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‡µ­Î µ‡Î ´ £µ¬µ˜¦³„¼¨¤°-Á ¤¦ £µ¬µ«µ­˜¦µ˜r ¡· œ›´ » r žo ¼®¨nµŠ Á˜q°°qµŠ ®ªnµ

A study of Mon-Khmer languages in China Metcha Sodsongkrit Faculty of Liberal Arts, Ubon Ratchathani University

Abstract This research is about the limitation for Thai researchers to access the resources about Mon-Khmer language in China, the language which is composed in Chinese. As a result, the study of this topic in Thai research is still rarely conducted. According to the literature review, we found that some research about the ethnic groups are related with the ethnic group in China which immigrated to Thailand. The objective of this research is divided into two points: 1) The ethnographic synthesis that presents the data of name, history, habitation, social economy, traditions and culture, 2) A synchronic linguistic

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analysis which consists of language family and dialect, phonology, word formation, vocabulary, grammar and characters. This study found that there are three of Mon-khmer spoken ethnic groups in China namely Bulang, De’ang and Wa. They are settlements who live closely to Dai and Jingpo ethnic groups in Yunnan. According to the ethnographic and linguistics comparative study, we found both correspondences and contrastive points. The contrastive points show the singularity in each language. While, the correspondences show that each language is related with the language at the branch level. The result of language comparison shows that Bulang language is closest in terms of relationship with the De’ang language, and Wa language, was found to be the second closest. The relationship between De’ang language and Wa language is least significant.

Keywords: Mon-Khmer language family, ethno linguistics, Bulang, De’ang, Wa

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°Š­»¤˜¦· ž·˜·¡•œ´ r (2541) Á¤ ­°—­n°Š„§¬ (2555) Davies (1909) Gordon (2005) Huang (2008) ¨³ Deepadung (2009, 2011) ÁžÈœ˜œo  2.6 „µ¦«¹„¬µÄœ¦³—‡´ µÎ ¡„µ¦«„¬µ¦³‡¹ µ­¦¦¡œµ¤ °Š£µ¬µ˜¦³„Î ¨°°­Ã˜¦¼ - Á°Á¥˜¸ ·„ ŗ„o n Ÿ¨Šµœ °Š Watson (1964) Pinnow (1965) Blood and Blood (1966) Wallace (1966) ¨³ Deepadung (2013) ÁžÈœ˜œo ‹µ„„µ¦­µ¦ª‹Ÿ¨ŠµœšÎ Ÿ¸É µœ¤µ n µŠ˜o œo ‹³Á®œªÈ µŸ¨Šµœšn «¸É „¬µÁ„¹ ¥ª„¸É £µ¬µ˜¦³„´ ¼¨ ¤°-Á ¤¦Äœ­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ œœ¸ œ´Ê ¤„µ¦«¸ „¬µ£µ¬µ °Šš¹ Š­µ¤„¨´Ê »n¤µ˜·¡œ›´ »rµŠÂ¨o oª Ĝ –³šŸ¨Šµœ„µ¦«¸É „¬µª¹ ‹· ¥£µ¬µ˜¦³„´ ¨¤°¼ -Á ¤¦š°¥¸É ¼nĜ­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ œ °ŠÅš¥¸ œœ´Ê ¡Á¡¥Š„µ¦«¸ „¬µÁ¹ Š­· µ¦ª‹ÁÎ °Š˜Êº œÁ¡o ¥ŠµŠ¡¸ ʺœš¸É¨³µŠ£µ¬µÁšnµœ´œÊ ˜n¤„µ¦«¸ „¬µ¹ „¨»n¤µ˜¡· œ›´ »ršÁž¸É ȜÁ‡¦°µ˜º „· ‡œš´ ¡¸É ¼—£µ¬µ˜¦³„¨¤°¼ -Á ¤¦š¸É°¥¼nĜ­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ ¸œ š°¡¥¡¤µ˜¸É Š™´Ê œ“µœÄœž¦³Áš«Åš¥°¥·É ¼nµŠo ˜nÁžÈœ„µ¦«„¬µÁ¡¹ ¸¥ŠµŠž¦³Á—œÄœµŠ£µ¬µÈ ÁœÁ—n ¥ª„¸ œ´ °¤o ¨šµŠ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦¼ ‹r Š¥¹ ŠÅ¤´ ‡¦™n ªœ­¤o ¦–¼ r

3. ª˜™´ ž¦³­Š‡» r 3.1 Á¡Éº°«„¬µ¦µ¥¨³Á°¹ ¸¥—šµŠµ˜·¡œ›´ »rª¦¦–œµ °Š„¨»n¤µ˜·¡œ›´ »r¤°-Á ¤¦ Ĝ ž¦³Áš«­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ œ¸ 3.2 Á¡°«Éº „¬µ ¹ °¤o ¨šµŠ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦¼ r ¨³Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥‡ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ r °Š£µ¬µ˜¦³„¨¼ ¤°-Á ¤¦ Ĝž¦³Áš«­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ œ¸

4. ¦³Á¸¥ª·›¸ª·‹¥´ Šµœª‹· ¥œ´ ÊÁž¸ Ȝ„µ¦ª‹· ¥Á°„­µ¦´ ¤¦µ¥¨³Á°¸ ¥—ª¸ ›· ª¸ ‹· ¥˜µ¤ª´ ˜™´ »ž¦³­Š‡šr „¸É µ®œ—ŪΠo —Šœ´ Ê ¸ 4.1 o°¤¨šµŠµ˜¼ ·¡œ›´ ª¦¦–œµ»r «„¬µÂ¨³œ¹ εÁ­œ° °¤o ¼¨‹µ„®œ´Š­°Á¦º É°Šº “­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ œ„¨»n¤œo°¥Äœž¦³Áš«­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ œ¸ ” (Á¤ ­°—­°Š„§¬n , 2555, œ. 25, œ.57, œ. 281) Ž¹ÉŠ¤ ¸ °¤o ¼¨Á„¸É¥ª„„µ¦˜´ Š™´Ê ·Éœ“µœ ž¦³ª˜´ ·«µ­˜¦ r «·¨žª•œ›¦¦¤´ œ›¦¦¤Áœ¸¥¤ ž¦³Á¡– ¸ ª¸ ˜‡ªµ¤Áž· Ȝ°¥ ¼n ‡ªµ¤Á°Éº Áš«„µ¨­µ‡Î Áž´ Ȝ˜œo

