DOCSLIB.ORG

The Liquid and Stem-Final Vowel Alternations of Verbs in Ancient Japanese*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Liquid and Stem-Final Vowel Alternations of Verbs in Ancient Japanese* 言 語 研 究(Gengo Kenkyu)118(2000),5～27 5 The Liquid and Stem-final Vowel Alternations of Verbs in Ancient Japanese* Teruhiro HAYATA (Daitobunka University) Key words: liquid, verb inflection, vowel alternation, regressive assimilation, Ancient Japanese The aim of this paper is to clarify the phonological motivation for the stem-final /i-u/ and /e-u/ alternations of verbs, as well as properties of liquids in Ancient Japanese. I explore the possibility of a connection between the stem-final vowel alternations in verbs and certain proper- ties of liquid consonants. Present-day Japanese, at least the Tookyoo dialect, does not exhibit stem-final /i-u/ and /e-u/ alternations of verbs. Some modern dialects, e.g., those in Kyuushuu, exhibit alternation only in /e/-stem verbs, but not in /i/-stem verbs. This /e-u/ alternation is a relic of Ancient Japanese. There has been only one liquid phoneme in Japanese throughout its history, whose phonetic realization remains an issue for phonologists. 1. Partial paradigms of Ancient Japanese verbs In Ancient Japanese, verbs are divided into consonant-stem verbs and vowel-stem verbs with or without vowel-alternation. Stem-final sylla- bles of vowel-stem verbs are of three types, namely, /Ci1/, /Ci2/ and * An inaugural lecture given in Japanese at Chiba University on June 17, 2000. The original title was "Phonology of r and 1: especially in Ancient Japanese" 6 TeruhiroHAYATA /Ce2/1). Verbs consisting of a monosyllabic stem in the form /Cil/ exhibit no vowel alternation, and will not be treated in this paper. Partial paradigms of typical verbs /age2-/ `to raise' and /oki2-/ `wake up' are shown in (1) : (1) `to give' negative age2-zu converb (ren' yoo) age2 age2-i imperative age2-jot aorist (shuushi) agu age2-u imperfect adnominal (rentai) agu-ru age2-ru perfect conditional (izen) agu-re age2-re `to get up' negative oki 2-zu converb (ren' yoo) oki2 oki2-i imperative oki2-jo2 aorist (shuushi) oku oki2-u imperfect participle (rentai) oku-ru oki2-ru perfect conditional (izen) oku-re oki2-re 1) In 8th century Nara Japanese (henceforth Nara Japanese), syllables con- taining /e/ or /i/ were divided into two classes, type 1 (koorui) and type 2 (oturui) if the syllables begin with labial or velar consonants, but there was no such distinction if the syllables begin with coronal consonants. It has been argued that the distinction between type 1 and type 2 was that of palatalization of onsets, type 1 with palatalized onsets and type 2 with non-palatalized onsets. I believe that the distinction between palatalized and non-palatalized con- sonants is most easily realized in coronal consonants. The fact that coronal consonants lacked that distinction in written records of Nara Japanese sug- gests that palatalized coronal consonants had changed into affricates or frica- tives, some perhaps into approximants, before the era of written records. I consider the distinction between type 1 o and type 2 o to be that of vowel quality, not the palatalization of onsets, but I will not discuss this issue here. In this paper, type 1 syllables are represented with subscript "1", and type 2 syllables with subscript "2". To the syllables for which no orthographic dis- tinction exists, no subscript is given. In the syllables Ci and Ce where C's are coronal and have no orthographic distinction, the consonants were, in my The Liquidand Stem-finalVowel Alternations of Verbsin AncientJapanese 7 It is clear from (1) that the final vowels /e/ and /i/ of the verb stems /age2-/ and /oki2-/ change into /u/ when followed by the `rentai' suffix /ru/ and the 'izen' suffix /re/. Since the surface stem-final vowel /u/ of the 'shuushi' form may be due to assimilation to or fusion with the 'shuushi' suffix /u/, it comes into question why stem-final vowels /e/ and /i/ change into /u/ before the suffixes /ru/ and /re/. When Morris Halle visited Japan for the first time in July of 1969, Dr. Hattori Shiro expressed his idea before Halle that the 'rentai' suffix must have been /uru/2). Changes /age2-uru/ aguru, and /oki2-uru/ okuru are phonetically plausible, but consonant-stem verbs, e.g. /kak-/ 'write', followed by /-uru/, would. be likely to result in nonattested forms like *kakuru. The attested form is kaku. Accordingly, the underlying form of 'rentai' suffix is more likely /ru/ rather than /uru/, and that of 'izen' suffix /re/. If this is so, it may be safe to say that stem-final vowels change into /u/ when followed by /r/. It should be noted here, that stem-final vowels change into /u/ when followed by an `inflectional' suffix beginning with /r/, not before `derivational' affixes like potential- passive affixes /-rare/, /-raje/ (e.g. nerajenu <-- /ne-raje-an-ru/ `cannot sleep'). Even in the ancient written records, the alternation in question is grammaticalized, i.e. the alternation occurs when followed by `rentai' and 'izen' suffixes. I would like to consider the phonological motivation for the above alternation before it was grammaticalized. 