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Warfare in a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human Environment
Recent Slprt•• books World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook 1979 World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbooks 1968-1979, Cumulative Index Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation Other related •• 8lprt books Ecological Consequences of the Second Ihdochina War Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Environment Publish~d on behalf of SIPRI by Taylor & Francis Ltd 10-14 Macklin Street London WC2B 5NF Distributed in the USA by Crane, Russak & Company Inc 3 East 44th Street New York NY 10017 USA and in Scandinavia by Almqvist & WikseH International PO Box 62 S-101 20 Stockholm Sweden For a complete list of SIPRI publications write to SIPRI Sveavagen 166 , S-113 46 Stockholm Sweden Stoekholol International Peace Research Institute Warfare in a Fragile World Military Impact onthe Human Environment Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of disarmament and arms regulation. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden's 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed by the Swedish Parliament. The staff, the Governing Board and the Scientific Council are international. As a consultative body, the Scientific Council is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Dr Rolf Bjornerstedt, Chairman (Sweden) Professor Robert Neild, Vice-Chairman (United Kingdom) Mr Tim Greve (Norway) Academician Ivan M£ilek (Czechoslovakia) Professor Leo Mates (Yugoslavia) Professor -
Chapter 31 Notes: Societies at Crossroads
Chapter 31 Notes: Societies at Crossroads Chapter Outline I. Introduction: Ottoman empire, Russia, China, and Japan A. Common problems 1. Military weakness, vulnerability to foreign threats 2. Internal weakness due to economic problems, financial difficulties, and corruption B. Reform efforts 1. Attempts at political and educational reform and at industrialization 2. Turned to western models C. Different results of reforms 1. Ottoman empire, Russia, and China unsuccessful; societies on the verge of collapse 2. Reform in Japan was more thorough; Japan emerged as an industrial power II. The Ottoman empire in decline A. The nature of decline 1. Military decline since the late seventeenth century a. Ottoman forces behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training b. Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined c. Provincial governors gained power, private armies 2. Extensive territorial losses in nineteenth century a. Lost Caucasus and central Asia to Russia; western frontiers to Austria; Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia b. Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798 (a) Egyptian general Muhammad Ali built a powerful, modern army (b) Ali's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous province 3. Economic difficulties began in seventeenth century a. Less trade through empire as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic Ocean basin b. Exported raw materials, imported European manufactured goods c. Heavily depended on foreign loans, half of the revenues paid to loan interest d. Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882 4. The "capitulations": European domination of Ottoman economy a. Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law within the empire b. -
Journey to Dunhuang: Buddhist Art of the Silk Road Caves
The Newsletter | No.73 | Spring 2016 56 | The Portrait Journey to Dunhuang: Buddhist art of the Silk Road caves During World War II, James C. M. Lo (1902–1987), a photojournalist for the Central News Agency, and his wife Lucy 劉氏·羅先 arrived at Dunhuang. James Lo had taken a year’s leave to photograph the Buddhist cave temples at Mogao and at nearby Yulin. Lucy was also a photographer, and together they made the arduous journey in 1943. They systematically produced over 2500 black and white photographs that record the caves as they were in the mid-20th century. FOONG Ping 1 2 Seattle Asian Art Museum, Foster Galleries 4 By the end of the Tang dynasty, the cliff face at Mogao was 5 March – 12 June 2016 completely covered with caves. Since no new caves could be Journey to Dunhuang is organized in cooperation opened, donors paid for existing ones to be redecorated and with the Princeton University Art Museum and – and infamous forger – Zhang Daqian (1899-1983), Fig 1 (above their portraits would sometimes be added to the cave walls. the P.Y. and Kinmay W. Tang Center for East Asian Art who was at Dunhuang repairing and making replicas of Mogao left): View of the Some Lo photographs document how walls were deeply scored murals. He helped the Los form their collection of manuscript Northern Mogao during renovations, in preparation for a new, smooth surface THE LO PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVE is a feat of ingenuity, fragments and a few carry both their seals. For Zhang, Dunhuang Caves, Photograph of white gaolin clay; to James these scorings formed patterns of organization, and sheer courage. -
