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THE PALACES of HOMER. IT Is Much to Be Regretted That

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THE PALACES of HOMER. IT Is Much to Be Regretted That 264 THE PALACES OF HOMER. THE PALACES OF HOMER. IT is much to be regretted that the invaluable researches of Schliemann, which have done so much to illuminate many fields of Homeric archaeology, help us but little in our recon- struction of the houses of Homeric chiefs. Both at Hissarlik and at Mycenae that indefatigable explorer laid bare the founda- tions or substructions of houses, large in comparison with those which surrounded them, which must probably have belonged to chiefs or kings. But the dwelling at Hissarlik belonged to a far ruder city than that of Homer,1 and in the foundations of walls near the Agora of Mycenae no clear plan can be made out. So it is also at Ithaca. Gell's description of the plan of the palace of Odysseus, a plan which he professed to be based on still existing remains on Mount Aetos in Ithaca, rests, as is now well known, on nothing but invention and imagination. Schliemann found indeed on the summit of that hill a small level platform of triangular form, which he conjectures to have been originally in size some 166 feet by 127 feet, and surrounded by a massive circuit-wall. And within the circuit he found remnants of six or seven Cyclopean buildings, which may have been chambers of one house.2 But there is nothing to lead us to suppose that these buildings belonged to the Homeric age; therefore for a restoration of the palace of that age they afford little or no material. Evidence of closer bearing is furnished by existing country- houses and caravanserais of the East, where things change so slowly. Sometimes these help us to interpret passages of the Iliad and Odyssey which would otherwise be obscure. More than once in the course of this article I shall draw evidence 1 llios, p. 326. 2 Ilios, p. 47. THE PALACES OF HOMER. 265 from this source. Mr. Lang suggests1 that there is a close analogy between the Homeric hall and that of Scandinavian peoples, and refers to the restoration of the latter by Sir G. W. Dasent.2 It does not appear how far this latter plan is con- jectural and how far based on sure evidence, but in any case it offers in most respects not likeness, but a striking contrast to the early Greek hall. I need refer but to two points of differ- ence. The women's quarters were certainly in the Homeric house extensive, in the Scandinavian they scarcely exist apart, women in the north living far more among men. The Scan- dinavian hall is based on an arrangement of tables; the tables in the Homeric hall were quite small and placed beside guests in any part. Mr. Lang makes a decided over- sight in speaking of the high table in the hall of Odysseus. Thus, after all, our chief materials for the reconstruction of the Homeric hall must be gathered from the words of Homer himself. These I have carefully collected and surveyed, and whether my account of the palace of the aval; be in all respects correct or not, I can at least claim that it is the outcome of considerable pains, and almost entirely based on personal study of the Homeric poems. The houses of Homeric chiefs consisted of three parts, avXtf, 8a>fMa or fieyapov, and 0aXa/io?,3 of which the first was the front court, the second the hall of the men, the third the apartments of the women. All these parts will be reviewed in order. All were inclosed by a massive stone wall, doubtless of Cyclopean construction. As one approached the house this wall would be most con- spicuous, with the roof of the buildings within it showing over the top. Vivid are the words in which Odysseus as he ap- proaches his own house describes it to Eiunaeus, 'There is building beyond building, and the court is furnished with wall and battlements, and there are solid two-fold doors; no man might scorn it.' * This wall was for defence rather than any 1 Trans, of Odyssey, p. 422. Lang's translation of the Odyssey must 2 Dasent, Story of Burnt Njal, vol. i. do so with caution. Their version is 3 U. vi. 313 :— in many ways good, but often archaeo- o? oi ivoir)<rav edXa/iov «al Safia «a! logically misleading. Thus, they render aixfiv. x'Tdrty ' doublet,' when ' shirt' is the 4 Od. xvii. 266. The reader who equivalent; and c&Sovaa by ' corridor,' follows this paper with Butcher and when ' porch' is far more correct. So H. S.