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4.2 o°¤¼¨šµŠ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦ r «„¬µ ¹ °¤o ¨‹µ„®œ¼ Š­´ °º “ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µ”2 ÁžÈœ®¨„´ ‹Îµœªœ­µ¤Á¨n¤—Šœ´ Ê ¸ 1. £µ¬µžo ¼®¨nµŠ (Blang) «„¬µ ¹ °¤o ¼¨‹µ„®œ´Š­°º ºÉ° “ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µ žo ®¨¼ nµŠljᐳᵇ䈝ㆰᘇ Bùlӽnܳyԃ JiӽnzhìNJ °ŠŸÂ˜¼o nŠ°®¨Éº ˜¸É µª®¥o nŠ Áœ¸É¥ŽÁ‹¸ œÂ¨³· ªÁ°· °Á¢o ·Š (Li, Nie, & Qiu,1986)  2. £µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠ (De'ang) «„¬µ ¹ °¤o ¼¨‹µ„®œ´Š­°º É°º “ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µ Á˜q°°qµŠ”ljᗧᰲ䈝ㆰᘇ Dé’ánܳ yԃ JiӽnzhìNJ °ŠŸÂ˜¼o nŠ°Éº ÁŒ·œÁŽ¥Š¤¸ ¼n ®ªµŠ‹ÊŠ®¨· ª· ¨³¨nµ¥ ®¥nŠÁ®¨¥Š¸ (Chen, Wang, & Lai, 1986) ¹ °¤o ¨‹µ„®œ¼ Š­´ °º °Éº “ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µ®ªµn ”lj֔䈝 µ¬µ®ªnµ (Va) «„¬µ£ .3 ㆰᘇ Wӽyԃ JiӽnzhìNJ °ŠŸÂ˜¼o nŠ°Éº ˪‹°‹ºÌ Ê°º , Á®¥¥œŒ¸ ¸ÁŽ¥Š¸ (Zhou & Yan, 1995)  4.3 „µ¦­ŠÁ‡¦µ³®´ r¨³ª·Á‡¦µ³®r o°¤¨¼ Ÿª¼o ‹· ¥Å—´ —o µÁœÎ ·œ„µ¦«„¬µÃ—¥„µ¦Á„¹ ¦ª¦ª¤È °¤o ¨‹µ„Á°„­µ¦¼ š‡ªµ¤ªµ„µ¦Â¨³®œ· Š­´ °šº Áž¸É ȜŸ¨Šµœ„µ¦Á ¥œ °Šœ¸ ´„ªµ„µ¦‹· ¸œ ‹µ„œ´œÊ œÎµ °¤o ¼¨š¸Éŗ¤µªo Á‡¦µ³®· r˜µ¤ÂœªšµŠ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦r¨oªÁ¦¥Á¦¸ ¥ŠÁœ¸ ʺ°®µÁŠ¡¦¦–œµ£µ¬µ· ˜µ¤¨Îµ— ´ œšµŠ£µ¬µ´Ê (Language hierarchy) ץnŠ®ª ´ °„µ¦¡¦¦–œµ£µ¬µÃ—¥Á¦o ¥Š¨¸ 嗝´ ‹µ„ £µ¬µžo ®¨¼ nµŠ £µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠ ¨³£µ¬µ®ªµn ˜n¨³£µ¬µ¤®¸ ª ´ °šo ˜¸É °Š¡¦¦–œµo 3 —Šœ´ Ê ¸  1. „µ¦‹—´ Š˜¦³„n ¨£µ¬µ¼ ¨³£µ¬µ™œ·É 2. ¦³Á­¥Š¸ ŠÁžn Ȝ ¡¥œ³´ ­¦³ ª¦¦–¥»„˜ r ¨³Ã‡¦Š­¦µŠ¡¥µŠ‡o r 3. ªŠ‡µ«Î ¡š´ r¨³¦³Åª¥µ„¦–r 4. ˜ª°´ „¬¦´

2 ®œŠ­´ °º 3 Á¨n¤œ¸ÊÁžÈœ®œ´Š­º°£µ¬µ‹¸œÄœÃ‡¦Š„µ¦ “­¦¦œ·¡œ›r¦ª¤»—ž¦³Á—Èœœ„¨»n¤œo°¥ 5 ž¦³„µ¦ °Š ‡–³„¦¦¤„µ¦œ„¨»n¤œo°¥Â®nŠµ˜”· ࠓᅜᐙẸጤẸ᪘ 斖桀Ḽ䥵᷃Ḏ GuójiƗ mínwČi mínzú wèntí wԃzhԁnܳ cónܳshnjࠔǦŠ„µ¦¥°¥Á¦n É°Šº “»¤œ»¤ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µœ„¨»n¤œo°¥ °Š­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ ¸œ” (୰ᅜᑡᩘ Ẹ᪘宕妨䬨⽿᷃Ḏ Zhǀnܳܳuó shӽoshù mínzú yԃyán jiӽnzhì cónܳshnj) œ´ÁžÈœÃ‡¦Š„µ¦¼¦–µ„µ¦ ‡ªµ¤¦Á„¼o É¥ª„¸ œ„¨´ »n¤œo°¥Äœž¦³Áš«šÉ¥¸ ŠÄ®·É nšÉ­¸ »— Á¦¤˜·É œ—o εÁœ·œ„µ¦˜ŠÂ˜´Ê nž¸ ‡.«. 1953 Ĝ­nªœ °Š “ž¦·š¦¦«œr £µ¬µ °Šœ„¨»n¤œo°¥” Á¦·É¤—εÁœ·œ„µ¦Äœž¸ ‡.«. 1956 ǦŠ„µ¦¥n°¥°ÉºœÇ ŗo„nࠓ୰ᅜᑡᩘẸ᪘ Zhǀnܳܳuó shӽoshù mínzúࠔ“œ„¨»n¤œo°¥ °Š‹¸œ”ࠓ୰ᅜᑡᩘẸ᪘䬨⎚᷃Ḏ Zhǀnܳܳuó shӽoshù mínzú jiӽnshӿ cónܳshnjࠔ “ž¦š¦¦«œ· rž¦³ª˜´ «µ­˜¦· œ„¨r »n¤œo°¥ °Š‹¸œ”ࠓ୰ᅜᑡᩘẸ᪘⮬἞ᆅ᪉ᴫ෫᷃Ḏ Zhǀnܳܳuó shӽoshù mínzú zìzhì dìfܤnܳ ܳàikuànܳ cónܳshnj “œš´ ¹„Á ˜ž„‡¦°Š˜œÁ°Šœ„¨»n¤œo°¥ °Š‹¸œ” ¨³ࠓ୰ᅜᑡᩘẸ᪘♫఍ ⌮⎚宫㞍峬㕁᷃↲ Zhǀnܳܳuó shӽoshù mínzú shèhuì lìshӿ diàochá zƯliào cónܳkƗnࠔ ”œš´ „ ¹ °¤o ¼¨„µ¦­Îµ¦ª‹ž¦³ª˜´ «µ­˜¦· šµŠ­r Š‡¤ °Šœ„¨´ »n¤œo°¥ °Š‹œ¸ ” 3 ¦µ¥¨³Á°¥—„µ¦¡¦¦–œµ£µ¬µ °ŠÂ˜¸ n¨³£µ¬µÅ—œo εÁ­œ°ÁžÈœš‡ªµ¤ªµ„µ¦‹· 圪œ­µ¤Á¦Éº°Š —Šœ´ ¸Ê £µ¬µ žo ¼®¨nµŠ (Á¤ ­°—­n°Š„§¬, 2556A) £µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠ (Á¤ ­°—­n°Š„§¬, 2557B) ¨³£µ¬µ®ªnµ (Á¤ ­°—­n°Š„§¬, 2558A)