The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900
07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 1 11/19/08 12:53:03 PM 07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 2 11/19/08 12:53:04 PM The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900 prepared by LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory This essay reflects the views of the author alone and does not necessarily imply concurrence by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) or any other organization or agency, public or private. About the Author LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D., is on the Principal Professional Staff of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and a member of the Strategic Assessments Office of the National Security Analysis Department. He retired from a 24-year career in the Army after serving as an infantry officer and war planner and is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. Dr. Leonhard is the author of The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver-Warfare Theory and AirLand Battle (1991), Fighting by Minutes: Time and the Art of War (1994), The Principles of War for the Informa- tion Age (1998), and The Evolution of Strategy in the Global War on Terrorism (2005), as well as numerous articles and essays on national security issues. Foreign Concessions and Spheres of Influence China, 1900 Introduction The summer of 1900 saw the formation of a perfect storm of conflict over the northern provinces of China. Atop an anachronistic and arrogant national government sat an aged and devious woman—the Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi. -
International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992 (Wages of War)
UK Data Archive Study Number 3441 Correlates of War Project: International and Civil War Data, 1816-1992 (Wages of War) 1 CORRELATES OF WAR PROJECT: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WAR DATA, 1816-1992 (ICPSR 9905) Principal Investigators J. David Singer University of Michigan Melvin Small Wayne State University First ICPSR Release April 1994 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 1 1 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Singer, J. David, and Melvin Small. CORRELATES OF WAR PROJECT: INTERNATIONAL AND CIVIL WAR DATA, 1816-1992 [Computer file]. Ann Arbor, MI: J. David Singer and Melvin Small [producers], 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1994. REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used. DATA DISCLAIMER The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. 1 1 DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION J. -
The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications
James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 7 | Issue 1 2019-2020 The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications Benjamin E. Mainardi James Madison University Follow this and other works at: http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj Recommended Chicago Author-Date Citation Mainardi, Benjamin E. 2020. “The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications.” James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal 7, no. 1: 6-14. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj/vol7/iss1/1 This full issue is brought to you for free and open access by JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Russo-Japanese War Origins and Implications Benjamin Mainardi The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War was the first major conflict of the twentieth century and a turning point in the balance of power in East Asia. In the short term, Russia’s defeat helped precipitate the 1905 Russian Revolution and the 1917 October Revolution. More broadly, the aftermath of the war informed Japan’s imperial ambitions in Manchuria—the early stages of World War II in Asia during the 1930s—and continuing Russo-Japanese enmity over Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Island chain. Studying this historical conflict in terms of international relations provides valuable insights into the nature of the conflict and how the past continues to shape modern geopolitics. As a case study, the war offers important lessons in the difficulties of sustained power projection and the exigencies involved in adaptable war planning. Equally important, Russia and Japan’s intractable imperial ambitions coupled with their failures to credibly communicate resolve serve as a cautionary tale on the consequences of inept diplomacy. -
A War All Our Own: American Rangers and the Emergence of the American Martial Culture
