MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School Certification for Approving

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School Certification for Approving MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certification for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Stephen Hess Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________ Director (Dr. Venelin Ganev) ____________________________________ Reader (Dr. Gulnaz Sharafutdinova) ____________________________________ Reader (Dr. Adeed Dawisha) ____________________________________ Graduate School Representative (Dr. Stanley Toops) ABSTRACT AUTHORITARIAN LANDSCAPES: STATE DECENTRALIZATION, POPULAR MOBILIZATION, AND THE INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES OF RESILIENCE IN NONDEMOCRACIES by Stephen Hess Beginning with the insight that highly-centralized state structures have historically provided a unifying target and fulcrum for the mobilization of contentious nationwide social movements, this dissertation investigates the hypothesis that decentralized state structures in authoritarian regimes impede the development of forms of popular contention sustained and coordinated on a national scale. As defined in this work, in a decentralized state, local officials assume greater discretionary control over public expenditures, authority over the implementation of government policies, and latitude in managing outbreaks of social unrest within their jurisdictions. As a result, they become the direct targets of most protests aimed at the state and the primary mediators of actions directed at third-party, non-state actors. A decentralized state therefore presents not one but a multitude of loci for protests, diminishing claimants‘ ability to use the central state as a unifying target and fulcrum for organizing national contentious movements. For this reason, decentralized autocracies are expected to face more fragmented popular oppositions and exhibit higher levels of durability than their more centralized counterparts. To examine this claim, I conduct four comparative case studies, organized into pairs of autocracies that share a common regime type but vary in terms of state decentralization. These include the single-party autocracies of Taiwan (1949-1996) and China (1949-present) and the personalist autocracies of the Philippines (1972-1986) and Kazakhstan (1991-present). This dissertation compares streams of contention in each of these sites, examining how state structures facilitate and/or impede the shift from localized and particularized forms of contention into nation-level social movements. These divergent outcomes are expected to have a powerful impact on the resilience of individual autocratic states and their likelihood of experiencing regime breakdown. AUTHORITARIAN LANDSCAPES: STATE DECENTRALIZATION, POPULAR MOBILIZATION, AND THE INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES OF RESILIENCE IN NONDEMOCRACIES A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science by Stephen Hess Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2011 Dissertation Director: Dr. Venelin Ganev Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Sources of Authoritarian Resilience .................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Contentious Politics ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.3. The Research Question .................................................................................................................... 18 1.4. Organization of the Dissertation ...................................................................................................... 24 Chapter Two: Authoritarian Landscapes .................................................................................................... 26 2.1. Defining Decentralization ................................................................................................................ 28 2.2. Functional Decentralization ............................................................................................................. 29 2.3. Decentralization of Coercion ........................................................................................................... 30 2.4. Decentralization: Causes and Outcomes .......................................................................................... 32 2.5. Decentralization, Institutional Landscaping, and Popular Mobilization .......................................... 35 Chapter Three: Single-Party Regimes......................................................................................................... 43 3.1. Cases in Comparison ........................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter Four: Taiwan ................................................................................................................................. 54 4.1. Functional Centralization ................................................................................................................. 