2. The properties of liquids If the alternation in question occurs when followed by /r/, the only liquid in Japanese, the properties of liquids in general and especially in Ancient opinion, not palatalized. The distinction between type 1 o and type 2 o is ob- literated insyllables with a zero onset and labial onsets, /p/ /b/ and /m/, except in one important document, 'Kojiki', where type 1 mo and type 2 mo are dis- tinguished. 2) The idea that `rentai' and `izen' suffixes should have been /uru/ and /ure/ 8 TeruhiroHAYATA Japanese should be examined. Since there is no evidence that there could have existed more than one kind of liquid in Ancient Japanese, we should examine liquids in general, laterals as well as rhotics (r-sounds). Liquids are, phonetically, the most sonorous of the oral consonants. It is said that in languages allowing consonant clusters, liquids are the sounds which can co-occur most freely with a variety of other con- sonants. Since Japanese does not allow consonant clusters, liquids may only be grouped with nasals and approximants under the name of sonorant, where the voicing feature is not contrastive. 2. 1. The distinction between rhotics and laterals Rhotics (r-sounds), commonly written with the letter `r', include a wide variety of sounds. However, the most typical rhotics are trills made with the tip or blade of the tongue &]). In contrast to rhotics, laterals are defined by the manner of articulation. Although Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996: 182) say that laterals "are sounds in which the tongue is contracted in such a way as to narrow its profile from side to side so that a greater volume of air flows around one or both sides than over the center of the tongue," the most typical laterals occur "at the dental, alveolar, retroflex and palatal places of articulation." (Ladefoged 1971) Briefly, a typical rhotic is [r], and a typical lateral [1]. Next to typical trilled [r]s, coronal taps or flaps ([r]), lateral flaps ([J]), fricatives and approximants ([.fl), and various other sounds, even uvular trills ([R]) and fricatives ([is]) are also classed as rhotics. All these r-sounds, in fact, occupy different phonological positions in different languages. Classification of non-typical r-sounds seems to be highly arbitrary. Consider (2), where I summarize at the risk of over- simplification. Here I would like to show that `r-sounds' can occupy a variety of positions. respectively, had already been suggested in Smith (1969). The Liquidand Stem-finalVowel Alternations of Verbs in AncientJapanese 9 (2) English German & French Manchu & Sibe Mongolian Japanese `r -sounds' in Indo-European languages are grouped together as a rhotic class based on historical (dialectal) connections and on the use of the letter Y. /t/ and /d/ in American English are flaps ([r]) in am- bisyllabic position. However, Mongolian /t/ and /d/ are not flaps [r] even in ambisyllabic position. The voiced uvular approximant ([IS]) sound is /g/ for Japanese speakers, and is a typical allophone of intersonorant /X/ in the Sibe language (and presumably Manchu in the Ching Dynasty). Since [1]in English is a realization of /1/, and [j] is a liquid contrasting with [1], it is a matter of course that [.i] is regarded as a realization of /r/. On the other hand, Sibe (and presumably Manchu) contrasts /1/ and /r/, pronouncing both [1]and [r] in syllable-initial position, but Sibe treats [i] as /1/ rather than /r/. The reason for this is that in Sibe, [1] and [r] contrast in syllable-initial position, and [.i] and [r] contrast in syllable- final position. [1] appears to occur syllable-finally at least phonetically, but its phonological interpretation seems to me still open to question. I conjecture that /a.le./, for instance ("." is a syllable boundary), with /e/ reduced, is pronounced [al.] or [a.l:. ] and that /al./, for instance, is pronounced [a.fl. If my conjecture is right, it follows that syllable-ini- tial [1]and syllable-final [i] are in complementary distribution, as in (3). (3) The complementary distribution of [1] and [.i] in Sibe-Manchu .la *al. (a.l:. ) * .Ja ai. cf. ra ar. 10 TeruhiroHAYATA In Sibe both [1] and [i] are written with one and the same grapheme (transcribed with 1 . In Manchu documents from the Ching Dynasty, Chinese is written with the Manchu script transcribed as 'leo' (presumably [lqu]), and as 'el' (presumably [Al]) . There must be a distinctive feature distinguishing /1/ [1- j], which is pronounced without a trill, from /r/, which is pronounced with a strong trill. 2. 2. How was /r/ pronounced in the phonetic history of Japanese? `r-sounds' in some languages are pronounced with lip rounding and protruding.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Translation to Adaptation: Chinese Language Texts and Early Modern Japanese Literature
