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Gorbachev in Bonn PALGRAVE Series Editors: David P. Cline and Natalie Fousekis Founding Series Editors: Linda Shopes and Bruce M. Stave Editorial Board Rina Benmayor Alexander Freund Division of Humanities and Communication & Department of History & Oral History and Community Memory Archive Oral History Centre California State University Monterey Bay University of Winnipeg United States Canada Indira Chowdhury Anna Green Archival Resources for Contemporary History College of Humanities India University of Exeter United Kingdom Pilar Dominguez Department of Historical Sciences Paula Hamilton Division of Political Thought and Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences & Social Movements Australian Centre for Public History Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University of Technology Sydney España Australia Sean Field Paul Ortiz Centre for Popular Memory Department of History & Department of Historical Studies Samuel Proctor Oral History Program University of Cape Town University of Florida South Africa United States The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome, by Alessandro Portelli (2003) Sticking to the Union: An Oral History of the Life and Times of Julia Ruuttila, by Sandy Polishuk (2003) To Wear the Dust of War: From Bialystok to Shanghai to the Promised Land, an Oral History, by Samuel Iwry, edited by L. 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Handcox, the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, and the African American Song Tradition, by Michael K. Honey (2013) Tiananmen Exiles, by Rowena He (2014) Black Leaders on Leadership: Conversations with Julian Bond, by Phyllis Leffler (2014) Oral History and Digital Humanities: Voice, Access, and Engagement, edited by Douglas A. Boyd and Mary A. Larson (2014) The End of the Cold War?: Bush, Kohl, Gorbachev, and the Reunification of Germany, by Alexander von Plato (2015) This page intentionally left blank The End of the Cold War? Bush, Kohl, Gorbachev, and the Reunification of Germany Alexander von Plato Translated by Edith Burley THE END OF THE COLD WAR? Copyright © Alexander von Plato, 2015. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-48870-1 All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-69599-7 ISBN 978-1-137-48872-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137488725 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Tables i x Acknowledgments x i List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction: The Historian as a Detective 1 Documents and Remembrances CHAPTER 1 The Beginnings 7 CHAPTER 2 Summer 1989: Gorbachev in Bonn 21 CHAPTER 3 Gorbachev and the “Soviet Fatherhood” of the GDR 33 CHAPTER 4 Coincidence as the Helper: Pushing Movements, Driven Politicians 61 CHAPTER 5 2+4, 4+2, or 33+2? The Centers of Power Take Over the Negotiations on the International Aspects of Unity 147 CHAPTER 6 Elections in the GDR and Their Consequences 221 CHAPTER 7 What Is National and What Is International in the 2+4 Negotiations? 255 CHAPTER 8 Signing of the Contracts 313 CHAPTER 9 Summary and Prospects for the Future 327 viii / Contents Notes 345 Chronology 395 Bibliography 407 Index 427 Tables 4.1 Composition of the central Runde Tisch 117 6.1 Popular support for German reunification 229 6.2 Results of the elections to the People’s Chamber of March 18, 1990 230 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments I would like to thank first of all the interviewees, who recollected their personal experiences from very different points of view, the GorbachevFoundation, espe- cially Anatoli S. Chernayev and his staff, the collaborators of the Federal Archive in Berlin, the ERTOMIS Foundation and its director Jens-Mittelsten-Scheid, who helped me in a very nonbureaucratic way to finance my work; the film pro- ducer and friend Ulrich Lenze, the colleagues and translators Elke Scherstjanoy, Peter Erler, Maria Scherbakova, the friends and colleagues, Christoph Links, Lutz Niethammer, Mark Roseman, Irina Scherbakowa (who translated the Russian version of this book), and my wife Alice von Plato for their ideas, com- ments and help. This book was translated by Edith Burley who did much more than translating the text, and one chapter by Simon Banwell. This page intentionally left blank Abbreviations ADN Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst (News agency of the GDR) AL Alternative Liste (Alternative party of Westberlin) ARD Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (First German TV station) CDU Christlich-Demokratische Union (Party of Helmut Kohl) CIA Central Intelligence Agency COCOM Coordinating Committee for East-West-Trade-Policy COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ČSSR Tschechoslowakische Sozialistische Republik (Czechoslovakian Socialistic Republic) DA Demokratischer Aufbruch (a dissident party of the GDR) DBD Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany (an “official” party of the GDR) DEFA Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft (Filmproduction company of the GDR) DGB Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (Trade u nions of the FRG) DKP Deutsche Kommunistische Partei (German Communist Party of the FRG) DSU Deutsche Soziale Union (DSU, a new party of the GDR, founded during re-unification) EG Europäische Gemeinschaft (European Community) EKO Eisenhüttenkombinat Ost (a steel company of the GDR) FDGB Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (Trade Union of the GDR) GS Generalsekretär (General
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