Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13404-1 — Accommodating Rising Powers Edited by T

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13404-1 — Accommodating Rising Powers Edited by T. V. Paul Index More Information

Index

Abkhazia, 83 soft interdependencies and, 65–67 accommodation strategies of, 16–19 bargaining strategies in, 204–05 symbolic, 6, 238–39 costly signaling, 203 territorial, 17–18, 278–79, 297–99, legitimation, 205–19 300–02 self-restraining, 203 trade interdependence and, 60–61 socialization, 205–19 in twenty-first century, 178–97 case studies of, 20–23 vocabulary of, 90–92 constructivist perspective on, 87–88 Acheson, Dean, 119, 123–24, 125–26 containment and, 150 Adams, Brook, 118, 119 definition of, 4–7 Adams, Henry, 118 economic, 18, 283–84 Afghanistan, 101, 146, 147 full, 5–6 Agadir Crisis of 1911, 164 by great powers, 293–313 aggression, 44 bargaining with rising powers, 300–02 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 260 demands of rising powers and, Air-Sea Battle (ASB), 37 303–04 AJAX/TPAjax, 128 economic accommodation, 302–06 Alaska, 115 empathy in, 310–11 Albright, Madeline, 53, 221 institutional accommodation, 302–06 Alliance of Civilizations, 286 normative accommodation, 306–10 Al-Qaeda, 217, 218 reciprocal socialization in, 310–11 Amorim, Celso, 252, 253, 262 rising powers and, 294–97 Angell, Norman, 55 territorial accommodation, 297–302 Anglo-American rapprochement for identity, 203, 205–19 critique of, 118–23 ideological, 17, 284–86 Kupchan’s account of, 114–17 ideological/normative, 17, 284–86 Anglo-American War debt agreement, institutional, 18, 93–94, 239–40, suspension of, 75, 76–77 279–82, 302–06 Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 169 for interests, 202–03 Anglo-Iranian concession, 123–29 international relations theories on, 7 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 124, liberalism and, 92–99 126 non-accommodation and, 6 Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1902, 183–84 non-violent, 7 Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907, 163 normative, 17, 284–86, 306–10 Anglo-Saxonism, 116 partial or limited, 6 Annenberg, Walter, 119 peaceful, 91 anti-access and area denial (A2AD), 49 realism and, 99–104 Arabian-American Oil Company reasons for, 152–53 (ARAMCO), 124 region-specific, 6–7 Argentina, 28 responsibility for, 87–107 Aritomo, Yamagata, 183 of rising powers, 1–32 ASEAN Plus Three, 212

314

Index 315

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 210–11, Blunt, Crispin, 113 240 Boer War, Second, 115, 155, 156 Ashley, Percy, 156 Bolshevik Revolution, 180, 182, 188 Asia, 65 Bolsheviks, 113, 120, 182 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 221, Bolshevism, 184 243 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 164 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Boulding, Kenneth, 4 (AIIB), 20, 94, 220–21, 244, 305 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 258 Asquith, Herbert, 161, 165 Boxer Rebellion, 156 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Brazil, 246–67 (ASEAN) accommodation of, 27–28, 246–67 ASEAN Plus Three, 212 and BRICS countries’ GDP, 34 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), as champion of developing-world 210–11, 240 interests, 303 China and, 26, 147, 210–12 defense policy, 253–54 India and, 238, 240 defense spending of, 254 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation demands for institutional change, 305 (TAC), 240 as dialogue partner of G8 group, 239 asymmetrical interdependence, 64 economic growth, 254 audience cost, 203 environmental policy, 252–53 Australia, 221 forgiveness of debts by African Austria, 169 countries, 264 Austria-Hungary, 164 human rights in, 261–62 and international financial system, Baghdad Railway, 162 264–65 Bahrain, 65 and International Monetary Fund, Bakhtiari tribe, 127 264–65 balance of power, 33–34, 38–39 international trade, 262–64 and accommodation of rising power, and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 10–11 259–61 balanced multipolar system in, 42 pharmaceutical patent reforms in, 252 bipolar system in, 42, 43 on primacy of national sovereignty, 251 components of power and, 50 public health programs, 252 fixes to, 48–50 pursuit of power strategies of, 227 offensive realism and, 39–43 regional accommodation of, 6–7 unbalanced multipolar system in, 42 as a regional hegemon, 255–57 balanced multipolar system, 42 relations with Iran, 260–61 Balfour, Arthur, 155–56, 157, 160 relations with North Korea, 260–61 Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento Security Council membership, 257–58 (BNDES), 264 as a soft power, 248–50 Bancor, 121 Soft Power Index score of, 247 Barbieri, Katherine, 59 strategies for emergence, 250–55 bargaining strategies, 312 sphere of influence and, 19 of China, 201–21 andUnitedNations,251 of rising powers, 300–02 and World Trade Organization, 263–64 Barsoom, Peter, 76 Bretton Woods, 94, 121 BEDAMN network, 128 BRICS countries, 51 Belo Monte project (Brazil), 262 accommodation of, 36 Bin Laden, Osama, 218 balance of power and, 136–37 Biological Weapons Convention (1984), balanced multipolar system in, 42, 43 213 currency and, 277 bipolar system, 42, 43 economic potential of, 239 Bisley, Nick, 271 GDP of, 34 Bismarck, Otto van, 159–60 India and, 238 Blanchard, Jean-Marc, 57 BRICS Development Bank, 20, 264

