Societies at a Crossroads

Chapter 31: Societies at a Crossroads Units 5 and 6 1750-1900: Industrialization and its consequences in the East. Ch 31: Societies at a Crossroads. Big Picture Overview: This chapter focuses on four Asian empires (the Ottomans, the Russians, the Chinese, and the Japanese) and the decisions they had to make regarding the benefits and/or liabilities of industrializing their economies based on a western model (like Western Europe and America). Each empire faced two important aspects of this decision making. First, if these empires were compelled to industrialize in order to catch up to the west, eastern imperial governments needed to sponsor that industrialization themselves and not wait for individual entrepreneurs to do it (like in the west). They also did not necessarily believe that industrialization was the cutting edge for the future, after all these regions had basically dominated the world economy for thousands of years. The biggest reason to consider industrialization was that European and US manufacturers were producing factory made gunpowder weapons. Self-preservation demanded that the Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese governments gain military equity with the west. Most of the ruling classes, however wanted to be able to choose which parts of their economies would industrialize, such as industrialize the military but leave the rest of the manufacturing of cheap, disposable factory made goods to the west (with their accompanying pollution and urban problems as well). Rebellions arose over these economic decisions and more: things like public education, taxation, land redistribution, suffrage (the right to vote), and representation in legislatures and enacting new constitutions. Western industrialized countries understood their advantage. By the 1850s, European and US businessmen controlled key parts of the Chinese, Ottoman, and Japanese economies. This indirect imperialism allowed Westerners to benefit economically without the associated cost of a complete government takeover. This led to more reforms and rebellions causing instability in all of the empires besides Japan. (5.1.I.D) As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan. (5.1.II.B) The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions’ share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined. (5.1.V.B) In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, such as the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government of established elite groups. (5.1.V.C) In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. Examples: The economic reforms of Meiji Japan. The development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia Document/Map/Visual Key Historical Terms Analysis Who, what, where, why, when, how, so what? Muhammad Ali 707 Extraterritoriality 708 Tanzimat Era 710 (reform efforts) Tsarist Russia and the Romanov Family 713 Important Dates (Dates you Emancipation of the Russian Serfs (did it change their political rights. Why or why not) 713 believe to be important) The Crimean War 713 Write the timeline for this The Witte System 715 chapter Repression of Minority Groups in Russia 715-16 The Revolution of 1905 and the Duma 717 Bold words are due 1/13 at The Opium Trade and Opium War in China 717-718 midnight. Unequal Treaties 718 Italicized questions are due 1/ 15 at The Taiping Rebellion (know the date too) 719-720 midnight. The Taiping Program (which radical features did it include) 721 The remaining words and The Self Strengthening Movement and what thing prevented the total dismemberment of the Middle Kingdom. 723 questions are to Thursday 1/16 at The Boxer Rebellion 723 midnight The Meiji Restoration and Reforms 725-726 Essential Understandings: (Questions to answer in comp book). 1. What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire? 707 2. Compare Russia’s imperial expansion to that of the United States. 3.. How did the diversity and vast territories affect the industrialization process in Russia? How did these affect nationalist movements? 714-715 4. What impact would spheres of influence have on China? 717-723 5. In what ways did the Japanese respond to the arrival of American Commodore Matthew Perry? 724 6. How did Japan remodel its economy (how did they build their infrastructure)? 726-727 7. How did reform movements in the Ottoman, Russian, China, and Japan challenge traditional precepts/ideas and how effective were they? After you read the whole chapter. .

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