54 Table 4.1. Expenditures as a Percentage of Total Government Expenditures (1980-1987) ............... 56 4.2. Centralization of Coercion ............................................................................................................... 58 4.3. Patterns of Popular Contention ........................................................................................................ 58 4.4. Environmental Contention and the 1986 Lukang Rebellion ............................................................ 65 4.5. Labor Contention and Working Class Activism .............................................................................. 68 4.6. 1986: A Political Breakthrough ....................................................................................................... 73 Chapter Five: China .................................................................................................................................... 77 5.1. Functional Decentralization ............................................................................................................. 78 5.2. Decentralization of Coercion ........................................................................................................... 80 5.3. Patterns of Popular Contention ........................................................................................................ 82 5.4. Labor Contention ............................................................................................................................. 85 5.5. November 2008 Taxi Driver Strikes ................................................................................................ 88 5.6. Summer 2010 Factory Protests ........................................................................................................ 91 5.7. Environmental Contention ............................................................................................................... 94 5.8. Localized Protest and Authoritarian Resilience ............................................................................... 99 Chapter Six: Personalist Regimes ............................................................................................................. 103 ii 6.1. Cases in Comparison ...................................................................................................................... 106 Chapter Seven: The Philippines ................................................................................................................ 113 7.1. Functional Centralization ............................................................................................................... 113 7.2. Centralization of Coercion ............................................................................................................. 117 7.3. Patterns of Popular Contention ...................................................................................................... 118 7.4. Labor Protests ................................................................................................................................ 123 7.5. Political Breakthrough ................................................................................................................... 133 Chapter Eight: Kazakhstan ....................................................................................................................... 145 8.1. Functional Decentralization ........................................................................................................... 146 8.2. Decentralization of Coercion ......................................................................................................... 152 8.3. Patterns of Popular Contention ...................................................................................................... 156 8.3.1. Formal Opposition ...................................................................................................................... 157 8.3.2. Popular Opposition and Labor Protests ...................................................................................... 166 8.4. Localized Protest and Authoritarian Resilience ............................................................................. 178 Chapter Nine: Conclusion ........................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Analysis on the Spatial Form of Traditional Kiln Houses in Hongjiang Ancient Commercial City in Xiangxi