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4.4 „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ °Š£µ¬µr œÎµ °¤o ¨Äœ ¼ °o 4.3 ¤µÁž¦¥Áš¸ ¸¥Á¡Éº° ªÁ‡¦µ³®· r®µ¨„¬–³ÁŒ¡µ³ °ŠÂ˜´ n¨³£µ¬µ ¨„¬–³¦´ nª¤ ¨³¨„¬–³Áž¦´ ¥˜¸ nµŠ Á¡Éº°œÎµÅž­¼n „µ¦Ê¸Ä®oÁ®Èœ™¹Š‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ ´œ›r °Š£µ¬µ ×¥„ε®œ—®´ª o°„µ¦Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥Â¨³ª·Á‡¦µ³®r ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r—Šœ´ Ê ¸ 1. ­¦ž » °¤o ¨šµŠµ˜¼ ¡· œ›´ »rª¦¦–œµ 2. ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r °Š„µ¦‹—´ Š˜¦³„n ¨£µ¬µ¼ 3. „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· r‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r¦³—¦³Á­´ ¸¥Š nŠÁžÈœ ¡¥´œ³ ­¦³ ª¦¦–¥»„˜ r ¨³Ã‡¦Š­¦µŠ¡¥µŠ‡o r 4. „µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· r‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ rĜ¦³— °ŠªŠ‡´ µ«Î ¡š´ r¨³¦³Åª¥µ„¦–r 4.5 „µ¦°›·µ¥‡µ«Î ¡š´ r ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„Šµœª‹· ¥œ´ ʸŸª¼o ‹· ¥Å—´ «o „¬µª¹ ›· ¸šµŠ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦r‹¸œ ¨³ž¦³­Š‡‹³Ä®r oŸ¼°o nµœµªÅš¥Å—Á o µÄ‹ªo ›· ¸‡— °Šœ· ´„ªµ„µ¦‹· ¸œ ‹¹ŠÁ‹˜œµÄ‡o ε«¡š´ rš¸Éž¨ ¤µ‹µ„£µ¬µ‹œ¸ ˜nÁ¡É°Ä®º œo „£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦´ Ś¥Å—r Á o µÄ‹˜¦Š„o œ´ ‹Š‹¹ εÁžÈœ‹³˜°Š°›o µ¥‡· µ«Î ¡š´ r —Šœ´ ʸ 1. ­¦³ ˜µ¤®¨„„µ¦ª´ Á‡¦µ³®· rÁ­¥Š­¦³ °Š‹¸ ¸œœ´œÊ ­nªœš¸É°¥¼n™—‹µ„¡¥´ œ³˜´ oœ œÁž´ ȜÁ­¥Š­¦³š¸ Š®¤—´Ê Áœn ‡µªÎ µn tian Á­¥Š¸ /t/ ÁžÈœ¡¥œ³˜´ oœ Á­¥Š­¦³š¸ Š®¤— °Š‡´Ê εœÊ¸ ‡°º /ian/ Ĝ­¦³šŠ®¤— °Š‡´Ê µÇÎ œÊ ¸ ŠÁ­n ¥Š­¦³Å—¸ —o Šœ´ ʸ Á­¥Š¸ /i/ ÁžÈœ®ª­¦³´ (严ཤ yùntóu) Á­¥Š¸ /a/ ÁžÈœš°Š­¦³o (严㞩 yùn fù) Á­¥Š¸ /n/ ÁžÈœ®µŠ­¦³ (严ቮ yùnwČi) 2. ­¦³˜¹Š ­¦³‡¨µ¥ ‡°º ­¦³š¤¸É ¨¸ „¬–³œ´ ÊεÁ­¥Š¸ Ĝ ­¦» ¥µ· ¦˜œ„´ ¨» . (2531, œ. 95) ŗ°›o µ¥Åª· ªo µn “„µ¦Â˜„˜ª °ŠÁ­´ ¥Š­¦³„¸ šÈ εĮoÁ„—¤· ­¦³Áž¸ Ȝ­°Š‹Îµ¡ª„ ‡°º ­¦³š¸¤É ¸ ¨„¬–³œ´ ÊεÁ­¥Š¸ (register) ›¦¦¤—µ šÁ¦¸É ¥„ª¸ µn ¨„¬–³œ´ ÊεÁ­¥ŠÄ­®¦¸ °º —Á‹œ´ (clear ®¦°º head register) „­¦³š´ ¸¤É ¨¸ „¬–³œ´ ÊεÁ­¥Š ¸ »nœ ®¦°Ážº Ȝ¨„¬–³œ´ ÊεÁ­¥ŠÄœ¸ n°Š°„ (dark ®¦°º chest register)” ŽŠ¹É ­¦³š¤¸É ¨¸ „¬–³œ´ ÊεÁ­¥ŠÄ­˜¦Š„¸ š´ ¸É£µ¬µ‹¸œÁ¦¥„ª¸ nµ ­¦³‡¨µ¥ (ᶮݳ丣 Sǀng (¸ œ˜¦Š„»n š´ £µ¬µ‹¸É œÁ¦¸ ¥„ª¸ µn ­¦³˜Š¹ (㍗ݳ丣 Jӿn yuányƯn ŠyuányƯn) ­ªœ­¦³šn ¤¸É ¨¸ „¬–³œ´ ÊεÁ­¥

5. Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹¥´ 5.1 ­¦ž » o°¤¨šµŠµ˜¼ ·¡œ›´ ª¦¦–œµ»r „¨»n¤µ˜·¡œ›´ ž»r o ®¨¼ nµŠ £µ¬µ‹œ°°„Á­¸ ¥Šª¸ µn “žo ®¨¼ nµŠ” (ᐳᵇ Bùlӽnܳ) °µ«¥°¥´ ¼nĜÁ ˜ ᯿㠚⋫ᐎ Dӽi Zú zìzhìzhǀu) ­­°Šž· œœµ´ (㾯ৼ⡸㓣 XƯshuƗnܳۓ) Á°ŠµªÅ˜œ˜Š°¦‡„ž

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b ӽnnà) Ĝ¤–”¨¥¼œœµœ ¤‹¸ 圪œž¦³µ„¦šŠ­´Ê œÊ· 91,882 ‡œ ¤¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦˜¸ Š™´Ê ·Éœ“µœ °Š µªžo ®¨¼ nµŠÄœž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ‹µ„¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦ª‹· ¥ °Š¤´ ´ ¤µª¦¦–· ­»ª¦¦–ª•œ´ r (2546) ¨³ ­µ—µ» Á‹¥¡Š¬¸ r (2546) ¡ªnµ ¤µªž¸ o ¼®¨nµŠ˜Š™´Ê ·Éœ“µœ°¥¼nĜž¦³Áš«Åš¥š¸Éµœ®o oª¥œÊε »nœ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸ „¨»n¤µ˜·¡œ›´ Á˜»r q°°qµŠ £µ¬µ‹œ°°„Á­¸ ¥Šª¸ nµ “Á˜q°°qµŠ” (ᗧᰲ Dé’ánܳ) Á¦¥„˜¸ ªÁ°Šª´ nµ /t’ a:1/) ˜Š™´Ê œ“µœ°¥·É nµŠ„¦³‹—„¦³‹µ¥Äœ¤–”¨¥´ ¼œœµœ (Ӂই Yúnnán) ĜÁ ˜ž„‡¦°Š˜œÁ°Š ´„¤᯿ Dӽi Zú) µª‹·ÉŠÃ¡ (Ჟ亷᯿ Jӿnܳpǀ Zú) „µ¦˜Š™´Ê ·Éœ“µœ­nªœÄ®n¤„°¥´ ¼n¦nªۓ) µªÅ˜ ¸¤ (᯿ Dӽizú) ‹ŠÃ¡·É (Ჟ亷 Jӿnܳpǀ Zú) ®ªµn (֔ Wӽ Zú) ¨³µª±œ´É (≹ Hàn Zúۓ) µªÅ˜ ‹Îµœªœž¦³µ„¦šŠ­´Ê œÊ· 17,935 ‡œ ‹µ„¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦ª‹· ¥ °ŠÁ‹ª¦¦–´ „­Ã­£µ· (2546) ªµ­œµ ¨³°°Šž¨ª· (2546) ¨³­„–» ¸ –“¡´ ¼¨ª•œ´ r (2545) ¡ªµn Ĝž¦³Áš«Åš¥„¤È œ„¨¸ »n¤œÊ¸°µ«¥°¥´ ¼n ¦Áª–—°¥°· nµŠ µŠ °ÎµÁ£° µŠ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥ŠÄ®¤¸ n œn¤µ˜·¡œ›´ ®ª»r nµ £µ¬µ‹œ°°„Á­¸ ¥Šª¸ µn “®ªµn ” (֔ Wӽ) ¤™¸ œ“µœ°¥·É ¼nĜ¤–”¨¥¼œœµ«¨„ ¦Áª–—· Š„¨´ nµª‡¦°‡¨»¤¡Êœšº ¸É ªŠšn «Ä˜· °ŠÁšo °„Á µœº ¼n(ᙂኡ NùshƗn) š˜¸É —˜· n°„Â¤´ œn Ê宨µœ µŠ (◌⋗⊏ LáncƗnܳ jiƗnܳ) ŽŠÁž¹É Ȝ™œš·É °¥¸É ¼n °Šµª®ªµn ‹¹ŠÁ¦¥„¸ É°¦º Áª–®· »Á µÂ®nŠœÊ¸ªnµ œµ°µ®ªµn ” (䱯֔ኡ४ Ɩ wӽ shƗnqnj) ¤‹¸ 圪œž¦³µ„¦šŠ­´Ê œÊ· 396,610 ‡œ ‹µ„¦µ¥Šµ Á«®“ „µ¦ª‹· ¥ °Šª´ •œµ´ ˜œ˜´ ª· •» ž„¦–· r (2541) ¡ªµÄœž¦³Áš«Åš¥„n ¤È œ„¨¸ »n¤œÊ¸°µ«¥°¥´ ¼nĜ¡Êºœš¸É ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 1 ­¦»ž °¤o ¼¨™œš·É É°¥¸ °Š„¨¼n »n¤µ˜¡· œ›´ »¤°r -Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹œ¸ „¨n¤µ˜» ·¡œ›´ »r ž¦³Áš«‹¸œ ž¦³Áš«Åš¥ žo ¼®¨nµŠ Á ˜ž„‡¦°Š˜œÁ°ŠµªÅ˜­­°Šž· œœµ´ °ÎµÁ£°Â¤n­µ¥ ¤–”¨¥œœµœ¼ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸ Á˜q°°qµŠ Á ˜ž„‡¦°Š˜œÁ°ŠµªÅ˜Â¨³µª‹ŠÃ¡·É °ÎµÁ£°Â¤n°µ¥ °ÎµÁ£° µŠ Á¤°ŠÁ˜º q°®Š ¤–”¨¥œœµœ¼ °ÎµÁ£°Á¥Š—µª¸ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥ŠÄ®¤¸ n ®ªnµ nªŠš«Ä˜· °ŠÁšo °„Á µœº ¼n šÉ˜¸ —˜· n°„Â¤´ nœÎʵ µœ­o œ˜´ ­· » ˜Îµ¨žnµ˜Š¹ ®¨µœµŠ É°º “®»Á µ°µ®ªnµ” ¤–”¨¥œœµœ¼ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸

