International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992 (Wages of War)

Home , Boxer Rebellion, Somali Rebellion, Tanganyika (1961–1964)

UK Data Archive Study Number 3441 Correlates of War Project: International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992 (Wages of War)

CORRELATES OF WAR PROJECT: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WAR DATA, 1816-1992

(ICPSR 9905)

Principal Investigators

J. David Singer University of Michigan

Melvin Small Wayne State University

First ICPSR Release April 1994

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 1

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION

Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is:

Singer, J. David, and Melvin Small. CORRELATES OF WAR PROJECT: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WAR DATA, 1816-1992 [Computer file]. Ann Arbor, MI: J. David Singer and Melvin Small [producers], 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1994.

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES

To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used.

DATA DISCLAIMER

The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. 1

DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION

J. David Singer and Melvin Small CORRELATES OF WAR PROJECT: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WAR DATA, 1816-1992 (ICPSR 9905)

SUMMARY: This data collection describes international and civil wars for the years 1816-1992. Part 1, the International Wars file, describes the experience of each interstate member in each war. The unit of analysis is the participant in a particular conflict. When and where each interstate member fought is coded, along with battle and total deaths, pre-war population and armed forces, and whether the member in question initiated the conflict. Each war is characterized as interstate, colonial, or imperial, and major power status and/or central system membership of the warring parties is noted. Part 2, the Civil Wars file, describes when and where fighting took place, whether the war was fought within the boundaries of a major power or central system member, whether there was outside intervention and, if so, whether the intervening state was a major power, on what side they intervened, who won the war, number of battle deaths, total population, and total number of pre-war armed forces.

UNIVERSE: Wars from 1816-1992 in which at least one member of the interstate system took part.

NOTE: Part 5, an SPSS Export File, contains three alphanumeric variables (WARNAME, ABBREV, and NATNAME), not included in the raw data version of this collection. This data collection replaces WAGES OF WAR, 1816-1980: AUGMENTED WITH DISPUTES AND CIVIL WAR DATA (ICPSR 9044).

EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 2 data files + machine-readable documentation (text) + SAS data definition statements + SPSS data definition statements

EXTENT OF PROCESSING: CONCHK.PI/ UNDOCCHK.PI/ FREQ.PI

DATA FORMAT: Card Image with SAS and SPSS data definition statements and SPSS Export Files

Part 1: International Wars Part 2: Civil Wars Raw Data Raw Data File Structure: rectangular File Structure: rectangular Cases: 204 Cases: 426 Variables: 36 Variables: 40 Record Length: 75 Record Length: 79 Records Per Case: 3 Records Per Case: 3 1

Part 3: Codebook for All Parts Parts 4-5: SPSS Export Files Record Length: 76 Record Length: 80

Parts 6-7: SAS Data Definition Statements Record Length: 72 1

THE CORRELATES OF WAR PROJECT: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WAR DATA, 1816-1992

PART 1: INTERNATIONAL WARS INTERSTATE WARS EXTRA-SYSTEMIC WARS

Principal Investigators: J. David Singer The University of Michigan

Melvin Small Wayne State University

March 1994

Study Description

This is one of two datasets which comprise the Correlates of War: International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992 codebook and study. This part presents data on international wars. The other part presents data on civil wars.

This dataset describes the experience of each interstate system member in each war. The unit of analysis is the participant in a particular conflict. The file contains 1278 logical records for 426 cases. Each case contains the values for 40 variables that describe the experience of one participant in an international war.

In order to be considered a nation-participant in the interstate system, certain minimal criteria of population and diplomatic recognition were used (at least 500,000 total population and either diplomatic recognition by at least two major powers or membership in the League of Nations or United Nations). Qualifying nation- participants are classified for the period 1816-1919 as to whether or not they were members of the European Central System at the time of the war and, therefore, active and influential in European-centered diplomacy. They are also classified as to whether or not they are dealt with by other members of the interstate system as major powers. The geographical location of the war as a whole and a participant's activity in the war is coded as well as the severity of the war as determined by its duration and the number of battle-connected deaths. The pre-war population and number of persons serving in the armed forces (exclusive of police forces, unorganized militias, and gendarmerie) is also coded.

This part of the dataset describes two types of international wars: Interstate wars, in which a nation that qualifies as a member of the interstate system engages in a war with another member of the interstate system. Extra-systemic wars, in which a nation that qualifies as an interstate system member engages in a war with a political entity that is not an interstate system member.

Extra-systemic wars are further divided into two sub-types. The first sub-type, the imperial war, involves an adversary that is an independent political entity but does not qualify as a member of the interstate system becuse of limitations on its independence, insufficient population to meet the interstate system membership criteria or a failure of other states to recognize it as a legitimate member.

The second sub-type, the colonial war, includes international wars in which the adversary was a colony, dependency or protectorate composed of ethnically differnt people and located at some geographical distance or, at least, peripheral to the center of government of the given system member.

Both imperial and colonial wars are so designated both in the data and in the list of war numbers in this codebook.

Users should note the following change in the codeing rules from Resort to Arms regarding extra-systemic wars. The inclusion criterion +______of 1000 annual average battle deaths sustained by system member participants per year has been relaxed. Extra-systemic wars are now included in the dataset if the annual average battle deaths sustained per year by all participants (both system members and non-system members) is at least 1000.

Related Publications: Singer, J. David and Melvin Small. Resort to Arms. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982. + ______Russett, Bruce M, J. David Singer and Melvin Small. "National Political Units in the Twentieth Century: A Standardized List." American Political Science Review. + ______Vol. 66, #3 (September 1968), pp. 932-951.

1VARIABLE LAYOUT AND FREQUENCIES

NAME RECORD START END DESCRIPTION, VALUES AND FREQUENCIES

WARNUMB 1 2 4 War Number (see attached list)

CCODE 1 7 9 Singer-Small Country Code of Participant (see attached list)

YEARENT 1 12 15 Year Participant First Entered War Actual year of entry coded.

MONENT 1 17 18 Month Participant First Entered War Actual month of entry coded.

0 - missing

DAYENT 1 20 21 Day Participant First Entered War Actual day of entry coded.

0 - missing

YEARLEF 1 24 27 Year Participant First Left War Actual year of exit coded.

MONLEF 1 29 30 Month Participant First Left War Actual month of exit coded.

0 - missing

DAYLEF 1 32 33 Day Participant First Left War Actual month of exit coded.

0 - missing

YEARENT2 1 36 39 Year Participant Reentered War Actual year of entry coded.

0 - missing

MONENT2 1 41 42 Month Participant Reentered War Actual month of entry coded.

0 - missing

DAYENT2 1 44 45 Day Participant Reentered War Actual day of entry coded.

0 - missing

YEARLEF2 1 48 51 Year Participant Left War Again Actual year of exit coded.

0 - missing

MONLEF2 1 53 54 Month Participant Left War Again Actual month of exit coded.

0 - missing

DAYLEF2 1 56 57 Day Participant Left War Again Actual month of exit coded.

