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“Studies of Military Sociology in the Context of Globalization and Its Contribution to the Transformation of the Indonesian National Defense Forces (Tni)”

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“Studies of Military Sociology in the Context of Globalization and Its Contribution to the Transformation of the Indonesian National Defense Forces (Tni)” “STUDIES OF MILITARY SOCIOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE FORCES (TNI)” AMARULLA OCTAVIAN Second Edition bab1-2 M&G ING_M7.indd 1 1/16/14 9:40 AM Towards a society with a superior military 2 bab1-2 M&G ING_M7.indd 2 1/13/14 9:26 PM For my precious ones: Anna, Jordy and Wildan 3 bab1-2 M&G ING_M7.indd 3 1/13/14 9:26 PM Second Edition 2012 Published by UI Press, Indonesia Copyright©2012, UIPress Editor : Deniek G. Sukarya Text Design : Taja Sukarya Graphic Design : PT. Sukarya & Sukarya Pandetama ISBN : 978-979-456-517-9 (paperback) The Military and Globalization: Studies of Military Sociology in the Context of Globalization and Its Contribution to the Transformation of the Indonesian National Defense Forces (TNI)/Amarulla Octavian All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. Printed in Jakarta, Indonesia 4 bab1-2 M&G ING_M7.indd 4 1/13/14 9:26 PM Table of Content Remarks from Prof. Dr. Purnomo Yusgiantoro ...................................................................6 Foreword from Dr. Iwan Gardono Sujatmiko .....................................................................8 Preface from the Writer ......................................................................................................12 Chapter I Introduction ........................................................................................................16 1.1. Globalization and Security Issues ....................................................................................17 1.2. Military Sociology .........................................................................................................19 Chapter II Discourse on Globalization in Military Studies ...............................................26 2.1. Views on Globalization by Anthony Giddens and Studies on Military Sociology ............26 2.2. Kenichi Ohmae’s Economic Regionalism ........................................................................30 2.3. Keith Faulks: A Return to the Nation-State Concept ........................................................32 2.4. Jonathan Kirshner and National Security Issue ................................................................34 2.5. Empirical Studies by Norin Ripsman and T.V. Paul .........................................................37 2.6. Summary .........................................................................................................................44 Chapter III Globalization and the Revolution in Military Affairs ....................................50 3.1. Globalization and National Security ................................................................................50 3.2. Developments of Revolution in Military Affairs Concepts and Ideas ..............................52 3.3. The World’s Military Technology Procurement ...............................................................57 3.4. Globalization and Inter-state Conflicts ............................................................................62 3.5. Transnational Organized Crimes .....................................................................................67 3.6. Summary .........................................................................................................................72 Chapter IV Military Transformation: Country Case Study ............................................78 4.1. The Changing Paradigm of Warfare ................................................................................78 4.2. Military Transformation Practices in Europe ...................................................................80 4.3. Military Transformation Experience in Asia ....................................................................83 4.4. Military Transformation Cases of China and the United States: A Comparison ...............91 4.5. Summary .......................................................................................................................100 Chapter V Indonesian Military and Policiy Mapping ......................................................104 5.1. Reorganising and Rationalizing the Indonesian Military: A Brief History ....................104 5.2. Influences of Global Dynamics on Indonesia’s Military ...............................................120 5.3. TNI Development and Its Long-Term Implications .......................................................127 5.4. Summary .......................................................................................................................129 Chapter VI Initial Scenarios of Indonesian Military’s Transformation ..........................136 6.1. Why is Transformation a Necessity? .............................................................................136 6.2. Global Level Scenario ...................................................................................................138 6.3. National Level Scenario ................................................................................................141 6.4. Summary .......................................................................................................................145 Chapter VII Theoretical Contributions to Military Studies ............................................150 7.1. The Search for an Indonesian Globalization Paradigm ..................................................150 7.2. Military in the Perspective of Sociology ......................................................................152 7.3. Contribution of Globalization Ideas to Military Sociology ............................................153 7.4. The Fall of the Civilian-Military Wall: Critiques for Huntington...................................155 7.5. The Future of Military Sociology Studies ......................................................................159 7.6. Summary .......................................................................................................................161 Chapter VIII Closing .........................................................................................................164 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................166 Index ....................................................................................................................................171 5 bab1-2 M&G ING_M7.indd 5 1/13/14 9:26 PM Remarks Minister of Defence of the Republic of Indonesia Prof. Dr. Purnomo Yusgiantoro As we enter the twenty first century, the paradigm of how a nation defends itself has shifted. Nation-states, such as Indonesia, are required to synergize their defense ideological foundations with economy, technology, and information. These fields, also called as the triangular force, are the determining factors of global strength in this twenty first century. Sociology expert, Professor Manuel Castells (2010) in his publication The Power of Identity: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture suggested that the triangular force can surpass conventional power since they work based on networks and no longer rely on a country’s domestic capability. Furthermore he explained that the power of a network of elites is able to surpass the boundaries of territory, ethnic groups, religions, cultures, and even the state. Will one day nation states diminish and replaced by a new order called network societies with transnational characteristics? Not all nation states, including Indonesia, would experience this deterioration of authority. Many of them remain strong, such as the United States. Others have taken ways to establish networks of countries, for example the European Union. The important aspects of a nation-state’s longevity are its economy, technology, and information power and influence. Those who are weak in these fields will eventually find themselves on the sidelines of international affairs. In fact many countries are becoming more dependent on transnational networks societies, even for the purpose of making their own domestic economic decisions. Keeping in mind our country’s diverse nature, our defense system is conventionally adapted with the characteristics of this diversity in our vast archipelagic geography. In the past, Indonesia’s political policies were formulated and implemented through a centralistic approach and state ideology was the foundation to promote the awareness of the values of patriotism and nationalism. Changes in our globalized world have pushed us to adapt ourselves through relevant transformations in this era of economy, technology, and information. A state’s ideology and the peoples’ welfare are two sides of the same coin, and the last is the key to a successful state defense. As the steward of 6 bab1-2 M&G ING_M7.indd 6 1/13/14 9:26 PM Remarks Minister of Defence of the Republic of Indonesia national defense, the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia gradually has Prof. Dr. Purnomo Yusgiantoro embarked on a journey entering the new paradigm; towards the development of a pro- welfare national defense system (Sistem Pertahanan Negara or Sishanneg) in tune with democracy. The shift of global paradigm has significant
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