5.2 ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ °Š„µ¦‹r —´ nŠ˜¦³„¨£µ¬µ¼ £µ¬µžo ®¨¼ nµŠ Á¦¥„£µ¬µ˜¸ ªÁ°Šª´ nµ /pla1331/ Ĝ£µ¬µ‹¸œÁ¦¥„ª¸ nµ žo ¼®¨nµŠ(ᐳᵇ䈝 Bùlӽnܳyԃ) œ„£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦´ ‹r œ‹¸ —£µ¬µž´ o ¼®¨nµŠÁžÈœ£µ¬µÄœ­µ¥˜¦³„¼¨£µ¬µÁ°Á¥Ä˜¸ o (ইӊ 䈝㌫ Nányà Yԃxì) ˜¦³„¼¨£µ¬µ¤°-Á ¤¦ (ᆏ儈ỹ䈝᯿ Mènܳ GƗomián Yԃzú)  œŠ£µ¬µ œŠ£µ¬µ®ªµn -Á˜q°°qµŠ (֔ᗧ o ®¨¼ nµŠ(ᐳᵇ䈝᭟ Bùlӽnܳ YԃzhƯ) ˜nµŠš§¬‘„¸ ‹È —Ū´ Ážo Ȝž

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ᰲ䈝᭟ Wӽ Dé’ánܳ YԃzhƯ) ¤­¸ εÁœ¸¥Š£µ¬µ™·Éœ­°Š™·Éœ ‡°º £µ¬µ™·Éœžo ¼®¨nµŠ (ᐳᵇᯩ䀰 Bùlӽnܳ fƗnܳyán) „£µ¬µ™´ œ°µ¦³ªµ·É ­µ¤µ¦™Á ¥œÁž¸ ȜŸœ£¤¼ £µ¬µ—· Šœ´ ʸ  £µ¡š¸É 1 Ÿœ£¼¤£µ¬µž· o ¼®¨nµŠÄœž¦³Áš«‹œ¸ 

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˜µ¦µŠš¸É 3 ­¦»žÁž¦¥Áš¸ ¥Á­¸ ¥Š¡¥¸ œ³˜´ œÁ—o É¥ª °Š£µ¬µ¤°¸ -Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹œ¸

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ µŠ˜o œ­¦o žÅ—» —o Šœ´ Ê ¸ 1. Á­¥Š¡¥¸ œ³š´ ¤¸É ¦¸ ª¤„n œš´ Š­µ¤£µ¬µ´Ê ŗ„o n /p, ph, m, f, v, t, th, n, l, tÝ, tÝh, ଔ, k, kh, 1, , h/ 2. Á­¥Š¡¥¸ œ³š´ ¤¸É ¦¸ ª¤„n œ­°Š£µ¬µ´ 2.1 £µ¬µžo ®¨¼ nµŠÂ¨³£µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠ¤¦¸ ª¤„n œ´ ŗ„o n „¨»n¤Á­¥Šœµ­¸ „· /m, n, ଔ , 1/ ¨³Á­¥Š ¸ µŠ¨o ʜ· /l/ 2.2 £µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠÂ¨³£µ¬µ®ªnµ¤¦¸ nª¤„œ´ ŗ„o n „¨»n¤Á­¥Š„¸ °Šo /b, d, r, g, dÛ/ ˜n£µ¬µžo ®¨¼ nµŠÅ¤¤n ¡¥¸ œ³Á­´ ¥Š„¸ °Šo —œ» ʸ 2.3 £µ¬µžo ®¨¼ nµŠÂ¨³£µ¬µ®ªµ¤n ¦¸ ª¤„n œ´ ŗ„o n /Û/ 3. œ°„‹µ„œœÁž´Ê ȜÁ­¥Š¡¥¸ œ³š´ ¤¸É ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ£µ¬µÄ—£µ¬µ®œ¸ ¹ÉŠÁšnµœ´œÊ (Á­¥Š¸ f Ĝ £µ¬µ®ªµÁžn ȜÁ­¥Šš¸ č¸É ­o µ®¦Î ‡´ µ¥Î ¤‹µ„£µ¬µ‹º œÂ¨³£µ¬µÅ˜¸ ) 5.3.1.2 ¡¥œ³‡ª„¨´ µÎÊ „µ¦Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥¡¥¸ œ³‡ª„¨´ Êε °Š£µ¬µžo ®¨¼ nµŠ (B) Á˜q°°qµŠ (D) ¨³®ªµn (W) ­—ŠÄœ˜µ¦µŠ˜n°ÅžœÊ ¸

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 4 ­¦»žÁž¦¥Áš¸ ¥Á­¸ ¥Š¡¥¸ œ³‡ª„¨´ Îʵ °Š£µ¬µ¤°-Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹œ¸ B D W B D W B D W B D W B D W pl pl pl phl phl phl bl bl kl kl kl khl khl khl npl nplh bhl nkl gl nkhl ghl pr pr phr phr br br kr kr khr khr bhr gr gr ghr ‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ µŠ˜o œo ­¦žÅ—» —o Šœ´ Ê ¸ 1. Á­¥Š¡¥¸ œ³‡ª„¨´ Ê嚤¸É ¦¸ ª¤„n œ­µ¤£µ¬µÅ—´ „o n /pl, phl, kl, khl/ 2. Á­¥Š¡¥¸ œ³‡ª„¨´ Ê嚤¸É ¦¸ ª¤„n œ­°Š£µ¬µ´ 2.1 £µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠÂ¨³£µ¬µ®ªµ¤n ¦¸ ª¤„n œ´ ŗ„o n /pl, pr, phr, br, kr, gr, khr/ 2.2 £µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠÂ¨³£µ¬µ®ªµ¤n Á­¸ ¥Š¡¥¸ œ³‡ª„¨´ Êε /l, r/ ¦ª¤„n œ´ ­ªœ£µ¬µžn o ®¨¼ nµŠ¤¡¥¸ œ³‡ª„¨´ Êε /l/ ˜nŤ¤n ¸ /r/