0 - missing

WARTYPE 1 59 59 War Type

274 1 - Interstate War 98 2 - Colonial War 54 3 - Imperial War

CENSYWAR 1 61 61 At Least One Central Sub-system Member in War?

211 0 - no/NA 215 1 - yes

CENESWAR 1 63 63 At Least One Central Sub-system Member on Each Side?

337 0 - no/NA 89 1 - yes

MAJPOWAR 1 65 65 At Least One Major Power?

148 0 - no 278 1 - yes

MAJESWAR 1 67 67 At Least One Major Power on Each Side?

334 0 - no 92 1 - yes

Was any part of the war fought in:

WESTHEM 1 69 69 Western Hemisphere

385 0 - no 41 1 - yes

EUROPE 1 71 71 Europe

285 0 - no 141 1 - yes

AFRICA 1 73 73 Africa

333 0 - no 93 1 - yes

MIDEAST 1 75 75 Middle East

287 0 - no 139 1 - yes

ASIA 1 77 77 Asia

273 0 - no 153 1 - yes

OCEANIA 1 79 79 Oceania

396 0 - no 30 1 - yes

MEMCENSY 2 12 12 Was Participant Member of Central Sub-system?

237 0 - no 189 1 - yes

MAJPOWER 2 14 14 Was Participant Major Power?

262 0 - no 164 1 - yes

POPULAT 2 16 22 Pre-war Population (thousands) Actual number coded.

-9 - missing

ARMFORCE 2 24 28 Pre-war Armed Forces (thousands) Actual number coded.

-9 - missing

OUTCOME 2 30 30 War Outcome for Participant

250 1 - on winning side 143 2 - on losing side 21 3 - on side A of a tie 9 4 - on side B of a tie 2 5 - on side A of ongoing war 1 6 - on side B of ongoing war

NATMONTH 2 32 36 Number of Months Participant Fought in War. Actual number coded (to nearest 0.1 month).

DEATHS 2 38 45 Number of Battle Related Deaths Sustained by Participant's Armed Forces in Interstate Wars, Total Battle Related Deaths sustained for Exra-systemic Wars. Actual number coded.

0 - missing

INITIATE 2 47 47 Did Participant Initiate War?

309 0 - no 117 1 - yes

UPDATE 2 49 49 War Update/Version (version case added to dataset)

239 0 - 1972 original 59 1 - 1980 update 77 2 - 1990 update 51 3 - 1992 update

Did participant engage in fighting in war in:

FWESTHEM 2 69 69 Western Hemisphere

385 0 - no 41 1 - yes

FEUROPE 2 71 71 Europe

295 0 - no 131 1 - yes

FAFRICA 2 73 73 Africa

366 0 - no 60 1 - yes

FMIDEAST 2 75 75 Middle East

321 0 - no 105 1 - yes

FASIA 2 77 77 Asia

306 0 - no 120 1 - yes

FOCEANIA 2 79 79 Oceania

421 0 - no 5 1 - yes

3 Blank Record 1 International War Numbers:

Interstate Wars:

001 FRANCO-SPANISH (1823) 004 RUSSO-TURKISH (1828-1829) 007 MEXICAN-AMERICAN (1846-1848) 010 AUSTRO-SARDINIAN (1848-1849) 013 FIRST SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN (1848-1849) 016 ROMAN REPUBLIC (1849) 019 LA PLATA (1851-1852) 022 CRIMEAN (1853-1856) 025 ANGLO-PERSIAN (1856-1857) 028 ITALIAN UNIFICATION (1859) 031 SPANISH-MOROCCAN (1859-1860) 034 ITALO-ROMAN (1860) 037 ITALO-SICILIAN (1860-1861) 040 FRANCO-MEXICAN (1862-1867) 043 ECUADORIAN-COLOMBIAN (1863) 046 SECOND SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN (1864) 049 LOPEZ (1864-1870) 052 SPANISH-CHILEAN (1865-1866) 055 SEVEN WEEKS (1866) 058 FRANCO-PRUSSIAN (1870-1871) 061 RUSSO-TURKISH (1877-1878) 064 PACIFIC (1879-1883) 067 SINO-FRENCH (1884-1885) 070 CENTRAL AMERICAN (1885) 072 FRANCO-THAI (1893) 073 SINO-JAPANESE (1894-1895) 076 GRECO-TURKISH (1897) 079 SPANISH-AMERICAN (1898) 082 BOXER REBELLION (1900) 085 RUSSO-JAPANESE (1904-1905) 088 CENTRAL AMERICAN (1906) 091 CENTRAL AMERICAN (1907) 094 SPANISH-MOROCCAN (1909-1910) 097 ITALO-TURKISH (1911-1912) 100 FIRST BALKAN (1912-1913) 103 SECOND BALKAN (1913) 106 WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) 109 RUSSO-POLISH (1919-1920) 110 LITHUANIAN-POLISH (1919-1920) 112 HUNGARIAN-ALLIES (1919) 115 GRECO-TURKISH (1919-1922) 116 FRANCO-TURKISH (1919-1921) 118 SINO-SOVIET (1929) 121 MANCHURIAN (1931-1933) 124 CHACO (1932-1935) 127 ITALO-ETHIOPIAN (1935-1936) 130 SINO-JAPANESE (1937-1941) 133 CHANGKUFENG (1938) 136 NOMOHAN (1939) 139 WORLD WAR II (1939-1945) 142 RUSSO-FINNISH (1939-1940) 145 FRANCO-THAI (1940-1941) 148 PALESTINE (1948-1949) 151 KOREAN (1950-1953) 154 RUSSO-HUNGARIAN (1956) 157 SINAI (1956) 160 SINO-INDIAN (1962) 163 VIETNAMESE (1965-1975) 166 SECOND KASHMIR (1965) 169 SIX DAY (1967) 172 ISRAELI-EGYPTIAN (1969-1970) 175 FOOTBALL (1969) 178 BANGLADESH (1971) 181 YOM KIPPUR (1973) 184 TURCO-CYPRIOT (1974) 187 VIETNAMESE-CAMBODIAN (1975-1979) 189 ETHIOPIAN-SOMALIAN (1977-1978) 190 UGANDAN-TANZANIAN (1978-1979) 193 SINO-VIETNAMESE (1979) 199 IRAN-IRAQ (1980-1988) 202 FALKLANDS (1982) 205 ISRAEL-SYRIA [LEBANON] (1982) 208 SINO-VIETNAMESE (1985-1987) 211 GULF WAR (1990-1991) 214 AZERI-ARMENIAN [NAGORNO-KARABAKH] (1992-ONGOING)

Extra-Systemic Wars:

300 RUSSO-GEORGIAN (1816-1825) I 301 BRITISH-MAHARATTAN (1817-1818) I 302 KANDYAN REBELLION (1817-1818) C 303 TURKO-PERSIAN (1821) I 304 GREEK (1821-1828) C 307 FIRST ANGLO-BURMESE (1823-1826) I 309 FIRST ASHANTI (1824-1826) C 310 JAVANESE (1825-1830) C 312 ALBANIAN (1830-1831) C 313 RUSSO-PERSIAN (1826-1828) I 314 BHARATPURAN (1825-1826) C 315 BELGIAN (1830-1831) C 316 FIRST POLISH (1831) C 317 RUSSO-CIRCASSIAN (1829-1840) I 319 FIRST SYRIAN (1831-1832) C 322 TEXAN (1835-1836) C 323 BOSNIAN-TURKISH (1836-1837) C 324 FIRST ZULU (1838-1840) I 325 FIRST BRITISH-AFGHAN (1838-1842) I 327 RUSSO-KHIVAN (1839) I 328 SECOND SYRIAN (1839-1840) C 329 FIRST OPIUM (1839-1840) I 331 FRANCO-ALGERIAN (1839-1847) I 333 BOSNIAN-TURKISH (1841) C 334 PERUVIAN-BOLIVIAN (1841) I 335 BALUCHI-BRITISH (1843) C 336 FRANCO-MOROCCAN (1844) I 337 FIRST BRITISH-SIKH (1845-1846) I 338 FIRST KAFFIR [AXE] (1846-1847) I 339 CRACOW REVOLT (1846) C 340 HUNGARIAN (1848-1849) C 343 SECOND BRITISH-SIKH (1848-1849) I 344 SECOND KAFFIR [EIGHTH] (1850-1853) C 345 BURMESE (1852-1853) I 346 FIRST TURCO-MONTENEGRAN (1852-1853) I 347 FIRST SENEGALESE (1857) C 348 SECOND OPIUM (1856-1860) I 349 SEPOY (1857-1859) C 350 KABYLIA UPRISING (1856-1857) C 351 FRENCH INDOCHINESE (1858) I 352 SECOND TURCO-MONTENEGRAN (1858-1859) I 353 FIRST BUENOS AIRES (1859) I 354 SECOND BUENOS AIRES (1861) C 355 SECOND POLISH (1863-1864) C 356 SECOND MAORI (1860-1870) I 358 SPANISH-SANTO DOMINICAN (1863-1865) I 359 BRITISH-BHUTANESE (1865) I 360 FIRST CRETAN (1866-1867) C 361 TEN YEARS (1868-1878) C 362 SECOND ASHANTI (1873-1874) C 363 TONKIN (1873-1885) I 364 DUTCH-ACHINESE (1873-1878) I 365 ALGERIAN (1871-1872) C 366 MITRE REBELLION (1875) C 367 BALKAN (1875-1877) C 368 EGYPTO-ETHIOPIAN (1875-1876) I 369 RUSSO-TURKOMAN (1878-1881) I 370 BOSNIAN (1878) C 371 NINTH KAFFIR (1877-1878) C 373 SECOND BRITISH-AFGHAN (1878-1880) I 374 RUSSO-AFGAN (1885) I 375 BASUTO (1880-1881) C 376 BRITISH-ZULU (1879) I 377 TRANSVAAL REVOLT (1880) C 378 TUNISIAN (1881-1882) I 379 FRANCO-INDOCHINESE (1882-1884) I 380 FIRST FRANCO-MADAGASCAN (1883-1885) I 381 CONGO ARABS (1892) I 382 MAHDIST (1882-1885) C 383 SUDANESE [MAHDI UPRISING] (1896-1899) I 384 SECOND SENEGALESE (1890-1891) C 385 SERBO-BULGARIAN (1885) I 386 SECOND BURMESE (1885-1886) C 387 DAHOMEY (1889-1892) I 388 FRANCO-MADAGASCAN (1894-1895) I 389 BALIAN (1894) C 390 THIRD ASHANTI (1893-1894) C 391 CUBAN (1895-1898) C 392 SECOND CRETAN (1888-1889) C 393 FIRST MANDIGO-FRENCH (1885-1886) I 394 ITALO-ETHIOPIAN (1895-1896) I 395 THIRD CRETAN (1896-1897) C 396 DRUZE-TURKISH (1896) C 397 FIRST PHILIPPINE (1896-1898) C 398 INDIAN MUSLIM (1897-1898) C 399 NIGERIAN (1897) I 400 SECOND PHILIPPINE (1899-1902) C 401 FIRST ITALO-ETHIOPIAN (1887) I 402 SECOND ZULU (1906) C 403 BOER (1899-1902) C 404 RUSSO-MANCHURIAN (1900) I 405 FIRST MORROCIAN (1911-1912) C 406 ILINDEN (1903) C 407 SECOND MORROCIAN (1916-1917) C 408 YUNNAN (1917-1918) C 409 RUSSIAN NATIONALITIES (1917-1921) C 410 FRANCO-SYRIAN (1920) I 411 IRAQUI-BRITISH (1920-1921) C 412 RIFFIAN (1921-1926) C 413 SANUSI (1920-1932) C 414 HUT TAX (1898) C 415 DRUZE (1925-1927) C 416 CHINESE MUSLIMS (1928) C 417 SOVIET-TURKISTANI (1931-1934) C 418 INDONESIAN (1945-1946) C 419 SOMALI REBELLION (1899-1905) C 420 SOUTH WEST AFRICAN REVOLT (1904-1905) C 421 INDOCHINESE (1945-1954) C 422 MAJI-MAJI REVOLT (1905-1906) 423 TIBETAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1912-1913) C 424 MADAGASCAN (1947-1948) I 425 THIRD AFGAN (1919) I 426 FIRST SINO-TIBETAN (1918) I 427 FIRST KASHMIR (1947-1949) I 429 MALAYAN REBELLION (1948-1957) C 430 HYDERABAD (1948) I 431 SINO-TIBETAN (1950-1951) I 432 KENYA (1952-1956) C 433 ALGERIAN (1954-1962) C 434 CAMEROON (1955-1960) C 435 MORROCIAN INDEPENDENCE (1953-1956) C 436 TIBETAN (1956-1959) C 437 KURDISH (1961-1963) I 438 ANGOLA-PORTUGAL (1961-1975) C 439 PHILIPINO-MORO (1972-1980) C 440 GUINEA/BISSAU (1962-1974) C 441 MOZAMBIQUE (1964-1975) C 442 ERITREAN (1974-1991) I 443 KURDISH AUTONOMY (1974-1975) I 444 TUNISIAN INDEPENDENCE (1952-1954) C 445 EAST TIMOR [FRETILIN] (1974-1977) I and C 448 WESTERN SAHARA (1975-1983) I 451 OGADEN (1976-1983) I 454 TIGREAN (1978-1991) I

1Users should note the following changes in the Interstate System Membership List since Resort to Arms (see Table 2.1, Resort to Arms (Beverly Hills: + ______Sage Publications, 1982), pp. 47-50).