    From Translation to Adaptation: Chinese Language Texts and Early Modern Japanese Literature Nan Ma Hartmann Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Nan Ma Hartmann All rights reserved ABSTRACT From Translation to Adaptation: Chinese Language Texts and Early Modern Japanese Literature Nan Ma Hartmann This dissertation examines the reception of Chinese language and literature during Tokugawa period Japan, highlighting the importation of vernacular Chinese, the transformation of literary styles, and the translation of narrative fiction. By analyzing the social and linguistic influences of the reception and adaptation of Chinese vernacular fiction, I hope to improve our understanding of genre development and linguistic diversification in early modern Japanese literature. This dissertation historically and linguistically contextualizes the vernacularization movements and adaptations of Chinese texts in the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, showing how literary importation and localization were essential stimulants and also a paradigmatic shift that generated new platforms for Japanese literature. Chapter 1 places the early introduction of vernacular Chinese language in its social and cultural contexts, focusing on its route of propagation from the Nagasaki translator community to literati and scholars in Edo, and its elevation from a utilitarian language to an object of literary and political interest. Central figures include Okajima Kazan (1674-1728) and Ogyû Sorai (1666-1728). Chapter 2 continues the discussion of the popularization of vernacular Chinese among elite intellectuals, represented by the Ken’en School of scholars and their Chinese study group, “the Translation Society.” This chapter discusses the methodology of the study of Chinese by surveying a number of primers and dictionaries compiled for reading vernacular Chinese and comparing such material with methodologies for reading classical Chinese.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardening Alternation in the Mitsukaido Dialect of Japanese
    言語研究（Gengo Kenkyu）134: 85–118（2008） 85 Hardening Alternation in the Mitsukaido Dialect of Japanese Kan Sasaki Sapporo Gakuin University Abstract: Th e Mitsukaido dialect of Japanese has a phenomenon in which a stem-initial fricative turns into a stop (or an aff ricate) when the stem is the second member of a compound. Th is hardening alternation results from opaque interactions among four phonological processes: sequential voicing, debuccaliza- tion (p→h), continuancy neutralization and consonant devoicing. Consonant devoicing counterfeeds sequential voicing and p→h, and counterbleeds continu- ancy neutralization. Classic Optimality Th eory cannot deal with the phonologi- cal opacity behind the hardening alternation. Stratal OT, a weak parallelist OT extension which incorporates level ordering, provides a solution for this phe- nomenon. Strict parallelist extensions such as Sympathy theory and Candidate Chain theory make the wrong prediction for the hardening alternation.* Key words: devoicing, hardening, Optimality Th eory, phonological opacity, Stratal OT 1. Introduction Th e Mitsukaido dialect of Japanese, spoken in the southwestern part of Ibaraki Prefecture, has a mixed phonological system displaying both Tohoku dialect prop- erties, such as intervocalic voicing and consonant devoicing, and southern Kanto dialect properties, such as lack of prenasal consonants. Its mixed nature is also found in morphosyntactic properties like the presence of the dative/allative case particle -sa peculiar to Tohoku dialects and the absence of productive anticausative voice, as in southern Kanto dialects. Due to this mixed character, the Mitsukaido dialect is often referred to as Kanto no Tohoku-hogen ‘Tohoku dialect spoken in Kanto’. Th e phenomenon I analyze in this paper is the hardening alternation exemplifi ed in (1), a phonological alternation derived from the mixed nature of this dialect.