316 Index

British Empire, 111–30 socialization strategy in arms control British Petroleum, 124 regimes, 212–15 Brooks, Stephen, 101 Boxer Rebellion, 156 Buddhism, 216 change of its “system challenger” Bukovansky, M., 303, 304, 305, 308, 309 identity, 213 Bull, Hedley, 102 conflict with Soviet Union, 137–38 Burns, William, 238 conflictual relations with Asian states, Bush, George H.W., 207 26–27 Bush, George W., 239, 240 “core interests” diplomacy, 220 Buzan, Barry, 57, 102 Cultural Revolution in, 135–36 defense spending of, 34, 244 Cambodia, 142, 146, 147 as dialogue partner of G8 group, 239 Canada, 111 economic relations with capitalist Carr, E.H., 8–9, 70–86 countries, 139 on absence of morality to law, 73 and emerging powers, 249 on consequence of legalization, 76 entry into United Nations, 131 as father of 20th century realism, 70 foreign students from, 66–67 international law and, 73–78 Four Modernizations, 148 “Twenty Years’ Crisis”, 8–9, 70–71, 103 GDP of, 34 on West’s behavior during interwar ideology in late 1940s to early 1970s, period, 77–78 134–36 Carter, Ashton B., 235 international relations in 1960s, 136 Carter, Jimmy, 146, 147 international trade, 145 Center for a New American Security as land power, 49 (CNAS), 237 multilateral security treaties, 213 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 127, naval power of, 50 128–29 nine-dash line and, 35 Chamberlain, Joseph, 114, 155–56 open-door policy in, 115 Chamberlain, Neville, 75, 169–70 as peer competitor to US, 49–50 Chang Hsueh-ling, 186 permanent membership in Security Chang Tso-Lin, 186, 190 Council, 148 Charter of Paris for a New Europe (1990), power trends in, 48, 49 281 relations with African nations, 139 Chavez,´ Hugo, 256 relations with ASEAN countries, 210–12 Chechnya, 83 relations with India Chemical Weapons Convention (1993), bilateral trade, 243 213 cold peace in 1963–1977, 242 Chen Shui-bian, 209 potential for conflict in, 241–44 Chiang Kai-shek, 185–86, 191 relations with Soviet Union, 136–37 Chile, 256 relations with Taiwan, 132, 206–08, 209, China, 131–49 220 accommodation of, 10–11, 21, 26 relations with Vietnam, 146, 147 anti-access and area denial capability of, as responsible stakeholder, 215 49 rise to global power, 3, 148 anti-separatist movements in Xinjiang, Sino-American relations, 35–36 215 Soft Power Index score of, 247 bargaining strategies of, 201–21 sphere of influence and, 19 costly signaling on Taiwan issue, and Taiwan crisis in 1995–1996, 206–09 206–09 territorial disputes, 209–12 legitimation of anti-separatist with India, 209–10 movements in Xinjiang, 215 land-based, 209–10 post-Cold War, 206 maritime, 210–12 rising power’s perspective, 201–02 with Southeast Asian countries, self-restraining strategy on territorial 210–12 disputes, 209–12 terrorism in, 217–18