    Analysis on the Spatial Form of Traditional Kiln Houses in Hongjiang Ancient Commercial City in Xiangxi Chenglin He*, Jie Zhang School of Art Design and Media, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China Email: [email protected] Abstract: The ancient commercial city in Hongjiang, Huaihua has a long history and a strong national cultural atmo- sphere. It is famous for collecting and dispersing Hong oil, wood, and white vinegar. It has the reputation of "Little Nan- jing" and "Southwest Metropolis". As an important part of Hongjiang's ancient architecture, the kiln house building carries the regional culture of the ancient commercial city. This article focuses on the main body of the kiln house, and analyzes the characteristics of the scale, form, material, etc. through the spatial form of the streets and lanes of the building, the ap- pearance form of the building, the building structure and the detailed decoration characteristics. The kiln house constructs the unique style of the architecture in Xiangxi, combining practical functions with artistic aesthetics. This article focuses on the research of the kiln house, aiming to provide some reference for the future research and protection of traditional an- cient villages. Keywords: Hongjiang ancient commercial city, kiln house, spatial form, architectural decoration 1. Overview of the ancient commercial city Hongjiang ancient commercial city is located in Huaihua City, Hunan Province, at the junction of southXiangxi Province, Guizhou Province and Chongqing City, and is located in the Xuefeng Mountain area in the east of the Yunnan- Guizhou Plateau. According to historical records, the ancient city covers an area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers, bordering Qianyang County in the east and Huitong County in the south.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblioteksentralen Som Utviklingsaktør På Toten Med Lærer- Bakgrunn Og
    Bibliotekaren Tidsskrift for Bibliotekarforbundet Biblioteksentralen som utviklingsaktør på Toten Oppgjørenes time Med lærer- bakgrunn og bibliotekar framtid BFs økonomi under Skadd på jobb god kontroll - hva gjør jeg? 8 2004 Innhold: Bibliotekaren ISSN 0804-4147 Lederen har ordet side 3 ISSN 1503-836X (online) Forbundsstyrets junimøte side 4 Bibliotekaren er Bibliotekarforbundets BF mot forskriftsendring nå side 7 tidsskrift og utkommer hver måned. Ansvarlig redaktør Oppgjørenes timer Erling Bergan - Det er to bibliotekarer i Norge som sitter midt i begivenhetenes sentrum når det gjelder både sentrale forhandlinger og megling. Det er oss to fra Bibliotekaforbundet - rådgiver Thor Bjarne Stadshaug og meg. Vi sitter der 8 Redaksjonens adresse det skjer og har innpass i det som foregår, sier forbundsleder Monica Deil- Runnen 4, 6800 FØRDE dok i dette intervjuet etter at årets sentrale tariffoppgjør er unnagjort Tlf.: 57 82 07 65 Mobil: 91 31 80 01 Faks: 85 03 16 64 Lokale forhandlinger i KS-sektoren side 11 Epost: [email protected] Med lærerbakgrunn og bibliotekarframtid Stoff Etter 22 år som lærer i grunnskolen gjorde Anne Elisabeth Waage opp Vi mottar stoff i alle former. Tekster status: Hun fant ikke mange lærerkollegaer som var over 50. Skolehver- foretrekker vi som fi ler i RiktTekstFor- dagen ble simpelthen for stri i lengden. Anne Elisabeth valgte å skifte 12 mat (rtf). Usignerte artikler står for fil. Hun studerer nå bibliotekfag i Bergen. redaktørens regning. Fornøyd i staten? side 15 Abonnement Kr. 290,- pr. år betales til BFs girokonto Bibliotekvaktens søketips: 6039.05.64093. Merk innbetalingen Detektor – et katalogisert utgangspunkt side 16 «Abonnement». Alle henvendelser om abonnement rettes til BFs sekretariat i Lakkegata 21, 0187 Oslo, tlf.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Information
    Supplemental information Table S1 Sample information for the 36 Bactrocera minax populations and 8 Bactrocera tsuneonis populations used in this study Species Collection site Code Latitude Longitude Accession number B. minax Shimen County, Changde SM 29.6536°N 111.0646°E MK121987 - City, Hunan Province MK122016 Hongjiang County, HJ 27.2104°N 109.7884°E MK122052 - Huaihua City, Hunan MK122111 Province 27.2208°N 109.7694°E MK122112 - MK122144 Jingzhou Miao and Dong JZ 26.6774°N 109.7341°E MK122145 - Autonomous County, MK122174 Huaihua City, Hunan Province Mayang Miao MY 27.8036°N 109.8247°E MK122175 - Autonomous County, MK122204 Huaihua City, Hunan Province Luodian county, Qiannan LD 25.3426°N 106.6638°E MK124218 - Buyi and Miao MK124245 Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province Dongkou County, DK 27.0806°N 110.7209°E MK122205 - Shaoyang City, Hunan MK122234 Province Shaodong County, SD 27.2478°N 111.8964°E MK122235 - Shaoyang City, Hunan MK122264 Province 27.2056°N 111.8245°E MK122265 - MK122284 Xinning County, XN 26.4652°N 110.7256°E MK122022 - Shaoyang City,Hunan MK122051 Province 26.5387°N 110.7586°E MK122285 - MK122298 Baojing County, Xiangxi BJ 28.6154°N 109.4081°E MK122299 - Tujia and Miao MK122328 Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province 28.2802°N 109.4581°E MK122329 - MK122358 Guzhang County, GZ 28.6171°N 109.9508°E MK122359 - Xiangxi Tujia and Miao MK122388 Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province Luxi County, Xiangxi LX 28.2341°N 110.0571°E MK122389 - Tujia and Miao MK122407 Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province Yongshun County, YS 29.0023°N
    [Show full text]