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3. Á­¥Š¡¥¸ œ³‡ª„¨´ ÊεšÅ¤¸É ¦n ª¤„n œ´ 3.1 ¤ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ£µ¬µž¸ o ®¨¼ nµŠ ŗ„o n /npl , nplh , nkl, nkhl/ 3.2 ¤ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ£µ¬µÁ˜¸ q°°qµŠ ŗ„o n /gl, ghl/ 3.3 ¤ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ£µ¬µ®ª¸ µn ŗ„o n /bhl, bhr, ghr/ 5.3.1.3 ®µŠ­¦³(¡¥œ³š´ oµ¥) ˜µ¤®¨„„µ¦šµŠ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦´ r‹¸œ œ´„ªµ„µ¦‹· ¸œ Ťŗn ‹o —Á­´ ¥Š¡¥¸ œ³š´ ž¦µ„’š¸É µ¥‡o µªÎ µÁžn ȜÁ­¥Š¡¥¸ œ³š´ µ¥o ˜n‹—ª´ nµÁžÈœ “®µŠ­¦³” (严 ቮ YùnwČi) ˜µ¦µŠ˜n°ÅžœÊ¸ÁžÈœ„µ¦Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¥Á­¸ ¥Š °Š®µŠ­¦³Äœš¸ Š­µ¤£µ¬µ´Ê —Šœ´ Ê ¸

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 5 ­¦»žÁž¦¥Áš¸ ¥Á­¸ ¥Š¡¥¸ œ³š´ µ¥ °Š£µ¬µ¤°o -Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹œ¸

‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ µŠ˜o œ­¦o žÅ—» —o Šœ´ Ê ¸ 1. Á­¥Š®µŠ­¦³š¸ ¤¸É ¦¸ ª¤„n œš´ Š­µ¤£µ¬µ´Ê ŗ„o n /-k, - 1, -h, - / 2. Á­¥Š®µŠ­¦³š¸ ¤¸É ¦¸ ª¤„n œÄœ£µ¬µž´ o ®¨¼ nµŠ„£µ¬µÁ˜´ q°°qµŠ ŗ„o n /-p, -t, -m, -n/ 3. Á­¥Š®µŠ­¦³š¸ ¤¸É ÁŒ¡µ³Äœ£µ¬µž¸ o ®¨¼ nµŠ ŗ„o n /-l, -l, -r/ 5.3.2 „µ¦Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥¦³Á­¸¥Š­¦³ 5.3.2.1 ­¦³Á—¸É¥ª

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 6 ­¦»žÁž¦¥Áš¸ ¥Á­¸ ¥Š­¦³Á—¸ ɸ¥ª °Š£µ¬µ¤°-Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹œ¸

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- £µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠ /i8, 8i/ - £µ¬µ®ªµn /i(, (i, (a/ 5.3.3 „µ¦Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥¦³Á­¸¥Šª¦¦–¥»„˜r °¤o ¼¨Á­¥Šª¦¦–¥¸ »„˜r­µ¤£µ¬µ­¦»ž ŗ—o Šœ´ Ê ¸

˜µ¦µŠš¸É 7 ­¦»žÁž¦¥Áš¸ ¥®œ¸ nª¥Á­¥Šª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» °Š£µ¬µ¤°r -Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹œ¸ B ¤ª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» r ­É®œ¸ nª¥Á­¥Š¸ ‡°º 35 (· ), 33 (w ), 331 (¸), 21 (ḭ) D Ťn¤ª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» r £µ¬µ™œ®ª·É nµ ¤„µ¦Áž¦¸ ¥˜¸ nµŠ °ŠÁ­¥Šª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» r­µ¤Á­¸¥Š ˜nÁ­¸¥Šª¦¦–¥»„˜r—Š„¨´ nµª¥ŠÅ¤´ nŗo¡•œµ´ ÁžÈœª¦¦–¥„˜» šr É­¤¸ ¼¦–r „¨nµª‡º°ÁžÈœÁ­¸¥Šª¦¦–¥»„˜ršÉ¸Å—o¦°´ ·š›·¡¨‹µ„Á­¸¥Š­¦³ ¨³¡¥œ³š´ oµ¥ W —Šœ´ ¸Ê ř. ­¦³˜Š°°„Á­¹ ¥Šª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» ­r ¼Š-˜„ / h/ Ś. ­¦³˜Šš¹ ɤ¸ ¡¥¸ œ³š´ µ¥o –p –t –k °°„Á­¥Šª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» „¨µŠ¦³—r ´ / w/ ś. ­¦³‡¨µ¥°°„Á­¥Šª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» „¨µŠr – ˜„ / ¸/ 5.3.4 „µ¦Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¸¥Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ¡¥µŠ‡ r ǦŠ­¦µŠ¡¥µŠ‡o Ĝ£µ¬µšr Š­µ¤Áž´Ê Ȝ—Šœ´ ʸ

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b. ­nªœ ¥µ¥‡µ‡Î –«» ¡š´ r £µ¬µž¨ŠÂ¨³£µ¬µ®ª´ µªµŠ˜n 宜nŠ °Š­ªœšn š¸É 宜oµš ¥µ¥Åª¸É ®œo oµ‡µ‡Î –«» ¡š´ rÁ®¤°œ„º œ´ ‡°º [­ªœ ¥µ¥n + ‡µ‡Î »–«¡š´ r] ­nªœ£µ¬µ Á˜q°°qµŠªµŠ­ªœ ¥µ¥Åªn ®¨o Š‡´ µ‡Î »–«¡š´ r ‡°º [‡µ‡Î –«» ¡š´ r + ­ªœ ¥µ¥n ] —Š˜´ ª°¥´ nµŠ °¤o ¨˜¼ n°ÅžœÊ ¸ £µ¬µ ­nªœ ¥µ¥ ‡Îµ‡»–«¡š´ r ‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ B tÝat2 “¤µ„” la1 “¥µª” ¥µª¤µ„ tÝat2 “¤µ„” lo1 “­¼Š” ­¼Š¤µ„ W k(t “¤µ„” la1 “¥µª” ¥µª¤µ„ tÝat2 “¤µ„” lhua1 “­¼Š” ­¼Š¤µ„