Index 317

as a threat to United States, 51 Contessi, N., 300, 301, 304, 305, 307 Tibet and, 215 Convention on Biodiversity, 252 trade with the US, 60–61 Convention to Combat Desertiﬁcation, US accommodation of, 6, 131–49 252 and World Trade Organization, 263 “costly signaling” strategy, 203, 206–09 China Sea Air Defense Identiﬁcation Zone Council for Mutual Assistance (ADIZ), 35 (COMECON), 6 China-ASEAN free trade agreements, 212 Crawford, Neta, 93 Chinese Communist Party, 144 Crimea Christopher, Warren, 208 annexation of, 196, 279, 283, 298–99 Churchill, Winston, 111, 120–21, 123, 165 secession movement in, 83 Clark, Ian, 102 Cronin, Patrick, 237 class-based theory, 8 Cuba, 115, 299 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 115, 158 Cuban missile crisis, 142–43 Clearing Union, 121 cultural exchanges, 66 Cleveland, Grover, 114 Cultural Revolution, 135–36, 137, 138, Clinton, Bill, 207, 209, 220, 238, 240 145 Clinton, Hillary, 36 Czechoslovakia, 169–70 cold peace, 4 Cold War Daisaku, Komoto, 186 and accommodation of China, 140 Dalai Lama, 216–17 India and, 230 DCNS SA, 254 power transition and, 8 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in Soviet Union and, 12 the South China Sea (2002), 211 US foreign policy after, 274 declining power, accommodation of, 194 US strategy of contaiment in, 68 deep peace, 4 Colombia, 256 defensive realism, 43–47 Color Revolutions, 274 aggression and conquest in, 44 Command of the Commons, 48, 50 security dilemma in, 44–45 Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Russia, security-seeking states in, 45–46 268–69 Deng Xiaoping, 132–33, 145, 214 Common Market of the South (Mercosur), visit to United States, 147 256, 262 deterrence, 12–13 Communist China. See China Deudney, Daniel, 100 complex interdependence, 64 Deutsch, Karl, 62 components of power theory, 47–51 developed countries, 92 necessary components to pose a major Dialogue Among Civilizations, 286 danger, 50 Diana, Princess, 119 power trends and, 48–50 Doha Round, 262 rising powers and, 294–97 Domke, William, 151 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996), Doran, Charles, 101 213, 214 Downs, George, 76 Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Dulles, Allen, 127 241 Dulles, John Foster, 128 Conference on Disarmament, 213, 214, Dumas, Philip Wylie, 161 259 Congo, 164 Earth Summit (1992), 252 conquest, 44 East Asia Summit (EAS), 240 Conquest of Kano and Sokoto, 156 East China Sea, 26 constructivism, 10, 14–15 Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement Construtora Norberto Odebrecht SA, 254 (ETIM), 217–18 containment economic accommodation, 18, 283–84 accommodation and, 150 Egypt, 124 of rising powers, 153 Eisenhower, Dwight, 50, 112, 127, 128 in war avoidance strategies, 11 El Salvador, 65

318 Index

embedded liberalism, 248 in 1900–1914, 153–67 Encarnation, Dennis, 230 Agadir Crisis of 1911, 164 Entente Cordiale of 1904, 158, 163 Bismarckian policies, 159–60 Estonia, 298 British decline in 1900–1905, Ethiopia, 146 154–60 Europe, 65 economic growth, 161–62 post-World War I crisis in, 22 expansion of influence, 162 European Aeronautic, Defence & Space naval power, 159, 162 Co., 254 New World Order in 1905–1914, European Security Initiative, 276 161–66 European Union, 68, 145, 262 North African colonies, 165 Executive Order 13224 (United States), in 1933–1939, 167–70 218 AIIB membership of, 221 expansionism, 118 international trade, 55 as a land power, 48 fascism, 25–26 and League of Nations, 251 Fearon, James, 300, 301 Nazis, 167–70 Federalist Paper No. 6, 57 non-accommodation of, post-World Ferguson, Donald, 125 War I, 6 First International Peace Conference, 250 trade with China, 145 Five Interested Parties, 239 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 183 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Tripartite Pact, 193 252, 257 Weltpolitik strategy, 162, 164 foreign students, 66–67 world political economy and, Four Modernizations, 148 122 Four-Power Pact, 185 Giffen, Robert, 155 Framework Convention on Climate Giichi, Tanaka, 183 Change, 252 Gilpin, Robert, 7, 57, 101 France, 48 Gladstone, William, 111 accommodation of Japan, 175 Glaser, Charles, 45 Agadir Crisis of 1911, 164 globalization, 19, 24, 57 AIIB membership of, 221 interdependence and, 64–65 China’s separatist movements and, 217 Gold Standard, 121 Franco-Russian Alliance, 158 collapse of, 120 Fravel, M. Taylor, 210 Goldemberg, Jose,´ 259 French Indochina, 193 Goldman Sachs, 239 Friedberg, Aaron, 209 Goldstein, Avery, 49 Friendship and Alliance Treaty, 136 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 12 full accommodation, 5–6, 181 Grady, Henry R., 124 Fumimaro, Konoe, 175 grand strategic adjustment, 178–79 grand strategy, 178–79 G20, 28, 239, 257, 262, 263, 265 Great Britain, 111, 173, 196–97 G7, 279 in 1900–1914, 153–67 G8 group of countries, 239 alliance with Japan in 1902, 158 Gandhi, Indira, 229, 231, 242 decline in 1900–1905, 154–60 Gandhi, Rajiv, 242 economic condition, 155–56 Gardner, Richard, 119 Indian Question of 1904, 156–57 Gartzke, Erik, 58 land and sea conflicts, 156 General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs naval power, 157–58 (GATT), 231 New World Order in 1905–1914, geography, 46 161–66 as structural modifier, 42 in 1933–1939, 167–70 George, David Lloyd, 161, 164 confrontation with Germany, 170 Georgia, 101, 196, 274, 279, 300 accommodation of Japan, 175 Germany, 21–22 accommodation of United States, 21