A War All Our Own: American Rangers and the Emergence of the American Martial Culture by James Sandy, M.A. A Dissertation In HISTORY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTORATE IN PHILOSOPHY Approved Dr. John R. Milam Chair of Committee Dr. Laura Calkins Dr. Barton Myers Dr. Aliza Wong Mark Sheridan, PhD. Dean of the Graduate School May, 2016 Copyright 2016, James Sandy Texas Tech University, James A. Sandy, May 2016 Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the constant encouragement and tutelage of my committee. They provided the inspiration for me to start this project, and guided me along the way as I slowly molded a very raw idea into the finished product here. Dr. Laura Calkins witnessed the birth of this project in my very first graduate class and has assisted me along every step of the way from raw idea to thesis to completed dissertation. Dr. Calkins has been and will continue to be invaluable mentor and friend throughout my career. Dr. Aliza Wong expanded my mind and horizons during a summer session course on Cultural Theory, which inspired a great deal of the theoretical framework of this work. As a co-chair of my committee, Dr. Barton Myers pushed both the project and myself further and harder than anyone else. The vast scope that this work encompasses proved to be my biggest challenge, but has come out as this works’ greatest strength and defining characteristic. I cannot thank Dr. Myers enough for pushing me out of my comfort zone, and for always providing the firmest yet most encouraging feedback. -
Societies at a Crossroads
Chapter 31: Societies at a Crossroads Units 5 and 6 1750-1900: Industrialization and its consequences in the East. Ch 31: Societies at a Crossroads. Big Picture Overview: This chapter focuses on four Asian empires (the Ottomans, the Russians, the Chinese, and the Japanese) and the decisions they had to make regarding the benefits and/or liabilities of industrializing their economies based on a western model (like Western Europe and America). Each empire faced two important aspects of this decision making. First, if these empires were compelled to industrialize in order to catch up to the west, eastern imperial governments needed to sponsor that industrialization themselves and not wait for individual entrepreneurs to do it (like in the west). They also did not necessarily believe that industrialization was the cutting edge for the future, after all these regions had basically dominated the world economy for thousands of years. The biggest reason to consider industrialization was that European and US manufacturers were producing factory made gunpowder weapons. Self-preservation demanded that the Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese governments gain military equity with the west. Most of the ruling classes, however wanted to be able to choose which parts of their economies would industrialize, such as industrialize the military but leave the rest of the manufacturing of cheap, disposable factory made goods to the west (with their accompanying pollution and urban problems as well). Rebellions arose over these economic decisions and more: things like public education, taxation, land redistribution, suffrage (the right to vote), and representation in legislatures and enacting new constitutions. -
Maritime Administration Annual Report to Congress
Maritime Administration Annual Report to Congress U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration Maritime Administration Annual Report to Congress Fiscal Year 2005 U. S. Department of Transportation Norman Y. Mineta Secretary Maritime Administration John Jamian Acting Maritime Administrator Headquarters 400 7th Street, SW Washington, DC 20590 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION page 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY page 7 NATIONAL SECURITY page 9 Hurricane Recovery Response page 10 Ready Reserve Force page 11 Maritime Security Program & page 12 Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement Inventory of Intermodal Equipment page 13 Strategic Ports page 13 National Defense Reserve Fleet page 13 Merchant Mariner Availability page 14 Maritime Training and Education page 15 Maritime Recruitment/Careers Outreach page 18 War Risk Insurance page 19 NATO Planning Board for Ocean Shipping page 20 Port Security Grants page 20 COMMERCIAL MOBILITY page 21 Short Sea Shipping Initiative page 22 Marine Transportation System page 23 Delaware River Maritime Enterprise Council page 24 Port of Anchorage page 24 Maritime Guaranteed Loan Program (Title XI) page 24 Research and Development page 26 Deepwater Port Licensing page 28 Port Facility Conveyance Program page 28 GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY page 29 Bilateral and Multilateral Maritime Negotiations page 29 International Port Security Initiatives page 30 Cargo Preference page 31 Fair and Reasonable Guideline Rates page 33 Financial Approvals page 33 Operating Costs page 33 Agile Port page 34 Operating-Differential Subsidy -
Assessing Russia's Role in Cross-Taiwan Strait Relations
