas whereas in the still later stage it overlapped with later or other Rangpur in Gujarat region and at Dadheri, ;:il"#fi f"::.t"rff: Katpal,on, Bhagwanpura etc. The radio-carbon dates from Bara 1890 + 95 and 1645 + g0 BC could also this context' Bara revealed be considered in fourteen layers and the earliest date is from the middle level: Laye r g at

170 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVILiZAT10N

at this site must have a depth of 1.2 m below rhe surface, thereby suggesting that the occupation continued for four to five hundred years more' Bara dates. TL dates The c-14 dates from sanghol 1g00 * 220 and 1690 * 190 BC confirm + 330 BC' The c-14 dates from from PRL () also ranSe between 2060 * 375 and 1325 date in BC) and are on earlier side' The Hulas range from 2560 * 155 and 2005 + 115 (uncalibrated ro be too early in comparison with date from Mitathal IIB is also 2370 + 220 BC. This also seems Bara and Sanghol. due to some tectonic movement Geologists have suggested that somewhere in2ooo/7900 BC, river and all the earlier tributaries in upper Himalayas, the Yamuna started flowing as a separate yamuna. is acceptable, then most of the sites in of Sarasvati started flowing into the If this date before 2000 BC and they might have western uttar pradesh courd be equated in a time bracket local cultures' continued in later centuries till they came in contact with Nagar in Gurgaon have not Excavations at Hulas and Alamgirpur including Muhammad is difficult to explain at the moment except that shown any overlapping with PGW. The exact reason culture and did not come in contact with the Harappans did not ,r*ir" for long with their material punjab. were on their main routes of migration from pGW as was rhe case in Haryana and These other rivers' However, there are many Harappan lower levels to the upper..ulh., of Sarasvati and culture of Harappans did not overlap' sites as discussed above where the material on c-14 till the differentiation In my opinion, there is no consensus on the dates based clears, and the concept of Late Harappan is better berween Mature Harappan and Late Harappan eastern domain of Harappan civilization' Ropar' defined or understood. In connection with the centre as a steatite seal and other items of Mature as stated earrier appears to be the last urban Harappan culrure were found here' Hulasisasitelyinginhinterland,SupportingurbancentresandbelongstotheMature Harappanaccordingtothedatebracket'However,itseemstohavenovisibletraitsofMature Harappaexceptti,u.titmightbealocalizedindigenousculture(asisthepositionofAnartain also been termed as localized culture' Gujarat) with Harappan contacts. Bara culture has

Z. DATA FROM PAKISTAN

InPakistan,intheeariy50s,whatweredescribedasthePost-Harappancultureshavebeenincludedinin n"ro (Dani The Late Harappan phase has been noticed the Late Harappan phase since 1970 1981)' Cemetery-H culture was found at mound (a) northern region with rype site Harappa where areas, the noticed the southern region where Jhukar culture was AB and in Bahawalpur and O) intheupperlevelsofchanhu-daro,Mohenjo-daroandAmri'Thecemetery-HmaterialnoticedatPunjab and complex noticed at the Late Harappan sites in Harappa became a part of the Harappan millennium BC' a culture change was witnessed Haryana. In Pakistan also, at the end of third cultures' the term Late Harappan leveis. For these seemingiy post-Harappan in Mature Harappan Jhukar perhaps thar Harappan traditions continued both in is being increasingry used suggesting and Cemetery-H.

171. ANCIENT INDIA, NEW SERIES, NO.1

The renewed excavation at Jhukar in 1973-74 (Mughal lgg2b) provided strarigraphic evidence from the smaller mound 'A'. The following sequence of cultures was obtained from thr: 5.2 m thick deposit as under:

Phase Layers

Early Hisrorical l-10

Late Jhukar 11‐ 14 Middle 15‐ 17 Early Jhukar 18-20 and abOut 3 fL(0.9141n)below water level Mature Harappan pottery was present in all the phases of Jhukar. The excavation further brough: out that Jhukar consists of only a few pottery rypes occurring in association with the Mature ceramics in the Hara,pan later levels. It has been placed by two calibrated dates between 2165 and 186() BC but continued in the lower Indus valley up to 1700 BC. To substantiate the point Jhukar that the so-c:rlled culture was in fact representative of the Late decadent Harappu, .iuilirurion in sindh, it should not be considered a different class of people as thought earlier (Mughal 1989). At Amri iIC' a transformadon was noticed in the Harappan'pottery which also in next phase' casal conti,ued regards Jhukar as a distinctive phase of the painted Late Harappa (casal 1g64). The design and a fragment of a bowl with stud handle from Jhukar is comparable design and not rypes with sirrilar at Lothal A and B and Rangpur IIA and IIB (Mugha material 17gg2c).The Late Harappan trom Punjab specially the cemetery-H repertoire from the graves and settrement morrnds AB and E at Harappa dates the Harappan material berween 2155 and 2o2o BC. The post urban data from Northern Baluchistan, the North-west Frontier and other are,s in Pakistan is still in collection stage. The Late or Degenerate Harappan phase in Pakistan is not as clear as it is in Indian sub- continent' The cemetery-H sites in Bahawalpur are all unexcavated and any Mature the explored data incluling Harappan material, if found from these sites, is also not urrilrbl.. The renewed excavadon at Jhukar has no doubt shown the continuance of Jhukar pomery with It aiso implies that Mature Harappa. there is no single occupation site of Jhukar. In the earrier excavations at HaraDpa, vats was of the view that cemetery-H culture was the final stage of the Harappans (vats In renewed excavation 1g40). at Harappa from mound AB and E, the continuity cemetery-H habitation revealed with some changes in pottery rypes.