Index 319

AIIB membership of, 221 IBSA countries, 239 Anglo-American rapprochement, ideological accommodation, 17, 284–86. 114–17, 118–23 See also accommodation Anglo-American War debt agreement, Ikenberry, John, 13, 101, 304 75, 76–77 Immigration Act of 1924, 184 Anglo-Iranian concession, 123–29 Imperial Defense Policy, 183 balance of power, 10–11 India, 222–45 suspension of Anglo-American War debt accommodation of, 3, 27, 222–34, 245 agreement, 75 argument in, 226–29 trade with China, 145 capabilities in, 224–25 Great Depression, 182, 187, 195 institutional, 239–40 Great Leap Forward, 136, 139 preferences in, 224 great power accommodation, 293–313. See strategies in, 224–25 also Great Britain; United States symbolic, 238–39 bargaining with rising powers, 300–02 and ASEAN, 240 demands of rising powers and, 303–04 and BRICS countries’ GDP, 34 economic accommodation, 302–06 as a bridging or mediating power, 226 empathy in, 310–11 China’s separatist movements and, 217 institutional accommodation, 302–06 defense budget, 244 normative accommodation, 306–10 as dialogue partner of G8 group, 239 reciprocal socialization in, 310–11 economic growth, 222 rising powers and, 294–97 economic policy, 230 territorial accommodation, 297–302 and emerging powers, 249 great power managerialism, 271, 286 export pessimism in, 230 Great Society programs, 122 foreign policies and rising power Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, ambitions of, 232–33 189 international trade, 230 Greece, 119 Kargil conﬂict with Pakistan, 238 Grey, Edward, 163 military spending of, 222, 235–36 Grieco, Joseph, 230 non-military sources of power, 226–27, Groton School, 119 228 Group of 77 countries, 239, 246 nuclear weapons, 259 Guomindang, 140 power-seeking strategies of, 227–29 preferences and strategies of, 229–33 Haas, Mark, 152–53 in 1990 to present, 231–32 Haldane, Richard, 161, 165 nationalist policy, 229–31 Haldane Mission, 165 non-alignment, 229–31 Halifax, Lord, 169 as preferred political partner, 238 Hamilton, Alexander, 57 ranking as global power, 222–23 Han Chinese, 216 regional accommodation of, 6–7 Harriman, Averell, 125 relations with China Hawaii, 115 bilateral trade, 243 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 115, 119 border dispute, 209–10 Helsinksi Final Act, 281 cold peace in 1963–1977, 242 Herz, John, 44–45 potential for conﬂict in, 241–44 Hitler, Adolf, 167, 169 relations with United States, 240–41 Honduras, 65 as a rising power, 223–24 Hong Kong, 173 role of bridging power, 303 Hughes, Charles Evans, 185 security accommodation with US, Hull, Cordell, 120–21, 174, 175, 234–36 192 arm sales, 235–36 human rights, in Brazil, 261–62 joint military exercises in, 235–36 Humphrey, Hubert, 141 naval cooperation, 235–36 Hurd, Douglas, 112 soft and societal integration of, 240–41 Hurrell, Andrew, 102 Soft Power Index score of, 247