  • Hunan Lingjintan Hydropower Project (Loan 1318-PRC) in the People’S Republic of China
    Performance Evaluation Report PPE: PRC 26198 Hunan Lingjintan Hydropower Project (Loan 1318-PRC) in the People’s Republic of China December 2005 Operations Evaluation Department Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) At Appraisal At Project Completion At Operations Evaluation (September 1994) (August 2003) (September 2005) CNY1.00 = $0.1149 = $0.1205 = $0.1238 $1.00 = CNY8.70 = CNY8.30 = CNY8.08 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADTA – advisory technical assistance BOO – build-operate-own BOT – build-operate-transfer EA – Executing Agency EIRR – economic internal rate of return FIRR – financial internal rate of return GWh – gigawatt-hour HEPC – Hunan Electric Power Company HPEPB – Hunan Province Electric Power Bureau IA – Implementing Agency MW – megawatt OED – Operations Evaluation Department, Asian Development Bank OEM – operations evaluation mission PCR – project completion report PPA – power purchase agreement PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRC – People’s Republic of China SES – special evaluation study SSTA – small-scale technical assistance TA – technical assistance WACC – weighted and average cost of capital WPC – Wuling Power Corporation NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government ends on 31 December. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends. (ii) In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. Director D. Edwards, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED Team Leader R. Schenck, Evaluation Specialist, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED Team Members B. Palacios, Senior Evaluation Officer, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED A. SIlverio, Operations Evaluation Assistant, Operations Evaluation Division 2,OED Operations Evaluation Department, PE-677 CONTENTS Page BASIC DATA iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv MAP vii I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and the Advocacy of Local Autonomy
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 92 January, 1999 The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and the Advocacy of Local Autonomy by Christine Louise Lin Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
    [Show full text]
  • Transitional Justice and Judicial Reform in Taiwan
    Washington International Law Journal Volume 28 Number 3 7-1-2019 Whither Converging Narratives of Justice in Transition? Transitional Justice and Judicial Reform in Taiwan Agnes S. Schick-Chen Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Courts Commons Recommended Citation Agnes S. Schick-Chen, Whither Converging Narratives of Justice in Transition? Transitional Justice and Judicial Reform in Taiwan, 28 Wash. L. Rev. 677 (2019). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol28/iss3/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Compilation © 2019 Washington International Law Journal Association WHITHER CONVERGING NARRATIVES OF JUSTICE IN TRANSITION? TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND JUDICIAL REFORM IN TAIWAN1 Agnes S. Schick-Chen2 Abstract: Referring to Taiwan’s recent transitional justice legislation as a first tentative step towards the possibility of judicial solutions for problems of injustice dating from the authoritarian era, this paper elaborates chances and difficulties of introducing the judiciary to the ongoing processes of coming to terms with the past in Taiwan. It intends to argue that apart from the specific circumstances of Taiwan’s transition to democracy after the lifting of martial law in 1987, the avoidance of a judicial approach to transitional justice was both caused by and the reason for a deficit in narratives of judicial justice.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Politics of Taiwan's February 28
    The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History © Yen-Kuang Kuo, 2020 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Zhongping Chen, Supervisor Department of History Dr. Gregory Blue, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. John Price, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. Andrew Marton, Outside Member Department of Pacific and Asian Studies iii Abstract Taiwan’s February 28 Incident happened in 1947 as a set of popular protests against the postwar policies of the Nationalist Party, and it then sparked militant actions and political struggles of Taiwanese but ended with military suppression and political persecution by the Nanjing government. The Nationalist Party first defined the Incident as a rebellion by pro-Japanese forces and communist saboteurs. As the enemy of the Nationalist Party in China’s Civil War (1946-1949), the Chinese Communist Party initially interpreted the Incident as a Taiwanese fight for political autonomy in the party’s wartime propaganda, and then reinterpreted the event as an anti-Nationalist uprising under its own leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • Jose Maria Sison and the Philippine Revolution: a Critique of an Interface1