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°o nŠ‡ªµ¤­¸Ê ¤¡´ œ›´ r B D W 3. ª¦¦–¥„˜» r 1. ¤ª¦¦–¥¸ „˜» Áž¦r ¸¥˜nµŠšµŠ‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ / x x B 2. ¤„µ¦Ä¸ šo 地ŠÁ­¥ŠÁž¦¸ ¥˜¸ nµŠšµŠ‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ x / x D 4. ¡¥µŠ‡ r 1. ǦŠ­¦µŠ¡¥µŠ‡o šr ÉÁ¨¸ „šÈ É­¸ »— /CV/ / / / BDW 2. ǦŠ­¦µŠ¡¥µŠ‡o šr ÉÄ®¸ nšÉ­¸ »— /+C±C±C+V±V±V±C/ / / x BD 3. ǦŠ­¦µŠ¡¥µŠ‡o šr ÉÄ®¸ nšÉ­¸ »— /+C±C+V±V±V±C/ x x / W ¦³—‡´ µÎ 1. ®œnª¥‡µÁ˜Î ·¤ 1. ¤„µ¦Á˜¸ ¤®œ· nª¥‡ÎµÁ˜¤®œ· oµ / / / BDW 2. ¤„µ¦Á˜¸ ¤®œ· nª¥‡ÎµÁ˜¤®¨· Š´ / x / BW 3. ¤„µ¦Á˜¸ ¤®œ· nª¥‡ÎµÁ˜¤‡¦· n°¤ / x x B 2. ‡µž¦³­¤Î 1. ¤„µ¦ž¦³­¤‡¸ ε (‡Îµž¦³­¤­°Š¡¥µŠ‡)r / / / BDW 3. ‡µ¥Î º¤ 1. ‡Îµ¥¤£µ¬µ‹º œ¸ / / / BDW 2. ‡Îµ¥¤£µ¬µÅšº / / / BDW 4. ‡µ­¦¦¡œµ¤Î 1. „µ¦Âž¦Á­¥ŠÁ¡¸ É°Áž¨º É¥œ¡‹œ¸ r¨³»¦»¬ °Š‡Îµ­¦¦¡œœµ¤ / / / BDW ¦³—Åª¥µ„¦–´ r 1. ¨„¬–³š´ ¸É 1. ¦¼žž¦³Ã¥‡‡ªµ¤Á—¥ª¸ [S.V.O] / / / BDW ­°—‡¨o°Š„œ´ 2. ¦¼žÂ‡ÎµnŠ ¸Ê [œµ¤+nŠ]¸Ê / / / BDW 3. „µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœÁ‹µ °Šo [‡ÎµšÉ™¸ ¼„ÁžÈœÁ‹µ °Šo + °Š+ / / / BDW Á‹µ °Šo ] 4. ¦¼žž¦³Ã¥‡Áž¦¥Áš¸ ¸¥ [A+‡»–«¡š´ +(r „ªnµ)+B] / / / BDW 5. „µ¦ ¥µ¥œµ¤ [‡Îµœµ¤ + ­nªœ ¥µ¥] / / / BDW 2. ¨„¬–³š´ ¸É 1. ¦¼žÂ„µ¦Ä‡o µ¨Î „¬–œµ¤´ [œµ¤ + ‹Îµœªœ + ¨„¬–œµ¤´ ] / / / BDW ˜„˜nµŠ„œ´ 2. ¦¼žÂ„µ¦Ä‡o µ¨Î „¬–œµ¤´ [‹Îµœªœ + ¨„¬–œµ¤´ + œµ¤] / x x B 3. ªµŠ‡Îµ™µ¤Åª®œo oµ x / x D 4. ªµŠ‡Îµ™µ¤Åª®¨o Š´ / x / BW 5. [­nªœ ¥µ¥ + ‡Îµ„¦¥µ· ] / x / BW 6. [‡Îµ„¦¥µ· + ­nªœ ¥µ¥] x / x D 7. [­nªœ ¥µ¥+ ‡Îµ‡»–«¡š´ ]r / x / BW 9. [‡Îµ‡»–«¡š´ r + ­nªœ ¥µ¥] x / x D £µ¬µ™·Éœ 1.¤£µ¬µ™¸ œ·É / / / BDW ˜ª°´ „¬¦´ ¤¸/Ťn¤¸˜ª°´ „¬¦´ 1. ¤˜¸ ª°´ „¬¦´ x x / W 2. Ťn¤˜¸ ª°´ „¬¦´ / / x BD

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‹µ„˜µ¦µŠ µŠ˜o œ­¦o ž‡ªµ¤­» ¤¡´ œ›´ rŗ—o Šœ´ Ê ¸ ‡¼n‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r B D W BD BW DW BDW ž¦¤µ–‡ªµ¤­· ¤¡´ œ›´ r 6 5 6 9 5 2 16 °›µ¥Å—· ªo µ£µ¬µšn Š­µ¤˜´Ê nµŠ n µ¥˜nµŠ¤¨¸ „¬–³ÁŒ¡µ³˜´ ªÄœž¦´ ¤µ–Áš· nµÇ „œ´ (B=6, D=5,W=6) Ĝ –³Á—¥ª„¸ œ„´ ¤È ¨¸ „¬–³š´ ¸É­¤¡´ œ›´ r„œš´ Š­µ¤£µ¬µ¤µ„š´Ê ¸É­»— (BDW=16) ¨³ Á¤°‹Éº ‡´ ‡ªµ¤­¼n ¤¡´ œ›´ r °ŠÂ˜n¨³£µ¬µ¡ªnµ £µ¬µžo ¼®¨nµŠ­¤¡´ œ›´ r„£µ¬µÁ˜´ q°°qµŠ¤µ„š¸É­»— (BD=9) ¦°Š¨Š¤µ‡°£µ¬µžº o ¼®¨nµŠ„£µ¬µ®ª´ nµ (BW=5) ­nªœ£µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠ„£µ¬µ®ª´ nµ ¤‡ªµ¤­¸ ¤¡´ œ›´ r„œœ´ o°¥š­¸É —» (DW=2) Á®˜»šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Á¦µ¥¸É ŠÅ¤´ ¤n ¸ °¤o ¨‹µ„šµŠ ¼ n µ¥‹¸œ šÎµÄ®o„µ¦ªÁ‡¦µ³®· r£µ¬µ¤°-Á ¤¦ š°¥¸É ¼nĜž¦³Áš«‹œ¸ ¦ª¤™Š„¨¹ »n¤µ˜¡· œ›´ »r¤°-Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«Åš¥š¸É°¡¥¡¤µ‹µ„ž¦³Áš«‹¸œ ¥Š‡¨´ »¤Á‡¦°º Ánœ Dissawarotham (1986) š¸É«„¬µ£µ¬µž¨¹ Šš´ ¸Éµœ®o oª¥œÊε »nœ °ÎµÁ£°Â¤n‹œ´ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸ ¡ªµn “µªž¨Š°¡¥¡¤µ‹µ„š´ ˜¸É nµŠÇ °Š¤–”¨¥¼œœµœ šÎµÄ®¤o ­¸ µÁœÎ ¸¥Š£µ¬µ™œ·É °¥nµŠœo°¥ 7 ­µÁœÎ ¸¥Š” ˜n‡ªµ¤‹¦ŠÂ¨· oªœ´„£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦r‹¸œ«„¬µ£µ¬µž¨¹ ŠÄœž¦³Áš«‹´ ¸œÃ—¥ čÁ„–”o ¦³Á­r ¥Š¸ ªŠ‡µ«Î ¡š´ r¨³Åª¥µ„¦–rnŠ£µ¬µ™·ÉœÅ—Á¡o ¸¥Š­°Š™·ÉœÁšnµœ´œÊ ‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ °¥nµŠš¡¸É ‹· ˜¦µÂ· Šœn œ‡ŠÁž´Ê ȜÁ¡¥Š­¸ µÁœÎ ¸¥ŠšÂ˜„˜¸É nµŠ„œÄœÂ˜´ n¨³®¤¼n µœo °µ‹¤Á¡¸ ¥ŠÁ­¸ ¥ŠµŠÁ­¸ ¥Š¸ šÂ˜„˜¸É nµŠ„œÁš´ nµœœ´Ê ˜n×¥£µ¡¦ª¤­µ¤µ¦™­°­µ¦„ɺ œ¦´ Á¦¼o °ŠÉº Ť™n Š ¹ œš´Ê ª¸É µÂn ŠÁžn Ȝ£µ¬µ™œÅ—·É o ®¦°°¥º nµŠÄœ®œŠ­´ °º “œµœµ£µ¬µÄœÁ°Á¥°µ‡Áœ¥¸ ”r (­¦» ¥µ· ¦˜œ„´ ¨» , 2543, œ. 124) °‡ªµ¤ªo nµ “Áœº°Š‹µ„£µ¬µž¨É ŠÅ¤´ nÁžÈœš¸¦É ¼‹o „Áš´ nµÅ¦ ‹¹ŠÁ‡¥¤‡ªµ¤Á ¸ µÄ‹Ÿo —Á„· ¥ª„¸É £µ¬µœ´ ʸªnµÁžÈœ£µ¬µ ˜¦³„¨Åš¼ ...” „¦–¸œÊ¸ŸÁ ¼o ¥œÁ®¸ œªÈ µ°µ‹‹³Áœn ɺ°Š¤µ‹µ„ªµŸn ª¼o ‹· ¥Äœ¥´ »‡œœÅ—´Ê ¥o œ‡· µ«Î ¡š´ ršÁž¸É Ȝ‡µ¥Î ¤º ¤µ‹µ„£µ¬µ˜¦³„¨Åš¼ (¦ª¤™¹Š‡Îµ«¡š´ r¦nª¤ÁÊ°­µ¥Åšº -‹¸œ) ‹Îµœªœ®œ¹ÉŠ Á¡¦µ³˜Š™´Ê ·Éœ“µœ°¥¼n Ą¨o—„· µªÅ˜´ Ž¹ÉŠÄœŠµœª‹· ¥œ´ ʸ„¡ªÈ nµ¤‡¸ ε£µ¬µÅšž¦µ„’Äœ£µ¬µž¨Š´ Á˜q°°qµŠÂ¨³®ªnµ Áœ„n œ´ ‹ŠÁž¹ Ȝ­µÁ®˜»Ä®˜o ‡ªµ¤Å—¸ ªo nµ‡Îµ«¡š´ rÁ®¨nµœ´œ¦Ê nª¤ÁÊ°­µ¥„º ˜¦³„´ ¼¨Åš ¨³Á µÄ‹Ÿo —· ުµ£µ¬µž¨n ŠÁž´ Ȝ£µ¬µ˜¦³„¨Åš¼ š‡ªµ¤œÊ¸Å—Å ‡ªµ¤„¦³‹o nµŠÄœÁ¦°ŠœÉº ʸ¨ªo