320 Index

India (cont.) James, Henry, 119 strategic dialogue with United States and Japan, 12, 55 Japan, 236–38 in 1912–1926 students in United States, 241 American interests in East Asia and tariff rates, 231 Paciﬁc, 184 tourist ﬂow to United States, 241 relations with China, 184 trade with Soviet Union in 1970s, 231 relations with Russia, 183–84 and World Trade Organization, 263 Shidehara diplomacy, 185 Indian Question of 1904, 156–57 in 1933–1939, 173–97 Indochina, 142 American oil embargo, 173, 175 Indonesia, 28 decline in international status, 176 Industrial Revolution, 63 emergence of modern Japan, 179–80 Institute for Government, 247–48 systemic constraints in East Asia, 176 institutional accommodation, 18, 93–94, total warfare, 190 239–40, 279–82, 302–06. See also trade with United States, 173 accommodation accommodation of, 173–97 Inter-American Commission on Human as member of “great power club”, 181 Rights, 256, 262 grand strategies in pre-World War II Inter-American Development Bank, period, 180–81, 187–94 257 aversion to perceived loss in, 193–94 interdependencies reactions of others powers to, 193–94 asymmetrical, 64 self-defeating strategies in, 194 complex, 64 threatening environment in East Asia non-trade, 61–65 and, 194 soft, 65–67 Meiji period, 180 trade, 55–60 non-accommodation of, 6 International Atomic Energy Agency power shifts in Asia and, 180 (IAEA), 243, 260 Russo-Japanese War, 157, 158, 163, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 83 180, 188 international courts, 82–84 strategic dialogue with United States and international institutions, 24 India, 236–38 international law, 80 Taisho grand strategy in 1912–1926, Carr’s views on, 73–78 182–87 courts, 82–84 trade with China, 145 institutional design of, 77–78 Tripartite Pact, 193 morality and, 73 world political economy and, 122 politics of necessity in, 78–82 Japan Institute of International Affairs, as product of bargaining among states, 237 73–74 Jervis, Robert, 44, 46 International Law Commission, 80 Jiang Zemin, 208 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 6, Johnston, Alastair Iain, 90, 98 93, 97, 104, 121, 213, 215, 264–65 International Panel on Fissile Materials, Kadeer, Rebiya, 216 259 Kai He, 300, 303, 310 international relations theories, 7–10 Kant, Immanuel, 55, 56, 62–63 International Security (Johnston), 90 Kantian tripod, 56 Iran Kato, Komei, 183 Anglo-Iranian concession, 123–29 Kazakhstan, 217 relations with Brazil, 260–61 Kazunari, Ugaki, 189 Iraq, 101 Kei, Hara, 184 Iriye, Akira, 187 Keohane, Robert, 64, 96 Iron Curtain, 126 Keynes, John Maynard, 120–21 Israel, 124, 259 Kichiasburo,¯ Nomura, 174 Isthmian Canal, 158 Kiichiro,¯ Hiranuma, 189 Italy, 193, 221 Kijuro, Shidehara, 185

Index 321

Kipling, Rudyard, 118 Marshall, Alfred, 156 Kirchner, Nestor, 256 Marxist theory, 8 Kissinger, Henry, 68, 132, 140, 142, 143, Marxist-Leninism, 25–26 230 Masamichi, Royama,¯ 190 Konoe, Fumimaro, 189, 190–91, 192 Masatake, Terauchi, 183 Konoe consensus, 180 Matsouka, Yosuke, 190–91 Korea, 192 Mattos de Abreu, Guilherme, 253 Kosovo, 83, 84 Mearsheimer, John, 40, 41–42, 46, 136 Kruschev, Nikita, 136 Medeiros, Evan, 47 Kuniaki, Kosio, 189 Medvedev, Dmitry, 272–73 Kuomintang, 185–86, 191, 192 Meiji period, 180 Kupchan, Charles, 9, 111, 114–17, 283 Menon, V.K. Krishna, 230 Kwantung Army, 185–86, 194 Mercosur, 256, 262 Kyrgyzstan, 217, 276 Metternich, Paul Wolff, 165 Mexico, as dialogue partner of G8 group, Labs, Eric, 41 239 Lafer, Celso, 252 Middle East, 65 Lake,David,248 military powers, rising, 3–4 Laos, 146 Mischief incident (1995), 210, 212 Last Ashanti War, 156 Missile Technology Control Regime, 259 Latvia, 298 Mitsumata, Yonai, 189 Lavrov, Sergey, 272–73 Modi, Narendra, 232 Layne, Christopher, 46 Monocle Magazine, 247–48 League of Nations, 120, 190, 251 Monroe Doctrine, 181–82 Lee, John, 234 Montesquieu, 55 Lee Teng-Hui, 207 moral validity, 79 legitimation strategy, 205–19 Morgenthau, Hans, 70 Lend-Lease arrangements, 120–21 Morocco, 162, 164 Levy, Jack, 167, 168 Mossadeq, Mohammad, 111, 123–26, Liberal Leviathan (Ikenberry), 101 127, 128–29 liberal peace, 56, 58–59, 92 Mueller, John, 14, 92–93 liberalism, 10, 13 Mukden incident, 190 constructivism and, 92–99 multipolar system, 42, 43, 294–97 of fear, 96 Muslims, in China, 216 as political philosophy, 97 mutually assured destruction (MAD), 12 Liberman, Peter, 41 limited accommodation. See partial N-11 states, 42, 43 accommodation Nanjing Massacre, 191 Lithuania, 298 Nathan, Andrew, 216 Lobell, S.E., 204–05 National Intelligence Council (NIC), 34, Lodge, Henry Cabot, 118 268–69, 273 Lu,David,190 National Security Council, 125 Lugo, Fernando, 256 nationalism, 25–26 Lula da Silva, Lu´ız Inacio,´ 257, 260 Nationalism and After (Carr), 77 Lytton Commission Report, 190 NATO-Russia Council, 279, 280 natural allies, 238 Macmillan, Harold, 112 Naval Arms Limitation Treaty, 185 Majlis, 123 Nazi Germany, 167–70 Malaysia, 173 Nazism, 25–26 Manchukuo, 192 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 229, 230 Manchuria, 180, 182, 183–84, 186, 188, neoclassical realism, 179–82 190, 192 Netherlands, 173 Mansﬁeld, Edward, 58 accommodation of Japan, 175 Mao Zedong, 132, 135, 139, 144 New Agenda Coalition, 259 Mares, D., 303, 304, 305 New Development Bank, 244

