INDEX

A ASEAN (Association of Southeast Abdurrachman Wahid, 35, 122, 187 Asian Nations), 72–73, 103, 175, ADB (Asian Development Bank), 271, 286–87, 291–92 162–63 ASEAN-4, 159, 286 “administrators”, 44–45 ASEAN-5, 273 affirmative policy, see Benteng ASEAN- Free Trade Agreement, programme 134 Agency for Technology Assessment ASEAN Free Trade Agreement and Application, see BPPT (AFTA), 263, 291 Agency for the Revitalization of the Asian Development Bank, see ADB Forest Industry, see BRIK Asian economic crisis, 3, 24, 69, Agreement on Textile and Clothing, 103–04, 122, 126–27, 129, see MFA 132, 156, 163, 169, 175, 179, “Ali-Baba” enterprise, 16, 32 187–88, 192, 194–98, 208, 212, , 33, 43 214–15, 248, 257, 273, 282–84, , 78 287, 289, 291 “anti-export bias”, 72–73, 102, 151, aftermath, and, 74–77, 260–63 155–56, 168–69, 177, 187, 252, auto-parts industry, impact on, 255 280–81 APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic developments after, 84–87 Cooperation), 103 industrial development overview, Arab-Israeli War, 91 176–83 Army Staff and Command School, see manufacturing sector after, 163–67 SESKOAD “Asian Tigers”, 159, 176 Army Strategic Reserve Command, see Assaat Movement (Gerakan Assaat), Kostrad 19, 21 A.R. Soehoed, 100, 149, 152–54, 276 Australia and Argentina: on Parallel Asahan aluminium smelter, 100 Paths, book, 134

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authoritarianism, 83 BIN (Bank Industri Negara), 12, 42 automotive industry, 282–83 B.J. Habibie, 35, 81–82, 100, 122, auto-parts firms, number of, 277–78, 158, 180, 187–88 289–90 BLBI (Bantuan Likuiditas Bank auto-parts industry, 271 ), 119 Asian economic crisis, impact on, BMW, 287 280–81 BNI (Bank Negara Indonesia), 12, 15, development of, 273–80 29, 32, 42 dynamics factors, 285–90 , 187 exports and imports, 283–85 Boeke, J.H., 61 historical overview 272–73 Borsumij, 142 industrial organization, 282–83 BPPT (Agency for Technology world production, 275 Assessment and Application), see also car assembly industry 196, 198 BPS (Central Agency for Statistics), B 75, 284 baht, devaluation of, 118–19 Brazil, India, Indonesia, China, see Bali, attacks on, 257 BIIC bank consumer credit, 194 BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China), , 10, 13, 26, 46, 137–38 74–75, 94, 102, 112, 114, 119, “brief case importers”, 16, 33 133, 143, 150, 156, 169, 187, BRIK (Badan Revitalisasi Industri 191, 198, 255 Kehutanan), 240 Bank Indonesia Liquidity Support, see British-American Tobacco (BAT), 144 BLBI British Commonwealth, 5 Bank of Thailand, 118 “broad spectrum” strategy, 158 BAPPENAS (National Planning Bulog, 80 Board), 95, 162, 259 Burhanuddin Harahap, 6 Basic Law on Forestry, 231 Business Competition Supervisory Bata, 142, 144 Commission, 188 Baudet, Henri, 6, 40 Benteng (fortress) programme, 11–12, C 15–17, 24 Cakung Export Processing Zone, 253 implementing the, 31–35 Caltex, 92, 114 promoting indigenous capital goods, 208 entrepreneurs, 27–31 imports of, 211–12, 224, 226 Benteng goods, 15 capitalism, 27 Benteng group, 31 “capitalist developmental state”, 77 “”, 43, 69, 87 car assembly industry, 272–73, 281 “Big Five”, Dutch trading companies, see also auto-parts industry 11, 15, 27, 31 “cash program”, 147 BIIC (Brazil, India, Indonesia, China), Castells, Manuel, 77 138 central bank, see Bank Indonesia

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 298 4/12/12 3:41:24 PM Index 299