“Russia and Cross Strait Relations” SHAOHUA HU Associate Professor and Chair Department of Government and Politics Wagner College [email protected] Scholars have scrutinized the role of the United States and even Japan in cross-Strait relations, but have downplayed, if not ignored, the role of Russia.1 Given the extensive studies that have been carried out on Russia’s China policy, the lack of attention given to this subject is woeful and even puzzling. Such deficiency may be attributed to Moscow’s seemingly unequivocal pro-Beijing policy, Russia’s loss of superpower status, and the lack of close ties between Russia and Taiwan. Whatever the reasons, the deficiency should be addressed, because Russia is both a global and a regional power, and because the policy differences between Russia and all other major powers demand explanation. This article attempts a systematic study of the Russian factor in cross-Strait relations. What form has Russia’s Taiwan policy taken in different eras? How important is Russia to Beijing’s Taiwan policy? What options might Russia have in the event of a cross-Strait conflict? These are the questions I seek to answer. The Evolution of Russia’s Taiwan Policy A review of Russian foreign policy helps us understand the present and anticipate the future. Russian leaders have not created their foreign policy out of the blue, but rather formulated it under given geographical and historical circumstances. No matter how changeable and complex history is, we may still be able to identify some key historical patterns. That scholars find much continuity in Russian foreign policy makes it even more important to familiarize ourselves with the past. -
Insurance As a Risk Management Instrument for Energy Infrastructure Security and Resilience
INSURANCE AS A RISK MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENT FOR ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY AND RESILIENCE U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration Insurance as a Risk Management Instrument for Energy Infrastructure Security and Resilience This page intentionally left blank. U.S. Department of Energy March 2013 Page ii of viii Insurance as a Risk Management Instrument for Energy Infrastructure Security and Resilience Preface This study examines key risks that the Nation‘s critical energy infrastructure is confronting and the ways in which the insurance industry can help manage these risks, including how it identifies, assesses, and manages them and their potential impacts. Today, weather-related incidents account for the majority of economic losses in the insurance industry as well as in the critical infrastructure sectors. In addition to the traditionally-recognized natural hazards, critical energy infrastructure faces significant emerging threats, including cybersecurity and space weather risks. While the United States has a large, mature insurance market, developing insurance mechanisms for protecting critical infrastructure from these emerging risks remains a significant challenge. The lack of historical data on the frequency and severity of these events, the changing nature of technologies impacted by them, as well as the inherent uncertainties posed by these risks make it difficult to accurately assess these emerging risks and develop proper insurance products. Insurance instruments can be a useful risk mitigation tool for critical infrastructure by encouraging resilience-enhancing investments and facilitating recovery after a disaster. However, due to the increased interdependencies across various critical infrastructure systems and sectors as well as the growing dependence of today‘s society on the critical infrastructure functions and advanced technologies, the question of insurability of critical infrastructure against emerging risks faces new challenges. -
NJDARM: Collection Guide
NJDARM: Collection Guide - NEW JERSEY STATE ARCHIVES COLLECTION GUIDE Record Group: Department of Defense Subgroup: Adjutant General's Office (World War I) Series: Miscellaneous Records [Unprocessed Binders], c. 1917-c. 1918 Accession #: 1969.006 prob. Series #: SDEA7004 Guide Date: 4/1999 (CSM) Volume: 16.75 c.f. [121 binders] Contents Content Note This series contains records of the New Jersey National Guard during World War I. The records include, correspondence, company correspondence books, returns, charge sheets for individual soldiers who violated an Article of War, and orders. NOTE: These records have not been processed. Many binders have records related to earlier or later time periods, such as the Mexican Border Service and National Guard post-1919 records. Additionally, binders in other series, such as the Mexican Border Service and post-1919 National Guard binders, contain records related to World War I. This series is a combination of earlier series, specifically: Binders 160 and 174 in Box 1 were formerly part of Department of Defense, National Guard, Miscellaneous Correspondence - Post Civil War, 1860s-1920; Binders 7-191 in Boxes 1-34 were formerly part of Department of Defense, National Guard, Miscellaneous Records, 1909-1925. Contents Box 1 Book 160 - Pay Rolls for Troops B & D 1st Squadron Cavalry, Provisional Troop 1st Squadron Cavalry, Headquarters 1st Squadron Cavalry, Companies F, K, L and Headquarters Company 3rd Infantry, Companies A, I & K, 4th Infantry, and Companies L, Headquarters and a Detachment, 5th Infantry,