322 Index

New International Economic Order Panama Canal, 119 (NIEO), 239 Panay (gunboat), sinking of, 191 New Order in East Asia, 180, 182, 187, Pardesi, Manjeet, 240 195 Paris Club, 264 Nigeria, 28 Paris Peace Settlement (1919), 187 Nine-Power Treaty, 185 partial accommodation, 6 nine-dash line, 35 Paul, T.V., 33–34, 57, 174–75, 181, Nixon, Richard 201–02, 310 “Asia after Vietnam” article by, 141–42 peace and international crises in early 1969, cold, 4 142 conditions for, 9–10 in presidential election of 1968, 141 deep, 4 and Sino-American relations, 132–33 deﬁnition of, 91–92 visit to China, 143–44 mechanisms of Nobuyake, Abe, 189 absence of intense nationalism, 25–26 non-accommodation, 6 globalization, 24 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), 239 international institutions, 24 Non-Proliferation Treaty (1996), 213 territorial integrity, 24–25 normative accommodation, 17, 284–86, warfare innovations, 24–25 306–10. See also accommodation trade and, 55–60 North American Free Trade Agreement war avoidance strategies for, 10–13 (NAFTA), 83 warm, 4 North Atlantic Treaty Organization peaceful change, 14–15 (NATO), 124, 274, 278, 280, 281, grand strategies of, 15–16 311 peaceful transition, conditions for, 9 North Korea, 260–61 Pearl Harbor attack, 173–74 North Vietnam, 146 Pelc, K., 306, 307 Northern Europe, 65 People’s Armed Police (China), 216 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), 253, 259–61 49 Nuclear Suppliers Group, 242, 259 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 37, 49 nuclear weapons, 12 People’s Republic of China. See China Nye, Joseph, 64 Permanent Joint Council, 279 Nye Commission, 113, 120 Perpetual Peace (Kant), 56, 62–63 Peru, 256 Obama, Barack, 113, 239, 258, 278 Pevehouse, Jon, 58 offensive realism, 39–43 Philippines oil companies, 127 and American colonial expansion, 115, Okazaki Institute, 237 118 oligarchy, 270–72 maritime dispute with China, 210–12 one China policy, 208 and World War II, 173 Oneal, John, 56, 58 “Pivot to Asia” policy (United States), Open Door policy, 184, 191 219, 275 Operation Malabar, 235 Poland, 298 optimistic theory, 304 Portugal, 165 Organization for Security and Posen, Barry, 50 Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Potter, P., 310 276, 279, 280, 283, 284 Powell, Robert, 300, 301 Organization of American States (OAS), power, components of, 47–51 256 Power Interdependence (Keohane and Nye), 64 Pakistan, 28 power transition theories, 8, 151 Kargil conﬂict, 238 Pradesh, Arunachal, 243 nuclear arms, 249 protectionism, 121 relations with India, 231 Pu, Xiaoyu, 91, 94