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Á°„­µ¦°oµŠ°·Š/ References Á‹ª¦¦– „­Ã­£µ· . (2546). „µ¦«„¬µ¦³Á­¹ ¥ŠÂ¨³„µ¦‹¸ —„¨´ »n¤šµŠÁÊ°­µ¥ °Š£µ¬µ—µ¦³°º Š´Ê (ž³®¨n°Š) µœœ°Â¨°o εÁ£° µŠ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥ŠÄ®¤¸ .n ªš¥µœ· ·¡œ›°r „¬¦«µ­˜¦¤®µ´ –”´ ˜· , ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥´ . ¤´ ¤µª¦¦–· ­ª¦¦–ª» •œ´ r. (2546). „µ¦Ä£µ¬µÂ¨³šo «œ‡˜´ šµŠ£µ¬µ °Š„¨· »n¤‡œž¨Š´ µœ®o ª¥œo Êε œ»n ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸ . ªš¥µœ· ·¡œ›r«¨ž«µ­˜¦¤®µ· –”´ ˜· , ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥¤®´ —¨· . Á¤ ­°—­°Š„§¬n . (2552). Á­¥Šž’¸ £µ‡· /r/, /k/, /kh/ ¨³Á­¥Šž’¸ £µ‡°· ɜǺ : ®¨„“µœ´ ‡ªµ¤­¤¡´ œ›´ r °Š£µ¬µ‹œ„¸ £µ¬µÅš¥Äœ“µœ³£µ¬µ¦´ ª¤˜¦³„n ¼¨. ªµ¦­µ¦ ¤œ»¬¥«µ­˜¦rž¦š¦¦«œ· r, 31(2), 5-28. ______. (2555). ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤œ„¨»n¤œo°¥Äœž¦³Áš«­µ›µ¦–¦“ž¦³µœ‹´ œ¸ (¡¤¡· r‡¦Šš´Ê ¸É 2). °»¨¦µ›µœ¸: 抡¤¡· r¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥°´ »¨¦µ›µœ.¸ ______. (2556A). žo ®¨¼ nµŠ: £µ¬µ˜¦³„¨¤°Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹¼ œ˜µ¤š¦¦«œ³ °Šœ¸ „ª´ µ„µ¦‹· œ¸ . ªµ¦­µ¦«µ­œµÂ¨³ª•œ›¦¦¤´ , 8(1), 17-36. ______. (2556B). ¦³‡Îµ­¦¦¡œµ¤ °Š£µ¬µ˜¦³„¨¤°Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹¼ œ¸ . ªµ¦­µ¦‡–³«¨ž«µ­˜¦· r ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥¤®´ —¨· . 9(1), 119-142. ______. (2557A). µ˜¡· œ›´ »rª¦¦–œµ„¨»n¤µ˜¡· œ›´ »r¤°-Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«­µ›µ¦–¦“´ ž¦³µœ‹œ¸ . Ĝ Á°„­µ¦¦ª¤š‡ªµ¤ªµ„µ¦Â¨³š‡ªµ¤ª· ‹· ¥„µ¦ž¦³´ ¤ª» µ„µ¦· ¦³—µ˜´ · ¤œ»¬¥«µ­˜¦­r Š‡¤«µ­˜¦´ .r ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥¦µ£´ ’°´ »¨¦µ›µœ.¸ ®œoµ 83-106. °»¨¦µ›µœ¸: ªš¥µ„µ¦¡· ¤¡· r. ______. (2557B). Á˜q°°qµŠ: £µ¬µ˜¦³„¨¤°Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹¼ œ˜µ¤¸ š¦¦«œ³ °Šœ„ª´ µ„µ¦‹· œ¸ . ªµ¦­µ¦°µ¦¥›¦¦¤Ã Š­µ¨³ªœ· , 5(1), 89-102. ______. (2557C). ®œnª¥‡µÁ˜Î ¤Äœ£µ¬µ˜¦³„· ¨¤°Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹¼ œ¸ . ªµ¦­µ¦«µ­œµ ¨³ª•œ›¦¦¤´ , 8(2), 57-74. ______. (2558A). ®ªµn : £µ¬µ˜¦³„¨¤°Á ¤¦Äœž¦³Áš«‹¼ œ˜µ¤¸ š¦¦«œ³ °Šœ„ª´ µ„µ¦‹· œ¸ . ªµ¦­µ¦°µ¦¥›¦¦¤Ã Š­µ¨³ªœ· , 6(1), 276-308. ª•œµ´ ˜œ˜´ ª· •» ž„¦–· r. (2541). „µ¦«„¬µ¦³Á­¹ ¥Š£µ¬µª¸ µo µœ­o œ˜´ ­· » ®¤ ¼n 19 ˜Îµ¨žn µ˜Š¹ °ÎµÁ£°Â¤‹n œ´ ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸ . ªš¥µœ· ·¡œ›«r ¨ž«µ­˜¦¤®µ· –”´ ˜· , ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥¤®´ —¨· . ªµ­œµ ¨³°°Šž¨ª· . (2546). ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœµ¥ °Â¨³„µ¦­¦µŠ¡o ʜšº šµŠ­¸É Š‡¤ °Š‡œ¡¨´ —™´ œ·É : „¦–¸«„¬µµª—µ¦³°¹ ŠÄœ°´Ê εÁ£°Á¥Š—µª¸ . ªš¥µœ· ·¡œ›r«¨ž«µ­˜¦¤®µ· –”´ ˜· , ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥Á´ ¥ŠÄ®¤¸ .n