The membership dates of the following nations have changed: Former Dates Current Dates 42 Dominican Republic 1887-1888 1894-1916 1892-1916 1925-1992 1925-1980 90 Guatemala 1849-1980 1860-1992 135 Peru 1838-1880 1839-1880 1883-1980 1883-1992 255 Germany/Prussia 1816-1945 1816-1945 1990-1992 366 Estonia 1918-1940 1918-1940 1991-1992 367 Latvia 1918-1940 1918-1940 1991-1992 368 Lithuania 1918-1940 1918-1940 1991-1992 375 Finland 1919-1980 1917-1992

The following have been included in the System since 1980:

57 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1980) 58 Antigua and Barbuda (1981) 60 Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983) 80 Belize (1981) 223 Liechtenstein (1990) 331 San Marino (1992) 344 Croatia (1992) 346 Bosnia/Herzogovina (1992) 349 Slovenia (1992) 359 Moldova (Moldavia) (1991) 369 Ukraine (1991) 370 Belarus (Byelorussia) (1991) 371 Armenia (1991) 372 Georgia (1991) 373 Azerbaijan (1991) 565 Namibia (1990) 679 Yemen (1990 - Merger of 678, Yemen Arab Republic, and 680, Yemen People's Republic) 701 Turkmenia (1991) 702 Tadzhikistan (1991) 703 Kirgizia (1991) 704 Uzbekistan (1991) 705 Kazakhstan (1991) 835 Brunei (1984) 935 Vanuatu (1981) 983 Marshall Islands (1991) 987 Federated States of Micronesia (1991)

Users should note the following name changes. Membership dates remain unchanged:

365 Russia/Soviet Union [RUS] (change in abbreviation from [USR]) 439 Burkina Faso [BFO] (Upper Volta [UPP]) 775 Myanmar [MYA] (Burma [BUR]) 811 Cambodia [CAM] (Kampuchea [KHM])

Separate membership for the Federal Republic of Germany (260) and the German Democratic Republic (265) ended as of October 3, 1990.

1MEMBERS OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM, 1816-1992 0 0Nat# Abb Name Inclusive Inclusive Inclusive Years in Years in Years as Interstate Central a Major System System Power 0 0WESTERN HEMISPHERE 0 2 USA United States of America 1816-1992 1899-1919 1899-1992 20 CAN Canada 1920-1992 31 BHM Bahamas 1973-1992 40 CUB Cuba 1902-1906 1909-1992 41 HAI Haiti 1859-1915 1934-1992 42 DOM Dominican Republic 1894-1916 1925-1992 51 JAM Jamaica 1962-1992 52 TRI Trinidad 1962-1992 53 BAR Barbados 1966-1992 54 DMA Dominica 1978-1992 55 GRN Grenada 1974-1992 56 SLU Saint Lucia 1979-1992 57 SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1980-1992 58 AAB Antigua and Barbuda 1981-1992 60 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983-1992 70 MEX Mexico 1831-1992 80 BLZ Belize 1981-1992 90 GUA Guatemala 1868-1992 91 HON Honduras 1899-1992 92 SAL El Salvador 1875-1992 93 NIC Nicaragua 1900-1992 94 COS Costa Rica 1920-1992 95 PAN Panama 1920-1992 100 COL Colombia 1831-1992 101 VEN Venezuela 1841-1992 110 GUY Guyana 1966-1992 115 SUR Suriname 1975-1992 130 ECU Ecuador 1854-1992 135 PER Peru 1839-1880 1883-1992 140 BRA Brazil 1826-1992 145 BOL Bolivia 1848-1992 150 PAR Paraguay 1846-1870 1876-1992 155 CHL Chile 1839-1992 160 ARG Argentina 1841-1992 165 URU Uruguay 1882-1992 0 0EUROPE 0 200 UK United Kingdom 1816-1992 1816-1919 1816-1992 205 IRE Ireland 1922-1992 210 NTH Netherlands 1816-1940 1945-1992 1816-1919 211 BEL Belgium 1830-1940 1945-1992 1831-1919 212 LUX Luxemburg 1920-1940 1944-1992 220 FRN France 1816-1942 1816-1919 1816-1940 1944-1992 1945-1992 223 LIE Liechtenstein 1990-1992 225 SWZ Switzerland 1816-1992 1816-1919 230 SPN Spain 1816-1992 1816-1919 235 POR Portugal 1816-1992 1816-1919 240 HAN Hanover 1838-1866 245 BAV Bavaria 1816-1871 255 GMY Germany/Prussia 1816-1945 1816-1919 1816-1918 1990-1992 1925-1945 260 GFR German Federal Republic 1955-1990 265 GDR German Democratic Rep. 1954-1990 267 BAD Baden 1816-1870 269 SAX Saxony 1816-1867 271 WRT Wuerttemburg 1816-1870 273 HSE Hesse Electoral 1816-1866 275 HSG Hesse Grand Ducal 1816-1867 280 MEC Meckelnburg Schwerin 1843-1867 290 POL Poland 1919-1939 1945-1992 1919-1919 300 AUH Austria-Hungary 1816-1918 1816-1918 1816-1918 305 AUS Austria 1919-1938 1919-1919 1955-1992 310 HUN Hungary 1919-1992 1919-1919 315 CZE Czechoslavakia 1918-1939 1945-1992 325 ITA Italy/Sardinia 1816-1992 1816-1919 1860-1943 327 PAP Papal States 1816-1860 329 SIC Two Sicilies 1816-1861 331 SNM San Marino 1992-1992 332 MOD Modena 1842-1860 335 PMA Parma 1851-1860 337 TUS Tuscany 1816-1860 338 MLT Malta 1964-1992 339 ALB Albania 1914-1939 1914-1919 1944-1992 344 CRO Croatia 1992-1992 345 YUG Yugoslavia/Serbia 1878-1941 1878-1919 1944-1992 346 BOS Bosnia/Herzogovina 1992-1992 349 SLV Slovenia 1992-1992 350 GRC Greece 1828-1941 1828-1919 1944-1992 352 CYP Cyprus 1960-1992 355 BUL Bulgaria 1908-1992 1908-1919 359 MLD Moldova (Moldavia) 1991-1992 360 RUM Rumania 1878-1992 1878-1919 365 RUS Russia (USSR) 1816-1992 1816-1919 1816-1917 1922-1992 366 EST Estonia 1918-1940 1918-1919 1991-1992 367 LAT Latvia 1918-1940 1918-1919 1991-1992 368 LIT Lithuania 1918-1940 1918-1919 1991-1992 369 UKR Ukraine 1991-1992 370 BLR Belarus (Byelorussia) 1991-1992 371 ARM Armenia 1991-1992 372 GRG Georgia 1991-1992 373 AZE Azerbaijan 1991-1992 375 FIN Finland 1917-1992 380 SWD Sweden 1816-1992 1816-1919 385 NOR Norway 1905-1940 1905-1919 1945-1992 390 DEN Denmark 1816-1940 1816-1919 1945-1992 395 ICE Iceland 1944-1992 0 0AFRICA 0 402 CAP Cape Verde 1975-1992 403 STP Sao Tome Principe 1975-1992 404 GNB Guinea-Bissau 1974-1992 411 EQG Equatorial Guinea 1968-1992 420 GAM Gambia 1965-1992 432 MLI Mali 1960-1992 433 SEN Senegal 1960-1992 434 BEN Benin/Dahomey 1960-1992 435 MAA Mauritania 1960-1992 436 NIR Niger 1960-1992 437 IVO Ivory Coast 1960-1992 438 GUI Guinea 1958-1992 439 BFO Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 1960-1992 450 LBR Liberia 1920-1992 451 SIE Sierra Leone 1961-1992 452 GHA Ghana 1957-1992 461 TOG Togo 1960-1992 471 CAO Cameroun 1960-1992 475 NIG Nigeria 1960-1992 481 GAB Gabon 1960-1992 482 CEN Central African Republic 1960-1992 483 CHA Chad 1960-1992 484 CON Congo 1960-1992 490 ZAI Zaire (Congo, Kinshasa) 1960-1992 500 UGA Uganda 1962-1992 501 KEN Kenya 1963-1992 510 TAZ Tanzania/Tanganyika 1961-1992 511 ZAN Zanzibar 1963-1964 516 BUI Burundi 1962-1992 517 RWA Rwanda 1962-1992 520 SOM Somalia 1960-1992 522 DJI Djibouti 1977-1992 530 ETH Ethiopia 1898-1936 1941-1992 540 ANG Angola 1975-1992 541 MZM Mozambique 1975-1992 551 ZAM Zambia 1964-1992 552 RHO Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) 1966-1992 553 MAW Malawi 1964-1992 560 SAF South Africa 1920-1992 565 NAM Namibia 1990-1992 570 LES Lesotho 1966-1992 571 BOT Botswana 1966-1992 572 SWA Swaziland 1968-1992 580 MAG Malagasy 1960-1992 581 COM Comoros 1975-1992 590 MAS Mauritius 1968-1992 591 SEY Seychelles 1976-1992 0 0MIDDLE EAST 0 600 MOR Morocco 1847-1911 1956-1992 615 ALG Algeria 1962-1992 616 TUN Tunisia 1825-1881 1956-1992 620 LIB Libya 1952-1992 625 SUD Sudan 1956-1992 630 IRN Iran (Persia) 1855-1992 640 TUR Turkey/Ottoman Empire 1816-1992 1816-1919 645 IRQ Iraq 1932-1992 651 EGY Egypt/UAR 1855-1882 1937-1992 652 SYR Syria 1946-1958 1961-1992 660 LEB Lebanon 1946-1992 663 JOR Jordan 1946-1992 666 ISR Israel 1948-1992 670 SAU Saudi Arabia 1927-1992 678 YAR Yemen Arab Republic 1926-1990 679 YEM Yemen 1990-1992 680 YPR Yemen People's Republic 1967-1990 690 KUW Kuwait 1961-1992 692 BAH Bahrein 1971-1992 694 QAT Qatar 1971-1992 696 UAE United Arab Emirates 1971-1992 698 OMA Oman 1971-1992 0 0ASIA 0 700 AFG Afghanistan 1920-1992 701 TKM Turkmenia 1991-1992 702 TAJ Tadzhikistan 1991-1992 703 KYR Kirgizia 1991-1992 704 UZB Uzbekistan 1991-1992 705 KZK Kazakhstan 1991-1992 710 CHN China 1860-1992 1895-1919 1950-1992 712 MON Mongolia 1921-1992 713 TAW Taiwan 1949-1992 730 KOR Korea 1888-1905 731 PRK Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 1948-1992 732 ROK Korea, Republic of 1949-1992 740 JPN Japan 1860-1945 1895-1919 1895-1945 1952-1992 750 IND India 1947-1992 760 BHU Bhutan 1971-1992 770 PAK Pakistan 1947-1992 771 BNG Bangladesh 1973-1992 775 MYA Myanmar (Burma) 1948-1992 780 SRI Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 1948-1992 781 MAD Maldive Islands 1965-1992 790 NEP Nepal 1920-1992 800 THI Thailand 1887-1992 811 CAM Cambodia (Kampuchea) 1953-1992 812 LAO Laos 1954-1992 816 DRV Vietnam, Democratic Rep. 1954-1992 817 RVN Vietnam, Republic of 1954-1975 820 MAL Malaysia 1957-1992 830 SIN Singapore 1965-1992 835 BRU Brunei 1984-1992 840 PHI Philippines 1946-1992 850 INS Indonesia 1949-1992 0 0OCEANIA 0 900 AUL Australia 1920-1992 910 PNG Papua New Guinea 1975-1992 920 NEW New Zealand 1920-1992 935 VAN Vanuatu 1981-1992 940 SOL Solomon Islands 1978-1992 950 FJI Fiji 1970-1992 983 MSI Marshall Islands 1991-1992 987 FMS Federated States of 1991-1992 Micronesia 990 WSM Western Samoa 1976-1992 1