    Jose Maria Sison and the Philippine Revolution: A Critique of an Interface1 P. N. ABINALES On December 26, 1968, Jose Ma. Sison a.k.a Amado Guerrero met with ten of his trusted disciples to establish the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) along the lines of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-Tung Thought. Since then, Philippine radicalism long thought to be politically dead after the debacle of the Huk Rebellion has experienced a resurgence that was unprecedented in the national context. Much of the CPPs political growth, especially in the crucial initial stages, was largely attributed by many to Sisons leadership. He is said to have guided the revolutionary movement through its baptism of fire under the harsh conditions brought about by martial law. His arrest and nine-year solitary confinement did not break him. Rather, the movement continued to grow despite most of its original leaders death or capture (including Sisons) to become one of the most enduring revolutionary opposition in the country and the region.2 It is this feat that has placed Sison among the ranks of important figures in Philippine politics. Apart from being the founder of the CPP, Sison is regarded by admirers also as teacher and student activist He is the author of Philippine Society and Revolution (PSR), the acclaimed bible of the revolution. During the height of the First Quarter Storm, students were openly declaring their fealty to Amado Guerrero and his revolution. At the University of the Philippines (UP), student activists even renamed one building after the CPP chairman. Revolutionary songs, both serious and jesting, hailed Guerrero as one of the inspirations of the new revolutionary upsurge.3 During the early martial law period, Sison was one of the most wanted political figures by the dictatorship (the others being Kumander Dante and Victor Corpuz), the latter believing that his capture or death would destroy the CPP-ML.4 And in the time of Aquino, he continued to be grudgingly respected both in the positive and negative sense.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philippines
    THE PHILIPPINES A GUIDE TO AUDIO-VISUAL RESOURCES ON PHIUPPINE STUDIES IN HAWAII Prepared by Belinda A. Aquino Marissa C. Garcia Center for Philippine Studies School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies University ofHawaii at Manoa Copyright 1993 CENTER FOR PHILIPPINE snmlEs School ofHawaiian, Asian and PacifIC Studies University ofHawaii at Manoa Printed by Hawaii Correctional Industries Cover: Detail of a brass earring from eagayan Valley, designed by the Isnegs. Source: Men:edita Jose-Dela Cruz, Sourcebook ofPhilippine Traditiollll1 Art Motifs and Crafts Processes, (Manila: Philip­ pine Committee, 1992.) TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 3 PART I: 5 Subject Index to Videotapes PART II: 14 Summaries and Descriptions PART III: 46 Miscellaneous Holdings PARTN Infonnation on Policies and Instructions 49 Wong Audiovisual Center University ofHawaii at Manoa Art, Music & Recreation Section 54 Hawaii State library IYloREWORD Panofthejustification we citedfor the establishmentofa programon PhilippineStudies at the University ofHawaii atManoa (UHM)in 1974wasthepresenceofanextensivecollection of material on the Philippines in the university's libraries, which would enhance the basic missions ofinstruction, research and service on this campus. At that time the collection on the Philippines at the Asia Collection ofthe Hamilton Library numbered 2,404 (monographic titles only). This has grown to more than 10,000 titles, which is more than adequate to back up an academic program. Theprogrameventuallybecame the CenterforPhilippine Studies, when the Asian Studies Program to which Philippine Studies was attached was made pan of the new School ofHawaiian. Asian and Pacific Studies (SHAPS) in 1987. In time theresearchcollection would becomplemented by the acquisitionofaudiovisual material on various aspects of Philippines Studies, thereby increasing the resources on this campus for studies on the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • Slovenian Democratic Path After European Union Accession