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­„–» ¸ –“¡´ ¼¨ª•œ´ r. (2545). —µ¦³°Š´Ê : ‡œµ¥ °­°ŠÂŸœ—n œ· . ªµ¦­µ¦­Š‡¤ª´ š¥µ¤µœ· »¬¥ªš¥µ· , 21(1), 97-123. ­µ—µ» Á‹¥¡Š¬¸ r. (2546). Ū¥µ„¦–r£µ¬µž¨Š´ µœ®o ª¥œo Êε œ»n ‹Š®ª´ —Á´ ¥Š¦µ¥¸ . ªš¥µœ· ·¡œ›r«¨ž«µ­˜¦¤®µ· –”´ ˜· , ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥¤®´ —¨· . ­¤» ˜¦· ž·˜¡· •œ´ r (2541). „µ¦«„¬µœ„¨¹ »n¤œo°¥Äœž¦³Áš«‹œ˜°œÄ˜¸ .o „¦ŠÁš¡» : ­™µœ´ Ś¥‡—«¸ „¬µ¹ ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦´ .r ­¦» ¥µ· ¦˜œ„´ ¨» . (2531). œµœµ£µ¬µÄœÁ°Á¥°µ‡Áœ¥¸ r £µ‡š ¸É1: £µ¬µ˜¦³„¨°°­Ã˜¦Á°Á¼ ¥˜¸ „· ¨³£µ¬µ˜¦³„¨‹¼ œ¸ -›Á˜· . œ‡¦ž“¤: ­™µœ£µ¬µÂ¨³ª´ •œ›¦¦¤Á¡´ É°„µ¦¡º •œµ´ œš ¤®µªš¥µ¨· ¥¤®´ —¨· . 䱸⴨ᵘ⦻ᮜ働 䎆≨㢟. (1986).ljᗧᰲ䈝ㆰᘇNJेӜ: ≁᯿ࠪ⡸⽮. (Chén XiƗngmù, Wáng Jìngliú, & Lài Yԁngliáng. (1986). ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µÁ˜q°°qµŠ. ž„„´ Š·É : ­µœÎ „¡´ ·¤¡rµ˜¡· œ›´ .)»r 哴ቊ᰾. (2008). Ӿ㘳ਔᆖⴻݸ〖ᰦᵏ☞ӪⲴ䗱ᗉ. ॾѝᐸ㤳བྷᆖᆖᣕ˄Ӫ ᮷⽮Պ、ᆖ⡸˅, 47 ᒤˈ(1 ᵏ), 95-99. (Huáng Shàngmíng. (2008). ¤°Š„µ¦°¡¥¡¥µ¥™o œ¥·É »‡„°œŒn ·œ °ŠµªŸ‹µ„„µ¦«¼ „¬µšµŠ¹ ݦµ–‡—.¸ ªµ¦­µ¦ªµ„µ¦¤®µª· š¥µ¨· ¥‡¦´ »«µ­˜¦®r ª˜Š´ , 47(1), šŝ-šš.) ᵾ䚃ࣷˈ㙲䭑⧽ˈ& 䛡咇䬻. (1986).ljᐳᵇ䈝ㆰᘇNJेӜ: ≁᯿ࠪ⡸⽮. (Lӿ Dàoyԁng, Niè XƯzhƝn, & Qinj ÈfƝng. (1986). ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µžo ®¨¼ nµŠ. ž„„´ Š·É : ­µœÎ ´„¡¤¡· rµ˜¡· œ›´ .)»r 仌ަ俉ˈ& ઘ٬ᘇ. (1995).ljѝഭᆏ儈ỹ䈝᯿䈝䀰оইӊ䈝㌫NJ. ेӜ: ѝཞ≁᯿བྷ ᆖࠪ⡸⽮. (Yán QíxiƗng, & Zhǀu Zhízhì. (1995). £µ¬µ„¨»n¤¤°–Á ¤¦„£µ¬µ´ ­µ¥˜¦³„¨°°­Ã˜¦Á°Á¼ ¥˜¸ „Äœž¦³Áš«‹· œ¸ . ž„„´ Š·É : ­µœÎ „¡´ ¤¡· rµ˜¡· œ›´ .)»r ઘ٬ᘇˈ& 仌ަ俉. (1984).lj֔䈝ㆰᘇNJेӜ: ≁᯿ࠪ⡸⽮. (Zhǀu Zhízhì, & Yán QíxiƗng. (1984). ž¦š¦¦«œ· r£µ¬µ®ªµn . ž„„´ Š·É : ­µœÎ „¡´ ¤¡· rµ˜·¡œ›´ .)»r Blood, H., & Blood, E. (1966). The pronoun system of Uon Njun Mnong Rolom. Mon –Khmer Studies, 2, 103-111. Buakaw, S. (2012). A phonological study of Paluang dialect spoken in Thailand and Myanmar with focuses on vowels and final nasals (Doctoral dissertation). Mahidol University, Bangkok. Chén, X-M., et. al. (1986). Da-angyu jianzhi. Beijing: National Minorities Press. Davies, R. (1909). Yün-nan: The link between India and the Yangtze. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dissawarotham, P. (1986). The Phonology of Plang as spoken in Banhuaynamkhan Ciengrai Province (Master’s thesis). Mahdol University, Bangkok.

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Deepadung, S. (2009). Ethnicity and the Dara-ang (Paluang) in Thailand. Journal of Language and Culture, 28, 7-29. ______. (2011). Name and sub-groups of the Paluang: A preliminary field survey in Yunnan and Kengdung. MANUSYA, 14, 88-104. ______. (2013). Personal pronouns in Palaung dialects. SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description 22, SIL Digital Resource. Deepadung, S., & Patpong, P. (2010). Dara-ang : Language, culture and ethnic identity maintenance at the Thai – Myanmar border. Bangkok: Mahidol University. Diffloth, G. (1980). The Wa languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 5(2), 1-182. ______. (1991). Palaungic vowels in Mon-Khmer perspective. In Jeremy H. C., & S. Davidson (eds.), Austroasiatic languages: Essays in honor of H. L. Shorto, p.13-27. London: University of London. Drage, G. (1907). A few notes on Wa. Rangoon: Government Printing. Giaphong, S. (2004). Plang grammar as spoken in Huay Namkhun Village, Chiang Rai Province (Master’s thesis). Mahidol University, Bangkok. Gordon, R. G., Jr. (ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th edition). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Retrieved from http://www.ethnologue.com. Janzen, M. (1991). English-Pale dictionary. (unpublished manuscript). Li, D., Nie, X., & Oiu, E. (1986). Bulangyu jianzhi. Beijing : Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,. Luce, H. (1965). Danaw, a dying Austroasiatic language. Lingua, 14, 98-129. Milne, L. (1921). An elementary palaung grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ______. (1931). A dictionary of English-Palaung and Palaung-English. Rangoon: Government Printing. Mitani, Y. (1966). Descriptive study of the Lawa language (Bo Luang district). Tônan Ajia Kentyû (South East Asian Studies), 4, 40-62. Mitani, Y. (1972). A short vocabulary of Lawa. Tônan Ajia Kentyû (South East Asian Studies), 10, 131-68.

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______. (1972). Studies in the Lawa phonology. Tônan Ajia Kentyû (South East Asian Studies), 10, 174-96. ______. (1977). Paluang dialects: A preliminary comparison. South East Asian Studies, 15, 193-212. ______. 1979. Vowel correspondences between Riang and Palaung. In T.L. Thongkum, V. Panupong, P. Kullavanijava, & M.R. Kalaya Tingsabadh (eds.), Studies in Thai and MonKhmer phonetics and phonology in honour of Eugénie J. A. Henderson, p.142-150. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. Ostapirat, W. (2009). Some phonological criteria for Paluang sub-grouping. Journal of Language and Culture, 28, 63-76. Pinnow, J. (1965). Personal pronouns in the Austroasiatic languages: A historical study. Lingua, 14, 3-42. Paulsen, D. L. (1989). A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Plang (Master’s thesis). University of Texas, Arlington. Proschan, F. (1996). A survey of Khmuic and Palaungic languages in Laos and Vietnam. Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, 3, 895-919. Ratanakul, S. (1986). Lawa-Thai dictionary. Nakhon Pathom: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development Mahidol University. ______. (1987). Thai-Lawa dictionary. Nakhon Pathom: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development Mahidol University, Rattanapitak, A. (2009). Paluang Worslist. Journal of Language and Culture, 28, 77-122. Schmidt, P. W. (1904). Grundzuge einer Lautlehre der Khasi-Sprache inihren Beziehungen zu derjenigen der Mon-Khmer-Sprachen. Mit einem Anhang: die Palaung-, Wa-, und RiangSprachen des mittleren Salwin. Abhandlungen der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, 22(3), 677-810. Shorto, L. (1960). Word and syllable patterns in Palaung. Bulletin of the School Of Oriental and African Studies, 23, 544- 57. ______. (1963). The structural patterns of northern Mon-Khmer languages. In H. L. Shorto (ed), Linguistic Comparison in South East Asia and the Pacific, p. 45-61. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.

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