Central Agency for Statistics, see BPS D Central Bureau of Statistics, 115 Daewoo, 288 Central Office of Imports, 34 Daimler, 287 Central Trading Company, see CTC Dasaad Musin, 31 chaebols (Korean conglomerates), 80 decentralization laws, 85 Cherry cars, 288 deforestation, 131, 232–33, 235, Chevrolet cars, 288 240–41, 245 China “deletion programme”, 154, 272, second largest economy, 137 275–78, 286, 288–89 Chinese assessment of, 279–80 ban on retail trade, 18–20 Democrat Party (Partai Demokrat), 84 moneylenders, 14 “demographic dividend”, 133 pro-Taiwan, 18, 28, 36 deregulation package, 252–53 racial discrimination, 30 “dereservation” policy, 262 rice mills, ownership of, 17–18 Djohan Djohar, 31 weaving industry, and, 17 , 8, 15, 29–30, see also Sino-Indonesian minority 43 “Chinese problem”, dealing with, Domestic Investment Law, 79, 149 14–15 “double colonialism”, 14, 28 Cochran, Merle, 5, 40 “dual track” industrialization strategy, colonial debt, 5–6 158, 180 Commission of Four, 80 Duncan, Tim, 134 Committee of Industrialization “Dutch Disease”, 82, 95–96, 130, 150 (Panitya Industrialisasi), 143 Dutch economic dominance, 6–7, 14, communist coup, 77 25–26, 28 Conefo (Conference of the Newly measures to reduce, 8–13 Emerging Forces), 113, 122 Dutch enterprise Conference on Climate Change, 131 nationalization of, 13–14, 18, 20, Confrontation, 113 25–27, 35, 49 Constant Market Shares Analysis, 262 Dutch-Indonesian relations, 4, 7, 14 corruption, 80, 130, 134, 138, 192, Dutch repatriation, 13 266–67 “duty exemption and drawback see also KKN scheme”, 177 cottage industries, 56 CoWs (contracts of work), 92 E CPO (crude palm oil) industries, East Asian Economic Miracle 165 — Economic Growth and Public Credit Foundation (Yayasan Kredit), Policy, The, report, 73–74, 161, 12, 42 177 “Crush ” campaign, 78, 112, “East Asian Tigers”, 155, 185 114–15 econometric studies, findings from, CTC (Central Trading Company), 216–17 11, 26 “economic decolonization”, 4

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 299 4/12/12 3:41:24 PM 300 Index

economic nationalism, 20, 24 Foreign Investment Law, 79, 149 defined, 3 forest fires, 131 early years of independence, in, forestry sector, development of, 25–27 231–34, 245 Economic Urgency Plan (Rencana Basic Law on Forestry, 231 Urgensi Perekonomian), 33, See also wood products industry 141–43, 168 Formosa Plastics, 262 objectives, 144–45 “free enterprise”, 59 Eight Year Overall Development Plan, 146 G electronics industry G-7, 137 study of, 220–21 G-8, 138 , 78 G-20, 133–34, 138 etatist policy, 110 garment industry, 166–67, 169, 193, Eurasians, 8 213–14, 248 European Community (EC), 249, Asian crisis, after the, 260–63 253, 258 capacity of, 265 Eveready and National Carbon, 142 characteristics of, 250 “export-led technology development”, exports, 254, 258–59, 264 213 period of rapid growth, 249–58 “export-platforms”, 253 post-MFA developments, 263–66 export-promoting industrialization, sluggish growth, 258–60 100, 154–55, 207, 226, 241, study of, 219–20 252, 261 Garuda Indonesian Airways, 10 “export-substitution” 230–31, 239 General Motors, 272, 288 “external economies”, 58 Gestapu coup, 117 GFC (global financial crisis), 127–30, F 133–34, 137–38, 273, 291 “family principle” economy, 29 GIAMM (Indonesia Automotive Feith, Herbert, 44 Parts & Components Industries Financial Daily (Het Financieel Association), 288–89, 292 Dagblad), 9 Glassburner, Bruce, 45 Financial-Economic Agreement, see Goldman Sachs, 137 Finec Golkar, 84, 87 Finec (Financieel-Economische Good Year, tyres, 142, 144 Overeenkomst), 6, 8, 12, 25, 26, Great Depression, 29, 142 40–41, 43 greenhouse gas, 131 Five Year Development Plan, 145–46, “Green Revolution”, 83 152 “Guided Democracy and Guided Flexible Manufacturing System, 267 Economy”, 19, 28, 34, 116, 145 Fogarty, John, 134 Food Logistics Board, 80 H Foreign Exchange Control Board, 8 Hadinoto, 14