THE CORRELATES OF WAR PROJECT: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WAR DATA, 1816-1992

PART 2: CIVIL WARS

Correlates of War Project The University of Michigan

Principal Investigators J. David Singer The University of Michigan

Melvin Small Wayne State University

January 1993

Study Description

This is one of two datasets which comprise the Correlates of War: International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992 codebook and study. The other part presents data on international (interstate and extra-systemic) wars.

This dataset is a study of 150 major civil wars involving a total of 204 participants between 1816 and 1988. An internal war is classified as a major civil war if (a) military action was involved, (b) the national government at the time was actively involved, (c) effective resistance (as measured by the ratio of fatalities of the weaker to the stronger forces) occurred on both sides and (d) at least 1,000 battle deaths resulted during the civil war.

This dataset describes the experience of each interstate system member in each war. The unit of analysis is the participant in a particular conflict. The file contains 612 logical records for 204 cases. Each case contains the values for 36 variables that describe the experience of one participant in a civil war.

In order to be considered a nation-participant in the interstate system, certain minimal criteria of population and diplomatic recognition were used (at least 500,000 total population and either diplomatic recognition by at least two major powers or membership in the League of Nations or United Nations). Qualifying nation- participants are classified for the period 1816-1919 as to whether or not they were members of the European Central System at the time of the war and, therefore, active and influential in European-centered diplomacy. They are also classified as to whether or not they are dealt with by other members of the interstate system as major powers. The role of each participant in the war (whether the participant is the nation undergoing the civil war or is an intervenor and the side the intervenor took in the war) is coded as well as the outcome. The geographical location of the war is coded as well as the severity of the war as determined by its duration and the number of battle- connected total deaths. The pre-war population and number of persons serving in the armed forces (exclusive of police forces, unorganized militias, and gendarmerie) is also coded.

1 VARIABLE LAYOUT AND FREQUENCIES

NAME RECORD START END DESCRIPTION, VALUES AND FREQUENCIES

WARNUM 1 2 4 War Number (see attached list)

CCODE 1 7 9 Singer-Small Country Code of Participant (see attached list)

YRBEG1 1 12 14 Year of First Entry into War Actual year of entry coded.