    [Show full text]
  • Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors Japan
    Contents Page 1. Language 1.1 National language・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2 1.2 The Japanese language・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2 1.3 Common alphabet・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 3 1.4 Rules for spelling Japanese geographical names ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・6 1.4.1 Spelling rules for the romanization of Japanese geographical names・・・・6 1.5 Pronunciation of Japanese geographical names・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・7 1.6 Basic knowledge of Japanese geographical names・・・・・・・・・・・・・・8 2. Committee on the standardization and method of the standardization of geographical names 2.1 Committee on the standardization of geographical names・・・・・・・・・・・8 2.2 The method of the standardization of geographical names・・・・・・・・・・8 3. Source materials 3.1 Maps・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9 3.2 Gazetteers・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9 4. Glossary of generic terms necessary for the understanding maps of Japan・・・・・9 5. Administrative divisions・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・11 1. Language 1.1 National language Japan is a unilingual country, and has used Japanese as its official language since its beginning. The northern regions of Japan have been inhabited by a small number of Ainu people who in the past had spoken their own language. They had no letters or characters of their own. Now, Ainu people no longer speak in their aboriginal language, however, a trace of the vanished Ainu language survives in geographical names and epics or "Yûkara" which have been handed down in the oral tradition for generations. Many people speak in their own dialects in Japan, but the standard Japanese language is normally used on official occasions. 1.2 The Japanese language The Japanese language has been spoken by Japanese people since ancient times. Historically, the Japanese language has been largely influenced by the Chinese language adapting many of its characters and its vocabulary.
    [Show full text]
  • English Version
    早稲田大学 GLCA/ACM ジャパン・ スタディ・プログラム 春の実習情告書 ｚ ２０１９ ○年 ２０２０ Japan Study at Waseda University Cultural Internship Program Report Table of Contents Opening Remarks (Sam Pack)………………………………………………… ii CI Site Location Map………………………………………………………… iii Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture……………………………………………… 1 Hakuba, Nagano Prefecture…………………………………………………２ Fujikawaguchiko, Yamanashi Prefecture……………………………………３ Minakami, Gunma Prefecture ……………………………...…………………４ Fukui, Fukui Prefecture ………………………………………………………５ Daito, Osaka Prefecture ….……………………...……………………………７ Iiyama, Nagano Prefecture .…………………………………………………９ Sogenji, Okayama Prefecture ……………………………………………..１０ Taku, Saga Prefecture……………………………………………………… 1５ Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture ……………………………………………１６ Unnan, Shimane Prefecture ………………………………………………１８ Mashiko, Tochigi Prefecture ………………………………………………２２ Closing Remarks (Michiyo Nagayama)……………………………………２５ | i Opening Remarks For more than two decades, the Cultural Internship has been one of the defining features of the Japan Study Program. For one month, students are provided the opportunity to leave the familiar cocoon of Tokyo and to immerse themselves in more remote locations throughout the country. Through varied work assignments, extended home stays, and everyday interactions, they become acquainted with new ways of life. Indeed, the Cultural Internship is a remarkable and unparalleled experience that is not possible to replicate in any other way. On behalf of the Japan Study Program, I wish to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all of our CI partners for inviting our students
    [Show full text]
  • Milli Mála 1-218 6/28/11 1:39 PM Page 281
    Milli mála 2011_Milli mála 1-218 6/28/11 1:39 PM Page 281 KaOru uMEZaWa unIVErSITY OF ICELanD Transliterating Icelandic names into Japanese Katakana Words an Exploratory Study 1. Introduction ranscribing sounds of one language into another can be prob - Tlematic, especially with languages that use very different alpha - bets and sound systems, such as Japanese and English, or arabic and English. 