Apollo 11 Pt 3

10044 3.688 ± 0.005 by (207Pb/206Pb)

1/8-inch field of view J. J. F. Snape,et al. (2018) for determining the ageof the Moon.for determining

207Pb/206Pb Lunar basalt chronology, mantle differentiation and implications 204 3.688 3.688 Pb/ Earth Planet. Earth Planet. Lett., Sci. 149 451, p. 206 ± Pb 0.005 0.005 by 10044 - 158. 158.

10044

86 Sr/

87 3.71 ± 0.11 by

87Rb/86Sr D. A. Papanastasiou, et al. (1970) Rb-Sr ages of lunar rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 8, p. 1-19. 10029 3.85 by High-Ti basalt 10050 3.75 by High-Ti basalt 10047 3.70 by High-Ti basalt 10024 High-K, high-Ti basalt 3.61 ± 0.07 by (87Rb/87Sr) 10092 High-Ti basalt Sm Dy Er Ce Nd Gd Yb Lu Volatile elements Eu

Apollo 11 Basalt 10017 Breccia 10060 x Regolith 10084

Basalt 10062 Sample (ppm) / Chondrite (ppm) Chondrite / (ppm) Sample

Philpotts and Schnetzler (1970) Apollo 11 lunar samples: K, Rb, Sr, Ba and rare-earth concentrations in some rocks and separated phases. Proc. Apollo 11 Lunar Sci. Conf., 1471-1486. Glass and rock fragments in Apollo 11 soil Photomicrograph of lunar anorthosite Eu 60025 Ba Lunar anorthosite

La Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb

Lu Sample (ppm) / Chondrite (ppm) Chondrite / (ppm) Sample

Nakamura, et al. (1973) Chemical compositions and rare-earth features of four Apollo 16 samples. Proc. 4th Lunar Sci. Conf., 1407-1414. Magma ocean Eu-enriched crust Low-density minerals float

High-density Eu-depleted minerals sink mantle

Metallic core

C. McLeod and B. Shaulis (2018) Rare Earth Elements in Planetary Crusts: Insights from chemically evolved igneous suites on the Earth and the Moon. Minerals, 8(10), 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8100455 4.53 by 4.43 by

3.92 by

3.85 by 3.15 by Today Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment

Apollo 14

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/images/news/lunar_laser.jpg Examples of Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) results

Test of Equivalence Principle -13 (MG/MI)Earth - (MG/MI)Moon = (-0.8 ± 1.3) x 10 J. G. Williams et al. (2012) Classical and Quantum Gravity, 29(18), 13pp.

Orbital Recession of the Moon 1.5 ± 0.4 inches per year = 1.0 x 10-8 % per year J. G. Williams and D. H. Boggs (2008) Proc. 16th Internat. Conf. Laser Ranging

Limit on change of Gravitational Constant, G, based on 37 years of LLR data -13 G1/G2 = (2 ± 7) x 10 per year J. Muller and L. Biskupek (2007) Classical and Quantum Gravity, 24(17), 22pp. Summary of major points on Apollo 11 mission (i) Apollo 11 was Humanity’s first steps on another world. (ii) The Luna 15 spacecraft was a last-minute attempt by the Soviets to robotically return samples from the Moon before the return of Apollo 11. (iii) Moon is not a primordial, undifferentiated object. (iv) Lava flows at landing site crystallized 3.6 - 3.8 billion years ago. (v) Compositions of lava flows are distinct from lavas on Earth. (vi) Highlands are apparently anorthositic in composition, and formed in an ancient magma ocean (global extent) (vii) No new elements or isotopes found. (viii) The ability to accurately measure the Earth-Moon distance was achieved. (ix) The Moon rings like a bell (seismically). (x) With respect to some stable isotopes, Moon and Earth are identical. (xi) Since the Apollo 11 landing site was 4 miles off the target, navigation needed improvement before launch of Apollo 12.