Index 323

Puerto Rico, 299 peaceful, 278–86 Putin, Vladimir, 196–97, 273 territorial, 278–79 Putnam, Robert, 77, 248 conflict with Ukraine, 3 demands for institutional change, 305 Qian Qichen, 208 economic growth, 273, 283–84 Qing (Manchu) dynasty, 182 exports, 283 GDP of, 273 Rape of Nanking, 191 as a land power, 48 Rashidian tribe, 127 and NATO, 298–99 Reagan, Ronald, 111 per capita income, 273 realism red lines, 272–75 and accommodation, 99–104 relations with United States, 268–69. See defensive, 43–47 also Cold War offensive realism, 39–43 Russian Civil War, 180, 188 war avoidance strategies in, 10–13 Russo-Georgian war, 276 realpolitik, 89, 102 Russo-Japanese War, 157, 158, 163, region-specific accommodation, 6–7 180, 188 Riedel, Bruce, 236 Soviet Union (1922–1991) Rio + 20, 252 collapse of, 240 Ripsman, N., 57, 167 conflict with China, 137–38 rising powers. See also Brazil; China; India; decline in 1980s, 148 Russia de-Stalinization in, 136 accommodation of, 1–32, 178–97, nuclear deterrence and, 12 270–72 relations with China, 136–37 components of power theory and, relations with India, 231 294–97 relations with United States, 142–43, containment of, 153 146 demands for institutional change, relations with Vietnam, 147 304–06 sphere of influence and, 19, 21 demands of, 303–04 as a threat to United States, 51 multipolarity and, 294–97 trade interdependence, 60 as norm-takers instead of norm-makers, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 183 94–95 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 157, strategies of, 19–20, 152 158, 163, 180, 188 transition of, 19 Rock, Stephen, 9–10 Salisbury, Lord, 155 Rocke, David, 76 SALT, 143, 146 Rohani, Hassan, 260 Saudi Arabia, 122, 124 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 261–62 Scarborough Shoal, 212 Roosevelt, Franklin, 173–74, 175, 257 Scheuerman, William, 100 Roosevelt, Theodore, 74, 112, 118 Schumpeter, Joseph, 55 Rosecrance, Richard, 56 Schweller, Randall, 47, 91, 94 Ross, Robert, 49 Scobell, Andrew, 216 Rousseff, Dilma, 247, 254, 260, 261, Scott, James C., 94 264 Second Boer War, 155, 156 Ruggie, John, 248 Second International Peace Conference, Russell, Daniel, 36 250 Russett, Bruce, 53, 56, 58 security communities, 65 Russia, 268 Security Council, 6, 94, 104, 218, 222, accommodation of, 6, 196–97, 268 239, 253, 257–58, 275, 282 and costs of non-accommodation, Selborne, First Lord of the Admiralty, 275–77 158 economic, 283–84 self-restraining strategy, 203, 209–12 ideological/normative, 284–86 Shaklar, Judith, 96 institutional, 279–82 Shambaugh, David, 51, 201, 210, 215

324 Index

Shanghai Cooperation Organization Standard Oil of California, 127 (SCO), 24, 217, 238, 243 Standard Oil of New Jersey, 127 Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 229 Standard Oil of New York, 127 Shidehara, Kijur¯ o,¯ 184, 185–86 status, in international politics, 174–75 Showa¯ era, 180 Steil, Benn, 120 Showa¯ grand strategy, 188 Stockholm International Peace Research Showa¯ Research Association, 190 Institute (SIPRI), 34 Siberia, 184, 186 Stokes, Richard, 125 Silk Road Economic Belt, 243 strategic allies, 238 Silk Road Fund, 243 Sudan, 124 Singapore, 65, 173 sunk cost, 203, 208 Singh, Jashwant, 243 Suplicy, Marta, 251 Singh, Manmohan, 231, 240 sustained peace, 4 Sinha, A., 303 symbolic accommodation, 6, 238–39 Sino-Japanese War, 173, 174, 175, 191, Syria, 101, 113, 249, 282 194, 195 Smith, Jeff, 244 Taiwan Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 186–87 and China’s “core interests” policy, 220 Snyder, Glenn D., 44 and Chinese military exercise in Social States (Johnston), 90 1995–1996, 207–08 socialization strategy, 205–15, 219 crisis with China in 1995–96, 206–09 “Socialization-through-institutions” expulsion from UN, 132 approach, 94 relations with United States, 140, soft interdependencies, 65–67 206–09 Soft Power Index, 247–48 Tajikistan, 217 Sokoto Uprising, 156 Takashi, Hara, 183 Somali Rebellion, 156 Tanzan, Ishibashi, 190 South Africa, 124 Teichi, Suzuki, 189 as dialogue partner of G8 group, 239 territorial accommodation, 17–18. See also regional accommodation of, 6–7 accommodation Second Boer War, 115, 155, 156 bargaining dilemmas in, 300–02 Second, 156 challenges in, 298–99 Soft Power Index score of, 247 of Russia, 278–79 South China Sea, 26 territorial integrity, norms of, 24–25 territorial disputes in, 210–12 Tetsuzan, Nagata, 189 South Korea, AIIB membership of, 221 Texaco, 127 South Ossetia, 83 Thatcher, Margaret, 111 South Sakhalin, 188, 192 Theory of Intermediate Zone, 135, 139 Soviet Far Eastern Army, 194 Theory of the Three Worlds, 144 Soviet Union. See also Russia Theory of Two Intermediate Zones, 144 collapse of, 240 Third British-Zulu War, 156 conﬂict with China, 137–38 three no’s policy, 209 decline in 1980s, 148 Thucydides Trap, 35 de-Stalinization in, 136 Tibet, 215 nuclear deterrence and, 12 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 162, 163, 165 relations with China, 136–37 Tojo, Hideki, 174, 175, 193 relations with India, 231 Tokatlian, Gabriel, 257 relations with United States, 142–43, Tooze, Adam, 119 146 trade interdependence, 55–60 relations with Vietnam, 147 liberal peace and, 58–59 Soviet-German Nonaggression Pact, power accommodation and, 60–61 194 as vulnerability, 57 Spanish-American war, 115 Tragedy of Great Power Politics, The Special Responsibilities, 101 (Mearsheimer), 40 Staley, Eugene, 56 Trans-Paciﬁc Partnership (TPP), 37