MOBEG1 1 16 17 Month of First Entry into War Actual year of entry coded.

0 - missing

DYBEG1 1 19 20 Day of First Entry into War Actual year of entry coded.

0 - missing

YREND1 1 23 25 Year of First Exit from War Actual year of exit coded.

MOEND1 1 27 28 Month of First Exit from War Actual month of exit coded.

0 - missing

DYEND1 1 30 31 Day of First Exit from War Actual day of exit coded.

0 - missing

YRBEG2 1 34 36 Year of Second Entry into War Actual year of entry coded.

0 - missing

MOBEG2 1 38 39 Month of Second Entry into War Actual year of entry coded.

0 - missing

DYBEG2 1 41 42 Day of Second Entry into War Actual year of entry coded.

0 - missing

YREND2 1 45 47 Year of Second Exit from War Actual year of exit coded.

0 - missing

MOEND2 1 49 50 Month of Second Exit from War Actual month of exit coded.

0 - missing

DYEND2 1 52 53 Day of Second Exit from War Actual day of exit coded.

0 - missing

YRBEG3 1 56 58 Year of Third Entry into War Actual year of entry coded.

0 - missing

MOBEG3 1 60 61 Month of Third Entry into War Actual month of entry coded.

0 - missing

DYBEG3 1 63 64 Day of Third Entry into War Actual day of entry coded.

0 - missing

YREND3 1 67 69 Year of Third Exit from War Actual year of exit coded.

0 - missing

MOEND3 1 71 72 Month of Third Exit from War Actual month of exit coded.

0 - missing

DYEND3 1 74 75 Day of Third Exit from War Actual day of exit coded.

0 - missing

WARTYPE 2 12 12 Outside Intervention in War?

118 4 - no 86 5 - yes

CENSYST 2 14 14 War Fought in Member of Central Sub-system?

29 1 - yes 175 2 - no

MAJOR 2 16 16 War Fought in Major Power?

12 1 - yes 192 2 - no

WINNER 2 18 18 Outcome of War (victorious side)

104 1 - government 55 2 - opposition 0 3 - government after war became an interstate war 4 4 - opposition after war became an interstate war 30 5 - war ongoing as of 12/31/92 10 6 - stalemate 1 7 - war ongoing as of 12/31/92 after becoming an interstate war

War was fought in the following regions:

WESTERN 2 21 21 Western Hemisphere

53 1 - yes 151 2 - no

EUROPE 2 23 23 Europe

43 1 - yes 161 2 - no

AFRICAN 2 25 25 Africa

32 1 - yes 172 2 - no

MIDEAST 2 27 27 Middle East

28 1 - yes 176 2 - no

ASIAN 2 29 29 Asia

47 1 - yes 157 2 - no

OCEANIC 2 31 31 Oceania

0 1 - yes 204 2 - no

BATTDEA 2 34 40 Battle Related Fatalities Sustained by Regular Armed Forces Actual number coded.

0 - missing

DURATION 2 42 46 Duration of Involvement (months) Actual number coded.

POP 2 48 54 Pre-war Total Population (thousands) Actual number coded.

0 - missing

NUMARMY 2 56 59 Pre-war Regular Armed Forces (thousands) Actual nubmer coded.

0 - missing

INTERSTA 2 61 61 System Membership Status of Participant

154 1 - neither Central Sub-system member nor major power 15 2 - Central Sub-system member only 35 3 - Central Sub-system member and Major Power

INTERVEN 2 63 63 On Which Side did Participant Intervene?

152 0 - NA/nation undergoing civil war 29 1 - government 19 2 - opposition 4 3 - neither side

3 Blank Record

Civil War Numbers:

601 SPAIN (1821-1823) 602 TWO SICILIES (1820-1821) I 603 SARDINIA (1821) I 604 TURKEY/OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1826) 607 PORTUGAL (1829-1834) I 610 FRANCE (1830) 613 MEXICO (1832) 616 SPAIN (1834-1840) I 619 COLOMBIA (1840-1842) 622 ARGENTINA (1841-1851) I 625 SPAIN (1847-1849) 626 MEXICO [CASTE WAR] (1847-1855) 628 TWO SICILIES (1848-1849) 631 FRANCE (1848) 634 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY (1848) 636 FRANCE [ROYALISTS] (1851) 637 CHILE (1851) 640 PERU (1853-1855) 643 PERU (1856-1858) 646 MEXICO (1858-1861) 649 VENEZUELA (1859-1863) 652 CHINA (1860-1864) I 653 CHINA (1860-1868) 654 CHINA (1860-1872) 655 COLOMBIA (1860-1862) 658 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1861-1865) 661 ARGENTINA (1863) 664 ARGENTINA (1866-1867) 667 VENEZUELA (1868-1871) 670 SPAIN (1868) 673 ARGENTINA (1870-1871) 676 FRANCE (1871) 679 SPAIN (1872-1876) 680 ARGENTINA [MITRE REBELLION] (1847-1855) 681 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA [SIOUXIAN] (1876) 682 COLOMBIA (1876-1877) 685 JAPAN (1877) 688 ARGENTINA (1880) 691 COLOMBIA (1884-1885) 694 CHILE (1891) 697 BRAZIL (1893-1894) 700 BRAZIL (1893-1894) 703 PERU (1894-1895) 706 BRAZIL (1896-1897) 709 COLOMBIA (1899-1903) 712 URUGUAY (1904) 715 RUSSIA (1905-1906) 718 RUMANIA (1907) 721 MOROCCO (1907-1908) I 724 IRAN (PERSIA) (1908-1909) I 727 MEXICO (1910-1920) 730 MOROCCO (1911) I 733 PARAGUAY (1911-1912) 736 CHINA (1911) 739 CHINA (1913) 742 CHINA (1914) 744 AUSTRIA [SOCIALISTS PUTSCH] (1934) 745 RUSSIA/SOVIET UNION (1917-1920) I 746 FINNISH (1918) I 748 HUNGARY (1919-1920) 751 HONDURAS (1924) 754 AFGHANISTAN (1924-1925) 757 CHINA (1926-1928) I 760 MEXICO (1926-1930) 763 AFGHANISTAN (1928-1929) 766 CHINA (1929-1930) 769 CHINA (1930-1935) 771 EL SALVADOR (1932) 772 BRAZIL (1932) 775 SPAIN (1934) 778 SPAIN (1936-1939) I 781 GREECE (1944-1949) I 784 CHINA (1946-1950) 787 PARAGUAY (1947) 788 CHINA [TAIWANESE REVOLT] (1947) 790 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC (1948) 793 COSTA RICA (1948) 796 COLOMBIA (1948) 799 BURMA (1948-1951) 802 COLOMBIA (1949-1962) 805 INDONESIA (1950) 808 PHILIPPINES (1950-1952) 811 BOLIVIA (1952) 814 INDONESIA (1953) 817 GUATEMALA (1954) 820 ARGENTINA (1955) 823 INDONESIA (1956-1960) 826 LEBANON (1958) I 829 CUBA (1958-1959) 832 IRAQ (1959) 835 VIETNAM, REPUBLIC OF (1960-1965) I 838 ZAIRE (CONGO, KINSHASA) (1960-1965) I 841 LAOS (1960-1962) 844 ALGERIA (1962-1963) 847 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC (1962-1969) I 850 LAOS (1963-1973) I 853 SUDAN (1963-1972) 856 RWANDA (1963-1964) 859 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (1965) I 862 UGANDA (1966) 863 GUATEMALA (1966-1972) 865 CHINA (1967-1968) 868 NIGERIA (1967-1970) 869 BURMA (1968-1980) 871 KAMPUCHEA (CAMBODIA) (1970-1975) I 874 JORDAN (1970) I 877 GUATEMALA (1970-1971) 880 PAKISTAN (1971) 883 SRI LANKA (CEYLON) (1971) 886 BURUNDI (1972) 889 PHILIPPINES [NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY] (1972-ONGOING) 892 ZIMBABWE (RHODESIA) (1972-1979) 893 PAKISTAN (1973-1977) 895 LEBANON (1975-1990) I 898 ANGOLA (1975-1991) I 900 GUATEMALA (1978-1984) 901 AFGHANISTAN (1978-ONGOING) 904 IRAN (1978-1979) 907 NICARAGUA (1978-1979) 908 CAMBODIA (1979-1991) I 910 EL SALVADOR (1979-1992) 913 MOZAMBIQUE (1979-ONGOING) I 916 CHAD (1980-1988) I 917 NIGERIA (1980-1981) 919 UGANDAN (1980-1988) 922 IRAN (1981-1982) 925 PERU (1982-ONGOING) 928 NICARAGUA (1982-1990) 931 SOMALIA (1982-ONGOING) 933 BURMA (1983-ONGOING) 934 SRI LANKA [TAMIL REBELLION] (1983-ONGOING) I 937 SUDAN (1983-ONGOING) 939 NIGERIA (1984) 940 COLOMBIA (1984-ONGOING) 941 IRAQ [KURDISH/SHIITE REBELLION] (1985-ONGOING) I 942 INDIA (1985-ONGOING) 943 SOUTH YEMEN (1986) 944 SRI LANKA [JVP] (1987-1989) I 946 BURUNDI (1988) 949 LIBERIA (1989-1990) I 950 ROMANIA (1989) 952 RWANDA (1990-ONGOING) 955 GEORGIA (1991) 961 RUSSIA/SOVIET UNION [NAGORNO-KARABAKH] (1991) I 964 YUGOSLAVIA [CROATIAN INDEPENDENCE] (1991-1992) 967 TURKEY [KURDISH REBELLION] (1991-ONGOING) 970 BRUNDI (1991-ONGOING) 973 BOSNIA [SERBIAN REBELLION] (1992-ONGOING) I 976 TAKJIKISTAN (1992-ONGOING) 979 LIBERIA (1992-ONGOING) I 982 ANGOLA (1992)

1Users should note the following changes in the Interstate System Membership List since Resort to Arms (see Table 2.1, Resort to Arms (Beverly Hills: + ______Sage Publications, 1982), pp. 47-50).

The following nations have joined the System since 1980:

Users should note the following name changes. Membership dates remain unchanged:

365 Russia/Soviet Union [RUS] (change in abbreviation from [USR]) 439 Burkina Faso [BFO] (Upper Volta [UPP]) 775 Myanmar [MYA] (Burma [BUR]) 811 Cambodia [CAM] (Kampuchea [KHM])

Membership for the Federal Republic of Germany (260) and the German Democratic Republic (265) ended as of October 3, 1990.