1 Japanese uses three orthographic systems concurrent - ly; one of them, katakana , is used primarily for transcribing loan words and foreign names. However, katanaka is a syllabary . T his mirrors the Japanese intuition of the sound-shape of words: in seg - mental phonemic terms, Japanese has phonotactic constraints of an entirely different character from Icelandic ones. This difference forms the background to the discussion in this essay. Thus when foreign names are transliterated into Japanese, the sounds are changed phonologically to fit into the Japanese sound system before being transcribed into katakana .2 The national Language Council of Japan has published a series of guidelines for transcribing loan words, recognising at the same time that a tran - scription which follows the original sound too closely may not be ideal. as the Japanese sound system continues to develop, the set of sounds used to transcribe foreign words may tend either towards simplification or the enrichment of the Japanese sound system 1 Kevin Knight and Jonathan graehl, “Machine Transliteration”, Computational Linguistic 24(4)/1998, pp. 599– 612, here p. 599. 2 石井久雄他、 言葉 に関する 問題集―外来語編― 、東京：文化庁 、1997, pp. 18–19. 石綿敏雄、外来語 の総合的研究、東京：東京堂出版、 2001, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    Japanese Language and Literature Journal of the American Association of Teachers of Japanese jll.pitt.edu | Vol. 54 | Number 2 | October 2020 | https://doi.org/10.5195/jll.2020.94 ISSN 1536-7827 (print) 2326-4586 (online) Symbolic Death and Rebirth into Womanhood: An Analysis of Stepdaughter Narratives from Heian and Medieval Japan Sachi Schmidt-Hori Centuries before the Brothers Grimm published Nursery and Household Tales (1812), “evil stepmother” stories were already commonplace in Japan. For instance, in the “Hotaru” chapter of the eleventh-century masterwork, Genji monogatari 源氏物語 (The tale of Genji, ca. 1000), the eponymous hero grumbles about this to his attendants: There were numerous old tales about evil stepmothers. “How distasteful,” Genji thought. So he carefully selected appropriate stories for his daughter, had the ladies-in-waiting copy those tales, and then attach illustrations to them.1 In this scene, Genji is attempting to protect his young daughter from frightening associations with a stepmother, precisely because she has been raised by one, namely, his “wife” Murasaki. 2 Why do fictional step- mothers tend to be so vicious? And why do “evil stepmother stories” seem so pervasive across time and cultures? The current study intends to provide partial answers to these questions by examining the literary trope of mamako banashi 継子話 (stepchild tales)—rather than “evil stepmother tales”—through the lens of gender, sexuality, and kinship. To this end, in the first half of this essay, I will (1) expand the standard theory that mamako banashi are coming-of-age stories for young women (sometimes young men); (2) challenge the prevalent assumptions that the intra-female mamako ijime 継子虐め (stepchild abuse) can be attributed to external conditions, such as the stepmother’s desire to prioritize her biological children over her stepchild, or, more problematically, to women’s intrinsic dislike of younger females; New articles in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 United States License.
    [Show full text]
  • David Bollen Thesis (PDF 1MB)
    C English loanwords in the teaching of English in Japan: A case study analysis David Hugh Bollen B.A. (Hons.) - University of Sydney; M.A. - University of New South Wales; RSA CTEFLA - University of Technology, Sydney Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Office of Education Research Faculty of Education Queensland University of Technology 2018 Keywords Activity theory Case study Cultural-historical activity theory English language learning Gairaigo - 外来語 Higher education Japan Language acquisition Language teaching Loanwords Mediation Socio-cultural theory Wasei eigo - 和製英語 The Loanword Phenomenon – Teaching English in Japan i Abstract This study undertakes a socio-cultural approach to examine how the loanword phenomenon has impacted on the Japanese language, and the teaching of English in Japan. The main research question posed is: How do English loanwords contribute to English language teaching in Japan? Following this are three sub- questions: How do Japanese university students perceive and use English loanwords? Why?; How do teachers of English perceive and use loanwords in teaching English to Japanese university students? Why?; and What is the potential of loanwords to enhance English language teaching in Japan? Cultural-historical activity theory is incorporated into the analysis to illustrate how the teaching and learning activity is currently undertaken and the contradictions that arise from this. An examination of how the current activity systems operate involves the study of tools, resources, subjects, and objects of the systems, along, with an investigation of the elements that facilitate or obstruct learning. The central aim of this study is to investigate how use of loanwords, and an understanding of the socio-cultural approach to language teaching, could assist in effective acquisition of English.