Index 325

Transvaal, 159–60 China’s separatist movements and, Travolta, John, 119 217–18 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC), Command of the Commons, 48, 50 211, 240 Great Britain’s accommodation of, 21 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 183 hegemony of, 99 Treaty of Versailles, 120 Monroe Doctrine, 181–82 Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe, one China policy, 208 276 Open Door policy, 184 Tripartite Pact, 193 “pivot to Asia” policy, 219 Truman, Harry, 124, 127 policy toward Russia, 268–69 Tudeh Party of Iran, 128 recognition of China in 1970s, 6 Tunisia, 124 relations with India, 240–41 Turchynov, Oleksandr, 278 relations with Soviet Union, 142–43, 146 Turkey, 28 relations with Taiwan, 206 hard power/soft power combination of, security accommodation of India, 249 234–36 Soft Power Index score of, 247 arm sales, 235–36 Twenty Years Crisis, The (Carr), 8–9, 70–71, joint military exercises in, 235–36 103 naval cooperation, 235–36 “Two level game” paradigm, 248 Sino-American relations, 35–36 Two Power Standard, 159 strategic dialogue with Japan and India, 236–38 Ukraine, 3, 101, 196–97, 274, 278, 279, trade with China, 60–61 298–99, 300 Western Hemisphere as sphere of unbalanced multipolar system, 42 inﬂuence of, 181–82 Union of South American Nations United States India Business Council (UNASUR), 256, 261 (USIBC), 241 unipolarity, 270–72 Uniting for Consensus group, 258 United Arab Emirates, 65 USSR. See Russia United Kingdom. See Great Britain Ussuri River, 137–38 United Nations, 212–13, 251, 275 Uyghurs, 215 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (2012), 252 Vajpayee, Bihari, 240 United Nations Convention on the Law of Van Evera, Stephen, 45 the Sea (UNCLOS), 210 Vanderbilt University U.S.-Japan Center, United Service Institute of India, 237 237 United States Vansittart, Robert, 168 ability to print money, 122 Vargas, Getulio, 257 accommodation of China, 26, 131–49 Vasquez, John, 14 costly signaling on Taiwan issue, Versailles Treaty, 167, 169 206–09 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties full accommodation in 1972–1979, (VCLT), Article 62 of, 71–72, 144–48 78–82 legitimation-based, 217–18 Vietnam, 146 limited accommodation in invasion of Cambodia, 147 1949–1072, 140–44 maritime dispute with China, 210 motivations in, 132 relations with Soviet Union, 147 accommodation of USSR, 6 Vietnam War, 132, 141 Anglo-American rapprochement, von Bismarck, Otto, 73 114–17, 118–23 von Kiderlen-Waechter, Alfred, 165 Anglo-American War debt agreement, 75, 76–77 Walt, Stephen, 44, 46 Anglo-Iranian concession and, 123–29 Waltz, Kenneth, 56 balance of power, 10–11 Waltz, Susan, 38, 44, 46 China’s power to challenge, 49–50 Wang Yi, 212

326 Index

war Western Europe, 65 avoidance strategies, 10 White, Harry Dexter, 120, 121 balance of power in, 10–11 White Man’s Burden, The (Kipling), 118 containment in, 11 Wiercinski, Francis J., 235 deterrence in, 12–13 Wilhelm II, 160, 161–62 international-level, 5 Wilson, Woodrow, 70, 182, 184–85 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 157, Wisner,Frank,127 158, 163, 180, 188 Wohlforth, William, 101, 309 Second Boer War, 115, 155, 156 Woodhouse, C.M., 127 Sino-Japanese War, 173, 174, 175, 191, World Bank (WB), 6, 93, 104, 121, 122, 194, 195 213 Spanish-American war, 115 World Out of Balance (Brooks and technological innovations of warfare, 25 Wolforth), 101 Third British-Zulu War, 156 World Trade Organization (WTO), 24, 93, Vietnam War, 132, 141 222, 239, 252, 257, 263–64, 279, World War I, 55 283 World War II, 140 World War I, 55 War Ofﬁce, 159 World War II, 140 warm peace, 4 Wright, Martin, 102 Washington Disarmament Conference, 167, 185 Xi Jinping, 35, 243 weaker state, threats of, 51 Xinjiang, anti-separatist movements in, Weinberger, Caspar, 119 215 Weisiger, Alex, 300, 301 Weltpolitik, 162, 164 Yanukovych, Viktor, 60, 196, 278 Wendt, Alexander, 100 Yeo, George, 234 West Germany, 145 Yukon, 115