    The Difficult Look Back: Slovenian Democratic Path after European Union Accession MIRO HAČEK Politics in Central Europe (ISSN: 1801-3422) Vol. 15, No. 3 DOI: 10.2478/pce-2019-0023 Abstract: In the third wave of democratic changes in the early 1990s when the Central and Eastern European (CEE) political landscape changed radically and the democrati‑ sation processes started in the eastern part of the continent, Slovenia was one of the most prominent countries with the best prospects for rapid democratic growth. Slove‑ nia somewhat luckily escaped the Yugoslav civil wars and towards the end of the 20th century was already on the path towards a stable and consolidated democracy with the most successful economy in the entire CEE area. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Slovenia had a simple and straight ‑forward political goals, i.e. to join the European union as soon as possible, thus consolidating its place among the most developed countries within the region. After some setbacks, this goal was accomplished in (so far) the biggest enlargement to the Union in May 2004. But what happened after Slovenia managed to successfully achieve its pair of major political goals? In this chapter, we search for an answer to this question and find out why Slovenian voters are increas‑ ingly distrustful not only of political institutions, but why so ‑called new political faces and instant political parties are so successful and why Slovenian democracy has lost a leading place among consolidated democracies in CEE. Keywords: Slovenia; European Union; membership; distrust; democracy. Introduction After declaring its independence from former Yugoslavia in 1991, the Republic of Slovenia expressed its willingness and objective, both in its strategic develop‑ ment documents and at the highest political levels, to become a full member of POLITICS IN CENTRAL EUROPE 15 (2019) 3 419 the European Union (EU).1 As the crucial developmental documents2 indicate, the optimum long ‑term development of the Slovenian economy is inextricably tied to Slovenia’s full membership in the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Königsmacher Nach Geldquellen Und Bleibe in Der Öf­ Fentlichkeit Präsent
    klärtermaßen zur Opposition gehören) und um gute Umfrageergebisse, organi­ siere eine Wahlkampfmaschine, suche Die Königsmacher nach Geldquellen und bleibe in der Öf­ fentlichkeit präsent. Wer unterstützt wen im Vier Personen aus dem Regierungsla­ ger haben sich bereits ins Rennen um die philippinischen Wahlkampf ? Präsidentschaft gebracht: Der Regie­ rungssprecher Jose De Venecia, die Se­ Sie haben keine echte Ausbildung für übersetzt werden, sogar Abhöranlagen natorin Leticia Ramos Shahani, der Fi­ ihren Job hinter sich, aber trotzdem und die Standardausrüstungen von nanzminister, Roberto De Ocampo, und gelten sie als Spezialisten. Manche son­ Spionen. Sie sind Generalisten (die, die dessen Kollege im Verteidigungsmini­ nen sich in der Aufmerksamkeit, die ih­ sich im gesamten Wahlspiel auskennen) sterium, Renato De Villa. Alle Bewerber nen die Medien gönnen, andere arbeiten und Spezialisten (die, die Meister in ei­ aus dem Regierungslager landeten bei eher unsichtbar im Hintergrund. Sie be­ nem bestimmten Teilbereich sind). Auf Umfragen nach ihrer Bekanntheit ironi- wegen sich zwanglos in den Gängen der jeden Fall sind alle kreativ, hochgradig schenveise am Ende der Skala. De Macht, weil sie für die Obersten im Land phantasievoll und vielleicht die einzigen Ocampo und De Villa sind keine Mit­ arbeiten. Die meisten von ihnen arbeiten ernsthaften Betrachter der Politik. glieder bei Lakas-NUCD und sind von unter Druck am effizientesten, weil sie In der Vergangenheit wurden im De Venecia dazu aufgefordert worden, in sich auf einem Gebiet bewegen, das Wahlkampf Karrieren gemacht. Aber es die Partei einzutreten und für eine No ­ minierung erst mal zu arbeiten. durch Konkurrenz geprägt ist, und wo ist wenig darüber bekannt, was dort ver­ nur der Stärkste überlebt.
    [Show full text]
  • Party Code Label Party Name 11220 SWE VK Communist Party 11320
    Codes [this document was created by the History Data Service using information supplied by the depositor] Party Code Label Party Name 11220 SWE VK Communist Party 11320 SWE SSA Social Democrats 11420 SWE FP Peoples Party 11620 SWE MS Moderate Unity Party 11810 SWE CP Centre Party 12220 NOR NKP Communist Party 11221 NOR SLP Socialist Left Party 12320 NOR DNA Labour Party 12410 NOR DLF Liberal Peoples Party 12420 NOR Ven Liberals 12520 NOR KF Christian Peoples Party 12620 NOR Hoyre Conservatives 12810 NOR SP Centre Party 12951 NOR FP Progress Party 13210 DEN VS Left Socialist Party 13220 DEN DKP Communist Party 13230 DEN SF Socialist Peoples Party 13320 DEN Soc Social Democratic Party 13330 DEN CD Centre Democrats 13410 DEN RadVen Radical Liberal Party 13420 DEN Ven Liberal Party 13421 DEN IP Independent Party 13422 DEN LC Liberalt Centrum 13520 DEN KristFol Christian Peoples Party 13620 DEN Kons Conservative Peoples Party 13951 DEN Frem Progress Party 13952 DEN Rets Justice Party 13953 DEN DU Danish Unification 21320 BEL PSB-BSP Socialist Party 21321 BEL BSP,SP Flemish Socialist Party 21322 BEL PSB,PS Francophone Socialist Party 21420 BEL PLP-PVV Liberal Party 21421 BEL PVV Flemish Liberal Party' 21422 BEL PRL Francophone Liberal Party 21424 BEL PLDP Brussels Liberal Party' 21520 BEL PSC-CVP Christian Peoples Party 21521 BEL CVP Flemish Christian Peoples Party 21522 BEL PSC Francophone Christian Peoples Party 21523 BEL PSC Wallonie Christian Peoples Party' 21524 BEL PSC Brussels Christian Peoples Party 21911 BEL RW Walloon Rally 21912
    [Show full text]