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 300 4/12/12 3:41:24 PM Index 301

Hadi Surjadipradja, 289 economic policy in 1950s, 42–45, Harahap, 46 115–17 Harmonized System, 275, 279 economy, 38–42, 70–72, 90, 96– Hawkins, Everett, 14, 28 97, 100, 103, 111, 115–17, Heineken Beer, 144 120, 137–38, 146, 150, 156, Higgins, Benjamin, 7, 43–44 158–59, 163, 169, 176, 260, HIID (Harvard Institute of 273 International Development), 163, education expenditure, 184, 189 178–80, 258 FDI (foreign direct investment), Houwink, A., 10 49–50, 60, 79, 86, 128, 132– HPAEs (High-Performing Asian 33, 165, 169, 170, 175, 182, Economies), 73, 159, 176 186, 190–92, 197, 208–12, hyperinflation, 78–79, 110–12, 121, 215, 222–25, 251, 287–90 148, 186 food crop production, 39 Hyundai, 287 foreign debt, 113–14, 117–18 foreign exchange, 46–47, 53–54, I 95, 112, 114, 118, 126 IBRA (Indonesian Banking GDP (gross domestic product), Restructuring Agency), 75 7, 39, 72, 75, 85, 97–98, IDD (International Direct Dialing) 110, 113–15, 127–28, 130, Facility, 99 137–38, 159, 160–61, 164, IGGI (Inter-Governmental Group on 176, 180–81 Indonesia), 79 GNP (gross national product), 70 IMF (International Monetary Fund), health expenditure, 189–90 3, 24, 74–75, 104, 119–20, 137, independence, 4, 26 182, 188 industrial competitiveness, 185–96 import bans, 151 industrial development, 103, import-substituting industrialization, 146–49, 158–63 99–100, 132, 134, 142, 146, industrial policy, 143–46, 149–58 150–54, 168, 177–79, 241, inflation, 46–47, 52–54, 85, 92, 252 102, 111, 120, 126, 165, 169, income gap, 81, 117 181, 186–87 infant mortality rate, 71 inherited colonial debt, 5–6 Incentive Programme, 275, 278–79 investment projects in, 157 assessment of, 279–80 manufacturing sector, 130, 146, Indian economy, 137 159–60, 164, 169, 176–78, Indonesia 181, 185, 251, 260–61, 267 budget deficit, 41, 46–47, 52–54, net exports, 128 85, 112–13 poverty in, 70–71, 75–76, 79, 86, deflation, 52–54 121 developmental state, as, 77–79 primary exports, 234 economic crises, 109, 110, 111–17, purchasing power, 47, 52, 97 122–23 technological competence, 183–85

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 301 4/12/12 3:41:24 PM 302 Index

technology importer, 207–11 Inpres (Instruksi Presiden), 99 trade policy, 151 Inter-Governmental Group on unemployment rate, 86, 167, 266 Indonesia, see IGGI aid to, 113, 115 International Direct Dialing Facility, Indonesia Automotive Parts & see IDD Components Industries International Finance Corporation, 86 Association, see GIAMM International Monetary Fund, see IMF Indonesian Banking Restructuring Iran, revolution in, 90, 96 Agency, see IBRA IRRI (International Rice Research Indonesian Communist Party, see PKI Institute), 83 Indonesian-Dutch relations, 4, 7, 14 ISD (International Subscriber Indonesian Eco-Label Institute, see LEI Dialling), 99 Indonesian Institute of Sciences, see Iskaq, 33–34 LIPI ISO 9000 certification, 195 “Indonesianization”, 28, 225 Israel, United States support for, 91 definition, 3–4 ITCs (industrial technological policies, 12 capabilities), 183, 185, 192–93, Indonesian-Japanese joint venture, 272 196 study of, 217–21 ITD (industrial technology Indonesian-Korean joint venture development), 204 study of, 219–21 Indonesian Nationalist Party, see PNI J Indonesian Revolution, 39, 45, 47 International Container Indonesian-Singaporean joint venture Terminal, see JICT study of, 220–21 Japan Indonesian State Bank, see BNI automobile industry, 285 Indonesian-style socialism, 20, 34–35, imports, 146 78, 116, 146 Japanese-Indonesian joint venture, Indonesia pribumi (indigenous 272 Indonesia), 30, 36, 62, 81, 213, study of, 217–21 256 Japanese occupation, 38–39, 114 Indonesia Socialist Party, see PSI Java Bank, 7–10, 14, 42, 45–46, 49, Industrial Centre, 145, 147–48 53 industrialization, 55, 73, 132, 141, nationalization of, 26 143, 151, 154, 168 Java Textile Company, 142 capital, and, 58–61 Jepara furniture, 214–15 conditions for, 48–49 JETRO (Japan External Trade stimulus, 142 Organization) Jakarta Center, industrial technological capabilities, see 286, 288 ITCs JICT (Jakarta International Container industrial technology development, see Terminal), 182 ITD Johnson, Chalmers, 77 Industrial Urgency Plan, see Economic Johnson, Harry, 3 Urgency Programme Jusuf Wibisono, 43