—VOL. III. T BAAftMOi K/\ • 8YPA AAINO* EiXAPA Kl0NE* H AAMA (VAYPH AWPH OYAOi. A I #OOY # iA 0OAOt ZEt EPKEIO* AYAH I OAAAMftl G/WAMOI 8YPAI MTMAIKMAK JJJ EAPAl E&PAI PALACE OF ODYSSEUS. GROUND PLAN. THE PALACES OF HOMER. 267 other purpose. It was pierced only at one point and at that defended by massive folding doors, Bvpat St/eXt'Se?. Outside the wall on either side the doors were stone seats, eSpai, which seem to have commanded a wide prospect, for the wooers sit there and see the ship of Telemachus sail into harbour.' Passing through the solid doors the traveller would find himself in an open court-yard, avXrj. In front of him would lie the lofty hall; on either side and behind him built against the ring-wall were small cells and chambers, all probably loosely built of stone. Of these chambers some served as farm build- ings and as houses for the mills2 and as places for the storage of provisions, some as bed-rooms for male slaves. One or two of the better ones were even used as chambers for unmarried sons of the house : Telemachus, for instance, certainly slept in the av\ij.3 So did Phoenix, as we shall presently see. The court was not paved, and was probably in at least as dirty a condition as our farm-yards. Eumaeus, when he brought boars for the feeding of the suitors let them feed at large in the court,4 probably on the refuse there lying about. In one corner of the court was the mysterious #6X09 which has caused so much discussion. That it was not a kitchen is certain; for we read that food was cooked in the Megaron itself. Nor was it a treasury; the treasury of the house certainly lay in the women's quarters. It was circular; this the name implies; and from the analogy of the circular buildings still remaining at Orchomenus and Mycenae we should conjecture that it may have been a family burial-place.^ In early times" the~~custom of burying on the premises prevailed with several branches of the Indo-European race.5 This however is a conjecture which it is impossible to verify in the present state of knowledge. In the midst of the court was the altar of Zeus 'Epieeio<;, the ' well-wrought altar of the great Zeus of the Court' 6 as it is termed. Along the whole front turned to the court-yard by the lofty house ran the aWovcra, a sort of porch or portico supported by pillars. This covered space, which was probably also paved, they translate 06\os ' kitchen-dome' 3 Od. xix. 48. without good authority. * Od. xx. 164. 1 Od. xvi. 343, cf. iii. 406. 6 Marquardt, Rom. Privataltcrthii- - Od. xx. 105. Odysseus, as he lies mcr, p. 350. in the atBovtra, hears the women, as 6 Od. xxii. 334. they gvind at the mills, complaining. T 2 268 THE PALACES OF HOMER. was used for a variety of purposes. Here animals such as goats1 and oxen brought for household use were tethered; and here were sometimes spread rough shake-downs for less dis- tinguished guests to sleep on. Odysseus while an unhononred guest in his own house slept in the aWovcra,2 spreading on the ground a bull's hide and over that the fleeces of sheep. So 3 vTelemachus when a guest at Sparta slept in the Trpo&ofios. In this case it is previously stated that Helen had ordered coverlets S <to be placed for him vif aWova-y, so that it would appear that ' TrpoSofiosan andd aWovcra aWovcra are sometimes used as convertible termsterms. Naturally the Prodomus is the space immediately before the house and its door, an3 as this position was in the Homeric house occupied by the Aethusa the two are usually confused. But there is one passage^ in theJMad in which the two are carefully distinguished, and as this has usually been misunder- stood, it will'"be well here briefly to discuss it. The house to which the passage in question refers is not that of Odysseus, but of Amyntor, father of Phoenix. Young Phoenix was en- deavouring to escape from the house,4 having had a quarrel with his father, and had shut himself at the time into his bed- chamber, OdXafiof, in the avK-q, against its outer wall. His friends wished to detain him, and for nine days kept watch, burning two fires, one under the aWovcra and one in the 7rp6Bo/j.o<; before the doors of the OaXafios. I take it that the second of these fires was built just in front of the little chamber of the: court where Phoenix was hidden. The fire in the Aethusa would light all the court, and the second fire would make it almost impossible for Phoenix to come out without being seen. At last, however, having tired out the watchers, on the tenth day he broke out, leaped the wall of the avXij, the door being no doubt guarded, and so fled.
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