    [Show full text]
  • The Japanese Language from an Empirical Perspective Corpus-Based Studies and Studies on Discourse
    Irena Srdanović and Andrej Bekeš (eds.) THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE FROM AN EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE CORPUS-BASED STUDIES AND STUDIES ON DISCOURSE 2019 THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE FROM AN EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE: CORPUS-BASED STUDIES AND STUDIES ON DISCOURSE Editors: Andrej Bekeš, Irena Srdanović Reviewers: Kristina Hmeljak Sangawa, Terry Joyce, Heiko Narrog, Masaki Ono, Prashant Pardeshi, Vera Sheinman, Darinka Verdonik Proofreading: Krešimir Vunić Layout: Aleš Cimprič Cover photo: Andrej Bekeš To delo je ponujeno pod licenco Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 Mednarodna licenca. / This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Published by: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani (Ljubljana University Press, Faculty of Arts) Issued by: Department of Asian Studies For the publisher: Roman Kuhar, Dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana Printed by: Birografika Bori d. o. o. Ljubljana, 2019 First edition Number of copies printed: 200 Price: 21,90 EUR The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P6-0243(A). The publication was supported by Javna Agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije (Slovenian Re- search Agency) First e-edition. Publication is available free of charge on https://e-knjige.ff.uni-lj.si/ DOI: 10.4312/9789610602170 Kataložna zapisa o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani Tiskana knjiga COBISS.SI-ID=288040192
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section O
    O, Inspector (Fictitious character) O-erh-kʾun Ho (Mongolia) O.T. Site (Wis.) USE Inspector O (Fictitious character) USE Orhon River (Mongolia) USE OT Site (Wis.) O,O-dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate O-erh-kʾun River (Mongolia) O-wee-kay-no Indians USE Phosmet USE Orhon River (Mongolia) USE Oowekeeno Indians O., Ophelia (Fictitious character) O-erh-to-ssu Basin (China) O-wen-kʻo (Tribe) USE Ophelia O. (Fictitious character) USE Ordos Desert (China) USE Evenki (Asian people) O/100 (Bomber) O-erh-to-ssu Desert (China) O-wen-kʻo language USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) USE Ordos Desert (China) USE Evenki language O/400 (Bomber) O family (Not Subd Geog) Ō-yama (Kanagawa-ken, Japan) USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) Ó Flannabhra family USE Ōyama (Kanagawa-ken, Japan) O and M instructors USE Flannery family O2 Arena (London, England) USE Orientation and mobility instructors O.H. Ivie Reservoir (Tex.) UF North Greenwich Arena (London, England) Ó Briain family UF Ivie Reservoir (Tex.) BT Arenas—England USE O'Brien family Stacy Reservoir (Tex.) O2 Ranch (Tex.) Ó Broin family BT Reservoirs—Texas BT Ranches—Texas USE Burns family O Hine Hukatere (N.Z.) OA (Disease) O.C. Fisher Dam (Tex.) USE Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine USE Osteoarthritis BT Dams—Texas Hukatere (N.Z.) OA-14 (Amphibian plane) O.C. Fisher Lake (Tex.) O.K. (The English word) USE Grumman Widgeon (Amphibian plane) UF Culbertson Deal Reservoir (Tex.) USE Okay (The English word) Oa language San Angelo Lake (Tex.) O-kee-pa (Religious ceremony) USE Pamoa language San Angelo Reservoir (Tex.) BT Mandan dance Oab Luang National Park (Thailand) BT Lakes—Texas Mandan Indians—Rites and ceremonies USE ʻUtthayān hǣng Chāt ʻŌ̜p Lūang (Thailand) Reservoirs—Texas O.L.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works
    UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works Title The Journal of World Literature: The Chinese Scriptworld Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2xw2v7bt Author Park, Sowon Publication Date 2021-06-28 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of World Literature Volume 1 Number 2, 2016 The Chinese Scriptworld and World Literature Guest-editor: Sowon S. Park Journal of World Literature (1.2), p. 0 The Chinese Scriptworld and World Literature CONTENTS Introduction: Transnational Scriptworlds Sowon S. Park … 1 Scriptworlds Lost and Found David Damrosch … 13 On Roman Letters and Other Stories: An Essay in Heterographics Charles Lock … 28 The Chinese Script in the Chinese Scriptworld: Chinese Characters in Native and Borrowed Traditions Edward McDonald … 42 Script as a Factor in Translation Judy Wakabayashi … 59 The Many Scripts of the Chinese Scriptworld, the Epic of King Gesar, and World Literature Karen L. Thornber … 79 Eating Murasaki Shikibu: Scriptworlds, Reverse-Importation, and the Tale of Genji Matthew Chozick … 93 From the Universal to the National: The Question of Language and Writing in Twentieth Century Korea Lim HyongTaek … 108 Cultural Margins, Hybrid Scripts: Bigraphism and Translation in Taiwanese Indigenous Writing Andrea Bachner … 121 The Twentieth Century Secularization of the Sinograph in Vietnam, and its Demotion from the Cosmological to the Aesthetic John Duong Phan … 140 Journal of World Literature (1.2), p. 1 The Chinese Scriptworld and World Literature Introduction: Transnational Scriptworlds Sowon S. Park Oxford University [email protected] The Chinese Scriptworld and World Literature This special issue brings into focus the “Chinese scriptworld,” the cultural sphere inscribed and afforded by Chinese characters.