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 302 4/12/12 3:41:24 PM Index 303

K Lindeteves, 142 KCTC (Korea Technology LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Development Corporation), 194 Sciences), 196, 198 keiretsu system, 287 Loan and Mechanization Programme, Khouw Bian Tie, 9 147 KIA Motors, 279, 287 local content programme, see “deletion Kian Gwan company, 11 programme” KKN (corruption, collusion, and LoI (Letter of Intent), 74, 119–20 nepotism), 80, 83, 103 see also corruption M KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines), 10 manufactured products, 148 Koo Liong Bing, 11 market confidence, 119–20 Korean-Indonesian joint venture market-driven standardization, 293 study of, 219–21 martial law, 115 Korean Trade Association, 251 Masjumi, 43 Korean War, 41, 46–47, 50 Masyumi party, 9 Korea Technology Development May 6 scheme, 102 Corporation, see KCTC Megawati Soekarnoputri, 35, 122, 187 Kostrad (Army Strategic Reserve metrology, standardization, testing and Command), 77 quality, see MSTQ KNILM (Koninklijke Nederlandsch- MFA (Multi Fibre Agreement), 161, Indische Luchtvaart-Maatschappij), 166, 175, 182, 248 10, 26 Asian crisis, after the, 260–63 KPM (Koninklijke Paketvaart period of rapid growth, 249–58 Maatschappij), 7, 10, 13, 26–27 post- developments, 263–66 Krakatau steel project, 93 sluggish growth, 258–60 minimum wage policy, 259 L Mohamad Sadli, 78, 94–95 labour costs, 181–82, 235, 262, 266 Mohammad Hatta, 8, 10–11, 26, labour demonstrations, 264 39–40, 42–43, 45, 80 labour force, skilled, 132, 267 Moh. Natsir, 10, 29, 39, 42, 45–46 labour-intensive industries, 165–67, Moh. Saubari, 9 169, 182, 261–62 Moh. Sediono, 9 Labour Law, 169, 192, 264 MPRS (Provisional People’s Lal, Deepak, 153 Consultative Assembly), 78 Lall, Sanjaya, 162, 185, 259–60 MPVs (Multi-Purpose Vehicles), 273 Law Banning Monopolistic Practices MSA (Mutual Security Agreement), 48 and Unfair Competition, 188, MSTQ (metrology, standardization, 197 testing and quality) services, Lehman Brothers, 126 195–96, 198, 226 LEI (Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia), 241 Multi Fibre Agreement, see MFA Liem Goan Seng, 11 Lindblad & Thee, technology transfer N study, 217, 221 Nasution, General, 14, 27, 115–16

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 303 4/12/12 3:41:25 PM 304 Index