8. BECTRIA-MARGIANa ARCHaEOTOG IC6t COMPTEX 6ND LAT EHARAPPENS Excavations were carried out in recent decades at a number of sites in the area extending from Margiana in the west to Bactria in northern Afghanistan. This culture Archaeological is named the Bactria-Margiana complex (BMAC) and its mature stage is datable to c. 2000 -7zoo BC. town-planning and monumental It hls a architecture as noticed at Gonur in vlargiana. including Dhavalikar (2007) some schc,lars declared this as culture of pastoralists ,Aryan Immigration', and termed it as which came from Central Asia to India.

172 THE DECLINE OF HARAPPAN Cl∨ lLiZAT10N′

In 1999 at Gilund,a site ill Rttasthan l″ as put to excavations vvhich revealed a cluster of the clay seals lvith a varie● ′of floral designsヽ vith sun lnotifs,buried in a silo,in the area with multiple 「 げith the BⅣ lAC,which are in cut― fortts parallel、 A√ alls of rnud bricks.ヽ ヽhile comparing these seals、 〃een this in stone and lnetal,the excavators are of the opinion that there vvas an interaction be槙 Chalcolithic culture vvith BMAC culture in Afghanistan and Central Asia and Harappans lnight have played a significant role as intermediaries beい veen the bA′o(POSSehl et al.2004). lldhayarlα Srallt`61ttra Lal,who has exaFnined this hypothesis,concluded on the basis Of Bα that a section of Vedic people after the drying up of 10wer Sarasvati basin emigrated toWardS Πlillennium BC, vvest Gandhara,Persia and Aratta bOrdering on Turkey,sometilne in the second where a treaty was recorded beい Veen a 1/1itanni lcing named Matiwaza and a Hittiti king named Suppiluliuma,dated to 1380 BC.In thiS,they invoked the Vedic gods as witnesses namely lndra,Ⅳ litra,Nasatyas and Varu■ a.There is no evldence to Sustain this theory of ilnlnigration ″een 4500 BC t0 800 BC(La1 2009). as there was nO entry of a new set Of people into lndia beち As thiS cultural complex has ■o direct bearing vvith the declined material Culture of Aryans. Harappans,it could be discussed elsewhere while debating the original hOmeland oflndo―

9.THE LECnCY

ln civilization in the field ofmaterial or ilnmaterial ln exanllned.The questlon comes to nllnd as to civilization after its collapse and in what Way did [器 豊li鮒 に融痢ViSuali… 駆中i灘苗 増 …… 江attlre Harappan Ci宙lization(MarSha11 1931).He l data is very rich and his ideas can be exalnined in angan and their continuance with later ChalcolithiC

T[願 柵冨:」i翼よ盤 wgedよ羞T乱署ll蹴里鶴置席¶1翼r理::1∬質鷹』 灘 there was a complete break in tradition and no continuity ofthe lingering elements Ofthe Harappan civllization in the contemporary and Succeeding Chalcolithic Cultures could be seen.We need not

w吼 Ⅷ 碁 ∬ 二 抵 IIimi塞 彙 駆 五 The legacy of Harappan civilization cal ¥戦 ∬ 11‖ I黒棚7瀾ぶittW∬ 質F翻聯勢1撚 vvhich are outSide Harappan culture cOnteXt p( 檬 Harappans althOugh it is difficult to substantiate.

173 ANCIENT INDIA, NEVv SERIES, NO.1

10. coNctusroN From 1922 to 2010 we have travelled a long way to understand the Harappan urbanization including its origin, extent, decline and also legacy. In terms of chronology of the Late Harappan cultures or post-Urban phase, the reliable data is from Gujarat and other north Indian sites. "ihe C-14 dates are very few except Sanghol and late levels of Mohenjo-daro (Jhukar) which do not help in reconstructing any acceptable time-bracket. How long did the process of diiurion of I ate Harappan cultures continued in the Indo-Pak sub-continent remains debatable. The legacy of the Harappan civilization appears to be extremely dominant in the fielcl of ideological foundation. The mass of oral traditions, which form part of our present-day civilization, appears to be our biggest inhertitance of the Harappan civilization. The later Vedic literature rnay give a proper background for this. We have to, therefore, make some serious efforts to correlate the archaeological and literary data in order to work out the Harappan legacy.

Acknowledgements

I am thankful to Dr. Gautam Sengupta for asking me to write a paper for inclusion in the said journal. The line drawings and the plates accompanying the paper are used courtesy the Archaeological Survey of lndia. I am thankful to G. L. Possehl, Vasant Shinde, P. B. S. Senger, V. H. Sonawane and Dharanr Vir Sharma for their permission to include the line drawings and plates of their excavations in this article. Thanks are also due to B. R. Mani for his personal communication regarding the burial practices in the Atharuaveda. My young colleagues Manjil Hazarika and Kulbhushan Mishra of the lndian Archaeolollical Society worked hard on the collection of material for the article. The maps have been prepared by Kis,hen Singh, Rakesh Chander and P. C. Mukhia of theASl, New Delhi. Bharat Singh typed the manuscript.

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