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015. Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure and Use
    1 Studies in Language 41:3 (2017), 781–790. doi 10.1075/sl.41.3.07deb issn 0378-4177 / e-issn 1569-9978 © John Benjamins Publishing Company Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho & Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). 2015. Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages: History, structure and use. Berlin: De Gruyter-Mouton [Handbooks of Japanese language and linguistics 11]. lxvii +723 pp. (ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1) Reviewed by Elisabeth M. de Boer (Ruhr Universität Bochum) keywords: Ryukyuan; Japanese; endangered languages; dialectology; historical linguistics; descriptive linguistics; language shift; language revitalization; tone; phonology Introduction Since 2009, six Ryukyuan languages have been included in the UNESCO ‘Atlas of the world’s languages in danger’, of which two (Yaeyama and Yonaguni) are severely endangered, and four (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawa and Miyako) are classified as definitely endangered. Given this worrisome background, the increase in publications in English on various aspects of the Ryukyuan languages in the last years, is a welcome development (e.g. English language dissertations (Shimoji 2008; Anderson 2009), monographs (Shimoji and Pellard 2010; Arakaki 2013; Heinrich and Anderson 2015) and book sections (De Boer 2010: 208-246; Tranter 2012: 349-457). The latest addition, Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages: History, structure and use, surpasses all previous works in scope and size. As the title indicates, this volume treats a broad range of subjects. Contents Part I, on the history of the Ryukyuan languages, includes articles on the history of the description and study of the languages (Osterkamp), a description of the first grammar of Ryukyuan by Bettelheim in 1849 (Griesenhofer), the history of Ryukyuan as can be reconstructed by means of the comparative method (Pellard), as well as an overview of past and present attempts to reconstruct proto-Ryukyuan (Bentley).
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Mysteries in a Swedish Village and on a Japanese Island Bachelor’S Thesis
    Linguistic Mysteries in a Swedish village and on a Japanese island Bachelor’s thesis A corpus-based translation study on Japanese translationese by Swedish to Japanese translation Author: Johan Svanberg Supervisor: Hiroko Inose Examiner: Herbert Jonsson Subject/main field of study: Japanese Studies Course code: JP2011 Credits: 15hp Date of examination: 2017-01-13 At Dalarna University it is possible to publish the student thesis in full text in DiVA. The publishing is open access, which means the work will be freely accessible to read and download on the internet. This will significantly increase the dissemination and visibility of the student thesis. Open access is becoming the standard route for spreading scientific and academic information on the internet. Dalarna University recommends that both researchers as well as students publish their work open access. I give my/we give our consent for full text publishing (freely accessible on the internet, open access): Yes ☒ No ☐ Dalarna University – SE-791 88 Falun – Phone +4623-77 80 00 Abstract This paper aims to study translationese in the Japanese language, and to study if there are any differences between Swedish to Japanese translations compared with English to Japanese translations– which are studied more. Claimed features and characteristics of Japanese translationese include the increase use of personal pronouns, loanwords and paragraph length. However in this study the usage of formal language and gender language in translationese will also be included to in order to distinguish differences between translationese and non- translationese. The method used to analyze the material is corpus-based translations studies which is a rather newly developed method to study translation and especially translationese.
    [Show full text]