“National Car”, 275 first period, 91–95 National Car Programme, 275, 279 outcomes of, 98–100 “national economy”, 28 post- era, 100–03, 178 nationalization, 8–10, 13, 60 second period, 95–98 Dutch enterprise, of, 13–14, 18, oil exploration, 114–15 20, 25–27, 35, 49 oil exports, 91–92, 96, 114–15 National Planning Bureau, 145 oil price, decline of, 100–01, 168 National Planning Council, 145–46 oil refineries, 132 National Semiconductor, 221 O’Neill, Jim, 137 “natural resource curse”, 82 , 33–34, 43 Indies Airline Company, OPEC (Organization of Petroleum- see KNILM Exporting Countries), 90, 96, 98 Netherlands Indies Civil “open door” policy, 79, 114, 142 Administration, see NICA Original Equipment Manufacturing, Netherlands-Indonesian Union, 5 see OEM Netherlands School of Economics Oudt, A., 9 (Nederlandse Economische Oxford University, 162 Hogeschool), 43 New Order, 3, 35–36, 43, 69, 72, 77, P 79, 87, 142, 159, 168, 176, 182, Pacific War, 39 186, 187, 231, 233, 243 Palapa telecommunications satellite, 99 New Order developmental state, Papua, see West New Guinea 77–84 PELNI (Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia), NGOs (non-governmental shipping company, 10, 26 organizations), 241 Perhutani, 80 NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil rebellion, 18, 45 Administration), 39 Pertamina, 80, 92, 131 NIEs (newly-industrializing activities, 93 economies), 58, 74, 77, 100, bankruptcy, 150 156, 161–62, 177, 183, 185, financial problems, 94–95 187, 190, 193, 203, 208, 213, PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia), 14, 225, 251–53 19, 115–16 Nieuwsgier, newspaper, 46, 50, 58 plywood industry, see wood products Nippon Denso, 286 industry NTBs (non-tariff barriers), 179, 187 PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia), 4, 13, “nuisance taxes”, 263 34, 41, 43 “predatory state”, 83–84 O preferential trade agreements, see PTAs OEM (Original Equipment “Presidential Instruction”, see Inpres Manufacturing), 219, 224–25, “prestige projects”, 112 256, 281, 283–85, 287, 293 pribumi, see Indonesia pribumi oil boom, 71, 73, 82, 90, 104, 109, product fragmentation, 128, 133 129, 150, 153–54, 164, 168, Prospects for Manufactured Exports 177, 180, 187, 252, 260 During Repelita VI, report, 178

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 304 4/12/12 3:41:25 PM Index 305

protectionist policy, 58, 73, 110, research and development (R&D) 146, 151, 154, 156, 177, 252, activities, 194–96, 205–06, 255–56, 279, 281 222–23 Provisional People’s Consultative resource-based industrialization, 242 Assembly, see MPRS resource-based industries, 165 PRRI rebellion, 18, 21, 45 resource exploitation, 130–31 PSI (Partai Sosialis Indonesia), 7, 43 revealed comparative advantage, see PTAs (preferential trade agreements), RCA 263 “reverse engineering”, 193, 205, 211 PT Bahana Pembinaan Usaha “Revolution Fund” (Dana Revolusi), Indonesia (Bahana PUI), 194 113 PT Dirgantara Indonesia, 208 rice imports, 48, 51, 75, 112, 114 PT Indah Kiat Pulp and Paper (IKPP), rice mills, ownership of, 17–18 243–44 rice production, 83, 101 PT Industri Pesawat Terbang RIS (Republik Indonesia Serikat), 5, 21 Nusantara (IPTN), 158 Roosseno, 16, 34 PT Inti Indorayon Utama, 243–44 Royal Dutch Airlines, see KLM PT PAL, 158 Royal Dutch Shell, 13 PT Pusri, 148 Royal Netherlands Indies Airlines, see PT Semen Gresik, 148 KNILM pulp and paper industry, see wood Royal Packet Company, see KPM products industry RTC (Round Table Conference), 25, 39–40 Q consequences of, 4–8 QCD (quality, cost and delivery rubber, production of, 114 schedules) requirements, 285 rupiah depreciation of, 74–75, 95, 97, R 101–02, 110, 119–20, 156, Rachmat Muljomiseno, 19 164–65, 169, 187, 215 racial discrimination, 30 exchange rate, 133 Rahman Tamin, 31 “rupiah financing”, 94 Raja Garuda Mas (RGM) Ruslan Abdulgani, 41 conglomerate, 244 Russian economy, 137 Rao, Kishore, 162, 259–60 RCA (revealed comparative advantage), S 166 Second World War, see World War II recession, 97, 129 Selective Logging System, 232 “Reformasi” era, 33 SESKOAD (Army Staff and regional autonomy, 85, 192, 197, 263 Command School), 78 “rent-harvesters”, 16, 32 Shell, 114 “rent-seekers”, 16, 32 , 30 “rent-seeking activities”, 80, 82, 130, Sinar Mas conglomerate, 243 134 Singaporean-Indonesian joint venture Republic National Bank of Dallas, 94 study of, 220–21

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 305 4/12/12 3:41:25 PM 306 Index