1NATION MEMBERS OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM, 1816-1992 0 0Nat# Abb Nation Inclusive Inclusive Inclusive Years in Years in Years as Interstate Central a Major System System Power 0 0WESTERN HEMISPHERE 0 2 USA United States of America 1816-1992 1899-1919 1899-1992 20 CAN Canada 1920-1992 31 BHM Bahamas 1973-1992 40 CUB Cuba 1902-1906 1909-1992 41 HAI Haiti 1859-1915 1934-1992 42 DOM Dominican Republic 1894-1916 1925-1992 51 JAM Jamaica 1962-1992 52 TRI Trinidad 1962-1992 53 BAR Barbados 1966-1992 54 DMA Dominica 1978-1992 55 GRN Grenada 1974-1992 56 SLU Saint Lucia 1979-1992 57 SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1980-1992 58 AAB Antigua and Barbuda 1981-1992 60 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983-1992 70 MEX Mexico 1831-1992 80 BLZ Belize 1981-1992 90 GUA Guatemala 1868-1992 91 HON Honduras 1899-1992 92 SAL El Salvador 1875-1992 93 NIC Nicaragua 1900-1992 94 COS Costa Rica 1920-1992 95 PAN Panama 1920-1992 100 COL Colombia 1831-1992 101 VEN Venezuela 1841-1992 110 GUY Guyana 1966-1992 115 SUR Suriname 1975-1992 130 ECU Ecuador 1854-1992 135 PER Peru 1839-1880 1883-1992 140 BRA Brazil 1826-1992 145 BOL Bolivia 1848-1992 150 PAR Paraguay 1846-1870 1876-1992 155 CHL Chile 1839-1992 160 ARG Argentina 1841-1992 165 URU Uruguay 1882-1992 0 0EUROPE 0 200 UK United Kingdom 1816-1992 1816-1919 1816-1992 205 IRE Ireland 1922-1992 210 NTH Netherlands 1816-1940 1945-1992 1816-1919 211 BEL Belgium 1830-1940 1945-1992 1831-1919 212 LUX Luxemburg 1920-1940 1944-1992 220 FRN France 1816-1942 1816-1919 1816-1940 1944-1992 1945-1992 223 LIE Liechtenstein 1990-1992 225 SWZ Switzerland 1816-1992 1816-1919 230 SPN Spain 1816-1992 1816-1919 235 POR Portugal 1816-1992 1816-1919 240 HAN Hanover 1838-1866 245 BAV Bavaria 1816-1871 255 GMY Germany/Prussia 1816-1945 1816-1919 1816-1918 1990-1992 1925-1945 260 GFR German Federal Republic 1955-1990 265 GDR German Democratic Rep. 1954-1990 267 BAD Baden 1816-1870 269 SAX Saxony 1816-1867 271 WRT Wuerttemburg 1816-1870 273 HSE Hesse Electoral 1816-1866 275 HSG Hesse Grand Ducal 1816-1867 280 MEC Meckelnburg Schwerin 1843-1867 290 POL Poland 1919-1939 1945-1992 1919-1919 300 AUH Austria-Hungary 1816-1918 1816-1918 1816-1918 305 AUS Austria 1919-1938 1919-1919 1955-1992 310 HUN Hungary 1919-1992 1919-1919 315 CZE Czechoslavakia 1918-1939 1945-1992 325 ITA Italy/Sardinia 1816-1992 1816-1919 1860-1943 327 PAP Papal States 1816-1860 329 SIC Two Sicilies 1816-1861 331 SNM San Marino 1992-1992 332 MOD Modena 1842-1860 335 PMA Parma 1851-1860 337 TUS Tuscany 1816-1860 338 MLT Malta 1964-1992 339 ALB Albania 1914-1939 1914-1919 1944-1992 344 CRO Croatia 1992-1992 345 YUG Yugoslavia/Serbia 1878-1941 1878-1919 1944-1992 346 BOS Bosnia/Herzogovina 1992-1992 349 SLV Slovenia 1992-1992 350 GRC Greece 1828-1941 1828-1919 1944-1992 352 CYP Cyprus 1960-1992 355 BUL Bulgaria 1908-1992 1908-1919 359 MLD Moldova (Moldavia) 1991-1992 360 RUM Rumania 1878-1992 1878-1919 365 RUS Russia (USSR) 1816-1992 1816-1919 1816-1917 1922-1992 366 EST Estonia 1918-1940 1918-1919 1991-1992 367 LAT Latvia 1918-1940 1918-1919 1991-1992 368 LIT Lithuania 1918-1940 1918-1919 1991-1992 369 UKR Ukraine 1991-1992 370 BLR Belarus (Byelorussia) 1991-1992 371 ARM Armenia 1991-1992 372 GRG Georgia 1991-1992 373 AZE Azerbaijan 1991-1992 375 FIN Finland 1917-1992 380 SWD Sweden 1816-1992 1816-1919 385 NOR Norway 1905-1940 1905-1919 1945-1992 390 DEN Denmark 1816-1940 1816-1919 1945-1992 395 ICE Iceland 1944-1992 0 0AFRICA 0 402 CAP Cape Verde 1975-1992 403 STP Sao Tome Principe 1975-1992 404 GNB Guinea-Bissau 1974-1992 411 EQG Equatorial Guinea 1968-1992 420 GAM Gambia 1965-1992 432 MLI Mali 1960-1992 433 SEN Senegal 1960-1992 434 BEN Benin/Dahomey 1960-1992 435 MAA Mauritania 1960-1992 436 NIR Niger 1960-1992 437 IVO Ivory Coast 1960-1992 438 GUI Guinea 1958-1992 439 BFO Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 1960-1992 450 LBR Liberia 1920-1992 451 SIE Sierra Leone 1961-1992 452 GHA Ghana 1957-1992 461 TOG Togo 1960-1992 471 CAO Cameroun 1960-1992 475 NIG Nigeria 1960-1992 481 GAB Gabon 1960-1992 482 CEN Central African Republic 1960-1992 483 CHA Chad 1960-1992 484 CON Congo 1960-1992 490 ZAI Zaire (Congo, Kinshasa) 1960-1992 500 UGA Uganda 1962-1992 501 KEN Kenya 1963-1992 510 TAZ Tanzania/Tanganyika 1961-1992 511 ZAN Zanzibar 1963-1964 516 BUI Burundi 1962-1992 517 RWA Rwanda 1962-1992 520 SOM Somalia 1960-1992 522 DJI Djibouti 1977-1992 530 ETH Ethiopia 1898-1936 1941-1992 540 ANG Angola 1975-1992 541 MZM Mozambique 1975-1992 551 ZAM Zambia 1964-1992 552 RHO Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) 1966-1992 553 MAW Malawi 1964-1992 560 SAF South Africa 1920-1992 565 NAM Namibia 1990-1992 570 LES Lesotho 1966-1992 571 BOT Botswana 1966-1992 572 SWA Swaziland 1968-1992 580 MAG Malagasy 1960-1992 581 COM Comoros 1975-1992 590 MAS Mauritius 1968-1992 591 SEY Seychelles 1976-1992 0 0MIDDLE EAST 0 600 MOR Morocco 1847-1911 1956-1992 615 ALG Algeria 1962-1992 616 TUN Tunisia 1825-1881 1956-1992 620 LIB Libya 1952-1992 625 SUD Sudan 1956-1992 630 IRN Iran (Persia) 1855-1992 640 TUR Turkey/Ottoman Empire 1816-1992 1816-1919 645 IRQ Iraq 1932-1992 651 EGY Egypt/UAR 1855-1882 1937-1992 652 SYR Syria 1946-1958 1961-1992 660 LEB Lebanon 1946-1992 663 JOR Jordan 1946-1992 666 ISR Israel 1948-1992 670 SAU Saudi Arabia 1927-1992 678 YAR Yemen Arab Republic 1926-1990 679 YEM Yemen 1990-1992 680 YPR Yemen People's Republic 1967-1990 690 KUW Kuwait 1961-1992 692 BAH Bahrein 1971-1992 694 QAT Qatar 1971-1992 696 UAE United Arab Emirates 1971-1992 698 OMA Oman 1971-1992 0 0ASIA 0 700 AFG Afghanistan 1920-1992 701 TKM Turkmenia 1991-1992 702 TAJ Tadzhikistan 1991-1992 703 KYR Kirgizia 1991-1992 704 UZB Uzbekistan 1991-1992 705 KZK Kazakhstan 1991-1992 710 CHN China 1860-1992 1895-1919 1950-1992 712 MON Mongolia 1921-1992 713 TAW Taiwan 1949-1992 730 KOR Korea 1888-1905 731 PRK Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 1948-1992 732 ROK Korea, Republic of 1949-1992 740 JPN Japan 1860-1945 1895-1919 1895-1945 1952-1992 750 IND India 1947-1992 760 BHU Bhutan 1971-1992 770 PAK Pakistan 1947-1992 771 BNG Bangladesh 1973-1992 775 MYA Myanmar (Burma) 1948-1992 780 SRI Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 1948-1992 781 MAD Maldive Islands 1965-1992 790 NEP Nepal 1920-1992 800 THI Thailand 1887-1992 811 CAM Cambodia (Kampuchea) 1953-1992 812 LAO Laos 1954-1992 816 DRV Vietnam, Democratic Rep. 1954-1992 817 RVN Vietnam, Republic of 1954-1975 820 MAL Malaysia 1957-1992 830 SIN Singapore 1965-1992 835 BRU Brunei 1984-1992 840 PHI Philippines 1946-1992 850 INS Indonesia 1949-1992 0 0OCEANIA 0 900 AUL Australia 1920-1992 910 PNG Papua New Guinea 1975-1992 920 NEW New Zealand 1920-1992 935 VAN Vanuatu 1981-1992 940 SOL Solomon Islands 1978-1992 950 FJI Fiji 1970-1992 983 MSI Marshall Islands 1991-1992 987 FMS Federated States of 1991-1992 Micronesia 990 WSM Western Samoa 1976-1992