Sino-Indonesian minority, 81 “statism”, 79 see also Chinese “strategic industries”, 158, 180 , 8, 10, 13, Subroto, 78 26, 33, 43, 57–62, 143 Sudarpo Sastrosatomo, 33 debate with Sumitro sugar, production of, 114 Djojohadikusomo, 45–46 , see Soeharto views, 46–50 Sujono Hadinoto, 4, 43 Sjöholm, Fredrik, 216, 290 , 3–4, 19–20, 28, 33–34, 44, SMEs (small and medium-scale 69, 72, 78–79, 113, 115–17, enterprises), 193–94, 197, 208, 148–49, 186, 231 213, 226, 276, 286 Sukiman, 9, 46 SMIs (small and medium-scale Sumitro Djojohadikusomo, 5, 8, 29, industries), 144 33–34, 39–40, 43, 58–62, 141, socialism, 28–29 143, 145 Indonesian-style, 20, 34–35, 78, debate with Sjafruddin 116, 146 Prawiranegara, 45–46 SOEs (state-owned enterprises), 27, views, 50–57 70, 73, 80, 94, 103, 153, 191, “sunset industry”, 166, 180, 266 206 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), Soeharto, 33, 35, 75–78, 80, 84–85, 84, 86, 187 92–93, 103–04, 110–11, 120, Sutan Sjahrir, 7, 45 123, 129, 130–33, 142, 154, 163–64, 168–69, 186–87, 189, T 194–96, 198, 231, 249, 261, Takii, Sadayuki, 217 263, 273, 279, 287, 292 TCs (technological capabilities), 205, achievements, 69–74 207–08, 210, 219–20, 223–25 industrial development under, definition, 204 176–80 technical licensing agreements, see TLAs industrial policies under, 149–63 technology policies, 79 definition, 204 step down, 77 technology transfer, 192, 203, 207–11, Soetikno Slamet, 9 213–16, 225–26 sogoshosha (Japan general trading assessment of, 222–24 company), 226 basic concepts, 204–07 “solidarity makers”, 44–45 case studies, 217–22 special economic zone, 262 Teuku Abdul Hamid Azwar, 11 SRI International, 183 Teuku Moh. Daud, 11 Stabilization and Rehabilitation textile industry, 115, 150, 161, 231, Programme, 78–79 260 Stanvac, 92, 114 study of, 217–19 State Industrial Bank, see BIN TFP (total factor productivity), state-owned enterprises, see SOEs 178–79, 183, 216 State Planning Bureau, 145 Thee & Pangestu, joint ventures (JVs) “static expansion”, 61 study, 217–21

15 Indonesia_Economy.indd 306 4/12/12 3:41:25 PM Index 307

Thee Tjie Tjhoen, 17 , 45, 78 timber industry, see wood products “urban bias”, 86 industry U.S. dollar, 118, 133 Timmer, Marcel, 178–79 TLAs (technical licensing agreements), V 192, 209–11, 219, 222 VAT (value-added tax), 85, 101–02 TNCs (transnational corporations), venture capital funds, 194 128, 142, 144, 216–17, 223, 277, 279, 291 W total factor productivity, see TFP weaving industry, 17 Toyota Motors, 292 Westerling, Raymond, 38 transmigration, policy of, 60–61 West New Guinea (Papua), issue of, T.R.B. Sabaruddin, 9 5, 13–14, 27, 38, 44, 78, 112, TRIM (trade-related investment 143, 145 measures), 275, 279 , 78, 81, 95 tropical timber certification (TC), eco- Wilopo, 12, 46, 80 label, 241 wood products industry, 230–33 ban on log exports, 236, 238–39 U emergence of, 234–37 UCT (Unconditional Cash Transfer) exports, 237 Programme, 76 growth of plywood production, UNCTAD Technology Program, 183, 238–41 217, 221 third phase development, 241–44 UNDP ( Development see also forestry sector Programme), 206 “Work Cabinet”, 116 UNIDO (United Nations Industrial World Bank, 70, 73–76, 86, 161, 177, Development Organization), 206 182–83, 206, 240, 255, 260, Unilever, 142, 144 281 United States World War II, 40, 52 aid to Indonesia, 113, 115 WTO (World Trade Organization), support for Israel, 91 175, 263, 275, 279 United States Exim Bank, 4, 40 United States of Indonesia, see RIS Y University of , 43 Yayasan Kredit (Credit Foundation), University of California, Berkeley, 87 12, 42 University of Chicago, 3 Yusuf Wibisono, 9

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